Global Pandemic as an Innovative Impulse for the Labour Market

Global Pandemic as an Inno a i e Impulse o he Labou Ma ke Dana Linkescho a1 *, Alena Ticha1, Ma in No y1, and Jan Tichy1 1B UT, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ins i u e o S uc u al Economics and Managemen , Ve e i 331/95, B no, 602 00 Czech Republic Resea ch backg ound: The global his o y o mankind in an in e na ional con ex is pe mea ed by he pain ul e en s include epidemics, wa s, na u al disas e s and c ises, including economic ones. Pu pose o he a icle: Acco ding o esea ch, i will be he gene a ion o ha che ies om digi al alen s. In he wo k en i onmen , howe e , cen ennials beha e di e en ly han all p e ious gene a ions. Millenials is a ully echnological gene a ion wi h g ea sel -con idence, bu a he same ime an au onomous willingness o wo k ha d, asse i e and much mo e demanding ope a ing wi h comple ely di e en and in e na ional communica ion ools. Me hods: The a icle will analyses he su eys o in e na ional esea ch abou he in e na ional c isis caused by he pandemic by me hods o ma hema ical s a is ics. I has pa adoxically accele a ed digi iza ion in ields whe e i has been di icul o asse i sel so a . Findings & Value added:.Along wi h he changing beha io o he nex gene a ion and he ad ancing digi iza ion and au oma ion o wo k, many p o essions a e a isk. The a icle deals wi h he possible de elopmen o he labo ma ke in connec ion wi h he comple e disappea ance o some p o essions, bu also he eme gence o new p o essions, which now canno e en be imagined. Se e al weeks o qua an ine, caused by a pandemic o a new ype o co ona i us, has changed he li es o many companies and employees. Fo some companies, i mean hei de ini i e end. Fo o he s, howe e , i o eshadowed he accele a ion o inno a ion in he company i sel . Keywo ds: Global pandemics; inno a ion; labou ma ke ; compe encies; ma hema ical and quan i a i e me hods. JEL Classi ica ion: A13; C1; J24; J44 * Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed] .cz SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 © The Au ho s, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0 (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/). 1 In oduc ion His o y o mankind is pe mea ed by a ious h ea ening e en s, such as epidemics, wa s, na u al disas e s and c ises o a ious kinds, including economic ones. Ne e heless, i can be s a ed ha humani y has no ye expe ienced a simila si ua ion o he pandemic caused by he new ype o co ona i us in 2020. The ime o he co ona i us pandemic showed ha e e yone had o adap o he cu en si ua ion. “Al hough discussions abou he implica ions o he COVID-19 pandemic on business a e jus beginning o eme ge, much o wha has been w i en ea s he pandemic as a socie al p oblem ha impac s businesses, equi ing hem o espond o he economic consequences and conside hei social esponsibili y o alle ia e he c isis.”[1] The en i onmen o digi al communica ion ools and he i ual wo ld is amilia o he o hcoming gene a ion. The c isis caused by he pandemic has pa adoxically accele a ed au oma ion, digi iza ion and obo iza ion in he ields whe e i has been di icul o pu hem h ough so a . C hanging beha io u o he o hcoming gene a ion oge he wi h he ad ancing digi iza ion and au oma ion o wo k pu many p o essions a isk. “Ma ke s ha e changed such ha i ms wi h supe io quali y, lowe cos s, o g ea e inno a ion eap disp opo iona e ewa ds ela i e o p io e as.”[2] Possible de elopmen o he labou ma ke can lead o hei comple e disappea ance, howe e , also o he eme gence o new p o essions, which now canno e en be imagined. 