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8 country reports on Work-based adult education providers

Ateliere Fără Frontiere · 2022

Abstract

This report aims at responding to work-based adult education providers network initiators needs for better understanding their context and key stakeholders with the potential to enable them to scale up. Thanks to this report, partners of the Net-Works project – as well as other potential organisations interested in creating or strengthening networks of work- based adult education providers – may identify key actors, potential beneficiaries, relevant legislation and financial instruments into force in the analysed countries. Briefly, this deliverable responds to the specific objective of networks capacity-building (OMT1 Networks capacity building) of the Net-Works project, co-financed by the Erasmus+ programme. These objective addresses, in particular, the insufficient connection and networking between the different subjects involved in social inclusion and adult education within the workplace and are looking to develop synergies and to establish a dialogue that provides an exchange of skills and experiences within social economy and beyond, by collaborating with public decision-makers and by carrying out positive lobbying actions.

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8 country reports on Work-based adult education providers

Author: Ateliere Fără Frontiere
Year: 2022
Source: https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstreams/1a05e5e0-0680-4256-ad6e-424fcff63d32/download
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Deli e able 3.1
8 coun y epo s on Wo k-based
adul educa ion p o ide s
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The Eu opean Commission suppo o he p oduc ion o his publica ion does no cons i u e an endo semen o he
con en s which e lec s he iews only o he au ho s, and he Agency and Commission canno be held esponsible o
any use which may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.
D a by
A elie e Fă ă F on ie e,
Romania
da e
30.11.2021
Ve sion
n° 1
Re ision by
Ma ina Pa e ni i, ENSIE
da e
10.12.2021
Ve sion
n° 2
Re ision by
A elie e Fă ă F on ie e,
Romania
da e
23.12.2021
Ve sion
n° 3
FINAL VERSION
App o ed by
Ma ina Pa e ni i, ENSIE
da e
05.01.2022
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Table o con en s
I. In oduc ion .......................................................................................................... 6
a. Objec i e ......................................................................................................... 6
b. Resea ched a ea ............................................................................................. 6
c. De ini ion ......................................................................................................... 7
II. Con ex , o e iew and ypes o WISEs .............................................................. 9
a. Hunga y ........................................................................................................... 9
b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 11
c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 12
d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 13
e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 14
. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 15
g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 15
h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 16
III. Legal amewo k o adul lea ning ................................................................... 24
a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 24
b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 25
c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 26
d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 26
e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 27
. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 29
g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 30
h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 30
Main indings .......................................................................................................... 37
IV. Consis ency wi h he EU and in e na ional policy .......................................... 38
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a. I eland ........................................................................................................... 42
b. Romania ........................................................................................................ 42
c. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 43
V. Public ecogni ion o WISEs sec o ................................................................. 45
a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 45
b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 46
c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 46
d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 47
e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 47
. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 48
g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 49
h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 50
Main indings .......................................................................................................... 58
VI. Ne wo ks and mu ual suppo o WISEs .......................................................... 59
a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 59
b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 60
c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 61
d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 61
e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 62
. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 63
g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 64
h. Eu opean ....................................................................................................... 65
VII. Funding............................................................................................................... 66
a. Focus on p ojec coun ies ............................................................................ 78
b. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 81
VIII. Challenges and ecommenda ions ............................................................ 84
a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 84
b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 85
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c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 86
d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 87
e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 88
. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 89
g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 91
h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 91
Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 94
Bibliog aphy ............................................................................................................. 96

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I. In oduc ion
a. Objec i e
This epo aims a esponding o wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s ne wo k ini ia o s
needs o be e unde s anding hei con ex and key s akeholde s wi h he po en ial o
enable hem o scale up. Thanks o his epo , pa ne s o he Ne -Wo ks p ojec – as well
as o he po en ial o ganisa ions in e es ed in c ea ing o s eng hening ne wo ks o wo k-
based adul educa ion p o ide s – may iden i y key ac o s, po en ial bene icia ies, ele an
legisla ion and inancial ins umen s in o o ce in he analysed coun ies. B ie ly, his
deli e able esponds o he speci ic objec i e o ne wo ks capaci y-building (OMT1
Ne wo ks capaci y building) o he Ne -Wo ks p ojec , co- inanced by he E asmus+
p og amme. These objec i e add esses, in pa icula , he insu icien connec ion and
ne wo king be ween he di e en subjec s in ol ed in social inclusion and adul educa ion
wi hin he wo kplace and a e looking o de elop syne gies and o es ablish a dialogue ha
p o ides an exchange o skills and expe iences wi hin social economy and beyond, by
collabo a ing wi h public decision-make s and by ca ying ou posi i e lobbying ac ions.
b. Resea ched a ea
This epo analyses da a ga he ed by all p ojec Pa ne s as e lec ing he con ex o
wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s’ con ex om 7 coun ies, which a e he
implemen a ion coun ies o he p ojec – namely Hunga y, I eland, No h
Macedonia, Po ugal, Romania, Se bia and Slo akia – on op o which, he conso ium
has decided o add o he Eu opean coun ies o compa a i e pu poses, hanks o he
ex en o he geog aphical scope o one o he pa ne s. Hence, he epo o e all p o ides
an analysis o 19 Eu opean coun ies. Da a had been collec ed by Coun y Repo Fiche
ha each p ojec Pa ne illed ou a e in dep h esea ch and analysis, as ollows:
• GP – Galileo P oge i, Hunga y;
• ISEN – I ish Social En e p ise Ne wo k, I eland;
• CDI – Communi y De elopmen Ins i u e, No h Macedonia;
• A3S – Po ugal;
• AFF – A elie e Fa a F on ie e, Romania;
• IDC – Ini ia i e o De elopmen and Coope a ion, Se bia;
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• ASSE – Associa ion o Social Economy En i ies, Slo akia;
• ENSIE – Aus ia, Belgium, Bulga ia, C oa ia, F ance, G eece, I aly, La ia, he
Ne he lands, Poland, Slo enia, Spain.
Acco dingly, h oughou all chap e s o his epo , i s , he esea ch ocuses o e he
implemen a ion coun ies o he Ne -Wo ks p ojec , hen he epo b ie ly p esen s
si ua ion and ele an in o ma ion on he abo e men ioned addi ional Eu opean coun ies,
which ha e been analysed o compa a i e pu poses.
c. De ini ion
In his epo and in he Ne -Wo ks p ojec , he p ojec pa ne s will conside wo k-
based adul educa ion p o ide s as WISEs (Wo k In eg a ion Social En e p ises),
gi en ha he pa ne s a e, in ac , WISEs ne wo ks. WISEs a e de ined by h ee
iden i ying p inciples:
1. They a e en e p ises whose main objec i e is he social and p o essional
in eg a ion o disad an aged people;
2. They a e en e p ises a he co e o he economic sys em;
3. They de elop a s ong pedagogical dimension.
He eby disad an aged people a e de ined as pe sons belonging o ulne able g oups.
The In e na ional Labou O ganisa ion de ines ulne able popula ions in ela ion o
access o, and need o , social p o ec ion and social se ice p o ision, in o de o
be able o de elop and ha e equal chances o well-being and happiness.
The mos common ulne abili ies can be easily iden i ied in di e en o ms o socie ies all
o e he wo ld, being gene ally cha ac e ised by physical o men al impai men and he
social s igma isa ion ha comes along. These cha ac e is ics o en embody bo h he
cause and e ec o hei lack o socio-economic oppo uni ies ha ul ima ely lead o a
icious ci cle om which ulne able g oups canno escape wi hou suppo . Some o hese
ulne able g oups include: long e m unemployed indi iduals, ea ly school d opou s,
elde ly, people a isk o po e y, you h lea ing social p o ec ion sys em, e hnic and acial
mino i ies, e ugees con ic s and ex-con ic s, ic ims o domes ic abuse o human
a icking, homeless people, single mo he s, people wi h subs ances addic ions.
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WISEs choose o wo k wi h people om hese ca ego ies ha a e s ill igno ed o no gi en
enough suppo o o e come he social condi ions ha made hem a ulne able g oup
om he beginning.
WISEs a e ep esen ed by di e en economic ac o s s i ing o mo e inclusi e and
in eg a ed o ms o employmen , such as Shel e ed Wo kshops, Social Coope a i es,
o ganisa ions o e ing counselling and aining in o de o make his ype o social
en e p ises mo e isible. WISEs play a undamen al ole by p omo ing and using he wo k-
based lea ning me hodology, add essing mainly people in disad an aged si ua ions and
social exclusion, so as o imp o e hei employabili y by p o iding he necessa y skills.
This is why he e m “WISEs” is used when alking abou wo k-based adul educa ion
p o ide s.
Key c i e ia
De ini ion
Examples (i.e. legal o m)
Typology 1
Ins i u ionalised
WISEs
De ined by ad hoc legal o ms,
s a uses and acc edi a ion
schemes designed speci ically o
WISEs (wi h a speci ic ocus on
wo k in eg a ion).
Shel e ed employmen ,
inse ion companies,
oca ional aining p o ide s,
con en ional en e p ises,
e c.
Typology 2
O ganisa ion wi h
a public bene i
s a us
The public bene i s a us enables
o ganisa ions o bene i om ax
elie and o he incen i es.
Associa ions, ounda ions
and non-p o i companies,
associa ions econnues
d’u ili é publique, NGOs, e c.
Typology 3
De ac o WISEs
Those ha ha e no been
o mally ecognised bu p oduce
impo an se ices o gene al
in e es
Associa ions, coope a i es,
con en ional en e p ises,
p i a e ins i u ions o social
solida i y, e c.
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II. Con ex , o e iew and ypes o WISEs
The ailu e o mos labou policies – including combined policy measu es h ough
suppo ed employmen – ha e opened he way o new ini ia i es, including he eme gence
o au onomous o ganisa ions explici ly c ea ed o aining and employing disad an aged
wo ke s di ec ly, ei he in s able o empo a y ways: Wo k In eg a ion Social En e p ises
(WISEs).
WISEs a e de ined as in he p e ious chap e . WISEs in eg a e disad an aged wo ke s
in o wo k and socie y h ough p oduc i e ac i i y and pay disad an aged employees a
wage ha is equal o a leas compa able o ha o o he wo ke s. Then, WISEs a e
engaged in a plu ali y o income gene a ing ac i i ies.
To empowe and ake s ock o he skills o disad an aged wo ke s, WISEs ha e
de eloped a numbe o al e na i e s a egies. Fi s ly, hey c ea e ansi ional
occupa ions ha p o ide wo k expe ience and on- he-job aining wi h a iew o
suppo ing he in eg a ion o he a ge g oup in he open labou ma ke . T aining pe iods
be o e ec ui men by he same WISE o by o he employe s – only pa ially paid by he
same WISE o by public en i ies – a e in his case possible. In his sense, WISEs can be
conside ed as wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s. Secondly, hey c ea e pe manen
jobs ha a e sus ainable al e na i es o wo ke s disad an aged in he open labou
ma ke .
