Advancing sustainability in forestry machinery: Electro-Hybrid drives for greenhouse gas reduction and enhanced energy efficiency

Ad ancing sus ainabili y in o es y machine y: Elec o-Hyb id d i es o g eenhouse gas educ ion and enhanced ene gy e iciency Václa Me gl1*, Lukáš Zeizinge 1, Ma in Kománek2 1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Au omo i e Enginee ing, An onínská 548/1, CZ-61669 B no, Czech Republic 2Mendel Uni e si y in B no, Facul y o Fo es y and Wood Technology, Depa men o Sil icul u e, Zemědělská 1665/1, CZ-61300 B no, Czech Republic Abs ac This a icle deals wi h he possibili y o educing g eenhouse gas emissions and uel consump ion in machines using cu - o-leng h (CTL) echnology wi h he help o elec o-hyb id sys ems. The ex discusses he indi idual componen s o hese sys ems. Fu he mo e, he a icle con ains echnical solu ions o cu en elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems o ha es e s, o wa de s and o wa ding aile s, including hei desc ip ion and a ailable pa ame e s. The cu en echnical and echnological de elopmen o elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems and hei componen s leads o a signi ican imp o emen in he pe o mance o d i es o he new gene a ion o CTL machines and o highe ene gy e iciency. Thanks o his, he use o elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems in hese machines could signi ican ly educe g eenhouse gas emissions as well as ope a ing cos s. Key wo ds: CTL (cu - o-leng h) echnology; ha es e ; o wa de ; hyb idiza ion; emissions; uel consump ion 1. In oduc ion A p esen , he e a e conce ns abou he insu icien a ail- abili y o ossil uels, as well as he damage caused by emissions c ea ed by hei combus ion. The emissions include ca bon monoxide (CO), ca bon dioxide (CO2), and ni ogen oxides (NOX), along wi h pa icula e ma e (PM) (Wasilewski e al. 2020; Di Blasio e al. 2022; Mizik 2022). As he consequence o hese conce ns, special eg- ula ions o so-called STAGE s anda ds we e in oduced o all non- oad machines, which include exca a o s, ha es e s and o wa de s om he o es y sec o . To educe emissions om in e nal combus ion engines and mee hese s anda ds, se e al me hods could be used. The i s me hod uses al eady well-known con en ional il e s o sys em wi h AdBlue placed in he exhaus sys em o he machine (Sejko o á e al. 2017; Hu o á e al. 2019). Fu he mo e, he p oduc ion o emissions can be educed wi h al e na i e uels, such as lique ied pe oleum gas (LPG) (Fabiś & Flekiewicz 2021), comp essed na u al gas (CNG) (Khan e al. 2015), o i s lique ied o m (LNG) (Langshaw 2020). Edi o : Tomáš Ge geľ *Co esponding au ho . Václa Me gl, e-mail: [email p o ec ed] © 2023 Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY 4.0 license. Besides, de elopmen o al e na i e ossils uels o he diesel ac ion g oups could be expec ed in he u u e (Labaj & Ba a 2006; Gó ski e al. 2018; Hissa e al. 2019; Hunicz e al. 2022; Rayapu eddy e al. 2022). The las mos common way o educing emissions is he hyb idiza ion o machine d i es. This me hod, oge he wi h il e s in he exhaus sys em, makes i possible o educe uel consump ion, which is a conside able inan- cial expense o CTL echnology machines. Acco ding o Kl ač e al. (2003) uel consump ion accoun s o 82% o he cos . Hyb id d i e sys ems in o es y can educe his consump ion by be ween 10 and 50% (Lajunen e al. 2016). Today, hyb id ha es e s a e comme cially p o- duced by Logse Oy and o wa ding aile s by Agama JSCo. Howe e , new