Global Pandemic as an Inno a i e Impulse o
he Labou Ma ke
Dana Linkescho a1 *, Alena Ticha1, Ma in No y1, and Jan Tichy1
1B
UT, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ins i u e o
S uc u al Economics and Managemen , Ve e i
331/95, B no, 602 00 Czech Republic
Resea ch backg ound: The global his o y o mankind in an in e na ional
con ex is pe mea ed by he pain ul e en s include epidemics, wa s, na u al
disas e s and c ises, including economic ones.
Pu pose o he a icle: Acco ding o esea ch, i will be he gene a ion
o ha che ies om digi al alen s. In he wo k en i onmen , howe e ,
cen ennials beha e di e en ly han all p e ious gene a ions. Millenials is
a ully echnological gene a ion wi h g ea sel -con idence, bu a he same
ime an au onomous willingness o wo k ha d, asse i e and much mo e
demanding ope a ing wi h comple ely di e en and in e na ional
communica ion ools.
Me hods: The a icle will analyses he su eys o in e na ional esea ch
abou he in e na ional c isis caused by he pandemic by me hods o
ma hema ical s a is ics. I has pa adoxically accele a ed digi iza ion in ields
whe e i has been di icul o asse i sel so a .
Findings & Value added:.Along wi h he changing beha io o he nex
gene a ion and he ad ancing digi iza ion and au oma ion o wo k, many
p o essions a e a isk. The a icle deals wi h he possible de elopmen o he
labo ma ke in connec ion wi h he comple e disappea ance o some
p o essions, bu also he eme gence o new p o essions, which now canno
e en be imagined. Se e al weeks o qua an ine, caused by a pandemic
o a
new ype o co ona i us, has changed he li es o many companies and
employees. Fo some companies, i mean hei de ini i e end. Fo o he s,
howe e , i o eshadowed he accele a ion o inno a ion in he company
i sel .
Keywo ds: Global pandemics; inno a ion; labou ma ke ; compe encies;
ma hema ical and quan i a i e me hods.
JEL Classi ica ion: A13; C1; J24; J44
* Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed] .cz
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© The Au ho s, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion License 4.0 (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
1 In oduc ion
His o y o mankind is pe mea ed by a ious h ea ening e en s, such as epidemics, wa s,
na u al disas e s and c ises o a ious kinds, including economic ones. Ne e heless, i can
be s a ed ha humani y has no ye expe ienced a simila si ua ion o he pandemic caused by
he new ype o co ona i us in 2020.
The ime o he co ona i us pandemic showed ha e e yone had o adap o he cu en
si ua ion. “Al hough discussions abou he implica ions o he COVID-19 pandemic
on business a e jus beginning o eme ge, much o wha has been w i en ea s he pandemic
as a socie al p oblem ha impac s businesses, equi ing hem o espond o he economic
consequences and conside hei social esponsibili y o alle ia e he c isis.”[1] The
en i onmen o digi al communica ion ools and he i ual wo ld is amilia o he
o hcoming gene a ion. The c isis caused by he pandemic has pa adoxically accele a ed
au oma ion, digi iza ion and obo iza ion in he ields whe e i has been di icul o pu hem
h ough so a . C
hanging beha io
u o he o hcoming gene a ion oge he wi h he
ad ancing digi iza ion and au oma ion o wo k pu many p o essions a isk. “Ma ke s ha e
changed such ha i ms wi h supe io quali y, lowe cos s, o g ea e inno a ion eap
disp opo iona e ewa ds ela i e o p io e as.”[2] Possible de elopmen o he labou
ma ke can lead o hei comple e disappea ance, howe e , also o he eme gence o new
p o essions, which now canno e en be imagined.
2 Theo e ical backg ound
The e a o digi iza ion is becoming an in eg al pa o ou e e yday li e, howe e , in many
ways we may no e en ha e no iced i . In 2015, he digi al economy accoun ed o 4.2% o
global GDP and employed 17 million people wo ldwide, in addi ion o indi ec ly suppo ing
ano he 15 million jobs. The pe iod o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion and he apid changes
a ec ed by he pandemic a e changing gene al iew o wo k and employmen as pe cei ed
nowadays, educa ion shall no be adap ed o one p o ession as i is now, bu shall emphasize
in e disciplina i y, complexi y, c ea i i y and lexibili y oge he wi h s ong in e na ional
coope a ion wi hou es ic ions by he s a e bo de s.