In Eu ope, he e is a big a ie y o ypologies o WISEs wi h di e en legal s a uses
depending on na ional egula ions. The ollowing sec ion will gi e an o e iew o wha a e
he main wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s in in o mal and non- o mal lea ning, wha
he collabo a ions a e be ween hem wi hin he analysed coun y, he di e se ypologies
o WISEs exis ing and hei ocus a eas o aining add essed o disad an aged g oups.
a. Hunga y
The concep o WISEs is qui e new in Hunga y and connec ed o he in luence
in e na ional and non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions. He e he a ious ac o s wo king in he
ield a e no employed in unanimous de ini ion o “social en e p ises”. The e is a lack o
common e m and de ini ion, he e o e he esea che s can base jus on his own
unde s anding and on da a om he Hunga ian Cen al S a is ical O ice.
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h. Addi ional coun ies
Aus ia
In Aus ia he e is no legal s a us speci ic o WISEs, one can o mula e he ypology ei he
based on he legal s a us o en e p ises ha a e ecognised as “public bene i ”-
en e p ises. In his case he WISEs a e classi ied in o associa ions, GmbHs and
coope a i es, all h ee alling unde he ca ego y o de ac o WISEs. O one can o mula e
he ypology based on he inancial suppo o WISEs: in Aus ia, WISEs ge unded
mos ly h ough AMS/SMS based on “p ojec s” (cases) ha can be p o ided o SÖB
(Sozialökonomische Be iebe), applying o 5,752 en e p ises, GBP (Gemeinnü zige
Beschä igungsp ojek e), applying o 1,542 en e p ises, o BBE (Be a ungs- und
Be euungsein ich ungen), applying o 58,251 en e p ises. These unding s uc u es hold
a legal s a us. The egula ions SÖB, GBP and BBE ela e o job inclusion only, meaning
no o oca ional aining. The SÖB, GBP and BBE egula ions p o ide WISEs wi h a de
ac o p i ileged ma ke access ega ding AMS’ need o hese se ices.
Belgium
O e all, since he beginning o he 1980s, he egula ion o and suppo o WISEs has
been g adually ans e ed om he ede al le el (Belgium) o he egional le el (Flande s,
Wallonia, B ussels). Since 2014, all policies on social en e p ises and social economy a e
au onomously aken by each egion.
In Belgium, he o mally ecognised ypologies o WISEs (Typology 1) a e Collec ie
maa we k (MW) ("collec i e cus omised job"), consis ing o maa we kbed ij en (MWB)
and maa we ka delingen (MWA), conce ning o e all 156 WISEs, and Lokale
diens eneconomie (LDE) ("p oximi y se ices") applying o 178 WISEs in Flande s. In
Wallonia, he En ep ise d'Inse ion (EI) ("in eg a ion company") applying o 98 WISEs,
En ep ises de a ail adap ées (ETA) ("companies o ganising wo k cus omised o
pe sons wi h disabili ies") applying o 55 WISEs and Ini ia i es de Dé eloppemen de
l'Emploi dans le sec eu des Se ices de p oximi é à inali é Sociale (IDESS)
("employmen de elopmen ini ia i es in he p oximi y social se ices sec o ") applying o
62 WISEs, a e o mally ecognised ypes o WISEs.

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Bulga ia
The p ocess o legal ecogni ion o WISEs is desc ibed in he ecen ly adop ed Law on
En e p ises o he Social and Solida i y Economy (2019). The law de e mines wo ypes
o social en e p ises (class A and class A+). 29 WISEs in Bulga ia all in he ca ego y o
Social en e p ises class A and 2 WISES in he ca ego y o Social en e p ises class A+. In
bo h ca ego ies, WISEs a e o mally ecognised i hey a e egis e ed in Social En e p ises
Regis y. Specialised En e p ises and Coope a i es o People wi h Disabili ies co e 217
Bulga ian WISEs, which ha e o be egis e ed in he Regis e o Specialised En e p ises
and Coope a i es o and o People wi h Disabili ies o be o mally ecognised, while
WISEs in he ca ego y o Shel e Employmen Cen es – cu en ly 2 – ha e o be
egis e ed in he Agency o People wi h Disabili ies o be legally ecognised.
C oa ia
The WISEs in C oa ia a e no ecognised as a legal o m and he e o e belong o he
ca ego y o de ac o WISEs. They all unde he ollowing ca ego ies: WISE associa ions
(app oxima ely 10 WISEs), WISE (social) coope a i es (app oxima ely 25 WISEs),
Ve e ans social wo king coope a i es (app oxima ely 10 WISEs), WISE limi ed liabili y
companies (app oxima ely 5 WISEs) and WISE shel e ed o in eg a i e wo kshop (7
WISEs, in di e en legal o ms). In C oa ia, he e is no speci ic legal o m o social
en e p ises. Howe e , a numbe o legal o ms may be used by social en e p ises; hese
o ganisa ions mos o en egis e as coope a i es, o limi ed liabili y companies
(subsidia y companies o associa ions). Eligible o ms also include ounda ions and
p i a e social-wel a e ins i u ions, bu hose a e ei he a e ( ounda ions and shel e ed
wo kshops) o no pe cei ed as social en e p ises (social-wel a e ins i u ions).
F ance
In F ance, among he ypologies ha ecognise WISEs speci ically as such a e En ep ise
d’inse ion (1082 WISEs), En ep ise de a ail empo ai e d’inse ion (322 WISEs),
En ep ise d’inse ion pa le a ail indépendan (13 WISEs) and En ep ise adap ée (800
WISEs). To he g oup o o mally non- ecognised de ac o WISEs belong egies de
qua ie (RQ, « Neighbo hood en e p ises »), g oupemen s d'employeu s pou l'inse ion
e la quali ica ion (GEIQ, « Employe s o ganisa ions o wo k in eg a ion and aining »)
and cen es d’adap a ion à la ie ac i e (“Cen es o adap a ion o ac i e li e”).
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G eece
All ypes o G eek WISEs a e o mally ecognised as ins i u ionalised WISEs,
co esponding o Typology 1. Namely, hese en e p ises a e ei he Social Coope a i es o
Limi ed Liabili y (KoiSPE; 29 WISEs), Social Coope a i e En e p ises o In eg a ion o
Special G oups (KoinSEpEn axisEidikonOmadon; 10 WISEs), Social Coope a i e
En e p ises o In eg a ion o Vulne able G oups (KoinSEpEn axisE alo onOmadon; 33
WISEs), Social Coope a i es o Inclusion (KoiSEn; 0 WISEs), Women’s Ag icul u al
Coope a i es (141 WISEs). Only jus be ween 2011 and 2021, he go e nmen legally
ecognised new ypologies o WISEs in o de o acili a e he in eg a ion o o he
disad an aged g oups.
I aly
I aly has app oxima ely 5300 Wo k in eg a ion social coope a i es as well as o he WISEs
(no numbe a ailable), which a e o mally ecognised by he go e nmen as WISEs
(conside ed as Typology 1). The disad an aged wo ke s employed in hese social
coope a i es a e mainly disabled pe sons, bu also d ug addic s, psychia ic pa ien s and
p isone s. The mos widesp ead I alian WISEs a e ecognised by a Law adop ed in 1991,
bu ope a ing in I aly since he 1980s.
La ia
The e is only one way o ope a ing as WISE de-ju e, namely ha ing acqui ed social
en e p ise s a us as a limi ed liabili y company and be egis e ed as WISE wi h he main
aim o in eg a ing a ce ain g oup o ming a leas 50% o he employees (Typology 1). As
o de- ac o WISEs (Typology 3), he e could be iden i ied o ganisa ions ha i he main
de ini ion and c i e ia pu o wa d, bu hey would no mos ly iden i y hemsel es wi h he
no ion o WISE, no he e is eliable da a on s a is ics o hem o p ope esea ch done on
his opic. De- ac o WISEs mos likely a e wo king in he o m o a usual Limi ed liabili y
company o NGO. O e all, WISEs in La ia belong o he ca ego y o limi ed liabili y
companies wi h social en e p ise s a us, which a e o mally ecognised in La ia ia he
social en e p ise s a us. Ou o all companies wi h social en e p ise s a us, 33 a e aimed
a he wo k in eg a ion o disad an aged g oups. De- ac o WISEs mos likely a e wo king
in he o m o a usual Limi ed liabili y company o NGO.
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The Ne he lands
Due o he non-exis ence o a dedica ed legal s a us o s uc u e o WISEs in he
Ne he lands, WISEs ope a e unde o he exis ing legal o ms: Associa ion (Ve eni-ging),
Founda ion (S ich ing), Coope a i e (Coöpe a ie), P i a e company wi h limi ed liabili y
(Beslo en Vennoo schap; BV) and Public limi ed company / s ock co po a ion (Naamloze
Vennoo schap; NV) (Eu opean Commission, 2019: 24). WISEs a e o mally ecognised
as an en e p ise unde he legal o m hey ope a e. The a ailable publica ions do no
p o ide clea s a is ics on he numbe o WISEs.
Poland
In Poland, he e a e h ee di e en ypes o o mally ecognised WISEs (Typology 1). 1200
WISEs appea in he legal o m o an NGO, 1580 WISEs in he legal o m o social
coope a i es and 136 in he legal o m o coope a i es o wo k. Non- ecognised a e
howe e he 1038 de ac o WISES in o m o Ins i u ions o job sa e y (Typology 3).
Slo enia
Slo enian WISEs can ake he legal o ms o In alidska podje ja (company o people wi h
disabili ies), applying o 145 WISEs, Zaposli eni cen e (Employmen cen es), applying
o 66 WISEs o Social en e p ises, applying o 275 WISEs, all o which a e o mally
ecognised ia hei legal o m (Typology 1).
Spain
In he speci ic case o Spain, h ee main legal and o ganisa ional o ms ha e been
dis inguished as WISEs: employmen in eg a ion en e p ises, comp ising 185 en e p ises,
special employmen cen es (CEEs), comp ising 2,202 en e p ises, and social ini ia i e
coope a i es, applying o 850 en e p ises.
