Ad ancing sus ainabili y in o es y machine y: Elec o-Hyb id d i es
o g eenhouse gas educ ion and enhanced ene gy e iciency
Václa Me gl1*, Lukáš Zeizinge 1, Ma in Kománek2
1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Au omo i e Enginee ing, An onínská 548/1,
CZ-61669 B no, Czech Republic
2Mendel Uni e si y in B no, Facul y o Fo es y and Wood Technology, Depa men o Sil icul u e, Zemědělská 1665/1,
CZ-61300 B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
This a icle deals wi h he possibili y o educing g eenhouse gas emissions and uel consump ion in machines using
cu - o-leng h (CTL) echnology wi h he help o elec o-hyb id sys ems. The ex discusses he indi idual componen s
o hese sys ems. Fu he mo e, he a icle con ains echnical solu ions o cu en elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems o
ha es e s, o wa de s and o wa ding aile s, including hei desc ip ion and a ailable pa ame e s. The cu en
echnical and echnological de elopmen o elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems and hei componen s leads o a signi ican
imp o emen in he pe o mance o d i es o he new gene a ion o CTL machines and o highe ene gy e iciency.
Thanks o his, he use o elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems in hese machines could signi ican ly educe g eenhouse gas
emissions as well as ope a ing cos s.
Key wo ds: CTL (cu - o-leng h) echnology; ha es e ; o wa de ; hyb idiza ion; emissions; uel consump ion
1. In oduc ion
A p esen , he e a e conce ns abou he insu icien a ail-
abili y o ossil uels, as well as he damage caused by
emissions c ea ed by hei combus ion. The emissions
include ca bon monoxide (CO), ca bon dioxide (CO2),
and ni ogen oxides (NOX), along wi h pa icula e ma e
(PM) (Wasilewski e al. 2020; Di Blasio e al. 2022; Mizik
2022). As he consequence o hese conce ns, special eg-
ula ions o so-called STAGE s anda ds we e in oduced
o all non- oad machines, which include exca a o s,
ha es e s and o wa de s om he o es y sec o . To
educe emissions om in e nal combus ion engines and
mee hese s anda ds, se e al me hods could be used. The
i s me hod uses al eady well-known con en ional il e s
o sys em wi h AdBlue placed in he exhaus sys em o
he machine (Sejko o á e al. 2017; Hu o á e al. 2019).
Fu he mo e, he p oduc ion o emissions can be educed
wi h al e na i e uels, such as lique ied pe oleum gas
(LPG) (Fabiś & Flekiewicz 2021), comp essed na u al
gas (CNG) (Khan e al. 2015), o i s lique ied o m (LNG)
(Langshaw 2020).
Edi o : Tomáš Ge geľ
*Co esponding au ho . Václa Me gl, e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
© 2023 Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY 4.0 license.
Besides, de elopmen o al e na i e ossils uels o he
diesel ac ion g oups could be expec ed in he u u e
(Labaj & Ba a 2006; Gó ski e al. 2018; Hissa e al.
2019; Hunicz e al. 2022; Rayapu eddy e al. 2022).
The las mos common way o educing emissions is he
hyb idiza ion o machine d i es. This me hod, oge he
wi h il e s in he exhaus sys em, makes i possible o
educe uel consump ion, which is a conside able inan-
cial expense o CTL echnology machines. Acco ding o
Kl ač e al. (2003) uel consump ion accoun s o 82%
o he cos . Hyb id d i e sys ems in o es y can educe
his consump ion by be ween 10 and 50% (Lajunen e al.
2016). Today, hyb id ha es e s a e comme cially p o-
duced by Logse Oy and o wa ding aile s by Agama
JSCo. Howe e , new concep s o hyb id ha es e s and
o wa de s a e eme ging and showing i s esul s.