concep s o hyb id ha es e s and o wa de s a e eme ging and showing i s esul s. Cu en ly, wo ypes o hyb id (Fig. 1) sys ems ha e been u ilized wi hin he o es y sec o . The i s o hem is a hyd aulic hyb id sys em ha uses a con en ional hyd aulic ci cui . A hyd aulic accumula o o a pump- hyd omo o can be connec ed in his ci cui (E kkilä e al. 2013; Linjama e al. 2019) (Fig. 1). Hyd aulic REVIEW PAPER Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 DOI: 10.2478/ o j-2023-0024 hyb id sys ems a e demanding when i comes o he he weigh and ins alla ion space o he machine (Einola 2013). Fo his eason, he second ype o hyb id sys- em, which will be he ocus o his a icle, is inc eas- ingly being used comme cially. This ype uses elec ical ene gy. The ad an age o he elec o-hyb id sys em is he size educ ion o in e nal combus ion engines, which educes he weigh and dimensions o he gi en machine (Sellg en 2023). The elec o-hyb id d i e uses se e al sub-compo- nen s. The i s o hem is an elec ic mo o . The use o his componen in hyb id sys ems o e s an ad an age in he o m o i s abili y o change he magni ude o he de eloped o que e y quickly (El o es Technologies AB 2023). The gene a ion o d i ing o ce is media ed by elec omagne ic o ces be ween he s a o and o o o he elec ic mo o (Tong 2014). Due o hei simplici y, eliabili y and low cos , he mos equen ly used elec ic mo o s a e he asynch onous ones (Kocman 2002). These elec ic mo o s can wo k in h ee modes. In mo o mode, elec ical ene gy is con e ed in o mechanical ene gy, in gene a o mode, he opposi e phenomenon occu s, while in elec ic b ake mode, egene a i e b aking akes place (Rahman e al. 2011; Kůs 2016). Be o e elec ical ene gy is consumed by a mo o o s o ed in a s o age uni , i mus be adjus ed o mee he cu en and ol age inpu alues o he elec ic mo o s o s o age. Fo his pu poses, con e e s a e used. Acco ding o he ype o cu en and ol age a he inpu and ou - pu , con e e s can be di ided in o di ec cu en (DC) con e e s, al e na ing cu en (AC) con e e s, in e e s and ec i ie s (Če ník 2014; Tko z 2014). DC con e e s change he magni ude o he ol age, while he ol age emains DC. In he same way, AC con e e s change he pa ame e s o he al e na ing ol age, i s magni ude and equency (Lee 2009; Kůs 2016). DC ol age is supplied o he in e e s and i is con e ed o al e na ing ol age in he in e e , on he o he hand, he opposi e p ocess occu s in he ec i ie , i.e. he change o al e na ing o di ec ol age (Pa elka & Čeřo ský 2009; Rahman e al. 2018; Hughes & D u y 2019). The con e e s a e he e o e connec ed o he ci cui s wi hin he d i e sys ems be ween he elec ical ene gy s o age and he elec ic mo o . The las sub-componen o elec ic hyb id d i es in CTL echnology machines is he elec ical ene gy s o - age, such as ba e ies o supe capaci o s. Ba e ies s o e elec ical ene gy in chemical o m using elec ochemical eac ions (Lemian & Bode 2022). These eac ions ake place in a basic cell be ween wo elec odes imme sed in an elec oly e when an elec ical ci cui is connec ed o he e minals o he cell (Hadjipaschalis e al. 2009). The eac ion in ol es he ans e o elec ons om one elec ode o ano he h ough an ex e nal elec ical ci cui . In con as , a supe capaci o s o es elec ical ene gy wi h he help o an elec os a ic cha ge (Hadjipaschalis e al. 2009). I consis s o wo elec odes and an elec ically non-conduc i e sepa a o , while he ee space can be illed wi h an elec oly e (Iqbal & Aziz 2022). Du ing ope a ion, one elec ode is hen cha ged wi