2 Theo e ical backg ound The e a o digi iza ion is becoming an in eg al pa o ou e e yday li e, howe e , in many ways we may no e en ha e no iced i . In 2015, he digi al economy accoun ed o 4.2% o global GDP and employed 17 million people wo ldwide, in addi ion o indi ec ly suppo ing ano he 15 million jobs. The pe iod o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion and he apid changes a ec ed by he pandemic a e changing gene al iew o wo k and employmen as pe cei ed nowadays, educa ion shall no be adap ed o one p o ession as i is now, bu shall emphasize in e disciplina i y, complexi y, c ea i i y and lexibili y oge he wi h s ong in e na ional coope a ion wi hou es ic ions by he s a e bo de s. Wo king in he digi al indus y, cons uc ion indus y as well as he o he ields in he labou ma ke equi es new compe ences. Indi iduals a e expec ed o be lexible, independen and able o sol e p ojec -o ien ed wo k asks mo e and mo e o en. In addi ion o p o essional compe ences, hey should possess basic "skills o he 21s cen u y" which include, o example, he abili y o ( i ual) collabo a ion in eams made up o di e en expe s wi h di e en esponsibili ies. Also impo an migh be “exposu e o inno a ion du ing childhood…as a c i ical ac o ha de e mines who becomes an in en o … in e gene a ional mobili y may also be bene icial o inc easing economic g ow h.”[3] Today's employees mus be able o acqui e knowledge independen ly acco ding o cu en needs –o en also di ec ly in he wo kplace. This equi es knowledge o new media echnologies and de ices (web, mobile media), as well as knowledge o he isks and dange s associa ed wi h he use o da a and i ual sys ems (secu i y and da a and da a p o ec ion). Howe e , all his is no going o wo k wi hou con inuous u he educa ion (li elong lea ning). While he i s h ee s ages o indus ial p oduc ion we e cha ac e ized by inno a ions in mechanics (Indus y 1.0), elec onics (Indus y 2.0) and in o ma ion echnology (Indus y 3.0), i is ypical o he Indus y 4.0 ha classical, indus ial p ocesses a e inc easingly in e connec ed wi h communica ion and da a echnology and c ea e so-called cybe -physical p oduc ion sys ems, and hus enable he ealiza ion o he ision o sel -con olled p oduc ion. In he b oade sense o he e m Indus y 4.0, he e is one key elemen – SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 2 in e connec ion. E e -inc easing au oma ion and op imiza ion o p ocesses in he ield o p oduc ion, logis ics and se ices goes hand in hand wi h i . Fo example, in he cons uc ion indus y, he in oduc ion o Building in o ma ion modelling/managemen (BIM) ep esen s such an ini ial s ep owa ds he digi al e olu ion. Gene a ion Z employees p e e hei own wo k en i onmen – hey do no like o sha e space wi h he o he s. Cen ennials alue hei ime e y much and wan o know in de ail he model acco ding o which hey a e ewa ded. They a e p agma ic and a e in e es ed in non-mone a y compensa ion in de ail. The employe s need o adap mo i a ional ools o hese a i udes. Due o he signi ican sho age o a ailable, especially skilled labou o ce, i is necessa y o change he ways o hei managemen and con ol. Nowadays, people usually do no lea e hei jobs as such, hey mo e o en lea e hei manage s: "People do no qui jobs, hey qui manage s" [4, p. 22]. The e is a need o expand manage ial skills, especially in echnically o ien ed a eas, wi h an em phasis on e hics and p o essionalism, ime managemen , he abili y o build us and eliabili y, as well as he abili y o bea isk and be c ea i e and c edible. 3 Me hodology The Eu opean S a is ical Sys em (ESS) gua an ees he eliabili y o he Eu opean s a is ics. I includes he EU s a is ical o ice (Eu os a ) and s a is ical o ices and o he ins i u ions o he EU membe s a es. The aim o he ESS is o p o ide s a is ical da a ha is ha monized, eliable, ele an and usable. Me hods o s a is ical su eys a e based on scien i ic s a is ical me hods. Labou ma ke and labou o ce su eys also make use o hese me hods. [ 5] The Labou Fo ce Sample Su ey (LFSS) in he Czech Republic is conduc ed by he Czech S a is ical O ice (CSO) con inuously on a andomly selec ed sample o households and is ocused on de e mining he economic posi ion o he popula ion h oughou he coun y. The LFSS allows a quali ied es ima e o he amoun o employmen in o ganiza ions and companies, including he independen ac i i ies o