Cu en ly, wo ypes o hyb id (Fig. 1) sys ems ha e
been u ilized wi hin he o es y sec o . The i s o hem
is a hyd aulic hyb id sys em ha uses a con en ional
hyd aulic ci cui . A hyd aulic accumula o o a pump-
hyd omo o can be connec ed in his ci cui (E kkilä
e al. 2013; Linjama e al. 2019) (Fig. 1). Hyd aulic
REVIEW PAPER
Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 DOI: 10.2478/ o j-2023-0024
hyb id sys ems a e demanding when i comes o he he
weigh and ins alla ion space o he machine (Einola
2013). Fo his eason, he second ype o hyb id sys-
em, which will be he ocus o his a icle, is inc eas-
ingly being used comme cially. This ype uses elec ical
ene gy. The ad an age o he elec o-hyb id sys em is
he size educ ion o in e nal combus ion engines, which
educes he weigh and dimensions o he gi en machine
(Sellg en 2023).
The elec o-hyb id d i e uses se e al sub-compo-
nen s. The i s o hem is an elec ic mo o . The use o
his componen in hyb id sys ems o e s an ad an age
in he o m o i s abili y o change he magni ude o he
de eloped o que e y quickly (El o es Technologies
AB 2023). The gene a ion o d i ing o ce is media ed
by elec omagne ic o ces be ween he s a o and o o o
he elec ic mo o (Tong 2014). Due o hei simplici y,
eliabili y and low cos , he mos equen ly used elec ic
mo o s a e he asynch onous ones (Kocman 2002). These
elec ic mo o s can wo k in h ee modes. In mo o mode,
elec ical ene gy is con e ed in o mechanical ene gy, in
gene a o mode, he opposi e phenomenon occu s, while
in elec ic b ake mode, egene a i e b aking akes place
(Rahman e al. 2011; Kůs 2016).
Be o e elec ical ene gy is consumed by a mo o o
s o ed in a s o age uni , i mus be adjus ed o mee he
cu en and ol age inpu alues o he elec ic mo o s o
s o age. Fo his pu poses, con e e s a e used. Acco ding
o he ype o cu en and ol age a he inpu and ou -
pu , con e e s can be di ided in o di ec cu en (DC)
con e e s, al e na ing cu en (AC) con e e s, in e e s
and ec i ie s (Če ník 2014; Tko z 2014). DC con e e s
change he magni ude o he ol age, while he ol age
emains DC. In he same way, AC con e e s change he
pa ame e s o he al e na ing ol age, i s magni ude and
equency (Lee 2009; Kůs 2016). DC ol age is supplied o
he in e e s and i is con e ed o al e na ing ol age in he
in e e , on he o he hand, he opposi e p ocess occu s in
he ec i ie , i.e. he change o al e na ing o di ec ol age
(Pa elka & Čeřo ský 2009; Rahman e al. 2018; Hughes
& D u y 2019). The con e e s a e he e o e connec ed o
he ci cui s wi hin he d i e sys ems be ween he elec ical
ene gy s o age and he elec ic mo o .
The las sub-componen o elec ic hyb id d i es in
CTL echnology machines is he elec ical ene gy s o -
age, such as ba e ies o supe capaci o s. Ba e ies s o e
elec ical ene gy in chemical o m using elec ochemical
eac ions (Lemian & Bode 2022). These eac ions ake
place in a basic cell be ween wo elec odes imme sed
in an elec oly e when an elec ical ci cui is connec ed
o he e minals o he cell (Hadjipaschalis e al. 2009).
The eac ion in ol es he ans e o elec ons om one
elec ode o ano he h ough an ex e nal elec ical ci cui .
In con as , a supe capaci o s o es elec ical ene gy wi h
he help o an elec os a ic cha ge (Hadjipaschalis e al.
