Tribological studies on copper-based friction linings

228 Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237, DOI: 10.24874/ i.2017.39.02.10 T ibology in Indus y www. ibology. ink. s T ibological s udies on coppe -based ic ion linings M. Kande a a, D. Ka as oyano b, G. Nikolche a a, B. S ojano ić c, P. S oboda d, A. Vencl e a Facul y o Indus ial Technology, Technical Uni e si y o So ia, 8 Klimen Oh idski Bl d, 1000 So ia, Bulga ia, b Ins i u e o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies, Bulga ian Academy o Sciences, Acad. Geo gi Bonche S ., Block 2, 1113 So ia, Bulga ia, c Uni e si y o K aguje ac, Facul y o Enginee ing, Ses e Janjić 6, 34000 K aguje ac, Se bia, d Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 B no, Czech Republic, e Uni e si y o Belg ade, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, K aljice Ma ije 16, 11120 Belg ade 35, Se bia. Keywo ds: F ic ion couplings Coppe Tin Silicon ca bide F ic ion Ab asi e wea A B S T R A C T The objec s o his wo k we e nine di e en coppe -based ic ion linings p oduced om powde by p essing and sin e ing. Six coppe -based ic ion linings con ained 3 w .% zinc (Zn) and a iable con en o in (Sn), i.e. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 w . %. Th ee coppe -based ic ion linings we e wi h ixed con en s o Zn (3 w .%) and Sn (10 w .%), and wi h di e en amoun o SiC pa icles, i.e. 2, 4 and 6 w .%. T ibological s udies on hese ic ion linings included de e mina ion o he s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion unde di e en no mal loads and unlub ica ed sliding condi ions, as well as, de e mina ion o he ab asi e wea esis ance unde di e en no mal loads and unlub ica ed sliding/ olling condi ions. The analysed esul s p esen he in luence o Sn con en and addi ion o SiC pa icles o he coppe -based ic ion lining on i s ic ion and wea p ope ies. © 2017 Published by Facul y o Enginee ing Co esponding au ho : Ma a Kande a Facul y o Indus ial Technology, Technical Uni e si y o So ia, 8 Klimen Oh idski Bl d, 1000 So ia, Bulga ia E-mail: kan[email p o ec ed]m 1. INTRODUCTION Mul iple-disc clu ches (Fig. 1) a e ype o ic ion couplings which ansmi mo ion and o que o e he mul iple ic ion pla es (discs). They a e used p ima ily in machine ools gea boxes, bu also in he ex ile, cons uc ion and o he machine y [1]. They also can be used as b akes. A mul iple-disc clu ch o b ake is composed o ic ion lining discs and s eel discs, which a e in e nally o ex e nally oo hed and which upon ac i a ion a e p essed agains one ano he and ansmi ic ional o que [2]. By using mul iple discs, a e y la ge con ac su ace is ob ained and mo e ic ion is achie ed. Con ac be ween he discs may be wi hou o wi h lub ica ion, i.e. d y and we clu ches. Fig. 1. Schema ic diag am o mul iple-disc clu ch RESEARCH M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 229 The ic ion ma e ials ( ic ion linings) mus poses a complex o di e se and in many cases mu ually exclusi e p ope ies. They should ha e high coe icien o ic ion, high wea esis ance and esis ance o seizu e, high he mal conduc i i y, high s eng h, good p ocessing and machinabili y, high co osion esis ance, e c. Depending on he applica ion and equi emen s, e y di e en ic ion linings a e used, i.e. o ganic ic ion linings (pape -based linings), me al ic ion linings (sin e ed b onze, i on and b ass), ca bon and ca bon-con aining ic ion linings, and ce amic and ce amic-con aining ic ion linings [2,3]. The powde me al ic ion linings (sin e ed b onze, i on and b ass) a e based on a sin e ed me al ma ix, in o which mine al, me allic, non- me allic o ce amic agen s, as well as ab asi es and solid lub ican s can be embedded. The p oduc ion o powde me al ic ion linings includes compac ion (densi ica ion) o powde and sin e ing. Du ing sin e ing p ocesses powde mix u es a e hea ed o empe a u es below he mel ing poin , unde p essu e and con olled p o ec i e a mosphe e. The eby annealing, di usion and ec ys alliza ion p ocesses occu . These ic ion linings can be conside ed as mechanical coa ings (solid s a e su acing) [4], since he lining (coa ing) a e bonded du ing sin e ing o he s eel disc (subs a e). Coppe and i on a e he mos equen ly used as he main me als o ming he ma ix o sin e ed ma e ials o ic ion pu poses [5]. I on-based ic ion ma e ial has high empe a u e s eng h, ha dness and he mal s abili y, while coppe -based ic ion ma e ial has smalle bu mo e s able coe icien o ic ion [6]. The e is also a apid inc ease in in e es in composi es as a p omising class o ic ion ma e ials [7]. The aim o his pape was o in es iga e he possibili ies o inc ease he se ice li e and coe icien o ic ion o mul iple-disc clu ches wi h coppe -based ic ion linings. Rela i e o his, he in luence o Sn con en and addi ion o SiC pa icles o he coppe -based ic ion lining on i s ic ion and wea p ope ies we e in es iga ed. All oge he nine di e en coppe - based ic ion lining ma e ials we e es ed, i.e. hei s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion and ab asi e wea esis ance in unlub ica ed condi ions we e analysed. 2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 2.1 Ma e ials The subs a e ma e ial o all coppe -based ic ion linings was a high-ca bon s eel, in o m o ci cula discs, wi h chemical composi ion shown in Table 1. Ou e diame e o all ci cula discs was 89 mm, inne diame e was 60 mm, and hickness was 1.5 mm. Nine di e en coppe -based powde mix u es we e compac ed and sin e ed on s eel disc subs a es. Thei chemical composi ion is shown in Table 2. The powde mix u es we e p epa ed by ball milling a 200 pm o 90 minu es. A e ball milling, he a e age pa icle size was 25 μm. All coppe -based ic ion linings we e compac ed a a p essu e o 320 MPa, and sin e ed a a empe a u e o 700 °С o 3 hou s. Designa ion and ha dness o he ic ion lining samples is shown in Table 2. Table 1. Designa ion, chemical composi ion (w . %) and ha dness o es ed ic ion lining samples. Sample designa ion Powde chemical composi ion [w .%] Ha dness HB Zn Sn SiC Cu Cu-1Sn 3 1 – Balance 75.5 Cu-2Sn 2 76.2 Cu-4Sn 4 81.5 Cu-6Sn 6 84.4 Cu-8Sn 8 89.2 Cu-10Sn 10 94.0 Cu-10Sn-2SiC 10 2 125 Cu-10Sn-4SiC 4 138 Cu-10Sn-6SiC 6 144 Table 2. Chemical composi ion (w .%) o s eel disc subs a e. Elemen C Si Mn Ni P S C Fe Pe cen age 0.7 0.28 1.1 0.18 0.03 0.02 0.25 Balance The hickness o ic ion linings was measu e in 10 poin s by Pocke -LEPTOSKOP 2021 Fe, and he calcula ed a e age hickness o 150 μm was he same o all samples. 2.2 Coe icien s o ic ion es ing The coe icien o ic ion es ing was pe o med on he es ig p esen ed in Fig. 2. Tes sample (1) is moun ed and ixed in he sample holde (3), which is connec ed h ough he non-elas ic s ing wi h he dynamome e (6). Tangen ial M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 230 o ce (T) is loaded o he sample h ough he e y slow o a ion o he mic ome ic sc ew (5) and displayed on he dynamome e (6). The coun e -body (2) is s a iona y and in con ac wi h he es sample (1). The no mal o ce (Fn) is se by means o he weigh s (4). The es ig shown in Fig. 2 enables de e mina ion o he wo alues, i.e. s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion. Bo h alues a e ead om he same dynamome e (posi ion 6 in Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Schema ic diag am o he coe icien s o ic ion es ing. Tes pa ame e s we e as ollows: ou di e en no mal loads, i.e. 40, 80, 120 and 160 N; d y con ac condi ion, in ambien ai a oom empe a u e (≈ 25 °C) and ela i e humidi y o 40 – 45 %. Tes sample and coun e -body we e in he shape o ci cula disc wi h ou e /inne diame e o 89/60 mm (Fig. 3). This gi es he ini ial geome ical con ac a ea o app oxima ely 3394 mm2. Taking in o accoun his con ac a ea, he speci ic loads we e app oxima ely 12, 24, 35 and 47 kPa. The es ing ime ( ime o he possible s ess elaxa ion a he junc ions) was 30 s o each con ac pai . 