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The pa icula WISEs ypologies and o ms o o ganisa ions wi hin all 19 s udied coun ies
a e cen alised in he able below:
Coun y
Typology 1
Ins i u ionalised
WISEs
Typology 2
O ganisa ion
wi h a
public bene i
s a us
Typology 3
De ac o
WISEs
Fo m o o ganisa ions
Aus ia
-
-
√
Associa ions, GmbHs,
coope a i es
Belgium
√
-
-
Inse ion companies
Bulga ia
√
-
-
Shel e ed employmen
cen es, specialised
en e p ises& coope a i es
o people wi h disabili ies
C oa ia
-
-
√
Associa ions, social
coope a i es, limi ed
liabili y companies,
shel e ed en e p ise
wo kshops
F ance
√
-
√
Inse ion companies
G eece
√
-
-
Coope a i es
Hunga y
-
-
√
Rehabili a ion companies
o people wi h disabili ies
I eland
√
-
-
Shel e ed employmen /
wo kshops, local
de elopmen WISEs,
social economy WISEs
I aly
√
-
-
Wo k in eg a ion social
coope a i es
La ia
√
-
√
Limi ed liabili ies
companies (T1), NGO (T3)
The
Ne he lands
-
-
√
Associa ions, ounda ions,
coope a i es, p i a e
companies wi h limi ed
liabili y, public limi ed
company
No h
Macedonia
-
√
√
Associa ions
Shel e ed wo kspaces
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coope a i es
Poland
√
-
√
NGO, social coope a i es,
coope a i es o wo k
Po ugal
-
-
√
Social economy
o ganisa ions
Romania
√
-
√
Social en e p ises, wo k
in eg a ion en e p ises
(T1), NGOs
Se bia
√
-
√
Associa ions,
coope a i es, en e p ises
o wo k in eg a ion and
p o essional ehabili a ion,
spin-o en e p ises,
ounda ions, business
incuba o s, de elopmen
agencies
Slo akia
√
√
-
Ci ic associa ions, NGO
Slo enia
√
-
-
Employmen cen es,
companies o people wi h
disabili ies
Spain
√
-
-
Employmen in eg a ion
en e p ises, special
employmen cen es,
social ini ia i e
coope a i es

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Main indings
In a nu shell, he di e se legal o ms o WISES on he na ional le el and he di e ences
be ween coun y-speci ic egula ions esul in a g ea he e ogenei y o WISEs’ s a uses
when ega ding Eu ope as a whole. While some na ional go e nmen s c ea ed and use
WISEs-speci ic legal o ms (e.g. Belgium, G eece, I eland, I aly, Romania, Se bia,
Slo akia, Slo enia and Spain), o he s do no o mally ecognise WISEs ia WISE-speci ic
legal o ms, bu ia o he means, e.g. he Ne he lands, whe e WISEs ope a e and a e
ecognised unde o he exis ing legal o ms, bu no as social en e p ises o WISEs o
Hunga y whe e he e is no e en a common unde s anding on he concep o social
en e p ise as well as o mal ecogni ion od o ganiza ion suppo ing ulne able people
o he s han hose wi h disabili ies. No h Macedonia, o example, does no ecognise
o mally WISEs s ill hey ha e speci ic legal o ms o associa ions, shel e ed wo kspaces
and coope a i es. Ano he example is C oa ia whe e WISE associa ions and (social)
coope a i es a e ecognised as po en ial social en e p ise (S a egy o Social
En ep eneu ship De elopmen ). In coun ies like F ance, La ia and Poland, whe e
gene ally o icial legal o ms o WISEs exis , no all en e p ises ha in eg a e
disad an aged pe sons o wo k a e included in his ca ego y. Bulga ia, addi ionally,
in oduced he concep o o mally ecognised Shel e ed wo kshops o disabled, which
a e no social en e p ises, jus employe s wi h a leas 30% disabled employees. Coun ies
like Bulga ia equi e WISEs o be enlis ed in ce ain egis e s in o de o be o mally
ecognised. In o he coun ies again, i is easonable o classi y acco ding o di e en
c i e ia han he legal o m o he en e p ise, which be e i he na ional pa icula i ies. Fo
ins ance, in he case o Aus ia, classi ica ion is ca ied ou acco ding o he legal s a us
o he p ojec -based inancial suppo o WISEs.
An in e es ing example o social economy in Eu ope is he case o Po ugal ha had
implemen ed du ing 1998 o 2015 a o mal WISE law add essed o ulne able g oups
ega ding employmen , so ha legally ecognised he s a us o WISEs. E en so, he law
had been abolished du ing he las economic c isis and cu en ly he e is no legal ame
o ecognise WISEs in Po ugal.
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Adul educa ion p o ide s in o m o WISEs in he di e en coun ies in Eu ope employ
and he e o e ain and educa e all ypes o disad an ages wo ke s, o al e na i ely, o
WISEs wi h a ce ain legal s a us, a ge only speci ic g oups like people wi h disabili ies,
( ehabili a ed) (ex-) d ug addic s, psychia ic pa ien s, ( eleased) p isone s, pe sons wi h
men al heal h p oblems, ic ims o domes ic iolence, homeless, mig an s, e ugees and
asylum seeke s, women o u al a eas, e c.
Adul educa ion p o ide s in o m o WISEs in he di e en coun ies in Eu ope employ
and he e o e ain and educa e all ypes o disad an ages wo ke s, o al e na i ely, o
WISEs wi h a ce ain legal s a us, a ge only speci ic g oups like people wi h disabili ies,
( ehabili a ed) (ex-) d ug addic s, psychia ic pa ien s, ( eleased) p isone s, pe sons wi h
men al heal h p oblems, ic ims o domes ic iolence, homeless, mig an s, e ugees and
asylum seeke s, women o u al a eas, e c.
I is sugges ed aking in o accoun numbe s o es ima ion o social en e p ises, whe he
ele an , exis ing in EU coun ies (Table 14, p. 106-107 o he S udy Social En e p ises
and hei ecosys ems in Eu ope).
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III. Legal amewo k o adul lea ning
In Eu opean coun ies, he e a e nume ous oppo uni ies o adul aining and educa ion
p o ided o disad an aged pe sons ha a e based on na ional o egional labou policies.
In gene al, he ole o labou policies is o ensu e ha all wo ke s can ind sui able jobs
ha allow hem o make adequa e use o hei capabili ies and o acqui e any missing
abili y ha may boos hei compe i i eness. To his end, he e a e a numbe o policies
designed o sus ain disad an aged wo ke s by c ea ing, imp o ing and main aining
employmen oppo uni ies o hese. Regula ions in place in his ield in Eu opean
coun ies a e a ge ing di e en disad an aged people g oups, allowing hem o bene i
om suppo measu es adap ed o hei speci ic si ua ion. Unemployed people a e he eby
especially in he ocus, hey can, o example, access educa ion and aining measu es
aiming a up- and eskilling.
The e a e, howe e , di e ences in he coun y-speci ic egula o y policies on oca ional
aining in i s a ious con ex s.
a. Hunga y
The Go e nmen Dec ee 1603/2014 (XI.4.) is he dec ee on adop ing he Hunga ian
Na ional Social Inclusion S a egy II, he F amewo k S a egy o he policy o li elong
lea ning, he S a egy o he De elopmen o Public Educa ion, and he Medium- e m
s a egy agains lea ing school wi hou quali ica ions. The s a egy has h ee main
objec i es: 1) p omo e li elong lea ning, imp o e accessibili y o aining; 2) consolida e
li elong lea ning in he adul educa ion and aining sys em; 3) isibili y and ecogni ion o
he alue and esul s o lea ning.
Acco ding o he p eamble o Ac LXXVII o 2013 on Adul Educa ion, he aims o he Ac
a e “ o make Hunga ian inhabi an s capable o mee ing he challenges o economic,
cul u al and echnological de elopmen ; en e he wo ld o wo k success ully; succeed in
li e and ha e an imp o ed li ing quali y om adul lea ning, i is necessa y o ha e be e
o ganisa ion in oca ional, o eign language and s a e-suppo ed aining and imp o e he
quali y o he con en and ein o ce he supe ision o implemen a ion”.
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The e m adul aining e e s o o ganising adul lea ning ou side he school sys em. I
includes oca ional aining as well as o ganised aining aimed o o m and de elop
compe ences. F om Sep embe 2020, he p epa a ion o a oca ional quali ica ion o a
pa ial oca ional quali ica ion is a high p io i y in he Hunga ian poli ical agenda. The
la ges g oup ainings a e oca ional quali ica ions ha can be ob ained in he amewo k
o VET ins i u ions o in adul aining ins i u ions.
The aining pa icipan ecei es a ce i ica e a e comple ing he oca ional aining. This
is a p e equisi e o a quali ying examina ion ha can be aken a a aine -independen ,
s a e-acc edi ed examina ion cen e. A e comple ing he quali ying examina ion
success ully, he examinee acqui es a s a e- ecognised ce i ica e o oca ional
quali ica ion. Thus, he aining ins i u ions and he examina ion cen es a e becoming
sepa a ed. Voca ional ins i u ions a e quali ied as acc edi ed examina ion cen es un il 31
Decembe 2025, acco ding o he empo a y p o isions o he Ac on Voca ional Educa ion
and T aining.
b. I eland
In I eland, Fu he Educa ion and T aining (FET) is p incipally publicly unded by he
Depa men o Educa ion and Skills, h ough SOLAS, he Fu he Educa ion and T aining
Au ho i y, and deli e ed locally h ough he Educa ion and T aining Boa ds. The ocus o
SOLAS’ s a egy is on skills, on ac i e inclusion and on imp o ing he quali y o FET
p o ision by expanding he e idence base o he cen al pilla s o he S a egy as well as
inclusion o ela ed in e dependen pa s o a quali y FET amewo k.
A key aspec o he FET S a egy is he p o ision o quali y educa ion and aining
solu ions ha espond o employe s' exis ing and e ol ing needs while c ea ing high
quali y po able skills o lea ne s, alued by lea ne s and by employe s bo h na ionally
and in e na ionally. The e o e, he ea ly iden i ica ion o e ol ing skill needs is c ucial o
he success o he S a egy.
FET p og ammes a e adminis e ed by he Educa ion & T aining Boa ds (ETB). The e a e
16 ETBs ac oss I eland, he la ges o which is he Ci y o Dublin Educa ion & T aining
Boa d. They a e esponsible o he deli e y o a ange o Adul Educa ion p og ammes.
Communi y educa ion is ou side he o mal educa ion sec o , wi h he aims o enhancing
lea ning, os e ing empowe men and con ibu ing o ci ic socie y. I is loca ed in
communi ies and he con en o he cou ses a e based on he needs o indi iduals and
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Employmen Agency inc eases he employabili y o unemployed people om
disad an aged g oups on he labou ma ke h ough oca ional aining, aining in key
compe encies and social skills o o e come inconsis encies in he labou ma ke . The
en olmen se ice aims a unemployed pe sons (adul s) who wish o acqui e new key
compe encies o p o essional quali ica ion o gua an ee he subsequen success ul
ealisa ion o he labou ma ke . The Agency also suppo s he labou ma ke in eg a ion
o o eigne s who ha e been g an ed e ugee o humani a ian s a us in he cu en yea
o he p e ious wo calenda yea s h ough p o iding Bulga ian language aining,
oca ional aining and insu ance o subsidised employmen . Funds o p omo ing
employmen o disad an aged people a e among o he s p o ided o schola ship,
anspo and accommoda ion expenses o he unemployed pe sons pa icipa ing in
aining o li e acy, acquisi ion o p o essional quali ica ion o key compe encies.