2009). I consis s o wo elec odes and an elec ically
non-conduc i e sepa a o , while he ee space can be
illed wi h an elec oly e (Iqbal & Aziz 2022). Du ing
ope a ion, one elec ode is hen cha ged wi h an elec-
ic cu en and an elec ic cha ge o he opposi e sign
is induced in he o he elec ode (Olabi e al. 2021). In
supe capaci o s, he e is no di usion and he ene gy is
s o ed as an elec os a ic cha ge bound o he elec ode,
making he en i e cha ging p ocess as e han in ba -
e ies (Raza 2018). When compa ed o ba e ies, he
supe capaci o has a highe ene gy densi y and a longe
li e ime (Sani e al. 2018). I also has a high discha ge
cu en and a highe discha ge ol age han s anda d ba -
e ies (Pa el & Desai 2012). Howe e , he ol age loss
du ing discha ge is as e (Sani e al. 2018; Ka hikeyan
e al. 2021). The speci ic powe o a supe capaci o is 10
o 20 imes highe han ha o a ba e y and up o 100
imes highe han ha o a capaci o (H omádko 2012).
Acco ding o he a angemen o hese sub-elemen s,
se e al con igu a ions o elec o-hyb id sys ems can be
dis inguished: se ies, pa allel, powe spli con igu a ion,
and con igu a ion wi h uel cells (Fig. 2) (Linjama e al.
2019). The pa allel con igu a ion is he mos common
one o CTL machines, ollowed by se ies con igu a ion.
Cu en ly, he e is also one uel cell solu ion.
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V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
Fig. 1. Two hyb id sys ems o one solu ion.
2. Technical solu ions
One o he cu en ly used elec o-hyb id machines in
mechanized CTL echnology is he ha es e om Logse
Oy. This manu ac u e uses an Edi on hyb id uni om
Dan oss A/S (Pandu e al. 2021). I is a uni wi h he
pa allel a angemen o a hyb id sys em. The goal o he
hyb id ha es e sys em is o co e he necessa y powe
peaks o he smoo h unning o he combus ion engine
a op imal speeds. The echnical solu ion o his machine
can be seen in Fig. 3. An elec ic mo o is placed on he
sha coming om he combus ion engine in on o he
pump, which is able o wo k in bo h mo o and gene a-
o mode. A supe capaci o is connec ed o he elec ic
mo o , in o de o s o e he p oduced elec ical ene gy
(Robe Eas on L d. 2023a). The supe capaci o can only
s o e enough elec ici y o un he elec ic mo o o nine
seconds, bu his is enough o boos ene gy du ing he
ha es e ’s sho wo king cycles when powe is needed
(Johnsen 2023a). The sys em also includes a con ol
uni ha moni o s he load on he in e nal combus ion
engine and decides whe he he elec ic mo o will wo k
in engine mode, he eby deli e ing he necessa y peak
powe , o in gene a o mode. An inc ease in he load on
he combus ion engine will be e lec ed in a dec ease in
i s e olu ions (RPM) (El o es Technologies AB 2023).
The load on he combus ion engine and hus he neces-
sa y peak powe inc ease occu s, o example, when
he chainsaw o he ha es e head is engaged in elling
o sho ening asso men s (Johnsen 2023a). A simila
hyb id d i e sys em – El u bo – is also used by he manu-
ac u e El o es Technologies AB. El u bo is moun ed
on he ou pu sha o he combus ion engine, whe e
i eac s o small de ia ions in speed and immedia ely
adds o que o educe he load on he combus ion engine
Fig. 3. Pa allel hyb id ha es e d i e sys em by Logse Oy
and El o es Technologies AB.
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V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
Fig. 2. Con igu a ions o elec ic-hyb id sys ems.
(El o es Technologies AB 2023). The ou pu o his uni
is up o 50 kW (Johnsen 2023b). This sys em was es ed
on he ha es e s P o Sil a 910 EH om P oSil a Qyj
and Ponsse E go om Ponsse Plc. (Einola 2013; El o es
Technologies AB 2023).
Ano he manu ac u e ha uses a pa allel a ange-
men o he hyb id sys em is Agama JSCo, ha c ea ed
a p o o ype o a hinning ha es e called AH6. Figu e 4
shows a schema ic ep esen a ion o he connec ion o
he ele an componen s o he d i e uni . The in e nal
combus ion engine c ea es mechanical ene gy, which is
hen con e ed by he gea box o he elec ic mo o and
pump o he hyd aulic ci cui (Me gl 2022). In he elec ic
mo o ha ope a es in gene a o mode a low load, excess
mechanical ene gy is con e ed in o elec ical ene gy.