2.3 Ab asi e wea es ing Ab asi e wea es ing was ca ied ou on Tabe Ab ase wi h a modi ied s anda d es condi ions, i.e. only one ab asi e olle was used (Fig. 4). A ci cula disc (1), ha ing ou e /inne diame e o 89/60 mm, wi h ic ion lining sample (2) is ixed on he ho izon al u n able pla o m, d i en wi h cons an o a ional speed (n) o 60 pm by he elec ic mo o (3). Ab asi e olle (4), a Tabe ab ading wheel Calib ase® CS- 10, is moun ed on ho izon al axis (5) and p o ides h ough weigh s (6) he necessa y no mal load (Fn). Ab asi e wea o ic ion lining samples is calcula ed as hei mass loss, i.e. as a di e ence be ween he ini ial mass o he sample and i s mass a e gi en numbe o ab asion cycles (N), coun ed by he coun e (pos. 7 in Fig. 4). Mass o he samples is measu ed by he elec onic balance wi h accu acy o 0.1 mg. Fig. 4. Schema ic diag am o he ab asi e wea es ing. Fig. 3. Appea ance o he coppe -based ic ion lining es sample (le ) and he s eel coun e -body ( igh ). M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 231 Ab asi e olle (wheel) is d i en by he o a ing es sample. The wheels p oduce ab asion ma ks ha o m a pa e n o c ossed a cs o e a ci cula ing. The wid h o he wo n a ea (ci cula ing) is 12.7 mm, wi h he inne adius o 31.75 mm and ou e adius o 44.45 mm (Fig. 5). The e o e, he dis ance be ween he o a ional axis o ci cula disc sample (1) and mass cen e o he con ac a ea (K) is 38.1 mm, and he wo n a ea is app oxima ely 30 cm2 [8]. The sliding ac ion be ween he ic ion lining sample and ab asi e olle is due o he ela i e mo ion be ween hem which is cha ac e ised by he olle slip. This occu s because he axe o he olle is shi ed om he cen e o o a ion o ci cula disc sample wi h he d i ing angle o a ound 30° [9]. Fig. 5. Wea ack (ligh e ci cula ing) on sample Cu-4Sn a e 300 ab asion cycles (app ox. 71.8 m). Tes pa ame e s we e as ollows: no mal load o 1 kg (9.8 N); a e age angen ial eloci y o ic ion lining sample o 0.239 m/s; sliding dis ance o N = 400 ab asion cycles (app ox. 95.8 m); d y con ac condi ion, in ambien ai a oom empe a u e (≈ 25 °C) and ela i e humidi y o 40 – 45 %. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 S a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion The ob ained alues o he coe icien s o ic ion a e p esen ed in Fig. 6. Values we e in he ange 0.22 – 0.34 o s a ic coe icien o ic ion, and 0.15 – 0.32 o kine ic coe icien o ic ion. These alues mo e o less co espond o he alues o sin e ed ic ion clu ch ma e ials unde d y sliding condi ions, which a e 0.36 (s a ic coe icien o ic ion) and 0.30 (kine ic coe icien o ic ion) [10]. The a e age coe icien o ic ion o mode n ic ion ma e ials is be ween 0.3 and 0.5 [11]. In ou case, con ac p essu e was e y small ( om 12 o 47 kPa) and ha could be he eason o smalle alues o he coe icien s o ic ion. I is well known ha he ic ion depends on he size o ac ual ( eal) con ac a ea. The numbe and size o he con ac poin will inc ease wi h he inc easing p essu e. I he con ac be ween aspe i ies is elas ic, he coe icien o ic ion will dec ease wi h he inc easing p essu e. On he o he hand, i he con ac be ween aspe i ies is plas ic, he coe icien o ic ion will inc ease wi h he inc easing p essu e. In gene al case he coe icien o ic ion dependence on load possesses he minimum ha is connec ed di ec ly wi h ansi ion om elas ic o plas ic con ac (when load is inc easing) and associa ed a ia ion in he ela i e con ibu ion o he ic ion componen s [12]. In ac , some hing simila can be no iced on Fig. 6, which shows he in luence o no mal load on bo h, s a ic and kinema ic coe icien o ic ion. Bo h coe icien s o ic ion, o all ma e ials, mainly dec ease as he no mal load inc ease up o 80 N, and a e ha load s a s mainly o inc ease. Di e ences be ween s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion did no di e oo much be ween he samples. On he o he hand, his di e ence changes wi h applied no mal load. The a e age dec ease o kine ic compa ing o s a ic coe icien o ic ion was 0.08 (31.2 %) o loads o 40 and 80 N, while o 100 and 120 N loads his a e age dec ease was 0.03 (9.7 %). S a ic coe icien o ic ion is usually g ea e han kine ic coe icien o ic ion o abou 20 o 30 % [13]. When he s a ic coe icien o ic ion is no iceably g ea e han he kinema ic one, he phenomenon o s ick-slip may occu , which is no desi able in e ms o con inuous o que ansmission in ic ion couplings. This is due o he ac ha be o e he onse o mo ion, a la ge s ess elaxa ion a he junc ions may occu , which causes an inc ease in he eal a ea o con ac and allows he adhesi e o ces o ully de elop. This is pa icula ly impo an in he