Wo king in he digi al indus y, cons uc ion indus y as well as he o he ields in he
labou ma ke equi es new compe ences. Indi iduals a e expec ed o be lexible,
independen and able o sol e p ojec -o ien ed wo k asks mo e and mo e o en. In addi ion
o p o essional compe ences, hey should possess basic "skills o he 21s cen u y" which
include, o example, he abili y o ( i ual) collabo a ion in eams made up o di e en
expe s wi h di e en esponsibili ies. Also impo an migh be “exposu e o inno a ion
du ing childhood…as
a c i ical ac o ha de e mines who becomes an in en o
…
in e gene a ional mobili y may also be bene icial o inc easing economic g ow h.”[3]
Today's employees mus be able o acqui e knowledge independen ly acco ding o cu en
needs –o en also di ec ly in he wo kplace. This equi es knowledge o new media
echnologies and de ices (web, mobile media), as well as knowledge o he isks and dange s
associa ed wi h he use o da a and i ual sys ems (secu i y and da a and da a p o ec ion).
Howe e , all his is no going o wo k wi hou con inuous u he educa ion (li elong
lea ning).
While he i s h ee s ages o indus ial p oduc ion we e cha ac e ized by inno a ions in
mechanics (Indus y 1.0), elec onics (Indus y 2.0) and in o ma ion echnology (Indus y
3.0), i is ypical o he Indus y 4.0 ha classical, indus ial p ocesses a e inc easingly
in e connec ed wi h communica ion and da a echnology and c ea e so-called cybe -physical
p oduc ion sys ems, and hus enable he ealiza ion o he ision o sel -con olled
p oduc ion. In he b oade sense o he e m Indus y 4.0, he e is one key elemen –
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in e connec ion. E e -inc easing au oma ion and op imiza ion o p ocesses in he ield o
p oduc ion, logis ics and se ices goes hand in hand wi h i .
Fo example, in he cons uc ion indus y, he in oduc ion o Building in o ma ion
modelling/managemen (BIM) ep esen s such an ini ial s ep owa ds he digi al e olu ion.
Gene a ion Z employees p e e hei own wo k en i onmen – hey do no like o sha e
space wi h he o he s. Cen ennials alue hei ime e y much and wan o know in de ail
he model
acco ding o which hey a e ewa ded. They a e p agma ic and a e in e es ed in
non-mone a y compensa ion in de ail. The employe s need o adap mo i a ional ools o
hese a i udes.
Due o he signi ican sho age o a ailable, especially skilled labou o ce, i is necessa y
o change he ways o hei managemen and con ol. Nowadays, people usually do no lea e
hei jobs as such, hey mo e o en lea e hei manage s: "People do no qui jobs, hey qui
manage s" [4, p. 22]. The e is a need o expand manage ial skills, especially in echnically
o ien ed a eas, wi h an em
phasis on e hics and p o essionalism, ime managemen , he abili y
o build us and eliabili y, as well as he abili y o bea isk and be c ea i e and c edible.
3 Me hodology
The Eu opean S a is ical Sys em (ESS) gua an ees he eliabili y o he Eu opean s a is ics.
I includes he EU s a is ical o ice (Eu os a ) and s a is ical o ices and o he ins i u ions o
he EU membe s a es. The aim o he ESS is o p o ide s a is ical da a ha is ha monized,
eliable, ele an and usable. Me hods o s a is ical su eys a e based on scien i ic s a is ical
me hods. Labou ma ke and labou o ce su eys also make use o
hese me hods. [
5]
The Labou Fo ce Sample Su ey (LFSS) in he Czech Republic is conduc ed by he
Czech S a is ical O ice (CSO) con inuously on a andomly selec ed sample o households
and is ocused on de e mining he economic posi ion o he popula ion h oughou he
coun y.
The LFSS allows a quali ied es ima e o he amoun o employmen in o ganiza ions and
companies, including he independen ac i i ies o pe sons doing business in acco dance wi h
he T ade Licensing Ac and o he legal s anda ds.
The LFSS ques ionnai e in he Czech Republic has been ully ha monized wi h he
Eu os a s anda d since 2002 and hus complies wi h Counc
il Regula ion (EC) No. 577/98.