h an elec- ic cu en and an elec ic cha ge o he opposi e sign is induced in he o he elec ode (Olabi e al. 2021). In supe capaci o s, he e is no di usion and he ene gy is s o ed as an elec os a ic cha ge bound o he elec ode, making he en i e cha ging p ocess as e han in ba - e ies (Raza 2018). When compa ed o ba e ies, he supe capaci o has a highe ene gy densi y and a longe li e ime (Sani e al. 2018). I also has a high discha ge cu en and a highe discha ge ol age han s anda d ba - e ies (Pa el & Desai 2012). Howe e , he ol age loss du ing discha ge is as e (Sani e al. 2018; Ka hikeyan e al. 2021). The speci ic powe o a supe capaci o is 10 o 20 imes highe han ha o a ba e y and up o 100 imes highe han ha o a capaci o (H omádko 2012). Acco ding o he a angemen o hese sub-elemen s, se e al con igu a ions o elec o-hyb id sys ems can be dis inguished: se ies, pa allel, powe spli con igu a ion, and con igu a ion wi h uel cells (Fig. 2) (Linjama e al. 2019). The pa allel con igu a ion is he mos common one o CTL machines, ollowed by se ies con igu a ion. Cu en ly, he e is also one uel cell solu ion. 42 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 Fig. 1. Two hyb id sys ems o one solu ion. 2. Technical solu ions One o he cu en ly used elec o-hyb id machines in mechanized CTL echnology is he ha es e om Logse Oy. This manu ac u e uses an Edi on hyb id uni om Dan oss A/S (Pandu e al. 2021). I is a uni wi h he pa allel a angemen o a hyb id sys em. The goal o he hyb id ha es e sys em is o co e he necessa y powe peaks o he smoo h unning o he combus ion engine a op imal speeds. The echnical solu ion o his machine can be seen in Fig. 3. An elec ic mo o is placed on he sha coming om he combus ion engine in on o he pump, which is able o wo k in bo h mo o and gene a- o mode. A supe capaci o is connec ed o he elec ic mo o , in o de o s o e he p oduced elec ical ene gy (Robe Eas on L d. 2023a). The supe capaci o can only s o e enough elec ici y o un he elec ic mo o o nine seconds, bu his is enough o boos ene gy du ing he ha es e ’s sho wo king cycles when powe is needed (Johnsen 2023a). The sys em also includes a con ol uni ha moni o s he load on he in e nal combus ion engine and decides whe he he elec ic mo o will wo k in engine mode, he eby deli e ing he necessa y peak powe , o in gene a o mode. An inc ease in he load on he combus ion engine will be e lec ed in a dec ease in i s e olu ions (RPM) (El o es Technologies AB 2023). The load on he combus ion engine and hus he neces- sa y peak powe inc ease occu s, o example, when he chainsaw o he ha es e head is engaged in elling o sho ening asso men s (Johnsen 2023a). A simila hyb id d i e sys em – El u bo – is also used by he manu- ac u e El o es Technologies AB. El u bo is moun ed on he ou pu sha o he combus ion engine, whe e i eac s o small de ia ions in speed and immedia ely adds o que o educe he load on he combus ion engine Fig. 3. Pa allel hyb id ha es e d i e sys em by Logse Oy and El o es Technologies AB. 43 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 Fig. 2. Con igu a ions o elec ic-hyb id sys ems. (El o es Technologies AB 2023). The ou pu o his uni is up o 50 kW (Johnsen 2023b). This sys em was es ed on he ha es e s P o Sil a 910 EH om P oSil a Qyj and Ponsse E go om Ponsse Plc. (Einola 2013; El o es Technologies AB 2023). Ano he manu ac u e ha uses a pa allel a ange- men o he hyb id sys em is Agama JSCo, ha c ea ed a p o o ype o a hinning ha es e called AH6. Figu e 4 shows