pe sons doing business in acco dance wi h he T ade Licensing Ac and o he legal s anda ds. The LFSS ques ionnai e in he Czech Republic has been ully ha monized wi h he Eu os a s anda d since 2002 and hus complies wi h Counc il Regula ion (EC) No. 577/98. Howe e , he con en and s uc u e o he Eu os a s anda d has s ill been e ol ing and in his con ex he CZSO makes pa ial adjus men s o he ques ionnai e con en s. The esul s o he su ey se e as one o he aspec s o deciding on he alloca ion o EU unds o he indi idual egions. [6] 4 Resul s Ce ain inno a i e impulses o he labou ma ke a e based on s a is ical Labou Fo ce Sample Su eys (LFSS). They a e based bo h on he long - e m ends o a na u ally changing socie y and, mo e ecen ly, on he su p ising ex en o he co ona i us pandemic. Upcoming inno a ions conce n occupa ions, o ms and models o wo k as well as he beha iou o he companies on he labou ma ke . 4.1 P o essions, o ms o wo k, company beha iou Many p o essions ha e become a isk due o he changing beha iou o he o hcoming gene a ion and he co ona i us pandemic, which caused he apidly ad ancing digi iza ion and au oma ion o wo k. Comple e disappea ance o some p o essions can be expec ed, SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 3 oge he wi h he eme gence o new p o essions, which now canno e en be imagined. A he same ime, he cu en p edic ions a he assume ha he e will be ewe newly c ea ed jobs han hose ha ha e disappea ed. [7] Changes in he labou ma ke lead o high lexibili y and inno a ion o wo k egimes. Especially in o ices, such o ms o wo k as ho -desking, desk-sha ing, homewo king, co- wo king and o he s a e beginning o be used. Ho -desking o desk-sha ing ep esen he physical sha ing o a wo king place (space), no he job con en s and esponsibili ies by mul iple employees. In p inciple, his is an o ice wi h desks ha a e no assigned o speci ic employees. Co-wo king ep esen s a sha ed wo kspace ha is p ima ily in ended o en ep eneu s. They a e a sui able choice o hose who, o a ious easons, do no like wo king om home. Job-sha ing is a model ha is used o sha e one speci ic job posi ion by mul iple employees. I is a lexible o m o wo k, whe e usually wo pa - ime employees co e one job. Home-wo king (home o ice) is a sys em o wo k ha has been ied ou by many employees in ecen mon hs and weeks. This is wo k om home, which has many bene i s o bo h companies and employees. Companies sa e on he cos o en ing o ices and unning hem. Hyb id wo kspace is a hyb id wo k en i onmen ha is a combina ion o people wo king om home and employees wo king in he o ice. Fo example, companies implemen he 3-2-3 model, whe e employees wo k h ee days om home and wo days in he o ice and swi ch a e a week. 4.2 Co po a e social esponsibili y Co po a e Social Responsibili y (CSR) means main aining economic success and gaining a compe i i e ad an age by building a company's epu a ion and gaining he us o he people who wo k o i o li e in he communi y whe e he company ope a es. Inno a ions can be ound also in he issues o he changing ole o companies in he socie y. A p esen , he public assesses and e alua es hem no only acco ding o he quali y o hei se ices and p oduc s, bu also acco ding o he deg ee o esponsibili y o hei wo k in socie y. Responsible beha iou hus b ings he company, in addi ion o s eng hening he alue o he b and and epu a ion, also g ea e loyal y o i s employees. Good ela ions wi hin he egion a e also impo an , and in connec ion wi h he si ua ion ela ed o co ona i us, he po en ial o esol ing possible c isis si ua ions also inc eases signi ican ly. Socially esponsible business beha iou is a long- e m in es men in i s o e all de elopmen . [8] Demands o he skills o wo k eams a e p o ing o inc ease signi ican ly. Key skills o he 21s cen u y a e: he abili y o o ien a e onesel , he abili y o adap , he abili y o pe suade, he abili y o collabo a e, he abili y o lead, and he abili y o empa hize." [9] “In e na ional business unde de-globaliza ion would look quali a i ely di e en om wha we ha e seen in he pas decades… he e is no lack o echnology ha could p opel globaliza ion o wa d. Wha we do seem o lack, a his poin , is a poli ical con igu a ion ha would suppo his.” [10] 4.3 Impac s o an i – pandemic measu es F om Ap il o May, 1.8 million employees expe ienced nega i e e ec s o he measu es agains he co ona i us pandemic. 