Howe e , he con en and s uc u e o he Eu os a s anda d has s ill been e ol ing and in his
con ex he CZSO makes pa ial adjus men s o he ques ionnai e con en s. The esul s o he
su ey se e as one o he aspec s o deciding on he alloca ion o EU unds o he indi idual
egions. [6]
4 Resul s
Ce ain inno a i e impulses o he labou ma ke a e based on s a is ical Labou Fo ce
Sample Su eys (LFSS). They a e based bo h on he long
- e m ends o a na u ally changing
socie y and, mo e ecen ly, on he su p ising ex en o he co ona i us pandemic. Upcoming
inno a ions conce n occupa ions, o ms and models o wo k as well as he beha iou o he
companies on he labou ma ke .
4.1 P o essions, o ms o wo k, company beha iou
Many p o essions ha e become a isk due o he changing beha iou o he o hcoming
gene a ion and he co ona i us pandemic, which caused he apidly ad ancing digi iza ion
and au oma ion o wo k. Comple e disappea ance o some p o essions can be expec ed,
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oge he wi h he eme gence o new p o essions, which now canno e en be imagined. A he
same ime, he cu en p edic ions a he assume ha he e will be ewe newly c ea ed jobs
han hose ha ha e disappea ed. [7]
Changes in he labou ma ke lead o high lexibili y and inno a ion o wo k egimes.
Especially in o ices, such o ms o wo k as ho -desking, desk-sha ing, homewo king, co-
wo king and o he s a e beginning o be used. Ho -desking o desk-sha ing ep esen
he
physical sha ing o a wo king place (space), no he job con en s
and esponsibili ies by
mul iple employees. In p inciple, his is an o ice wi h desks ha a e no assigned o speci ic
employees. Co-wo king ep esen s a sha ed wo kspace ha is p ima ily in ended o
en ep eneu s. They a e a sui able choice o hose who, o a ious easons, do no like
wo king om home. Job-sha ing is a model ha is used o sha e one speci ic job posi ion
by mul iple employees. I is a lexible o m o wo k, whe e usually wo pa - ime employees
co e one job.
Home-wo king (home o ice) is a sys em o wo k ha has been ied ou by many
employees in ecen mon hs and weeks. This is wo k om home, which has many bene i s
o bo h companies and employees. Companies sa e on he cos o en ing o ices and
unning hem. Hyb id wo kspace is a hyb id wo k en i onmen ha is a combina ion o
people wo king om home and employees wo king in he o ice. Fo example, companies
implemen he 3-2-3 model, whe e employees wo k h ee days om home and wo days in
he o ice and swi ch a e a week.
4.2
Co po a e social esponsibili y
Co po a e Social Responsibili y (CSR) means main aining economic success and gaining a
compe i i e ad an age by building a company's epu a ion and gaining he us o he
people who wo k o i o li e in he communi y whe e he company ope a es. Inno a ions
can be ound also in he issues o he changing ole o companies in he socie y. A p esen ,
he public assesses and e alua es hem no only acco ding o he quali y o hei se ices and
p oduc s, bu also acco ding o he deg ee o esponsibili y o hei wo k in socie y.
Responsible beha iou hus b ings he company, in addi ion o s eng hening he alue o he
b and and epu
a ion, also g ea e loyal y o i s employees. Good ela ions wi hin he egion
a e also impo an , and in connec ion wi h he si ua ion ela ed o co ona i us, he po en ial
o esol ing possible c isis si ua ions also inc eases signi ican ly. Socially esponsible
business beha iou is a long- e m in es men in i s o e all de elopmen . [8] Demands o he
skills o wo k eams a e p o ing o inc ease signi ican ly. Key skills o he 21s cen u y
a e: he abili y o o ien a e onesel , he abili y
o
adap , he abili y o pe suade, he abili y
o collabo a e, he abili y o lead, and he abili y o empa hize." [9]
“In e na ional business unde de-globaliza ion would look quali a i ely di e en om
wha we ha e seen in he pas decades… he e is no lack o echnology ha could p opel
globaliza ion o wa d. Wha we do seem o lack, a his poin , is a poli ical con igu a ion ha
would suppo his.” [10]
4.3 Impac s o an i –
pandemic measu es
F om Ap il o May, 1.8 million employees expe ienced nega i e e ec s o he measu es
agains he co ona i us pandemic. 1.4 million employees assumed he empo a y na u e o
hese impac s, 314 housand we e wo ied abou hei jobs.