C oa ia
Acco ding o he Ac on P o essional Rehabili a ion and Employmen o Pe sons wi h
Disabili ies, PWD ha e a igh o p o essional ehabili a ion, which, among o he , include
p og ammes o aining, educa ion, as well as imp o emen o wo k and social skills.
P o essional ehabili a ion is o ganised by he Cen es o p o essional ehabili a ion, as
public o ganisa ion, o in coope a ion be ween he Cen e and educa ion ins i u ion. Since
2007, C oa ian Go e nmen has implemen ed he P og amme o esocialisa ion o people
wi h subs ance abuse diso de s who wen h ough ehabili a ion, wi h an aim o educa ion
o employmen , and consequen ly hei success ul esocialisa ion. The P og amme
includes he ollowing measu es: p equali ica ion and educa ion du ing o a e hei s ay
in ehabili a ion communi y o penal ins i u ion, measu es wi hin ALPM p og amme, o
o he ac i i ies o employmen and esocialisa ion p o ided by CSOs o local go e nmen .
In 2017, C oa ian Go e nmen adop ed Guidelines o Implemen a ion o Ac i e Labou
Ma ke Policies o he pe iod 2018-2020. In acco dance wi h hese Guidelines, he
C oa ian Employmen Se ice implemen s measu es in ela ion o aining and educa ion,
o example employmen sub en ions, educa ion o unemployed and employmen
seeke s, aining a wo kplace, educa ion o basic p o essional and social skills ( o long
e m unemployed) and aineeship /app en iceship.
F ance
In F ance, educa ion pa hs, like second-chance schools o NEETs a e accessible o
disad an aged pe sons. Second Chance Schools welcome young people unde he age

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o 26 who ha e le he school sys em wi hou quali ica ion o diploma. They a e pa o
he measu es implemen ed o help hem gain access o quali ying aining and en e he
labou ma ke . The second chance schools o e a h ee-pa cou se: an upg ade o basic
knowledge (F ench, ma hema ics, gene al cul u e, o ice au oma ion, in e pe sonal skills),
wo k placemen s (almos hal o he cou se) and cul u al and spo ing ac i i ies.
Depending on he le el o he young pe son upon a i al in a Second Chance School and
he p ojec es ablished, schooling can las om 4 mon hs o 2 yea s. Bu on a e age, he
educa ion las s 6 and a hal mon hs. A he end o his cou se, he ainee ecei es a
ce i ica e o acqui ed skills.
F ance is also he only coun y wo ldwide ( oge he wi h Singapo e) p o iding a legisla i e
amewo k in he o m o Indi idual Lea ning Accoun s (ILAs), in F ench called Comp e
P o essionel de Fo ma ion, CPF). ILAs a e i ual indi idual accoun s in which aining
igh s a e accumula ed o e ime. They a e indi idual in he sense ha esou ces a e only
mobilised i aining is ac ually unde aken. They p o ide indi idual lea ning en i lemen s
o aining.
G eece
Fou main amewo ks apply in G eece o adul lea ning.
• Second Chance Schools, which cons i u es an inno a i e public adul educa ion
school o wo academic yea s’ du a ion. A ce i ica e equi alen o seconda y school
diploma is p o ided a e success ul a endance. The school’s cu iculum di e s om
ha o he no mal educa ion, i is mo e lexible, and i ollows an adap ed eaching
me hodology and assessmen o he ainees. The Second Chance Schools we e
es ablished in G eece by he Law 2525/97. The Second Chance Schools a ge
people abo e 18 yea s old, who ha e no comple ed he compulso y seconda y
educa ion, ha ing he goal o acili a e hei access o he labou ma ke .
• Li elong Lea ning Cen es (LLLCs), whe e non- o mal educa ion ac ions and in
pa icula gene al adul educa ion ac ions a e implemen ed. LLLCs a e add essed o
all unemployed and employed adul s. To ensu e equal access o gene al adul
educa ion ac i i ies, special ca e will be aken o membe s o socially ulne able
g oups, mig an s, and esiden s o emo e - inaccessible a eas.
• Voca ional T aining Cen es o e se ices on oca ional aining and ehabili a ion
o people wi h disabili ies h ough hei shel e ed wo kshops.
• Voca ional T aining o disabled people by OAED, The Manpowe Employmen
O ganisa ion is c ea ed exclusi ely o adul s wi h disabili y and p o ides se ices in
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he ield o educa ion and aining o ulne able social g oups. Eligible o
pa icipa ion a e people wi h physical disabili ies, mobili y p oblems, o ganic
diseases, dea ness and hea ing impai men , ligh in ellec ual disabili ies, isual
impai men including blindness, psychological diseases.
I aly
Mos o he egions p o ide speci ic aining cou ses o people wi h disabili ies and o en
o a ew o he disad an aged ca ego ies.
La ia
Voca ional aining and non- o mal aining p og ammes a e o ganised by he PES
(La ian Public Employmen Se ice) o egis e ed unemployed and job seeke s. The
leng h o aining p og ammes may a y. Pa icipan s a e ecei ing inancial suppo
du ing he aining as well as o addi ional expenses like sign language in e p e e s. Since
June 2020, o imp o e he condi ion o he unemployed a ec ed by he COVID-19 c isis,
oca ional aining measu es a e supplemen ed wi h s udy modules o e ed by
uni e si ies.
The Social In eg a ion S a e Agency (SIVA) o e s se e al educa ional p og ammes o
pe sons wi h disabili ies a wo king age (15 o 62). Voca ional ehabili a ion includes
se e al p o essional aining p og ammes, psychosocial suppo , medical ehabili a ion,
accommoda ion, ca e ing and pu pose ul leisu e ime. In SIVA, i is possible o acqui e o
ins ance oca ional basic educa ion – compu e use.
Measu es o Inc ease Compe i i eness (MIC) a e aimed o p omo e he compe i i eness
o he unemployed job seeke s and people a isk o unemploymen in he labou ma ke .
MIC include 5-56 academic hou s cou ses, E-lea ning cou ses o psychological suppo ,
acqui ing job seeking me hods and he necessa y abili ies and skills demanded in he
labou ma ke , e.g. CV w i ing.
The S a e Educa ion De elopmen Agency (SEDA) implemen s he p ojec
“Implemen a ion o oca ional educa ion p og ammes o young people no in employmen
and aining” - he measu e aims o p o ide suppo o hose young people who ha e le
school o aining wi hou achie ing quali ica ion and who ha e no succeeded in he
labou ma ke .
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The Ne he lands
Municipali ies a e esponsible o social assis ance, ein eg a ion, pa icipa ion, and adul
educa ion. The schemes, including he WMO and Pe sonal Budge (PGB), men ioned
abo e, o e ex a suppo when people a e unable o pa icipa e due o limi a ions.
Examples a e sign language in e p e e s a educa ional ins i u ions o wheelchai
anspo a ion o mobili y impai ed and wheelchai -bound people. This is made a ailable
o he speci ic needs o an indi idual. The e is also an educa ion budge o people
ecei ing Wajong o WIA- unemploymen bene i s. Disad an aged pe sons wi hou
p e equisi e quali ica ions can ge oca ional aining. The possibili ies di e be ween
municipali ies. The WMO accommoda es he implemen a ion o ca e by he municipali ies
and also o e s day ime ac i i ies (dagbes eding) which c ea es a pa hway owa ds he
labou ma ke .
Poland
T aining consis s o ex acu icula ac i i ies aimed a ob aining, supplemen ing, o
imp o ing skills and p o essional o gene al quali ica ions necessa y o pe o m wo k,
including he abili y o seek employmen . T aining is ini ia ed and o ganised by he s a e
and inanced by he Labou Fund. Du ing he aining, he s uden is en i led o a
schola ship. G oups en i led o access aining oppo uni ies a e unemployed pe sons,
jobseeke s who a e in he pe iod o no ice o employmen o se ice ela ionship o
easons ela ing o he wo kplace, a e employed by an employe ha has been decla ed
bank up o is in liquida ion, excluding liquida ion o he pu pose o p i a isa ion, o
ecei es a social bene i due o mining lea e o mining social bene i . Social assis ance
can be p o ided o ce ain pa icipan s.
Slo enia
A icle 56 o he Slo enian Cons i u ion s a es ha all ci izens mus be p o ided equal
igh s and oppo uni ies o educa ion and aining. The e o e, people wi h disabili ies mus
be gi en equal oppo uni ies o pa icipa e h oughou he educa ion sys em in egula and
special p og ammes a all le els. The Placemen o Child en wi h Special Needs Ac s a es
i also includes “child en, mino s and young adul s wi h special needs and, excep ionally,
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adul s o e he age o 21 yea s up o and including he age o 26, who a e con inuously
educa ed in adap ed oca ional and p o essional educa ion wi h an equi alen educa ional
s anda d and in a special ehabili a ion p og amme, and adul s o e he age o 21 up o
and including he age o 26 who a e included in he adul educa ion and aining
p og amme as pa o a special p og amme o child en wi h mode a e and se e e men al
di icul ies.” Slo enia he e o e does no p o ide inclusi e educa ional op ions o people
wi h mode a e and se e e disabili ies, bu a he al e na i e educa ion h ough di e en
p og ammes. In heo y, hese p og ammes should p o ide an equal educa ional s anda d
o he gene al educa ion sys em whe e possible.
Spain
In Spain, he e a e di e en oca ional aining schemes. VET de elopmen in Spain is
no as ma u e as compulso y educa ion (up o 16) and uni e si y. In gene al, i has less
de elopmen and consolida ion in p ac ice, al hough he e a e egions wi h a longe
ajec o y such as he Basque Coun y. As i is no compulso y educa ion, he e is no legal
obliga ion, o a leas no so in ensely, o implemen inclusi e lea ning measu es, h ough
suppo s ha a e a ailable o a g ea e ex en in compulso y educa ion: suppo eache s,
con en adap a ion and assessmen es s, sign language in e p e a ion (ILS), e c.
Rega ding people wi h disabili ies, o p o iles such as isual impai men , he collabo a ion
o o ganisa ions such as he Spanish Na ional O ganisa ion o he Blind (ONCE)
con ibu es o a be e supply o suppo p oduc s. In con as , Specialised VET (including
Local T aining and Rec ui men Agencies) in ela ion o di e en g oups in disad an aged
si ua ions ha e expe ience in adap ing o hei needs and equi emen s, acco ding o
di e en p o iles. In he case o disabili y, hey know be e hei speci ic needs and adap
eaching o hei equi emen s o a g ea e ex en , wi h a a ie y o educa ional inclusion
s a egies: eache aining, suppo p oduc s, ILS, pe sonal assis ance, among o he s. In
ac , a pa o hese Specialised VET cou ses a e deli e ed by associa ions o speci ic
disabili y p o iles. On he o he hand, uni e si ies ha e made e y signi ican p og ess in
ecen yea s in imp o ing ca e o s uden s wi h disabili ies, h ough guidance and suppo
in di e en aspec s: eache awa eness, suppo p oduc s, ILS, easonable adjus men s
in he assessmen , some imes pe sonal assis ance, among o he s.