1.4 million employees assumed he empo a y na u e o hese impac s, 314 housand we e wo ied abou hei jobs. The mos signi ican ly a ec ed sec o was accommoda ion, ca e ing and hospi ali y, whe e he sha e exceeded 90%. The 55% sha e appea ed in he manu ac u ing indus y, which employs he la ges g oup o employees, as well as in inance and insu ance. 67% SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 4 sha e was in cul u e, en e ainmen and ec ea ion, 53% sha e was in eal es a e ac i i ies, a sligh ly abo e-a e age sha e (48%) was in ade. Only a hi d o he employees e lec ing he impac s we e in in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies and in he cons uc ion indus y (36%). The calmes si ua ion was o he employees o public adminis a ion and de ence, heal h and social ca e, ene gy and wa e supply, i.e. he sec o s ha p o ide he necessa y ac i i ies. Younge employees unde he age o 29 (21%) e lec ed he h ea o hei job he mos , while hose o e he age o 51 e lec ed i he leas (14%). In he la ges age g oup o 30-49 yea s, hei sha e was 18%. 63% o en ep eneu s (sel -employed pe sons) expe ienced nega i e e ec s, i.e. almos 0.5 million people. The g ea es impac s we e expe ienced in he accommoda ion, ca e ing and hospi ali y sec o s, whe e only 2% o hem did no expe ience hem. Educa ion came second wi h 92% and o he ac i i ies acco ding o he CZ-NACE classi ica ion had a 90% sha e. On he o he hand, less han hal o he sha e can be ound in he wa e supply, ag icul u e and heal h and social ca e. A qua e o business men and almos a hi d o business women desc ibed he e ec s o he c isis as se ious. The emaining 72% o sel - employed people assume ha he e ec s as empo a y. The Czech S a is ical O ice has in oduced an ex a su ey on he e ec s o he cu en c isis on he labou ma ke as pa o he Labou Fo ce Sample Su ey (LFSS) since 1 Ap il 2020. Employees a isk o a job loss h ea di ided by age ( empo a y impac | job h ea ening impac ) a e in ages 15 -29 79%|21%, 30-49 82%|18% and 50+ 86|14%. P opo ion o employees expe iencing p oblems in connec ion wi h he economic si ua ion (2nd qua e o 2020) a e o e 38% ega dless o educa ion le el. [11] A s ong economic connec ion wi h P ague demons a es i sel , when a la ge numbe o Cen al Bohemians egula ly commu e o he capi al o wo k. The sha e o employees pe cei ing he h ea was also high in he Libe ec Region (53.9%), ollowed by P ague (49.3%). Employees in he H adec K álo é Region (29.8%) and he Pa dubice Region (32.2%) el he leas a isk. I is ob ious ha he No heas egion (H adec K álo é, Pa dubice and Libe ec egions) is cha ac e ized by la ge e i o ial di e ences in he impac o he c isis on he g oup o hese wo ke s. The sha e o nega i e impac s a ied g ea ly in e ms o indi idual sec o al sec ions. The absolu e highes numbe o employees a ec ed by he c isis was logically in he manu ac u ing indus y (711.4 housand), high sha e was also in he ade sec o . In many sec o s, he sha e o employees a isk was a ound 40%. On he con a y, he c i ical si ua ion was in he cul u al, en e ainmen and ec ea ional ac i i ies sec o s and especially in he sec o o accommoda ion, ca e ing and hospi ali y. In e ms o he sha e o being a ec ed acco ding o educa ion, mos o hem we e among employees wi h p ima y educa ion (45.3%) and seconda y educa ion wi hou a Ma u i a school lea ing exam (46.1%). Wi h inc easing educa ion le el, he p opo ion o a ec ed people dec eased. Some p opo ion o employees expe iencing p oblems in connec ion wi h he economic si ua ion in indi idual egions (2nd qua e o 2020) we can ind in % [12] The nega i e e ec s o he cu en