The mos signi ican ly a ec ed sec o was accommoda ion, ca e ing and hospi ali y,
whe e he sha e exceeded 90%. The 55% sha e appea ed in he manu ac u ing indus y,
which employs he la ges g oup o employees, as well as in inance and insu ance. 67%
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sha e was in cul u e, en e ainmen and ec ea ion, 53% sha e was in eal es a e ac i i ies,
a sligh ly abo e-a e age sha e (48%) was in ade. Only a hi d o he employees e lec ing
he impac s we e in in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies and in he cons uc ion
indus y (36%). The calmes si ua ion was o he employees o public adminis a ion and
de ence, heal h and social ca e, ene gy and wa e supply, i.e. he sec o s ha p o ide he
necessa y ac i i ies. Younge employees unde he age o 29 (21%) e lec ed he h ea o
hei job he mos , while hose o e he age o 51 e lec ed i he leas (14%). In he la ges
age g oup o 30-49 yea s, hei sha e was 18%.
63% o en ep eneu s (sel -employed pe sons) expe ienced nega i e e ec s, i.e. almos
0.5 million people. The g ea es impac s we e expe ienced in he accommoda ion, ca e ing
and hospi ali y sec o s, whe e only 2% o hem did no expe ience hem. Educa ion came
second wi h 92% and o he ac i i ies acco ding o he CZ-NACE classi ica ion had a 90%
sha e. On he o he hand, less han hal o he sha e can be ound in he wa e supply,
ag icul u e and heal h and social ca e. A qua e o business men and almos a hi d
o business women desc ibed he e ec s o he c isis as se ious. The emaining 72% o sel -
employed people assume ha he e ec s as empo a y. The Czech S a is ical O ice has
in oduced an ex a su ey on he e ec s o he cu en c isis on he labou ma ke as pa o
he Labou Fo ce Sample Su ey (LFSS) since 1 Ap il 2020.
Employees a isk o a job loss h ea di ided by age ( empo a y impac | job h ea ening
impac ) a e in ages 15
-29 79%|21%, 30-49 82%|18% and 50+ 86|14%. P opo ion
o employees expe iencing p oblems in connec ion wi h he economic si ua ion (2nd qua e
o 2020) a e o e 38% ega dless o educa ion le el. [11]
A s ong economic connec ion wi h P ague demons a es i sel , when a la ge numbe
o Cen al Bohemians egula ly commu e o he capi al o wo k. The sha e o employees
pe cei ing he h ea was also high in he Libe ec Region (53.9%), ollowed by P ague
(49.3%). Employees in he H adec K álo é Region (29.8%) and he Pa dubice Region
(32.2%) el he leas a isk. I is ob ious ha he No heas egion (H adec K álo é,
Pa dubice and Libe ec egions) is cha ac e ized by la ge e i o ial di e ences in he impac
o he c isis on he g oup o hese wo ke s.
The sha e o nega i e impac s a ied g ea ly in e ms o indi idual sec o al sec ions. The
absolu e highes numbe o employees a ec ed by he c isis was logically in he
manu ac u ing indus y (711.4 housand), high sha e was also in he ade sec o . In many
sec o s, he sha e o employees a isk was a ound 40%. On he con a y, he c i ical si ua ion
was in he cul u al, en e ainmen and ec ea ional ac i i ies sec o s and especially in he
sec o o accommoda ion, ca e ing and hospi ali y.
In e ms o he sha e o being a ec ed acco ding o educa ion, mos o hem we e among
employees wi h p ima y educa ion (45.3%) and seconda y educa ion wi hou a Ma u i a
school lea ing exam (46.1%). Wi h inc easing educa ion le el, he p opo ion o a ec ed
people dec eased.
Some p opo ion o employees expe iencing p oblems in connec ion wi h he economic
si ua ion in indi idual egions (2nd qua e o 2020) we can ind in % [12]
The nega i e e ec s o he cu en si ua ion on he economy, sales o he olume o wo k
and o de s a
e expe ienced by he majo i y (60%) o sel -employed pe sons o
en ep eneu s. This ep esen s 514 housand pe sons. F om a egional poin o iew,
en ep eneu s in he Cen al Bohemian Region and in P ague mos o en exp essed conce n.