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Main indings
O e all, he e is a la ge numbe o measu es add essing adul educa ion, aining as well
as upskilling and eskilling in Eu opean coun ies. These mos ly a ge unemployed and
disabled people, bu , depending on he coun y- also apply o o he ulne able g oups,
like young people, women, d ug addic s, e c. The suppo measu es mos ly consis o skill
aining classes and quali ica ion cou ses, o which go e nmen s p o ide inancial
co e age. In some coun ies ( o example, Romania, No h Macedonia), he e a e public
schools o adul s who d opped ou school ea lie so ha hey ha e a second chance o
basic o mal educa ion a any age and adjus ed as lea ning hou s and cu icula so ha
adul s can a end school and, a he same ime, ha e a job o aking ca e o hei child en.
Addi ionally, oca ional aining and ca ee guidance is p o ided wi hin he amewo k o
special o ms o employmen , namely shel e ed and suppo ed employmen , in mos
Eu opean coun ies. These aining measu es enable disad an aged o disabled
employees o en e he egula labou ma ke o al e na i e o ms o employmen , o – in
he case o suppo ed employmen – p omo e hem in he egula labou ma ke , mos ly
h ough aineeships and on- he-job aining. Wi h a endency owa ds ein o cemen o
ac i e labou ma ke policies in Eu ope, aining and educa ion oppo uni ies o
disad an aged people in he con ex o employmen inc ease.

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IV. Consis ency wi h he EU and in e na ional policy
WISEs and social en e p ises a e mo e and mo e impo an and complemen a y ac o s
o social and p o essional inclusion and inno a ion. The WISE model o e s people wi h
suppo needs, who a e he mos a ec ed by social inequali ies, employmen oppo uni ies
so hey can access/ ein eg a e decen wo k condi ions and social p o ec ion h ough a
job. These oppo uni ies p o ide hem wi h a decen sala y, necessa y quali ica ions ( ha
go hand in hand wi h he digi alisa ion o ou socie ies), upskilling and eskilling
oppo uni ies and allow hem o be be e in eg a ed in o he labou ma ke , especially in
he cu en con ex o he g een and digi al ansi ions.
Fi s , h ough di e si ied and inno a i e ac i i ies, WISEs di ec ly and indi ec ly con ibu e
o he implemen a ion o se e al Eu opean Pilla o Social Righ s p inciples. Please, ind
below he p inciples ela ed o WISEs and a sho explana ion o WISEs’ suppo .
• Educa ion, aining and li e-long lea ning
WISEs o e quali ica ions and on he job aining o disad an aged people and
p omo e li elong lea ning.
• Gende equali y
The p omo ion o gende equali y emains a p io i y in he social economy sec o .
• Equal oppo uni ies
By employing and empowe ing disad an aged and excluded people, WISEs
con ibu e o he educ ion o inequali ies. WISEs aim o in eg a e people su e ing
om se e al social and p o essional di icul ies, suppo ing he mos disad an aged
ones o en e he labou ma ke and be o e ed access o se ices and oppo uni ies.
• Ac i e suppo o employmen
WISEs o e employmen oppo uni ies o he mos ulne able people h ough a
s ong economic ac i i y and on wo k-based aining and con ibu e o a sus ainable
economic and social de elopmen o he e i o y hey ope a e. The a ge g oup o
WISEs is a he wide and include long e m unemployed people, NEETs, women,
people su e ing om addic ion o ex-p isone s. The speci ic pedagogical dimension
o WISEs make i possible o empowe he wo ke s when i comes o employmen
issues as well as o he p o essional o social di icul ies. Tailo made pa hways a e
designed o WISEs wo ke s, suppo ing hem h ough a job o a quali ica ion wi hin
he en e p ise.
• Secu e and adap able employmen
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WISEs a e o e ing decen jobs and sala ies o he mos ulne able g oups. Ge ing
a job is usually a i s s ep o disad an aged people in e-en e ing he socie y by
p o iding hem wi h access o basic se ices and social p o ec ion. WISEs p o ide
ailo ed solu ions o wo ke s, wo king on skills and abili ies o he pe son acco ding
o pe sonal si ua ion. Di e en solu ions can be hus ound o suppo he pe son
such as quali ica ions, wo k-based lea ning, adap ed wo king ime, e c.
• Wages
WISEs a e comba ing in-wo k po e y and o e decen sala ies o he disad an aged
people. A job and hus a sala y is usually an oppo uni y o he mos disad an aged
ones o ge back in o socie y h ough adequa e li ing condi ions.
• Social dialogue and in ol emen o wo ke s
Mos WISEs a e implemen ing pa icipa i e managemen which include a s ong
in ol emen o wo ke s in he decision making p ocesses o he en e p ise. Following
he social economy p inciple, one pe son one o e, WISEs y o educa e and in ol e
he wo ke s in he company’s de elopmen .
• Wo k-li e balance
WISEs pu people a he co e o hei wo k and y o adap hei unc ioning aiming
he wellbeing o wo ke s. Flexible employmen oppo uni ies o speci ic se ices
de eloped wi hin he en e p ise a e examples o inno a i e solu ions designed by
WISEs o encou age wo k-li e balance.
• Heal hy, sa e and well-adap ed wo k en i onmen and da a p o ec ion
WISEs a e implemen ing an adap ed wo king en i onmen conside ing he needs o
he disad an aged people. In some cases, WISEs also employ people wi h
disabili ies and hus adap he wo kspaces. When i comes o heal h o sa e y a
wo k, WISEs a e no only ul illing s anda ds bu also encou aging sa e y beha iou s
and solu ions in he wo kplace h ough pa icipa i e managemen .
• Social p o ec ion
Social p o ec ion is s ongly linked o employmen con ac s. This is he eason why
WISEs choose o o e employmen oppo uni ies h ough an employmen con ac ,
enabling he disad an aged people o ge back hei igh s o social p o ec ion.
• Unemploymen bene i s
WISEs y o in eg a e unemployed people, including he long e m unemployed on
he labou ma ke . ENSIE is con inced ha unemploymen bene i s mus be
alloca ed du ing he ac i a ion pe iod o people, oge he wi h a ailo ed
accompanimen o he pe son owa ds a job on he labou ma ke . Indeed, he
expe ience o WISEs wo ke s show ha anyone can encoun e some social, heal h
o p o essional di icul ies in i s li e and ge ouble o e-in eg a e he labou ma ke
and socie y.
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• Inclusion o people wi h disabili ies
In some EU coun ies, WISEs a ge g oup can include people wi h disabili ies.
Di e en pa ne ships be ween WISEs and shel e ed wo kshops a e also
implemen ed. Indeed, i is c ucial o o e employmen oppo uni ies and social
accompanimen o all ci izens.
Rega ding he EPSR Ac ion Plan, published by he Eu opean Commission in 2021, i is
sugges ed eading ENSIE posi ion on he EPSR Ac ion Plan o a ocus on pa s ha a e
o pa icula in e es o WISEs.
Second, WISEs con ibu e o di e en SDGs, in pa icula :
• No Po e y
WISEs p o ide disad an aged g oups wi h wo k o aining oppo uni ies by allowing
hem o be able o ha e an employmen con ac and, acco dingly, a sala y o own
subsis ence cos s, educing he po e y a e.
• Quali y educa ion and p omo e li elong lea ning
Th ough employmen and aining oppo uni ies WISEs o e echnical and
oca ional skills o he ulne able people by p omo ing li elong lea ning pa hways.
• Gende equali y
P omo ion o equal oppo uni ies and gende equali y is one o he ho izon al
objec i es o WISEs. Gende mains eaming and p omo ion o di e si y policies is a
p inciple belonging o mos social en e p ises.
• Decen wo k and inclusi e and sus ainable economic g ow h
Many WISEs ep esen good p ac ices o wo k in eg a ion o NEETs, mig an s,
women, e c. in exclusion si ua ion. WISEs ha e a s ong economic ac i i y locally
ancho ed and con ibu e o a sus ainable economic and social de elopmen o he
e i o y hey ope a e in. The p o i in es men , p inciple o social economy applied
o WISEs, is hen ein es ed wi hin he en e p ise, which ensu es a sus ainable
g ow h.
• Sus ainable indus ialisa ion and os e inno a ion
WISEs a e ope a ing in e y di e en ac i i ies ields: om ag o-indus y o ex iles
and ga men s always by ying o c ea e new employmen oppo uni ies. WISEs
answe o local need in an inno a i e way, hey a e also always looking o inno a i e
economic niches o de elop and sus ain he needs o hei e i o ies.
• Reduced inequali ies
WISEs, by employing and empowe ing disad an aged and excluded people, a e he
eal and ans e able examples ha he h ee dimensions o sus ainable
de elopmen (economic, social and en i onmen al) can exis wi hin a company.
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• Sus ainable ci ies and communi ies
WISEs always y o answe o he local needs o a communi y. Many examples o
posi i e coope a ion among WISEs and local s akeholde s allow o build a
sus ainable en i onmen , whe e he in eg a ion o disad an aged people does no
only bene i o he indi idual, bu o he communi y as a whole. Acco dingly, one can
alk abou wo k and social in eg a ion wi h posi i e ou comes owa ds he en i e
communi y.
• Responsible consump ion and p oduc ion
Mos pa o se ices and goods p o ided by WISEs a e linked o ci cula economy,
p omo ing ecycling and sus ainable ini ia i es.
• Clima e ac ion
Se e al WISEs a e ac i e in he en i onmen al ield, deli e ing se e al ac i i ies
linked o was e collec ion, ecycling, eusing and ea men , by con ibu ing o he
igh agains he clima e change.
Also, conce ning ini ia i es on skills las ly adop ed o cu en ly in he p ocess o adop ion
by he Eu opean Commission, such as he Pac o Skills, mic o-c eden ials and Indi idual
Lea ning Accoun s (ILAs), hey a e e y impo an o he de elopmen o li elong lea ning
and could pa ially eshape he way WISEs wo k is ecognised.
In pa icula , ega ding he Eu opean Commission’s ini ia i e o an Upskilling pa hways
ecommenda ion, ENSIE has published i s eedback he e. Highligh s a e he ollowing.
ENSIE welcomes he ini ia i e on p omo ing he access o basic skills o low-skilled adul s
and wish o emphasise ha WISEs would also be he ideal en i onmen o he
compe ence imp o emen o adul s belonging o disad an aged g oups, also when i
comes o long- e m aining o employees. Upskilling should be accessible o people bo h
in he wo k en i onmen and ou o he wo k en i onmen . The wo kplace, which is he
place whe e social in e ac ion is p esen , is an en i onmen conduci e o he de elopmen
o he needed wo k and key p o essional and social skills. Hence, wo k en i onmen , on
he one hand, gi es he oppo uni y o de elop some key skills, and, on he o he , can be
exploi ed as a didac ic en i onmen o espond o pedagogical objec i es. WISEs, in o he
wo ds, can p o ide a se ies o daily si ua ions o conc e ely ace and pu in p ac ice wha
hey a e lea ning.