si ua ion on he economy, sales o he olume o wo k and o de s a e expe ienced by he majo i y (60%) o sel -employed pe sons o en ep eneu s. This ep esen s 514 housand pe sons. F om a egional poin o iew, en ep eneu s in he Cen al Bohemian Region and in P ague mos o en exp essed conce n. In pe cen age e ms, he mos common posi i e answe s o he ques ion o expe iencing impac s we e in educa ion (95%), accommoda ion and hospi ali y (94%) and in he sec o o he ac i i ies (86%). The smalles sha e was in en ep eneu s in ag icul u e (34%). Nume ically, he sel -employed in he cons uc ion indus y domina ed, as he sel -employed a e mos in ol ed in his sec o . The e we e also high numbe s in he ade and epai sec o s, SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 5 which was ela ed o closed es ablishmen s, as well as in p o essional, scien i ic and echnical ac i i ies. Signi ican di e ences be ween he sexes we e in he answe s in con as o he employees. Mo e signi ican conce ns we e ound among women en ep eneu s, whe e 64% expe ienced he e ec s compa ed o 58% o men. Women also conside ed he si ua ion o be mo e se ious - almos a hi d o women conside ed he e ec s o be se ious ( h ea ening hei business), while only one qua e o men en ep eneu s sha ed his opinion. The young women expe ienced he impac s he mos (a ound 75%) and wi h inc easing age he p opo ion o posi i e answe s among women dec eased by hal . On he con a y, he endency was sligh ly inc easing o men, only abou 50% o young men and abou 60% in he highes age ca ego ies. The assessmen o he se e i y o he impac on business dec eased e y sligh ly wi h age o bo h sexes. I sel -employed pe sons expe ienced nega i e impac s, hen hey we e mos o en conside ed se ious and h ea ening hei business by pe sons doing business in he las segmen o dis ibu ion o goods, i.e. wholesale and e ail ade and main enance and mo o ehicles and mo o cycles epai sec o . [5] In he 2nd qua e o 2020, he labou ma ke was signi ican ly a ec ed by he e ec s o unp eceden ed an i-epidemic measu es, which, howe e , he ma ke g adually began o cope wi h as well as changes i s s uc u e. The impac o sel -employed was o e 34% o women wi h basic educa ion and 58% o sel -employed wi h uni e si y deg ee. [11] Mos impac ed we e sel -employed women bo h wi h and wi hou college deg ee o e 65%. The sec o al de elopmen was he e o e signi ican ly di e en ia ed. O e all, he a e age wage inc eased by 0.5% in nominal e ms, howe e , a he same ime he p ices ose sha ply, so ha eal ea nings ell by 2.5%. The mos cha ac e is ic esul s desc ibing he cou se o he co ona i us pandemic c isis we e da a on hou s wo ked by indi idual mon hs based on he Labou Fo ce Sample Su ey (LFSS). Fig. 1. Hou s ac ually wo ked pe week in he main job om he LFSS and he index o he same pe iod o he p e ious yea [13] Acco ding o a e ised es ima e, g oss domes ic p oduc ell by 8.7% qua e -on - qua e and by 11.0% yea -on-yea in he 2nd qua e . The nega i e de elopmen o he GDP was mainly due o a decline in o eign demand. A mo e accu a e es ima e con i med he his o ically wo s pe o mance o he Czech economy. P ice and seasonally adjus ed g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP) [8] dec eased by 8.7% compa ed o he p e ious qua e . Yea -on- yea , GDP dec eased by 11.0%. G oss alue added (GVA) was by 9.4% lowe qua e -on-qua e . The e was a dec ease in GVA in all b anches o he economy, in manu ac u ing indus y by 14.7%, in he g oup o ade, anspo , accommoda ion and ood se ice sec o by 17.5% and in o he ac i i ies by 23.1%. Yea -on-yea , GVA dec eased by 10.9%. The dec ease in GVA c ea ion was mos ly in luenced by he de elopmen in he manu ac u ing indus y (nega i e con ibu ion -4.6 pp, SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 6 dec ease by 18.2%) and in he sec o o ade, anspo , accommoda ion and ood se ices (- 3.8 pp, dec ease by 20.5% ). A posi i e con ibu ion was eco ded by he in o ma ion and communica ion echnology sec o (0.1 pp, wi