This ene gy passes h ough he con e e o be subse-
quen ly s o ed in he ba e ies (P ocházka e al. 2019).
In he case o high load, he elec ic ene gy om he ba -
e y is used o d i e he elec ic mo o , which con e s
his ene gy back in o mechanical ene gy and supplies he
necessa y powe ia a dis ibu ion gea box o d i e he
pump. This sys em is ope a ed by he con ol uni , which
swi ches he indi idual modes o he elec ic mo o based
on he pe cen age load o he combus ion engine. When
he load is be ween 40 and 70% o he o al load, he elec-
ic mo o is swi ched o (Ul ich e al. 2021).
O he elec o-hyb id solu ion o CTL echnology
machines is a d i e sys em ha uses he F14 o wa de
p o o ype, which was c ea ed in coope a ion be ween
El o es Technologies AB and AB Vol o. A scheme o he
d i e sys em o he o wa de is shown in igu e 5. The
in e nal combus ion engine is connec ed ia he ans e
case o he pump o he hyd aulic ci cui and he elec ic
mo o . The elec ic mo o wo ks only in he gene a o
mode and hus changes he mechanical ene gy om he
combus ion engine in o elec ical ene gy. The elec ical
ene gy passes h ough he in e e and is hen s o ed in
Fig. 4. Pa allel hyb id ha es e d i e sys em acco ding o
Agama JSCo.
44
V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
ba e ies. S o ed ene gy is aken om he ba e ies ia
ano he con e e o six elec ic mo o s in he wheels
(BioAge G oup LLC. 2023). These elec ic mo o s ha e
he ask o d i ing he ac ion sys em o he o wa d-
e s, whe e one 30 kW mo o wi h a inal gea is allo ed
o each wheel (S odda 2010). When d i ing downhill,
he elec ic mo o s o d i ing he wheels can ope a e in
gene a o mode, hus ecupe a ing elec ical ene gy om
b aking. I can al eady be concluded om he men ioned
connec ion ha his is a se ies con igu a ion o he hyb id
sys em. A peculia i y o o wa de s apa om i s d i e
is he di ision o he machine ame in o h ee pa s by
an a icula ed connec ion. Thanks o his di ision and
he use o elec ic mo o s in he wheels, less soil dam-
age and highe maneu e abili y we e achie ed (Edlund
e al. 2012). El o es Technologies AB also c ea ed i s
hyb id o wa de in a con en ional e sion called F15
(also known as B12). This e sion includes a wo-piece
ame machine and di e s om i s p edecesso by using
elec ic mo o s o d i e he bogie axles. The same sys em
as he F15 was also chosen by Rong- eng e al. (2017) o
hei hyb id ha es e p o o ype.
The la es addi ion o he se ies elec o-hyb id solu-
ions o CTL echnology machines is he EV1 concep
om Ponsse plc and Epec Oy. The scheme o he d i e
sys em o he EV1 machine is shown in igu e 6. The
mechanical ene gy c ea ed by he in e nal combus ion
engine is con e ed in o elec ical ene gy by he elec ic
mo o in he gene a o mode. Subsequen ly, his ene gy
passes h ough he con e e o he ba e ies, om which
he elec ical ene gy is hen di ec ed h ough ano he
con e e o he elec ic mo o s. EV1 uses elec ic mo o s
o d i e he ac ion de ice as well as he pump o he
hyd aulic sys em ha con ols he c ane (Robe Eas on
L d. 2023b). The elec ic mo o s o he ac ion d i e a e
connec ed by a sha o he di e en ial o he on o ea
axle. The on and ea axles always ha e hei own elec-
ic mo o . The di e en ial ans e s mechanical ene gy
o he bogie axles. The pump o he wo king hyd aulic
ci cui is powe ed by mechanical ene gy p oduced by
a sepa a e elec ic mo o , which is connec ed o he ba -
e y ia an in e e om whe e i d aws elec ical ene gy.