As examples on how some o he coun ies analysed by cu en esea ch a e gene ally
aligned wi h EU and in e na ional policy, e oca i e a e he cases o he ollowing.
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iden i y as social en e p ises o WISE do no apply o he ce i ica ion o ecogni ion. The
law om 2015 and i s amewo k om he HG 585/2016 s ipula e mo e obliga ions han
bene i s. The economical equi emen s and p ede ined numbe o ulne able employees
o WISE a e e y o en ha d o con ol as mos social en e p ises om Romania do no
ha e sus ainable sou ces o income, bu depend on yea o yea on p i a e inances.
The coun y plans o adul educa ion a e elabo a ed wi hou he pa icipa ion o hose
a ge ed and o NGOs ac i e in wo king wi h disad an aged g oups, social se ice
p o ide s and social en e p ises. Socio-p o essional in eg a ion se ices a e no
ecognised as social se ices o employmen se ices - so hey do no bene i om he
suppo o public employmen policies a ge ing disad an aged wo ke s.
Many public social se ices ins i u ions ely on he WISE p o ide s o wo k in eg a ion,
educa ion and p o essionaliza ion o he ulne able g oups ha ha e a ha d ime o
in eg a e in he open labou ma ke . E en i hey a e he only cons an public pa ne o
WISEs in he wo k educa ion p og ammes, hese local social se ices a e mo e o en han
no o ally missing om he communi ies. In such ins ances, he local pa ne WISEs ha e
o iden i ying he po en ial adul lea ne s a e he NGOs ha suppo local communi ies
and ha e a be e unde s anding o hei needs by wo king closely wi h hem on a daily
basis. Ano he impo an pa ne o mos WISEs in Romania is he p i a e sec o . P i a e
companies usually suppo wo k in eg a ion p og ammes by buying goods and se ices
om WISE o ganisa ions ha a e ce i ied as Au ho ised P o ec ed Uni s, and e y o en
hey o e inancial suppo and sponso ships o WISEs ha canno ha e inancial s abili y
and p o ide educa ional in eg a ion p og ammes a he same ime wi hou legisla i e
exemp ions.
. Se bia
When i comes o he ins i u ional amewo k and li elong lea ning public policies, he only
public body a he cen al le el ha di ec ly deals wi h social en e p ises is he wo king
g oup o he Minis y o Labou , Employmen , Ve e ans and Social A ai s. The Minis y
wo ked on he D a law bu did no di ec ly con ibu e o he de elopmen o social
en ep eneu ship h ough he suppo sys em. Howe e , since he p e ious legal o ms
a e mos ly inadequa e and uns imula ing o social en e p ises, mos o hem ha e been
es ablished in he o m o associa ions. Ano he eason is ha mos o he ini ia i es come
om he non-p o i sec o . The e o e, he adop ion o speci ic legisla ion ha will di ec ly
ela e o he ecogni ion o WISEs is conside ed necessa y and bene icial in e e y sense.

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This p ocess should begin wi h he amendmen o exis ing laws in o de o expand he
space o he de elopmen o social en ep eneu ship in gene al and enable i s
sus ainabili y. When his is ho oughly wo ked on, WISEs will ha e a s ong ounda ion o
wo k a ou ably on s eng hening he economy and employmen policy. Since he e a e
al eady indica ions in some laws ha e e o he de elopmen o he sec o , hese laws
should be amended o u he de elop hese al eady de ined o ms.
g. Slo akia
The aim o Ac no. 112/2018 Coll. on he social economy and social en e p ises is o c ea e
sui able condi ions o he de elopmen o he social economy and social en ep eneu ship
in Slo akia. To his end, he law in i s pa s es ablishes he subjec s o he social economy,
en e p ises in he wide social economy (social en e p ise and en e p ise wi h social
impac ), o ganisa ions o he social economy sec o , p o iding suppo o en e p ises in
he wide social economy and de ines he social economy sec o and s a e adminis a ion
in he ield o social economy. WISE en i ies collabo a e wi h he NGO sec o on an ad-
hoc basis, when hey a e app oached o be pa ne s in a p ojec . Wi hin he con ex o
social en e p ises de elopmen , a na ional p ojec o he Ins i u e o Social Economy was
implemen ed by he Implemen a ion Agency o he Minis y o Labou , Social A ai s and
Family o he Slo ak Republic wi hin he Ope a ional P og amme Human Resou ces in
he p og amming pe iod 2014-2020. The aim o he p ojec is o c ea e and e i y
adjus men o he suppo o he de elopmen o he social economy in he Slo ak
Republic on he basis o Ac No. 112/2018 Coll. on he social economy and social
en e p ises and on amendmen s o ce ain ac s.
As a pa o he p ojec ’s ac i i ies, he e is a ne wo k o suppo i e Regional Social
Economy Cen es being es ablished. Pa o his p ojec helped building a suppo
in as uc u e o he de elopmen o he social economy in Slo akia. I in ol es he
educa ion and aining o public employmen se ices ins i u ions’ employees pa icipa ing
in he de elopmen o egional employmen . Regional Cen es a e c ea ed o p o ide he
suppo needed o es ablishmen and de elopmen o social en e p ises/WISEs.
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h. Addi ional coun ies
Aus ia
In Aus ia he e is no legal s a us speci ic o WISEs, he ypology is ei he based on he
legal s a us o en e p ises ecognised as “public bene i ”-en e p ises, di e en ia ing
be ween associa ions, public bene i limi ed liabili y companies and coope a i es, o on
he inancial suppo o WISEs. In Aus ia, WISEs ge unded mos ly h ough AMS/SMS
based on “p ojec s” ha can be p o ided o SÖB-, GBP o BEEs. Addi ionally, o
en e p ises ul illing ce ain c i e ia on social inclusion, AMS unds and A bei plus (P3) can
awa d ce i ica es (“Gü esiegel ü soziale Un e nehmen”) ha a e ecognised in he
quali y managemen p og amme o he EU (EFQM) as “Recognised o Excellence”. A
speci ic legal de ini ion has i s bene i o he o mal ecogni ion o WISEs and may
become mo e and mo e ele an in u u e, especially ega ding unding om he EU.
WISEs would p obably bene i om such a legal de ini ion, when i comes o aining
me hods, ep esen a ion in he ne wo k o social inclusi i y as well as aining and
educa ion owa ds social inclusion (s udying o wo k in/ o WISEs) and oca ional ainings
( ha WISEs p o ide o disad an aged people). Wi h he less de ined s a us o WISEs
simpli ies coope a ion wi h AMS, SMS and o he (go e nmen al) ac o s, as unding can
be wo ked ou mo e p ojec - ela ed.
Belgium
Since 2014, all he policies a ound social en e p ise and he social economy a e aken
au onomously by each egion (Flande s, Wallonia, and B ussels).
In Flande s, di e en dec ees egula e he go e nmen ’s suppo o social en e p ises and
WISEs. The i s one suppo s social en e p ises ac oss all ypes and ields
(Onde s euningsdec ee ). The o he s a e limi ed o he ield o p oximi y se ices (Lokale
diens eneconomie) (since 1 Janua y 2015) and, inally, since Janua y 2019, Collec ie
maa we k has eplaced he egula ions o shel e ed and social wo kshops (Beschu e
we kplaa sen en Sociale we kplaa sen).
In Wallonia, in o de o be ecognised as EIs o disad an aged wo ke s (in eg a ion
companies, he ypical WISEs model), IDESS (employmen de elopmen ini ia i es in he
p oximi y social se ices sec o ) o ETAs (companies o ganizing wo k cus omised o
pe sons wi h disabili ies), en e p ises mus mee ce ain c i e ia ha a e laid down in
di e en go e nmen dec ees. These condi ions conce n o ins ance he company’s
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social objec i e and economic ac i i y, he numbe o disad an aged o disabled people
employed and measu es o be aken o suppo hem.
Bulga ia
The p ocess o legal ecogni ion o WISEs is desc ibed in he ecen ly adop ed Law on
En e p ises o he Social and Solida i y Economy (2019), which de e mines wo ypes o
social en e p ises: class A and class A+. The social en e p ises class A need o ca y ou
a social ac i i y p oducing social added alue, include employees in decision-making,
spend mo e han 50% and no less han EUR 3,834.69 o ca ying ou social ac i i y o
pu poses and employ no less han 30% and no less han h ee pe sons o disad an aged
o disabled wo ke s. The social en e p ises class A+ (mee ing all equi emen s o he EU
de ini ion in e e ence wi h he economic, social and inclusi e go e nance dimension)
mus addi ionally ope a e in municipali ies wi h o e -a e age unemploymen a es, spend
mo e han 50% and no less han EUR 38,346.90 o ca ying ou social ac i i y o ha e
a leas 30 disad an aged pe sons employed wi hou in e up ion du ing he las six
mon hs. O he legal o ms a e specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o people wi h
disabili ies. The Law on Pe sons wi h Disabili ies (2019) gi es hem legal ecogni ion i
hey a e lis ed unde ce ain laws and egis e s, p oduce goods o se ices and ha e a
ela i e sha e o people wi h pe manen disabili ies depending on he ype o disabili y.
Shel e ed employmen cen es can be es ablished on a p ojec -basis by specialised
en e p ises, coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies, o any legal en i y.
C oa ia
In C oa ia, he e is a lack o o icial de ini ion and s a us as well as low le el o ecogni ion
o hese en i ies in e ms o being social en e p ises o wo k in eg a ion social en e p ises.
E en hough he e is no speci ic legal o m o social en e p ises, a numbe o legal o ms
may be used by social en e p ises, mos ly coope a i e (including Ve e ans social wo king
coope a i es), o limi ed liabili y company (subsidia y companies o associa ions). Eligible
o ms also include ounda ions and p i a e social-wel a e ins i u ions, bu hose a e ei he
a e ( ounda ions and shel e ed wo kshops) o no pe cei ed as social en e p ises (social-
wel a e ins i u ions). Social en e p ises a e egula ed h ough se e al ac s, depending on
he legal o ms unde which hey ope a e. Cu en legisla ion ha may be ele an o
social en e p ises include he Ac on Associa ions, he Ac on Coope a i es, he Company
Ac , he Ac on Founda ions and he Ac on Public Bene i O ganisa ions. O he legisla ion
may also be ele an , such as he Ac on he Voca ional Rehabili a ion and Employmen
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o Disabled Pe sons and he Ac on Public P ocu emen . Speci ic legisla ion designed o
ecognise WISEs a he na ional and/o egional le el would be bene icial, as i would gi e
hem a clea e s a us, enable ecogni ion wi hin he wel a e s a e (which would os e
inclusion in he ele an s a egies and ac ion plans) and impo an ly enable hem o use
Eu opean unds. On he o he hand, mo e impo an would be wide policy ecogni ion.