h a g ow h by 1.1%). In he 2nd qua e o 2020, he a e age g oss mon hly nominal wage pe ecalcula ed numbe o employees in he na ional economy inc eased by 0.5% compa ed o he same pe iod o he p e ious yea , howe e , i dec eased by 2.5% in eal e ms. The median wage was CZK 29,123. In he 2nd qua e o 2020, he a e age g oss mon hly nominal wage (he eina e e e ed o as he “a e age wage”) pe ecalcula ed numbe o employees in he na ional economy o alled a CZK 34,271, which is by CZK 160 (0.5%) mo e han in he same pe iod o 2019. Consume p ices inc eased by 3.1% o e he same pe iod, so he eal wage dec eased by 2.5%. The olume o wages dec eased by 2.9%, he numbe o employees dec eased by 3.4%. Compa ed o he p e ious qua e , he decline in he a e age wage in he 2nd qua e o 2020, seasonally adjus ed, was 3.1%. The median wage (CZK 29,123) dec eased by 0.2% compa ed o he same pe iod o he p e ious yea , eaching CZK 31,450 o men and CZK 26,489 o women. 80% o employees ecei ed wages be ween CZK 14,659 and CZK 56,263. In he i s hal o 2020, he a e age wage eached CZK 34,200, a yea -on-yea inc ease by CZK 909 (2.7%). Consume p ices inc eased by 3.4% o e he pe iod, eal wages dec eased by 0.7%. Fig. 2. G oss domes ic p oduc and g oss alue added - yea -on-yea eal change, seasonally adjus ed [14] Fig. 3. A e age mon hly wage - qua e ly da a (absolu e alues and mon hly changes) [15] SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 7 5 Discussion 5.1 Measu es o limi he sp ead o Co id -19 in Eu ope The Co id-19 i us hi Eu ope in Janua y and Feb ua y, wi h he i s cases con i med in Spain, F ance and I aly. Co id-19 in ec ion has now been diagnosed in all Membe S a es o he Eu opean Union. EU Membe S a es ha e aken a wide ange o measu es o comba he pandemic. Since 17 Ma ch, EU Membe S a es ha e in oduced empo a y es ic ions on insigni ican a el om hi d coun ies o he EU (excep ions ha e been se o na ionals o all EU Membe S a es and Schengen Associa ed S a es). Mos coun ies ha e also in oduced es ic ions on mo emen be ween Membe S a es. Some “wo ke s a e discou aging some i ms om adop ing“.[16] In he second week o Ma ch, schools we e closed in mos Membe S a es. Public e en s we e cancelled by almos all Membe S a es and p i a e e en s (wi h a numbe o people anging om 2 o 50) we e banned. Ba s, es au an s and ho els we e closed in almos all coun ies. In addi ion, mos coun ies closed e ail ou le s, wi h he excep ion o supe ma ke s, pha macies and banks. In I aly and Spain, insigni ican p oduc ion was s opped and se e al coun ies in oduced egional o e en na ional blocking measu es, which u he s i led economic ac i i ies in many a eas. “We use he 2008–2009 global inancial c isis as such a shock. As hey a gue and ind, he inancial c isis e ealed he inancial alue o i m-le el social capi al and us “[17] “The e appea o be nega i e shocks o he s ock ma ke ha occu a business cycle equencies, a e associa ed wi h high ealized ola ili y and declines in ou pu , and a e p iced s ongly by in es o s.” [18] This “long-sho e u n p edic abili y is simila ac oss mos de eloped s ock ma ke s.”[19]The as majo i y o p e en i e measu es we e aken in mid-Ma ch. Mos p ecau iona y measu es and es ic ions we e main ained h oughou Ap il. In May and June, mos measu es we e comple ely o pa ially cancelled, esul ing in an inc ease in p oduc i e se ice ac i i ies. Howe e , he p e-c isis le el o se ice p oduc ion has no ye been es o ed. 5.2 De elopmen o se ice p oduc ion in June 2020 Fig u e 9 shows he Ma ch and Ap il declines in he p oduc ion o se ices o o al se ices and o di e en g oups o se ices, as well as a pa ial eco e y in May and June. I should be aken in o accoun ha inancial, insu ance and public se ices a e no included. Fig. 4. De elopmen o se ices in he Janua y o June 2020 pe iod in he EU-27 [11] In June 2020, he olume o se ice ou pu in he EU-27 inc eased by 8.6% compa ed o May 2020. In May 2020, se ice ou pu emained ela i ely s able (-0.5%), howe e , in he p e ious