M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 232 con ac ha a e mos ly plas ic and when he sliding su aces a e wi hou con aminan s [13]. In luences o in (Sn) con en and silicon ca bide (SiC) pa icles con en on he s a ic and kine ic coe icien s o ic ion a e analysed sepa a ely. Based on he esul s gi en in Fig. 6, app op ia e diag ams a e d awn o he dependences o coe icien s o ic ion on Sn con en (Fig. 7), and on SiC pa icles con en (Fig. 8), o di e en loads. Once again, di e en beha iou is no iced o lowe loads and o highe loads. Gene ally, bo h s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion a e highe when he amoun o Sn in coppe -based ic ion lining is highe , bu his in luence is e y small o do no exis a all o lowe no mal loads (Fig. 7). Fo highe loads his in luence can no be neglec ed. As example, ic ion linings wi h 8 and 10 w .% Sn, a highes applied load o 160 N, show he highes alues. Thei s a ic coe icien o ic ion is highe by 0.07 (29.2 %) and kine ic coe icien o ic ion is highe by 0.10 (50.0 %), compa ing o he ic ion lining wi h 2 w .% Sn a he same load. Cu-1Sn 0.26 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF Cu-2Sn 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF Cu-4Sn 0.26 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.18 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF Cu-6Sn 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.18 0.26 0.28 0.20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) Cu-8Sn 0.28 0.26 0.31 0.31 0.18 0.28 0.30 0.20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) Cu-10Sn 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.18 0.28 0.30 0.20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) Cu-10Sn-2SiC 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.18 0.28 0.30 0.20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) Cu-10Sn-4SiC 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.18 0.28 0.31 0.20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) Cu-10Sn-6SiC 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.18 0.28 0.32 0.20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 40 80 120 160 Load [N] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) Fig. 6. S a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion o es ed ma e ials (con ac pai s) o di e en loads: In luence o load on coe icien s o ic ion alues. M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 233 40 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sn con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF 80 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sn con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF 120 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sn con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF 160 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 012345678910 11 Sn con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF Fig. 7. Dependence o s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion on Sn con en , o di e en no mal loads. 40 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SiC con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF 80 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SiC con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF 120 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SiC con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF 160 N 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SiC con en [w . %] Coe icien o ic ion (COF) S a ic COF Kine ic COF Fig. 8. Dependence o s a ic and kine ic coe icien s o ic ion on SiC con en , o di e en no mal loads. M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 234 Simila ly, addi ion o SiC pa icles o coppe -based ic ion linings did no in luence in signi ican meane he alues o he coe icien s o ic ion a lowe loads (Fig. 8). The mo e signi ican inc ease o coe icien s o ic ion is no ed only a he highes load o 160 N. A his load he highes alues o coe icien s o ic ion we e o he ic ion lining con aining he bigges amoun o SiC pa icles (Cu-10Sn-6SiC). S a ic coe icien o ic ion o his ic ion linings a load o 160 N is highe by 0.03 (9.7 %) and i s kine ic coe icien