F ance
F ance has been a pionee in he de elopmen o he concep o "social economy”, in 1979
being issued he i s ci cula which ecognised WISE. The i s public p og amme which
suppo s social en e p ises had been adop ed in 1985. Al hough o malisa ion o WISE
s a u es is o icially da ed in1991.
In Sep embe 1998 a new iscal di ec i e p o ec WISEs, who dis inguish di e en ype o
axa ion (mainly o associa ions), depending on hei "luc a i e" cha ac e . In 2005, public
au ho i ies ecognised WISE as s akeholde s in he igh agains unemploymen . Wi h he
adop ion o a amewo k law dedica ed o he SSE in 2014, F ance c ea es inancial e o m
o WISE (wi h an inc ease o public aids). In addi ion o associa ions, coope a i es,
mu ual socie ies and ounda ions, which a e adi ionally conside ed as he undamen al
o he social economy, he law opens up he ield o he SSE o p i a e companies whose
economic ac i i y aims a social u ili y as long as hei managemen and o ganiza ion
espec a se o condi ions, o example ega ding in pa icula he limi ed edis ibu ion o
p o i s.
G eece
The i s ypology o WISEs in G eece was o mally ecognised by A icle 12 o Law
2716/1999 o he ‘De elopmen and Mode nisa ion o Men al Heal h Se ices’ unde he
o m o SCLL (KoiSPE). SCLLs aim a he socio-economic in eg a ion and wo k inclusion
o indi iduals wi h men al heal h p oblems and a e de ined by hei cha ac e as an
en e p ise wi h a comme cial s a us bu also as a men al heal h uni . Many yea s la e ,
Law 4019/2011 ins i u ionalised Social and Solida i y Economy in G eece, in oducing,
among o he o ms o social en e p ises, SCEs o In eg a ion (KoinSEpEn axis), a WISE
ypology pu suing exclusi ely he wo k in eg a ion o disad an aged people. Two o ms o
SCEs o In eg a ion exis , namely SCEs o In eg a ion o Vulne able G oups and SCEs o
In eg a ion o Speci ic G oups. The law was subs i u ed in 2016 by Law 4430/2016 which
is in o ce un il oday. SCLLs a e au oma ically conside ed as SCEs o In eg a ion. The
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mos ecen WISE o m was in oduced by A icle 143 o Law 4600/2019 unde he legal
o m o SCIs (KoiSEn), simila o he o m o SCLLs. SCIs aim a he socio-economic
in eg a ion and wo k inclusion o indi iduals wi h subs ance abuse p oblems who a end
o comple ed p og ammes o social e-inclusion by a lis o o ganisa ions. They ope a e
as an en e p ise, in ol ed in comme cial ac i i ies, bu also as a uni o social inclusion.
Women’s Ag icul u al Coope a i es we e i s in oduced unde Law 921/1979 and hei
legal s a us changed se e al imes, mos ecen ly by A icle 2 o Law 4384/2016,
in oducing special p o isions o he Women’s Ag icul u al coope a i es. Thei
membe ship consis s exclusi ely o women.
I aly
In I aly, Law 381/1991, which egula ed social coope a i es - by a he la ges o m o
social en e p ise in I aly - on a na ional le el, p o ided ha hey could no only o e
pe sonal ca e se ices ( he so-called " ype A social coope a i es"), bu also employ
disad an aged wo ke s in business ac i i ies ( he so-called " ype B social coope a i es").
The disad an aged people employed mus he eby cons i u e 30% o he wo k o ce. Social
coope a i es o wo k in eg a ion enjoy some speci ic and addi ional incen i e measu es
o hose p o ided o he gene ali y o coope a i es. Fo disad an aged wo ke s he e is
also a educ ion in social secu i y con ibu ions. The second impo an p o ision o Law
381/1991 conce ns he possibili y o public bodies o s ipula e con en ions wi h wo k
in eg a ion coope a i es aimed a hi ing disad an aged people. Following Law 381/1991,
applica ion no ms we e app o ed in all egions which 1) de ined he ules o he c ea ion
o egional egis e s o social coope a i es, and 2) p o ided u he incen i e measu es.
S a ing in 2005 (Law 118/2005) and 2006 (Legisla i e Dec ee 155/2006, applica ion o
he 2005 legisla ion), he igu e o he social en e p ise o labou inse ion was also
in oduced and la e e ised wi h Law 106/2016 and hen wi h Legisla i e Dec ee
112/2016. This egula ion allowed social coope a i es ha deal wi h wel a e se ices (and
he e o e no social coope a i es o wo k in eg a ion) o ca y ou employmen se ices
ac i i ies (essen ially "suppo ed employmen ") and in oduced a b oade de ini ion o
disad an age o non-coope a i e social inse ion en e p ises, based on EU de ini ions. In
ac , he cases o wo k in eg a ion social en e p ises o he han social coope a i es a e
e y limi ed in I aly.

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La ia
Since 2014, signi ican changes in he legal amewo k ha e de e mined he ope a ion
and de elopmen o social en e p ises. In La ia, he concep o social en e p ise is
in eg a ed in o s a egic policy documen s— in he Sus ainable De elopmen S a egy o
La ia un il 2030 and in he Na ional De elopmen Plan o La ia 2014–2020, in which i
is de ined as one o 98 op ions o implemen he ac i i y o “decen wo k”. On Oc obe 30,
2014, he Cabine o Minis e s suppo ed he d a concep “On he Possibili ies o
Implemen ing Social En ep eneu ship in La ia”, en isaging he launch o a pilo p ojec
wi hin he Eu opean Union unds p ojec o es and de e mine he bes solu ions o social
en e p ise c ea ion and de elopmen . In o de o social en e p ises o be o med in La ia,
hei ope a ion o be success ul and o expand, a legal amewo k is needed, p o iding
bo h c i e ia o ob aining he s a us o a social en e p ise and p ocedu es, as well as
egula ions on how he s a e will suppo his ype o en ep eneu ship. Suppo measu es
o WISEs a e de eloped in acco dance wi h ESF p ojec Measu e 9.1.1.3 “Suppo o
Social En ep eneu ship” o he Ope a ional P og amme “G ow h and Employmen ”
Speci ic Suppo Objec i e 9.1.1. “Inc ease he Inclusion o Disad an aged Unemployed
People in he Labou Ma ke ”.
The Ne he lands
The e is no dis inc i e legal amewo k o WISEs in he Ne he lands, bu di e en
s akeholde s ha e emphasised he need o a dedica ed legal o m o op imally achie e
hei goals. An impo an s ep owa d a legisla i e p oposal was he announcemen o a
consul a ion by he minis y o Economic A ai s and Clima e in Ma ch 2021. A dedica ed
legal o m o social en e p ises would s eng hen acknowledgemen and ecogni ion,
p o i would be e ained o u u e de elopmen and expansion o he social en e p ise. I
would also gua an ee he dis ibu ion o p o i and epo ing on he social impac ,
po en ially a ac in es o s o business deals and p o ide mo e quan i a i e in o ma ion
on he si e and scope o social en e p ises. An a gumen o main ain he s a us quo is ha
social en e p ises ha e been doing well o e he yea s and he e is a ise o social
en e p ises, which migh sugges ha a dedica ed legal o m is unnecessa y. Mo eo e ,
he conce n o ‘social washing’ has been aised. To coun e social washing, social payo
and social impac should be measu ed o de e mine he “socialness” o en e p ises and
s ingen equi emen s on epo ing could be in oduced. The ad an ages o a legal
amewo k would also apply o WISEs. Being ecognizable o business ela ions could
a ac new con ac s o in es men s, allowing WISEs o g ow and s eng hen hei ma ke
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sha e. This could also po en ially s eng hen he ela ion be ween WISEs, municipali ies
and UWV, ega ding public p ocu emen and pa ne ships o example.
Poland
In e ms o de ini ion, he new KPRES (Na ional P og amme o he De elopmen o he
Social Economy KPRES), which was adop ed in 2019, changes among o he s he scope
o he concep o social economy en i ies. In u n, i es ic s social economy en i ies in he
ield o coope a i es only o employee coope a i es and includes shel e ed employmen
es ablishmen s among social economy en i ies. In o mal ini ia i es we e ea ed as
su oundings o he social economy. The go e nmen is also wo king on a d a law on
social and solida i y economy, which is o de ine among o he s social en e p ises and
egula e he s a us o a social en e p ise, i s ac i i ies, and he ela ed igh s. An impo an
e en in 2017 was he amendmen o he law on social coope a i es, which in oduced
among o he s many acili ies in he c ea ion and ope a ion o social coope a i es, as well
as he use o a ious powe s and s a e suppo by social coope a i es. The in oduc ion
o obliga o y o ms o consul a ion wi h employees, as well as he obliga ion o ensu e ha
he equi ed pa icipa ion o people om g oups a isk o social exclusion among
membe s o he coope a i e is main ained no only du ing i s c ea ion bu also in he
cou se o i s ac i i y, esul ed in he ac ha he social coope a i e became he only legal
o m ha by s a u e, i mee s he c i e ia o a social en e p ise en i ling i o ecei e suppo
om he Eu opean Social Fund. Thanks o his, he social coope a i e is also he only
legal o m ha by law mee s he c i e ia o en i ies o which pa icipa ion in he public
p ocu emen p ocedu e may be limi ed by A icle 138p o he Public P ocu emen Law.
Ne e heless, i seems ha in he legal sphe e, he e a e s ill mo e challenges han he
esul s achie ed. In he o hcoming u u e, he mos impo an challenge will be he
adop ion o a law ha aims a de ining he sphe e o he social economy. Ano he
challenge is o egula e issues such as axes, especially VAT, s a e aid o he uni ica ion
o igh s o all social en e p ises, ega dless o he legal o m.
Slo enia
Among he solu ions o he complex s a e o employmen , a ious o ms o social
en e p ises we e es ablished in he pas , among hem he Slo enian equi alen o WISEs.
WISEs, howe e a e no o mally ecognised as a ca ego y bu a e e e ed o as
employmen cen es, companies o people wi h disabili ies and social en e p ises, which
a e u he di ided in o ounda ions, ins i u ion, coope a i e o o he . The e a e a numbe
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o social en e p ises and o he o ms o employmen ha ul il all c i e ia o a WISE, bu
a e ha d o disce n due o he complexi y o he si ua ion. Any WISE o social en e p ise
in Slo enia is a non-p o i legal en i y. Any such en i y can acqui e he s a us o a social
en e p ise p o ided i mee s ce ain c i e ia, like economic and non-economic ac i i ies,
es ic ed dis ibu ion o p o i s o membe s o s akeholde s, independency o o -p o i
companies, legal en i ies go e ned by public law o local communi ies and pa icipa ion
and democ a ic decision-making. Mo eo e , i mus o example de ine he me hod o
managing a social en e p ise based on equali y; de e mine whe he he social en e p ise
also in ol es olun ee s in he wo k as well as he me hod o s akeholde pa icipa ion in
managemen (consul a ion, manda o y opinion, e c.), e c.