The ba e y can be echa ged om an ex e nal sou ce
(Beneš 2023). A o wa de wi h his elec o-hyb id sys-
em can wo k o app oxima ely 30–45 minu es powe ed
only by he ene gy s o ed in he ba e ies. As soon as he
ba e y has exhaus ed o 40% o i s capaci y, i will be
echa ged wi h he help o an elec ic mo o d i en by
he combus ion engine o he o wa de (Reu e 2023).
When cha ging eaches 80% o ba e y capaci y, he com-
bus ion engine is u ned o and cha ging ends (Beneš
2023). The a angemen and use o he d i e sys em o
he EV1 machine may seem simila o ha o El o es
Technologies AB and hei o wa de s. These wo sys-
ems a e, howe e , dis inguished by he use o an in e nal
combus ion engine, since he EV1 only uses he in e nal
combus ion engine when he ba e y is echa ged, while
Fig. 5. Se ies hyb id d i e sys em acco ding o El o es Technologies AB.
Fig. 6. Se ies hyb id d i e sys em acco ding o Ponsse Plc. and Epec Oy.
45
V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
he engine is used con inuously in he El o es Technolo-
gies AB o wa de s.
Thus a , hyb id d i e sys ems o CTL echnology
machines in se ies o pa allel a angemen we e dis-
cussed. None heless, new sys ems using uel cells ha e
s a ed o eme ge. Speci ically, a Malwa Elec ic Combi
p o o ype om he manu ac u e Malwa Fo es AB
(Lesp om 2023). This machine is dual-pu pose, meaning
i can wo k as a o wa de and, a e a quick modi ica ion,
as a ha es e , and i was c ea ed in collabo a ion wi h he
Resea ch Ins i u es o Sweden AB (Johnsen 2023c). The
aim o he esea ch p ojec is o c ea e an elec ic d i e
sys em wi h modula ba e y exchange o ag icul u al
and o es y machines (Resea ch Ins i u es o Sweden AB
2023). The Malwa Elec ic Combi d i e sys em includes
wo elec ic mo o s as well as wo di e en ly sized ba -
e ies (Jensen 2023). The la ge ba e y is in ended o
ope a ing pu poses and he smalle one o i s eplace-
men wi h he help o a hyd aulic c ane (Jonsson 2023).
The d i e sys em o he Malwa Elec ic Combi machine
is schema ically shown in igu e 7. A e passing h ough
he con e e , he elec ical ene gy supplied by he la ge

Fig. 7. Hyb id d i e sys em wi h uel cells acco ding o Malwa
Fo es AB.
Fig. 8. Se ies hyb id aile d i e sys em acco ding o Agama JSCo.
46
V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
ba e y is used o d i e he elec ic mo o connec ed o
he pump o he wo king hyd aulic ci cui (ma ked as
pump in Fig. 7). The con e e is u he connec ed o he
elec ic mo o , which d i es he pumps o he hyd aulic
ci cui o he ac ion d i e. In elec ic mo o s, elec i-
cal ene gy is con e ed in o mechanical ene gy, which is
subsequen ly con e ed by pumps in o hyd aulic ene gy
used o d i e indi idual pa s o he machine. The ope a -
ing ime o he machine acco ding o he cu en ba e y
capaci y is wo hou s pe cha ge (Lesp om 2023).
The las elec o-hyb id solu ion exis ing in CTL ech-
nology machines is a sys em wi h a se ies a angemen
om he manu ac u e o he al eady men ioned AH6
ha es e . I is he LV10 HP o wa ding aile om he
company Agama JSCo. A schema ic d awing o he sys-
em can be seen in igu e 8. The hyd aulic ci cui o he
aile is connec ed o he ci cui o he ac o , whose
pump p oduces hyd aulic ene gy. This ene gy is led
h ough he con ol al e loca ed on he aile ei he
in o he wo king ci cui o he c ane o u he in o he
auxilia y d i e sys em o he ac ion de ice (wheels). I
ene gy is di ec ed o he ac ion de ice, i is di ec ed o
he hyd aulic mo o , which con e s hyd aulic ene gy
in o mechanical ene gy. This is hen con e ed o elec-
ici y hanks o he elec ic mo o , which wo ks in he
gene a o mode (P ocházka e al. 2017). The elec ical
ene gy is hen connec ed ia he con e e o he ba e y
(Ne uda 2021). When using he ac ion sys em o he
aile , he s o ed ene gy is consumed by he elec ic
mo o s. Con e e s a e placed be ween ba e ies and elec-
ic mo o s (Zemánek e al. 2019). Elec ic mo o s a e
d i en by hyd omo o s ia pumps, which u n he on
axle wheels o he aile (Ne uda 2021). This ac ion
de ice d i e is only able o de elop a speed o up o 5 km/h
(Agama JSCo 2023), and he e o e i is sui able only in
di icul o - oad condi ions.