o ic ion is highe by 0.02 (6.7 %), compa ing o he ic ion lining wi hou SiC pa icles a he same load. Based on he pe cen age inc ease a 160 N load, i can be concluded ha he addi ion o Sn has bigge in luence on coe icien s o ic ions alues han he addi ion o SiC pa icles. I we analyse he mu ual e ec o Sn and SiC pa icles addi ion, he inc ease o he coe icien s o ic ion is e en highe . This is ob ained by compa ing ic ion lining which showed he highes alues o coe icien s o ic ion (Cu-10Sn- 6SiC) wi h he ic ion lining which showed he lowes alues o coe icien s o ic ion (Cu-2Sn). In his case, a load o 160 N, he inc ease o s a ic coe icien o ic ion o 0.10 (41.7 %), and kine ic coe icien o ic ion o 0.12 (60.0 %) is ob ained. 3.2 Ab asi e wea esis ance Ab asi e wea o he ic ion linings was de e mined a a ious numbe o cycles, i.e. a N = 100, 200, 300 and 400, which co esponds o he ollowing sliding dis ances: 23.9, 47.9, 71.8 and 95.8 m. Ob ained mass losses o each numbe o cycle/sliding dis ance a e p esen ed in Table 3. Table 3. Ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings Sample designa ion Numbe o cycles (N) 100 200 300 400 Sliding dis ance [m] 23.9 47.9 71.8 95.8 Mass loss [mg] Cu-1Sn 15.8 25.4 44.1 53.8 Cu-2Sn 14.8 16.6 33.2 36.2 Cu-4Sn 11.6 16.0 19.4 31.1 Cu-6Sn 12.8 14.7 27.7 29.2 Cu-8Sn 12.9 21.9 27.8 28.6 Cu-10Sn 12.0 23.8 24.5 25.0 Cu-10Sn-2SiC 10.0 14.6 18.5 20.1 Cu-10Sn-4SiC 8.0 12.2 16.8 18.1 Cu-10Sn-6SiC 5.0 10.2 14.8 16.1 Using he esul s om Table 3, mass losses a e shown as a unc ion o sliding dis ance, in he o m o compa a i e wea cu es (Fig. 9). The appea ance o he cons uc ed wea cu es is simila o all es ed ic ion linings, i.e. mo e o less linea dependence o wea on sliding dis ance is no iced. This sugges s ha he s eady- s a e wea occu s om he beginning o he es s, which is common hing o he ab asi e wea . 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Sliding dis ance [m] Mass loss [mg] Cu-1Sn Cu-2Sn Cu-4Sn 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Sliding dis ance [m] Mass loss [mg] Cu-6Sn Cu-8Sn Cu-10Sn 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Sliding dis ance [m] Mass loss [mg] Cu-10Sn-2SiC Cu-10Sn-4SiC Cu-10Sn-6SiC Fig. 9. Mass loss s. sliding dis ance (wea cu es) o es ed ic ion linings. M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 235 In o de o easie compa ison o di e en ic ion linings and in luences o Sn and SiC pa icles con en , alues o o al wea a es a e calcula ed and p esen ed in Figs. 10 and 11. To al wea a es we e calcula ed by using he highes mass losses and sliding dis ances, assuming ha he s eady-s a e wea occu ed om he beginning o he es s. In addi ion o he wea da a, he ha dness o each o es ed ic ion linings was de e mined (Table 2), as an ancilla y mechanical p ope y, o make app op ia e co ela ions (Figs. 10 and 11). The analysis o he esul s show ha he p esence o highe amoun o in (Sn) dec eases he ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings (Fig. 10). The lowes wea a e o 2.61 × 10–1 mg/m shows sample Cu-10Sn, i.e. ic ion lining wi h he highes amoun o Sn (10 w .%). The inc ease o wea esis ance o his ic ion lining is app oxima ely 2.2 imes in compa ison o ic ion lining Cu-1Sn (sample wi h he lowes amoun o Sn o 1 w . %) which shows he highes wea a e o 5.62 × 10–1 mg/m. P esence o silicon ca bide (SiC) pa icles also dec eases he ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings, and his dec ease is highe as he amoun o SiC pa icles inc eases (Fig. 11). The lowes wea a e o 1.68 × 10–1 mg/m shows sample Cu-10Sn-6SiC, i.e. ic ion lining wi h he highes amoun o Sn (10 w .%) and highes amoun o SiC pa icles (6 w .