mon hs o Ap il and Ma ch he c isis led o signi ican losses in he ou pu o SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 8 se ices (-11.7% in Ma ch and -13.0% in Ap il). In he eu o a ea, de elopmen s we e simila . The s onges decline du ing he Co id-19 pandemic c isis (Ap il compa ed o Feb ua y) was eco ded o accommoda ion and ood se ices (ho els and es au an s), which ell by 79.3% in he EU-27. T anspo se ices (land, wa e , ai ) dec eased by 18.0%. Adminis a i e and suppo se ice ac i i ies (e.g. employmen se ices, secu i y, cleaning), which a e usually pu chased by companies , dec eased by 15.7%. P o essional and scien i ic se ices (legal se ices, accoun ing, ma ke ing, e c.) dec eased by 13.7%. In o ma ion and communica ion echnology se ices ell by a ela i ely modes pace by 4.3%. [20] 6 Conclusion The cu en closely in e connec ed digi al wo ld o e s a wide choice o bene i s ha we all we e awa e o du ing he global pandemic. We we e able o s ay in con ac wi h dis an iends, ela i es and co-wo ke s, shop emo ely and enjoy collec ed cul u al goods om a ound he wo ld. Howe e , i is necessa y o ealize ha his also opens doo o global compe i ion. Also “young wo ke s manage o ob ain on a e age abou 82 pe cen o hei po en ial ea nings h ee yea s a e lea ing ull- ime educa ion“[21]I we p o ide educa ion and a signi ican pa o wo k emo ely, we mus eckon wi h he ac ha ou wo k can be ans e ed o he hi d wo ld coun ies. The e is a dange o Czech and Slo ak uni e si ies o he ou low o s uden s o mo e p es igious wes e n uni e si ies. I i is possible o s udy wi hou bo de s ia he In e ne , ou language ba ie will deepen and he e will be a g ea e ou low o young skilled wo ke s in pa icula om he labou ma ke . The „pos -wo k u u e a e: ise o au oma ion, AI, machine in elligence mo ing owa d a u u e whe e people a e less necessa y o wo k; shi s in indi idual alues…which a e de e mined by he cen al ole o wo k in social li e. Jobs a e cen al o an indi idual’s iden i y, bu a e slowly becoming less signi ican . Jobs p o ide s uc u e o daily li e, bu he s uc u e o daily li e i sel is being challenged by changes in echnology and he economy.“[22] “Employee consensus is a c i ical ou come…consensus ampli ies he posi i e e ec s o high in ol emen wo k sys ems on i m-le el inno a ion.“[23]"Global challenges canno be sol ed globally. We can see hem clea ly. We unde s and hei undamen al causes. We ha e p o en me hods o sol e hem. Howe e , we e use o make comp omises, coope a e and sol e hese p oblems consis en ly - i is up o us, local, no global leade s. We can lead people o make posi i e changes locally, make li e easie and mo e sus ainable, and open up new oppo uni ies in he imes o global decline. ”[24]"Hope is no he belie ha some hing will u n ou well, bu he ce ain y ha some hing will make sense - no ma e how i u ns ou ." Václa Ha el. Re e ences 1. Bapuji, H., Pa el, C., E ug, G., Allen, D.G. (2020) Co ona C isis and Inequali y: Why Managemen Resea ch Needs a Socie al Tu n. Jou nal o Managemen , 46(7), 1205- 1222. 2. Au o , D., Do n, D ., Ka z, L.F., Pa e son, C., Van Reenen, J. (2020). An eceden s and ou comes o objec i e e sus subjec i e scien i ic The all o he labo sha e and he ise o supe s a i ms. Qua e ly Jou nal o Economics, 135(2), 645-709. 3. Bell, A., Che y, R., Ja a el, X., Pe ko a, N., Van Reenen, J. (2019), Who becomes an in en o in ame ica? The impo ance o exposu e o inno a ion. Qua e ly Jou nal o Economics, 134(2), 647-71. 4. Hess, D.W. (2018) Leade ship by Enginee s and Scien is s (P o essional Skills Needed o Succeed in a Changing Wo ld). New Je sey: John Wiley & Sons. 5. Český s a is ický úřad (2018, Feb 7) Co je ESS a jak p acuje.ČSÚ. Re ie ed om: h ps://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/co_je_ess_a_jak_p acuje SHS Web o Con e ences 92, 010 (2021) Globaliza ion and i s Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 24 h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/shscon /20219201024 9