In pe cen age e ms, he mos common posi i e answe s o he ques ion o expe iencing
impac s we e in educa ion (95%), accommoda ion and hospi ali y (94%) and in he sec o
o he ac i i ies (86%). The smalles sha e was in en ep eneu s in ag icul u e (34%).
Nume ically, he sel -employed in he cons uc ion indus y domina ed, as he sel -employed
a e mos in ol ed in his sec o . The e we e also high numbe s in he ade and epai sec o s,
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which was ela ed o closed es ablishmen s, as well as in p o essional, scien i ic and echnical
ac i i ies.
Signi ican di e ences be ween he sexes we e in he answe s in con as o he
employees. Mo e signi ican conce ns we e ound among women en ep eneu s, whe e 64%
expe ienced he e ec s compa ed o 58% o men. Women also conside ed he si ua ion o be
mo e se ious - almos a hi d o women conside ed he e ec s o be se ious ( h ea ening hei
business), while only one qua e o men en ep eneu s sha ed his opinion. The young
women expe ienced he impac s he mos (a ound 75%) and wi h inc easing age he
p opo ion o posi i e answe s among women dec eased by hal . On he con a y, he
endency was sligh ly inc easing o men, only abou 50% o young men and abou 60% in
he highes age ca ego ies. The assessmen o he se e i y o he impac on business dec eased
e y sligh ly wi h age o bo h sexes. I sel -employed pe sons expe ienced nega i e impac s,
hen hey we e mos o en conside ed se ious and h ea ening hei business by pe sons doing
business in he las segmen o dis ibu ion o goods, i.e. wholesale and e ail ade and
main enance and mo o ehicles and mo o cycles epai sec o
. [5]
In he 2nd qua e o 2020, he labou ma ke was signi ican ly a ec ed by he e ec s o
unp eceden ed an i-epidemic measu es, which, howe e , he ma ke g adually began o cope
wi h as well as changes i s s uc u e. The impac o sel -employed was o e 34% o women
wi h basic educa ion and 58% o sel -employed wi h uni e si y deg ee. [11] Mos impac ed
we e sel -employed women bo h wi h and wi hou college deg ee o e 65%. The sec o al
de elopmen was he e o e signi ican ly di e en ia ed. O e all, he a e age wage inc eased
by 0.5% in nominal e ms, howe e , a he same ime he p ices ose sha ply, so
ha eal
ea nings ell by 2.5%.
The mos cha ac e is ic esul s desc ibing he cou se o he co ona i us pandemic c isis
we e da a on hou s wo ked by indi idual mon hs based on he Labou Fo ce Sample Su ey
(LFSS).
Fig. 1. Hou s ac ually wo ked pe week in he main job om he LFSS and he index o he same
pe iod o he p e ious yea [13]
Acco ding o a e ised es ima e, g oss domes ic p oduc ell by 8.7% qua e -on
-
qua e
and by 11.0% yea -on-yea in he 2nd qua e . The nega i e de elopmen o he GDP was
mainly due o a decline in o eign demand. A mo e accu a e es ima e con i med he
his o ically wo s pe o mance o he Czech economy. P ice and seasonally adjus ed g oss
domes ic p oduc (GDP) [8] dec eased by 8.7% compa ed o he p e ious qua e . Yea -on-
yea , GDP dec eased by 11.0%.
G oss alue added (GVA) was by 9.4% lowe qua e -on-qua e . The e was a dec ease
in GVA in all b anches o he economy, in manu ac u ing indus y by 14.7%, in he g oup o
ade, anspo , accommoda ion and ood se ice sec o by 17.5% and in o he ac i i ies by
23.1%. Yea -on-yea , GVA dec eased by 10.9%. The dec ease in GVA c ea ion was mos ly
in luenced by he de elopmen in he manu ac u ing indus y (nega i e con ibu ion -4.6 pp,
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dec ease by 18.2%) and in he sec o o ade, anspo , accommoda ion and ood se ices (-
3.8 pp, dec ease by 20.5% ). A posi i e con ibu ion was eco ded by he in o ma ion and
communica ion echnology sec o (0.1 pp, wi h a g ow h by 1.1%).