a schema ic ep esen a ion o he connec ion o he ele an componen s o he d i e uni . The in e nal combus ion engine c ea es mechanical ene gy, which is hen con e ed by he gea box o he elec ic mo o and pump o he hyd aulic ci cui (Me gl 2022). In he elec ic mo o ha ope a es in gene a o mode a low load, excess mechanical ene gy is con e ed in o elec ical ene gy. This ene gy passes h ough he con e e o be subse- quen ly s o ed in he ba e ies (P ocházka e al. 2019). In he case o high load, he elec ic ene gy om he ba - e y is used o d i e he elec ic mo o , which con e s his ene gy back in o mechanical ene gy and supplies he necessa y powe ia a dis ibu ion gea box o d i e he pump. This sys em is ope a ed by he con ol uni , which swi ches he indi idual modes o he elec ic mo o based on he pe cen age load o he combus ion engine. When he load is be ween 40 and 70% o he o al load, he elec- ic mo o is swi ched o (Ul ich e al. 2021). O he elec o-hyb id solu ion o CTL echnology machines is a d i e sys em ha uses he F14 o wa de p o o ype, which was c ea ed in coope a ion be ween El o es Technologies AB and AB Vol o. A scheme o he d i e sys em o he o wa de is shown in igu e 5. The in e nal combus ion engine is connec ed ia he ans e case o he pump o he hyd aulic ci cui and he elec ic mo o . The elec ic mo o wo ks only in he gene a o mode and hus changes he mechanical ene gy om he combus ion engine in o elec ical ene gy. The elec ical ene gy passes h ough he in e e and is hen s o ed in Fig. 4. Pa allel hyb id ha es e d i e sys em acco ding o Agama JSCo. 44 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 ba e ies. S o ed ene gy is aken om he ba e ies ia ano he con e e o six elec ic mo o s in he wheels (BioAge G oup LLC. 2023). These elec ic mo o s ha e he ask o d i ing he ac ion sys em o he o wa d- e s, whe e one 30 kW mo o wi h a inal gea is allo ed o each wheel (S odda 2010). When d i ing downhill, he elec ic mo o s o d i ing he wheels can ope a e in gene a o mode, hus ecupe a ing elec ical ene gy om b aking. I can al eady be concluded om he men ioned connec ion ha his is a se ies con igu a ion o he hyb id sys em. A peculia i y o o wa de s apa om i s d i e is he di ision o he machine ame in o h ee pa s by an a icula ed connec ion. Thanks o his di ision and he use o elec ic mo o s in he wheels, less soil dam- age and highe maneu e abili y we e achie ed (Edlund e al. 2012). El o es Technologies AB also c ea ed i s hyb id o wa de in a con en ional e sion called F15 (also known as B12). This e sion includes a wo-piece ame machine and di e s om i s p edecesso by using elec ic mo o s o d i e he bogie axles. The same sys em as he F15 was also chosen by Rong- eng e al. (2017) o hei hyb id ha es e p o o ype. The la es addi ion o he se ies elec o-hyb id solu- ions o CTL echnology machines is he EV1 concep om Ponsse plc and Epec Oy. The scheme o he d i e sys em o he EV1 machine is shown in igu e 6. The mechanical ene gy c ea ed by he in e nal combus ion engine is con e ed in o elec ical ene gy by he elec ic mo o in he gene a o mode. Subsequen ly, his ene gy passes h ough he con e e o he ba e ies, om which he elec ical ene gy is hen di ec ed h ough ano he con e e o he elec ic mo o s. EV1 uses elec ic mo o s o d i e he ac ion de ice as well as he pump o he hyd aulic sys em ha con ols he c ane (Robe Eas on L d. 2023b). The elec ic mo o s o he ac ion d i e a e connec ed by a sha o he di e en ial o he on o ea axle. The on and ea axles always ha e hei own