3. Discussion
A p esen , he p essu e on CTL echnology machine
manu ac u e s is cons an ly inc easing. Highe a en-
ion is paid o he educ ion o emissions caused by he
bu ning o ossil uels by engines and he educ ion o
hei consump ion. Fuel consump ion a ec s up o 82%
(Kl ač e al. 2003) o he inancial cos s o elling wi h his
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V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
echnology. Acco ding o Kä hä e al. (2023) he a e age
consump ion o he ha es e and o wa de in inal ell-
ing is a combined 1.4 l m–3. Acco ding o he au ho s, his
alue ises o 2.2 l m–3 in he i s hinning. Eliasson e al.
(2023) eco ded an a e age consump ion in he ange o
1.4 o 3.4 l m–3 depending on he anspo dis ance. Wi h
he help o elec o-hyb id solu ions, his inancial compo-
nen can be educed in he ange om 10 o 50% (Lajunen
e al. 2016). Mo e speci ic in o ma ion a ailable on uel
consump ion educ ion can be seen in Table 1. P oSil a
Oyj’s p o o ype 910EH achie es he g ea es educ ion
hanks o he El o es Technologies AB sys em (simila o
Logse Oy), which enabled downsizing o he combus ion
engine om 155 kW o jus 60 kW, making a signi ican
di e ence compa ed o he EV1 o wa de (210 kW o
150 kW). The di e ence be ween he pe o mance o
he wo ha es e s manu ac u ed by Logse Oy is also
no ewo hy, as he Edi on uni used deli e s di e en
pe o mance (di e ence 100 kW). This solu ion makes
i possible o use he same in e nal combus ion engine
o mo e models and he eby sa e p oduc ion cos s o
one machine. In addi ion o downsizing he combus ion
engine, a educ ion in uel consump ion can be achie ed
by adjus ing he machine o wo king echnology (P inz
e al. 2018). Consump ion is also a ec ed by he olume
o he p ocessed log (P inz e al. 2018; Kä hä e al. 2023).
Despi e he lowe uel consump ion, lowe emissions
and lowe weigh , elec o-hyb id machines also ha e se -
e al disad an ages. Fo example, he en i onmen al cos
o he p oduc ion o elec ical s o age uni s. The ex ac ion
o p ecious me als o ba e ies alone p oduces 15 ons o
CO2, while hei subsequen ea men equi es addi ional
ene gy and hus u he CO2 p oduc ion (Massachuse s
Ins i u e o Technology 2023). The e o e, he ecycling o
p ecious me als om hese uni s is al eady ge ing mo e
and mo e a en ion (Al-Thyaba e al. 2013; Ru ino e
al. 2013). In addi ion o his, hese me als a e haza dous
o he en i onmen du ing hei disposal, and he e o e
he e is an e o o de elop al e na i e ways o p oduce
elec ical ene gy s o age (Dya kin e al. 2013). Ano he
disad an age is he li e cycle o he ene gy s o age, which
is no speci ied by he manu ac u e o CTL echnology
machines. Howe e , he e is a lo o esea ch on his opic
dedica ed o di e en combina ions o elec ical s o age
ypes (P opp e al. 2016; Ayodele e al. 2018; Pozo e al.