In he 2nd qua e o 2020, he a e age g oss mon hly nominal wage pe ecalcula ed
numbe o employees in he na ional economy inc eased by 0.5% compa ed o he same
pe iod o he p e ious yea , howe e , i dec eased by 2.5% in eal e ms. The median wage
was CZK 29,123.
In he 2nd qua e o 2020, he a e age g oss mon hly nominal wage (he eina e e e ed
o as he “a e age wage”) pe ecalcula ed numbe o employees in he na ional economy
o alled a CZK 34,271, which is by CZK 160 (0.5%) mo e han in he same pe iod o 2019.
Consume p ices inc eased by 3.1% o e he same pe iod, so he eal wage dec eased by
2.5%. The olume o wages dec eased by 2.9%, he numbe o employees dec eased by 3.4%.
Compa ed o he p e ious qua e , he decline in he a e age wage in he 2nd qua e o
2020, seasonally adjus ed, was 3.1%.
The median wage (CZK 29,123) dec eased by 0.2% compa ed o he same pe iod o he
p e ious yea , eaching CZK 31,450 o men and CZK 26,489 o women. 80% o employees
ecei ed wages be ween CZK 14,659 and CZK 56,263.
In he i s hal o 2020, he a e age wage eached CZK 34,200, a yea -on-yea inc ease
by CZK 909 (2.7%). Consume p ices inc eased by 3.4% o e he pe iod, eal wages
dec eased by 0.7%.
Fig. 2. G oss domes ic p oduc and g oss alue added - yea -on-yea eal change, seasonally adjus ed
[14]
Fig. 3. A e age mon hly wage - qua e ly da a (absolu e alues and mon hly changes) [15]
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5 Discussion
5.1 Measu es o limi he sp ead o Co id -19 in Eu ope
The Co id-19 i us hi Eu ope in Janua y and Feb ua y, wi h he i s cases con i med in
Spain, F ance and I aly. Co id-19 in ec ion has now been diagnosed in all Membe S a es o
he Eu opean Union.
EU Membe S a es ha e aken a wide ange o measu es o comba he pandemic. Since
17 Ma ch, EU Membe S a es ha e in oduced empo a y es ic ions on insigni ican a el
om hi d coun ies o he EU (excep ions ha e been se o na ionals o all EU Membe
S a es and Schengen Associa ed S a es). Mos coun ies ha e also in oduced es ic ions on
mo emen be ween Membe S a es. Some “wo ke s a e discou aging some i ms om
adop ing“.[16]
In he second week o Ma ch, schools we e closed in mos Membe S a es. Public e en s
we e cancelled by almos all Membe S a es and p i a e e en s (wi h a numbe o people
anging om 2 o 50) we e banned. Ba s, es au an s and ho els we e closed in almos all
coun ies. In addi ion, mos coun ies closed e ail ou le s, wi h he excep ion o
supe ma ke s, pha macies and banks. In I aly and Spain, insigni ican p oduc ion was
s opped and se
e al coun ies in oduced egional o e en na ional blocking measu es, which
u he s i led economic ac i i ies in many a eas. “We use he 2008–2009 global inancial
c isis as such a shock. As hey a gue and ind, he inancial c isis e ealed he inancial alue
o i m-le el social capi al and us “[17]
“The e appea o be nega i e shocks o he s ock ma ke ha occu a business cycle
equencies, a e associa ed wi h high ealized ola ili y and declines in ou pu , and a e p iced
s ongly by in es o s.” [18]
This “long-sho e u n p edic abili y is simila ac oss mos de eloped s ock
ma ke s.”[19]The as majo i y o p e en i e measu es we e aken in mid-Ma ch. Mos
p ecau iona y measu es and es ic ions we e main ained h oughou Ap il. In May and June,
mos measu es we e comple ely o pa ially cancelled, esul ing in an inc ease in p oduc i e
se ice ac i i ies. Howe e , he p e-c isis le el o se ice p oduc ion has no ye been
es o ed.
5.2 De elopmen o se ice p oduc ion in June 2020
Fig
u e 9 shows he Ma ch and Ap il declines in he p oduc ion o se ices o o al se ices
and o di e en g oups o se ices, as well as a pa ial eco e y in May and June. I should
be aken in o accoun ha inancial, insu ance and public se ices a e no included.