elec- ic mo o . The di e en ial ans e s mechanical ene gy o he bogie axles. The pump o he wo king hyd aulic ci cui is powe ed by mechanical ene gy p oduced by a sepa a e elec ic mo o , which is connec ed o he ba - e y ia an in e e om whe e i d aws elec ical ene gy. The ba e y can be echa ged om an ex e nal sou ce (Beneš 2023). A o wa de wi h his elec o-hyb id sys- em can wo k o app oxima ely 30–45 minu es powe ed only by he ene gy s o ed in he ba e ies. As soon as he ba e y has exhaus ed o 40% o i s capaci y, i will be echa ged wi h he help o an elec ic mo o d i en by he combus ion engine o he o wa de (Reu e 2023). When cha ging eaches 80% o ba e y capaci y, he com- bus ion engine is u ned o and cha ging ends (Beneš 2023). The a angemen and use o he d i e sys em o he EV1 machine may seem simila o ha o El o es Technologies AB and hei o wa de s. These wo sys- ems a e, howe e , dis inguished by he use o an in e nal combus ion engine, since he EV1 only uses he in e nal combus ion engine when he ba e y is echa ged, while Fig. 5. Se ies hyb id d i e sys em acco ding o El o es Technologies AB. Fig. 6. Se ies hyb id d i e sys em acco ding o Ponsse Plc. and Epec Oy. 45 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 he engine is used con inuously in he El o es Technolo- gies AB o wa de s. Thus a , hyb id d i e sys ems o CTL echnology machines in se ies o pa allel a angemen we e dis- cussed. None heless, new sys ems using uel cells ha e s a ed o eme ge. Speci ically, a Malwa Elec ic Combi p o o ype om he manu ac u e Malwa Fo es AB (Lesp om 2023). This machine is dual-pu pose, meaning i can wo k as a o wa de and, a e a quick modi ica ion, as a ha es e , and i was c ea ed in collabo a ion wi h he Resea ch Ins i u es o Sweden AB (Johnsen 2023c). The aim o he esea ch p ojec is o c ea e an elec ic d i e sys em wi h modula ba e y exchange o ag icul u al and o es y machines (Resea ch Ins i u es o Sweden AB 2023). The Malwa Elec ic Combi d i e sys em includes wo elec ic mo o s as well as wo di e en ly sized ba - e ies (Jensen 2023). The la ge ba e y is in ended o ope a ing pu poses and he smalle one o i s eplace- men wi h he help o a hyd aulic c ane (Jonsson 2023). The d i e sys em o he Malwa Elec ic Combi machine is schema ically shown in igu e 7. A e passing h ough he con e e , he elec ical ene gy supplied by he la ge Fig. 7. Hyb id d i e sys em wi h uel cells acco ding o Malwa Fo es AB. Fig. 8. Se ies hyb id aile d i e sys em acco ding o Agama JSCo. 46 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 ba e y is used o d i e he elec ic mo o connec ed o he pump o he wo king hyd aulic ci cui (ma ked as pump in Fig. 7). The con e e is u he connec ed o he elec ic mo o , which d i es he pumps o he hyd aulic ci cui o he ac ion d i e. In elec ic mo o s, elec i- cal ene gy is con e ed in o mechanical ene gy, which is subsequen ly con e ed by pumps in o hyd aulic ene gy used o d i e indi idual pa s o he machine. The ope a - ing ime o he machine acco ding o he cu en ba e y capaci y is wo hou s pe cha ge (Lesp om 2023). The las elec o-hyb id solu ion exis ing in CTL ech- nology machines is a sys em wi h a se ies a angemen om he manu ac u e o he al eady men ioned AH6 ha es e . I is he LV10 HP o wa ding aile om he company Agama JSCo. A schema ic d awing o he sys- em can be seen in igu e 8. The hyd aulic ci cui o he aile is connec ed o he ci cui o he ac o , whose pump p oduces hyd aulic ene gy. This ene gy is led h ough he con ol al e loca ed on he