2018; Huang e al. 2019; Sedlako a e al. 2019). The new
ype o s o age uni ha could also be sui able o CTL
echnology machines is Supe capa e y. This s o age is
an in e media e be ween a ba e y and a supe capaci o
(Iqbal & Aziz 2022). The ope a ing empe a u e o he
s o age can also be conside ed a e y p essing p oblem,
since a lowe empe a u es he e is a loss o elec ical ol -
age and hus a loss o ene gy (P ocházka e al. 2019). Cu -
en ly, he ques ion o i e sa e y is also being discussed
(Wang e al. 2019; Diaz e al. 2020; Sun e al. 2021).
4. Conclusions
The cu en echnical and echnological de elopmen o
elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems o CTL echnology machines
is d i en by he inc eased equi emen s o he Eu opean
Union and Uni ed S a es En i onmen al P o ec ion
Agency o educe emissions and uel consump ion. Ne -
e heless, i is necessa y o main ain he equi ed high
pe o mance o he machine, especially wi h ha es e s.
Thanks o he ecen apid de elopmen o he indi idual
componen s o he gi en ype o d i e sys em, especially
he elec ical ene gy s o age, he pe o mance o he
machine is p ese ed, while he ene gy e iciency o he
d i e sys ems is imp o ed and g eenhouse gas emissions
a e educed. The deploymen o CTL echnology elec o-
hyb id machines will also be accele a ed by he p ice o
uel, which ends o inc ease.
The u u e de elopmen o elec o-hyb id machine
d i es in CTL echnology is a e y impo an ask. New
d i es wi h uel cells a e al eady being p esen ed, bu i is
necessa y o u he de elop hem o he o es y sec o
acco ding o logging echnology and ene gy in ensi y,
which is p o ing o be a key elemen o he hyb idiza-
ion o machines. I can he e o e be said ha esea ch
should be de o ed o de e mining he ene gy demand o
indi idual ope a ions, especially wi h he possibili y o
using hyd ogen uel cells in he u u e as a sou ce o ze o
emissions aken in o accoun . Howe e , i is impo an
Table 1. A ailable pa ame e s o hyb id sys ems o CTL echnology machines.
Type o
machine Model Manu ac u e Fuel consump ion
educ ion (%)
CO2 emission
educ ion
Powe o combus-
ion engine (kW)
Powe o hyb id
sys em (kW)
Elec ic s o age
ype/capaci y
Ha es e
8H GTE Hyb id Logse Oy up o 25 15–30 214 104 Supe capaci o /—
12H GTE Hyb id Logse Oy up o 25 15–30 214 175 Supe capaci o /—
910EH P oSil a Oyj 40 — 60* 60 (2 el. mo o s) Ba e y/—
AH6 Agama JSCo — — 55 20 Ba e y/82 Ah, 12 V
CFJ20H Rong-Feng e al. (2017) — — 60 60 pe bogie axle Li-on ba e y/70 ah, 12 V
Fo wa de
F14 El o es Technologies AB 30–35 — 60 30 pe wheel Ba e y/84V
F15 El o es Technologies AB 25 — — — Li-on ba e y
EV1 Ponsse Plc. and Epec Oy — — 150** 100 (el. gene a o ) Ba e y/31.5 kWh
Dual machine Elec ic Combi Malwa Fo es AB — — Full elec ic — 2 ba e ies
T aile AGA LV 10 HP Agama JSCo — — 66+ 40 Li-on ba e y/144 Ah, 73.6 V
No e: *Engine downsizing om 155 kW o 60 kW, **Engine downsizing om 210 kW o 150 kW.
48
V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50
o ealize ha new and cu en hyb id sys ems inc ease
he pu chase p ice o machines, which can be isky o
manu ac u e s. Mo eo e , he se ial p oduc ion o CTL
machines and he subsequen demand does no each
he same pa ame e s as, o example, in he cons uc-
ion indus y, which ep esen s a isk om he poin o
iew o he e u n on in es men in he de elopmen o
hyb ids o he gi en company.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge unding om he Spe-
ci ic esea ch on BUT FSI-S-23-8235.
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