Fig. 4. De elopmen o se ices in he Janua y o June 2020 pe iod in he EU-27 [11]
In June 2020, he olume o se ice ou pu in he EU-27 inc eased by 8.6% compa ed o
May 2020. In May 2020, se ice ou pu emained ela i ely s able (-0.5%), howe e , in he
p e ious mon hs o Ap il and Ma ch he c isis led o signi ican losses in he ou pu o
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se ices (-11.7% in Ma ch and -13.0% in Ap il). In he eu o a ea, de elopmen s we e simila .
The s onges decline du ing he Co id-19 pandemic c isis (Ap il compa ed o Feb ua y) was
eco ded o accommoda ion and ood se ices (ho els and es au an s), which ell by 79.3%
in he EU-27. T anspo se ices (land, wa e , ai ) dec eased by 18.0%. Adminis a i e and
suppo se ice ac i i ies (e.g. employmen se ices, secu i y, cleaning), which a e usually
pu chased by companies
, dec eased by 15.7%.
P o essional and scien i ic se ices (legal
se ices, accoun ing, ma ke ing, e c.) dec eased by 13.7%. In o ma ion and communica ion
echnology se ices ell by a ela i ely modes pace by 4.3%. [20]
6 Conclusion
The cu en closely in e connec ed digi al wo ld o e s a wide choice o bene i s ha we all
we e awa e o du ing he global pandemic. We we e able o s ay in con ac wi h dis an
iends, ela i es and co-wo ke s, shop emo ely and enjoy collec ed cul u al goods om
a ound he wo ld. Howe e , i is necessa y o ealize ha his also opens doo o global
compe i ion. Also “young wo ke s manage o ob ain on a e age abou 82 pe cen o hei
po en ial ea nings h ee yea s a e lea ing ull- ime educa ion“[21]I we p o ide educa ion
and a signi ican pa o wo k emo ely, we mus eckon wi h he ac ha ou wo k can be
ans e ed o he hi d wo ld coun ies. The e is a dange o Czech and Slo ak uni e si ies
o he ou low o s uden s o mo e p es igious wes e n uni e si ies. I i is possible o s udy
wi hou bo de s ia he In e ne , ou language ba ie
will deepen and he e will be a g ea e
ou low o young skilled wo ke s in pa icula om he labou ma ke . The „pos -wo k u u e
a e: ise o au oma ion, AI, machine in elligence mo ing owa d a u u e whe e people a e
less necessa y o wo k; shi s in indi idual alues…which a e de e mined by he cen al ole
o wo k in social li e. Jobs a e cen al o an indi idual’s iden i y, bu a e slowly becoming
less signi ican . Jobs p o ide s uc u e o daily li e, bu he s uc u e o daily li e i sel is being
challenged by changes in echnology and he economy.“[22]
“Employee consensus is a
c i ical ou come…consensus ampli ies he posi i e e ec s o high in ol emen wo k sys ems
on i m-le el inno a ion.“[23]"Global challenges canno be sol ed globally. We can see hem
clea ly. We unde s and hei undamen al causes. We ha e p o en me hods o sol e hem.
Howe e , we e use o make comp omises, coope a e and sol e hese p oblems consis en ly
- i is up o us, local, no global leade s. We can lead people o make posi i e changes locally,
make li e easie and mo e sus ainable, and open up new oppo uni ies in he imes o global
decline. ”[24]"Hope is no he belie ha some hing will u n ou well, bu he ce ain y ha
some hing will make sense - no ma e how i u ns ou ." Václa Ha el.
Re e ences
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Managemen Resea ch Needs a Socie al Tu n. Jou nal o Managemen , 46(7), 1205-
1222.
2. Au o , D.,
Do n, D
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ou comes o objec i e e sus subjec i e scien i ic The all o he labo sha e and he ise
o supe s a i ms. Qua e ly Jou nal o Economics, 135(2), 645-709.
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in en o in ame ica? The impo ance o exposu e o inno a ion.
Qua e ly Jou nal o
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4. Hess, D.W. (2018) Leade ship by Enginee s and Scien is s (P o essional Skills Needed
o Succeed in a Changing Wo ld). New Je sey: John Wiley & Sons.
5. Český s a is ický úřad (2018, Feb 7) Co je ESS a jak p acuje.ČSÚ. Re ie ed om:
h ps://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/co_je_ess_a_jak_p acuje
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