aile ei he in o he wo king ci cui o he c ane o u he in o he auxilia y d i e sys em o he ac ion de ice (wheels). I ene gy is di ec ed o he ac ion de ice, i is di ec ed o he hyd aulic mo o , which con e s hyd aulic ene gy in o mechanical ene gy. This is hen con e ed o elec- ici y hanks o he elec ic mo o , which wo ks in he gene a o mode (P ocházka e al. 2017). The elec ical ene gy is hen connec ed ia he con e e o he ba e y (Ne uda 2021). When using he ac ion sys em o he aile , he s o ed ene gy is consumed by he elec ic mo o s. Con e e s a e placed be ween ba e ies and elec- ic mo o s (Zemánek e al. 2019). Elec ic mo o s a e d i en by hyd omo o s ia pumps, which u n he on axle wheels o he aile (Ne uda 2021). This ac ion de ice d i e is only able o de elop a speed o up o 5 km/h (Agama JSCo 2023), and he e o e i is sui able only in di icul o - oad condi ions. 3. Discussion A p esen , he p essu e on CTL echnology machine manu ac u e s is cons an ly inc easing. Highe a en- ion is paid o he educ ion o emissions caused by he bu ning o ossil uels by engines and he educ ion o hei consump ion. Fuel consump ion a ec s up o 82% (Kl ač e al. 2003) o he inancial cos s o elling wi h his 47 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 echnology. Acco ding o Kä hä e al. (2023) he a e age consump ion o he ha es e and o wa de in inal ell- ing is a combined 1.4 l m–3. Acco ding o he au ho s, his alue ises o 2.2 l m–3 in he i s hinning. Eliasson e al. (2023) eco ded an a e age consump ion in he ange o 1.4 o 3.4 l m–3 depending on he anspo dis ance. Wi h he help o elec o-hyb id solu ions, his inancial compo- nen can be educed in he ange om 10 o 50% (Lajunen e al. 2016). Mo e speci ic in o ma ion a ailable on uel consump ion educ ion can be seen in Table 1. P oSil a Oyj’s p o o ype 910EH achie es he g ea es educ ion hanks o he El o es Technologies AB sys em (simila o Logse Oy), which enabled downsizing o he combus ion engine om 155 kW o jus 60 kW, making a signi ican di e ence compa ed o he EV1 o wa de (210 kW o 150 kW). The di e ence be ween he pe o mance o he wo ha es e s manu ac u ed by Logse Oy is also no ewo hy, as he Edi on uni used deli e s di e en pe o mance (di e ence 100 kW). This solu ion makes i possible o use he same in e nal combus ion engine o mo e models and he eby sa e p oduc ion cos s o one machine. In addi ion o downsizing he combus ion engine, a educ ion in uel consump ion can be achie ed by adjus ing he machine o wo king echnology (P inz e al. 2018). Consump ion is also a ec ed by he olume o he p ocessed log (P inz e al. 2018; Kä hä e al. 2023). Despi e he lowe uel consump ion, lowe emissions and lowe weigh , elec o-hyb id machines also ha e se - e al disad an ages. Fo example, he en i onmen al cos o he p oduc ion o elec ical s o age uni s. The ex ac ion o p ecious me als o ba e ies alone p oduces 15 ons o CO2, while hei subsequen ea men equi es addi ional ene gy and hus u he CO2 p oduc ion (Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology 2023). The e o e, he ecycling o p ecious me als om hese uni s is al eady ge ing mo e and mo e a en ion (Al-Thyaba e al. 2013; Ru ino e al. 2013). In addi ion o his, hese me als a e haza dous o he en i onmen du ing hei disposal, and he e o e he e is an e o o de elop al e na i e ways o p oduce elec ical ene gy s o age (Dya kin e al. 2013). Ano he disad an age is he li e cycle o he ene gy s o age, which is no speci ied by he manu ac u e o CTL echnology machines. Howe e , he e