%). The inc ease o wea esis ance o his ic ion lining is app oxima ely 1.6 imes in compa ison o ic ion lining Cu-10Sn (sample wi h he same amoun o Sn and wi hou SiC pa icles) which shows he wea a e o 2.61 × 10–1 mg/m. F ic ion linings wi h di e en Sn con en 5.62 3.78 3.25 3.05 2.99 2.61 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cu-1Sn Cu-2Sn Cu-4Sn Cu-6Sn Cu-8Sn Cu-10Sn Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m] Cu-1Sn Cu-10Sn Cu-8Sn Cu-6Sn Cu-2Sn Cu-4Sn y = -0.0602x + 8.2583 R2 = 0.9333 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Ha dness HB Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m] Fig. 10. F ic ion linings wi h di e en con en o Sn: o al wea a es (le ) and dependence o ab asi e wea a e on ha dness ( igh ). F ic ion linings wi h di e en SiC con en 2.61 2.10 1.89 1.68 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Cu-10Sn Cu-10Sn-2SiC Cu-10Sn-4SiC Cu-10Sn-6SiC Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m] Cu-10Sn Cu-10Sn- 2SiC Cu-10Sn- 6SiC Cu-10Sn- 4SiC y = -0.0178x + 4.2957 R2 = 0.9872 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 Ha dness HB Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m] Fig. 11. F ic ion linings wi h di e en con en o SiC pa icles: o al wea a es (le ) and dependence o ab asi e wea a e on ha dness ( igh ). M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237 236 I we analyse he mu ual e ec o Sn and SiC pa icles addi ion, he inc ease o he wea esis ance is e en highe . This is ob ained by compa ing ic ion lining which had he lowes wea a e (Cu-10Sn-6SiC) wi h he ic ion lining which had he highes wea a e (Cu-1Sn). In his case, inc ease o wea esis ance o app oxima ely 3.3 imes is ob ained. The no iced dec ease o wea a e wi h he inc ease o Sn and SiC pa icles con en is connec ed wi h ha dness o he es ed samples. The wea a e dec eases as ha dness inc ease, as i could be expec ed. The ela ionships be ween ob ained ab asi e wea alues and ha dness (Table 2) o es ed ic ion linings a e shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The ob ained co ela ions be ween wea a e and ha dness o es ed samples a e almos linea , wi h he excep ion o sample Cu-1Sn. Indeed, he o he ic ion linings showed good co ela ion, since he R-squa ed (R2) alue a e ela i ely high (R2 = 0.93 o samples wi hou SiC pa icles and R2 = 0.99 o samples wi h SiC pa icles). 4. CONCLUSIONS In his s udy, he ic ion and wea beha iou o nine di e en coppe -based ic ion linings, p oduced om powde by p essing and sin e ing, we e in es iga ed. Di e en samples we e ob ained by a ying he amoun o Sn (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 w .%) and SiC pa icles (0, 2, 4 and 6 w .%) in ic ion linings. Gene ally, bo h s a ic and kine ic coe icien s o ic ion a e highe when he amoun o Sn in coppe -based ic ion lining is highe , bu his in luence is e y small o do no exis a all o lowe no mal loads. Fo highe loads his in luence can no be neglec ed. Simila ly, addi ion o SiC pa icles o coppe -based ic ion linings did no in luence in signi ican meane he alues o he coe icien s o ic ion a lowe loads, bu only a he highes applied load. The analysis o he wea esul s show ha he p esence o highe amoun o Sn dec eases he ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings. P esence o SiC pa icles also dec ease he ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings, and his dec ease is highe as he amoun o SiC pa icles inc eases. The highes alues o s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion and he lowes wea a e showed ic ion linings wi h he highes amoun o Sn (10 w .%) and SiC pa icles (6 w .%). I was shown ha wi h mu ual e ec o Sn and SiC pa icles addi ion, ibological cha ac e is ic can be inc eased up o 1.6 imes (kine ic coe icien o ic ion) and up o 3.3 imes (wea esis ance). Acknowledgemen s This wo k has been pe o med as a pa o ac i i ies wi hin he ollowing p ojec s: (a) Con ac : ДН 07/28-15.12.2016 “Resea ch and c ea ion o new wea - esis an coa ings using composi es and nanoma e ials”, unded by he Na ional Science Fund o he Minis y o Educa ion and Science, Bulga ia; (b) CEEPUS III Ne wo k: CIII-BG-0703; (c) P ojec s TR 34028 and TR 35021, suppo ed by he Republic o Se bia, Minis y o Educa ion, Science and Technological De elopmen ; (d) P ojec LO1202, unded by he Minis y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s (MEYS) o Czech Republic, unde he Na ional Sus ainabili y P og amme I. REFERENCES [1] M. Puljize ić, Spojnice, in Z. Sa ić (Ed.): Inženje sko mašinski p i učnik, knjiga II. Za od za udžbenike i nas a na s eds a, Beog ad, pp. 343-377, 1987. [2] D. 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