is a lo o esea ch on his opic dedica ed o di e en combina ions o elec ical s o age ypes (P opp e al. 2016; Ayodele e al. 2018; Pozo e al. 2018; Huang e al. 2019; Sedlako a e al. 2019). The new ype o s o age uni ha could also be sui able o CTL echnology machines is Supe capa e y. This s o age is an in e media e be ween a ba e y and a supe capaci o (Iqbal & Aziz 2022). The ope a ing empe a u e o he s o age can also be conside ed a e y p essing p oblem, since a lowe empe a u es he e is a loss o elec ical ol - age and hus a loss o ene gy (P ocházka e al. 2019). Cu - en ly, he ques ion o i e sa e y is also being discussed (Wang e al. 2019; Diaz e al. 2020; Sun e al. 2021). 4. Conclusions The cu en echnical and echnological de elopmen o elec o-hyb id d i e sys ems o CTL echnology machines is d i en by he inc eased equi emen s o he Eu opean Union and Uni ed S a es En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency o educe emissions and uel consump ion. Ne - e heless, i is necessa y o main ain he equi ed high pe o mance o he machine, especially wi h ha es e s. Thanks o he ecen apid de elopmen o he indi idual componen s o he gi en ype o d i e sys em, especially he elec ical ene gy s o age, he pe o mance o he machine is p ese ed, while he ene gy e iciency o he d i e sys ems is imp o ed and g eenhouse gas emissions a e educed. The deploymen o CTL echnology elec o- hyb id machines will also be accele a ed by he p ice o uel, which ends o inc ease. The u u e de elopmen o elec o-hyb id machine d i es in CTL echnology is a e y impo an ask. New d i es wi h uel cells a e al eady being p esen ed, bu i is necessa y o u he de elop hem o he o es y sec o acco ding o logging echnology and ene gy in ensi y, which is p o ing o be a key elemen o he hyb idiza- ion o machines. I can he e o e be said ha esea ch should be de o ed o de e mining he ene gy demand o indi idual ope a ions, especially wi h he possibili y o using hyd ogen uel cells in he u u e as a sou ce o ze o emissions aken in o accoun . Howe e , i is impo an Table 1. A ailable pa ame e s o hyb id sys ems o CTL echnology machines. Type o machine Model Manu ac u e Fuel consump ion educ ion (%) CO2 emission educ ion Powe o combus- ion engine (kW) Powe o hyb id sys em (kW) Elec ic s o age ype/capaci y Ha es e 8H GTE Hyb id Logse Oy up o 25 15–30 214 104 Supe capaci o /— 12H GTE Hyb id Logse Oy up o 25 15–30 214 175 Supe capaci o /— 910EH P oSil a Oyj 40 — 60* 60 (2 el. mo o s) Ba e y/— AH6 Agama JSCo — — 55 20 Ba e y/82 Ah, 12 V CFJ20H Rong-Feng e al. (2017) — — 60 60 pe bogie axle Li-on ba e y/70 ah, 12 V Fo wa de F14 El o es Technologies AB 30–35 — 60 30 pe wheel Ba e y/84V F15 El o es Technologies AB 25 — — — Li-on ba e y EV1 Ponsse Plc. and Epec Oy — — 150** 100 (el. gene a o ) Ba e y/31.5 kWh Dual machine Elec ic Combi Malwa Fo es AB — — Full elec ic — 2 ba e ies T aile AGA LV 10 HP Agama JSCo — — 66+ 40 Li-on ba e y/144 Ah, 73.6 V No e: *Engine downsizing om 155 kW o 60 kW, **Engine downsizing om 210 kW o 150 kW. 48 V. Me gl e al. / Cen . Eu . Fo . J. 70 (2024) 41–50 o ealize ha new and cu en hyb id sys ems inc ease he pu chase p ice o machines, which can be isky o manu ac u e s. Mo eo e , he se ial p oduc ion o CTL machines and he subsequen demand does no each he same pa ame e s as, o example, in he cons uc- ion indus y, which ep esen s a isk om he poin o iew o he e u n on in es men in he de elopmen o hyb ids o he gi en company. 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