Spain
In Spain, h ee main legal and o ganisa ional o ms ha e been dis inguished as WISEs:
employmen in eg a ion en e p ises, special employmen cen es (CEEs) and social
ini ia i e coope a i es. This ype o company has been legally es ablished in acco dance
wi h he p o isions o Law 44/2007 and he LISMI Law (Law o Social In eg a ion o People
wi h Disabili ies o 1982). The e a e 4 legisla i e ex s ha a e ele an in he a ea o social
economy and he di e en ypes o WISEs in Spain. The Law 5/2011 on Social Economy
(2011) did no c ea e (o egula e) a new legal en i y ype, bu simply g oups en i ies wi h
speci ic legal o ms and pu s hem unde uni e sal alues, such as he sup emacy o he
pe son o e capi al, he dis ibu ion o p o i s ha a e no acco ding o capi al p o ision
and de o ion o social sec o s and independence om public powe . The Law 44/2007 on
Employmen In eg a ion En e p ises egula es ha WISEs p o ide employmen ,
o ien a ion and educa ion mainly o pe sons a isk o social exclusion. O he c i e ia like
minimum employmen pe iods and a es, a ge g oups and in es men o su pluses ha e
o be ul illed. Special Employmen Cen es (CEE) de ined by Royal Dec ee 2273/1985
and Royal Dec ee 469/2006 p ima ily ha e o ocus on p o iding wo ke s wi h disabili ies
wi h paid employmen and o acili a e hei access o he labou ma ke . They may be
c ea ed by public adminis a ion bodies (di ec ly/in collabo a ion), by en i ies, o
indi iduals, legal en i ies o legally associa ed pa ne ships wi h a legal capaci y o ope a e
as businesses. Depending on he legal s a us o he ounding body, CEEs may be public
o p i a e o -p o i o no - o -p o i cen es. Finally, Law 27/1999, o July 16 on
Coope a i es ecognises 12 ypes o coope a i es, which can ob ain he quali ica ion o
“Coope a i e o social ini ia i e”. P ac ically, all he egions excep he Cana y Islands
ha e de eloped hei own egula ions on coope a i es.
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The able below e lec s he syn hesis o he exis ing legal amewo ks o WISE
ecogni ion wi hin he 19 esea ched Eu opean coun ies.
Coun y
Exis ing legal
amewo k o
WISEs
Since
The e is none
o inadequa e
legal amewo k
o WISES
Commen s
Aus ia
-
none
-
Belgium
2014
-
The e a e egional
policies
Bulga ia
2019
-
C oa ia
-
none
F ance
1979
-
-
G eece
1999
-
-
Hunga y
-
-
Excep ion: ehabili a ion
en e p ises o people
wi h disabili ies
I eland
2019
-
I is a policy, no a
speci ic law
I aly
1991
-
-
La ia
2014
-
-
The Ne he lands
-
-
-
No h Macedonia
-
-
The e a e legally
ecognised:
Associa ions
Shel e ed wo kspaces
Coope a i es.
Poland
2019
-
-
Po ugal
-
-
The e was a speci ic law
o WISEs du ing 1998-
2015. The law is
cu en ly abolished.
Romania
2015
-
-
Se bia
2022
-
-
Slo akia
2018
-
-
Slo enia
-
-
-
Spain
2007
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a s ong ini ia i e o his associa ion o join he SENS ne wo k, and hus con ibu e
o a common mission.
UIPS is ep esen ing he in e es s o en e p ises o p o essional ehabili a ion and
employmen o pe sons wi h disabili ies wi h he aim o encou aging, suppo ing and
acili a ing hei de elopmen . I s ision is o comba disc imina ion in he labou
ma ke and o s i e o p o ide equal oppo uni ies o people wi h disabili ies o
ecei e p o essional aining and employmen .
• IRIS Ne wo k, ounded in 2012, is he only egional ne wo k ha b ings oge he
CSOs social se ice p o ide s in Sou h Eas Eu ope. I connec s cu en ly 200
membe o ganisa ions ha p o ide di e en ypes o social se ices o di e en
ulne able g oups: people wi h disabili y, child en, and you h a isk, women ic ims
o amily iolence, e ugees, asylum seeke s, e c. IRIS ne wo k ocuses on
p omo ing he ole o non-p o i social se ice p o ide s and p o iding o i s membe s
he mos ele an in o ma ion in he ield o social inclusion, p o ision o social
se ices, e c.. IRIS is o e ing o i s membe s educa ional ma e ials, specialised
ainings, s udy ou s, access o g an s, exchange o knowledge.
g. Slo akia
• ASSE Slo akia is an associa ion ha b ings oge he and p omo es he in e es s o
social en e p ises a he local, egional, egional and na ional le el. The Associa ion
o Social Economy En i ies - ASSE as he umb ella o ganisa ion o he social
economy sec o (in acco dance wi h Ac No. 112/2018), was na u ally es ablished
by he need o he ep esen a i es o indi idual o ganisa ions in o de o ep esen
and ep esen he in e es s o social en e p ises in Slo akia. I p o ides consul a ions
and aining o 60+ membe o ganisa ions, connec s hem wi h po en ial clien s and
ep esen s hem in mee ings wi h ep esen a i es o minis ies.
• ASES SK aims o be a pla o m o he coope a ion o all hose o whom ac i i ies
con ibu e o he de elopmen o he social economy in Slo akia, as well as o join
ac ion in all impo an a eas ha uni e us. The social economy, and especially social
en ep eneu ship, is in i s in ancy, and al hough a good legisla ion al eady exis s
oday, i will no be able o be ully implemen ed i i does no ha e he suppo o
public au ho i ies.

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h. Eu opean
ENSIE is he Eu opean Ne wo k o Social In eg a ion En e p ises, whose mission is he
ep esen a ion, main enance and de elopmen o ne wo ks and ede a ions o WISEs
wi hin Eu ope. ENSIE’s objec i es a e:
• To ein o ce he powe o ac o s in economic social in eg a ion en e p ises h ough
he in e change be ween he membe o ganisa ions;
• To s imula e co-ope a ion and pa ne ships by p omo ing p ope p ac ices, esea ch
esul s, new applica ions;
• To o ganise he exchange o in o ma ion on he legisla i e na ional and local policy
le els be ween membe o ganisa ions;
• To ep esen he ne wo k and o p omo e all o i s ac i i ies on all pe inen Eu ope-
an le els;
• To elabo a e on he con ibu ions and p oposals in o de o pa icipa e in he
de ini ion o a Eu opean policy agains social exclusion;
• To de elop a close and solid collabo a ion wi h o he Eu opean ne wo ks ac i e in
he social economy wi h he objec i e o ob aining syne gic esul s.
The ENSIE cons i u ion is a complemen a y ounda ion s one whose pu pose is he p o-
mo ion o good p ac ices, he expansion o con ibu ions, and he de elopmen o
p oposi ions in o de o p epa e he way o i s pa icipa ion in de ining Eu opean policy in
i s ba le agains social exclusion.
ENSIE ga he s 29 na ional, egional and local ne wo ks in 21 coun ies ac oss he EU (+
Se bia and Moldo a), o a o al o 3000 WISEs ep esen ing 187,000 disad an aged
wo ke s.
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VII. Funding
The acknowledgmen o he capaci y o WISEs o ackle se e e unemploymen issues has led o he design o speci ic policy
measu es a EU, na ional and local le el aimed a a ou ing he s a -up and consolida ion o WISEs. One o he ca ego ies
o labou policies o inc ease employmen oppo uni ies is compensa ion policies, which a e designed o encou age
en e p ises o employ disad an aged wo ke s by compensa ing hem o he lowe p oduc i i y o he disad an aged wo ke s
employed o o he hi ing and aining cos s in ol ed. Public g an s and subsidies a e he mos common ways o suppo
WISEs. Signi ican di e ences a e howe e o be no iced ac oss EU MSs, depending on he speci ic a ge o he policy
measu es in place (e.g., en e p ises – exclusi ely WISEs/all SMEs including WISEs – o he disad an aged pe sons
in eg a ed).
Suppo o WISEs is also p o ided h ough he educ ion o axes and social secu i y con ibu ions aimed a educing he
cos o labou o any disad an aged wo ke employed.
Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
Co po a e ax
exemp ion (on
p o i s)
Yes o all ypes o
WISEs in Aus ia,
Belgium and La ia
-
-
Yes, bu only o
some ypes o WISEs
in Bulga ia, C oa ia,
G eece, I aly and
Spain
No o all ypes o
WISEs in all
Eu opean
coun ies excep
o some cases in
I aly as well as o
Social Ini ia i e
Example: Spain, o all companies:
The mos impo an educ ion e e s o he hi ing o wo ke s wi h disabili ies. The
deduc ion o he ull quo a a ies be ween 9,000 and 12,000 EUR o each pe son
/ yea o inc ease in he a e age numbe o wo ke s wi h disabili ies, depending
on he le el. The deduc ed amoun o job c ea ion is subjec o he limi o 35%
o he adjus ed ull quo a.
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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
Coope a i es and
Special
Employmen
Cen es (CEEs) in
Spain
Social Ini ia i e Coope a i es usually all in o he ca ego y o "p o ec ed co-
ope a i es" o he pu poses o Law 20/1990 on Fiscal Regime o Coope a i es:
The educ ion in p o ec ed coope a i es is 20% o coope a i e esul s. I can
each 50% o he quo a among hose specially p o ec ed.
F eedom o amo isa ion o new amo isable ixed asse s, acqui ed wi hin a
pe iod o h ee yea s om he da e o hei egis a ion in he Coope a i es
Regis y.
A he egional le el, he Regional Go e nmen o Na a a and he Basque
Coun y ha e hei own ax egime and compe ence o e his ax. O he egional
go e nmen s do no ha e egula o y au ho i y in ma e s o Co po a ion Tax o
Value Added Tax, bu hey do o e pa o pe sonal income ax, and o he axes.
Yes o Typology 1
and 2 in Hunga y.
Some cases o de
ac o WISEs
-
Yes, Associa ions and Founda ions,
Non-p o i companies i public bene i o ganisa ions.
Excluded he Social Coope a i es.
Yes o WISEs
Typology 2 and 3 in
No h Macedonia
-
Non-p o i o ganisa ions (including non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions, eligious
and humani a ian o ganisa ions, ade unions, poli ical pa ies, e c.) a e axed on
income om hei business ac i i ies (i any) i hei o al annual e enues a e
highe han MKD 1 million. The CIT would be calcula ed as 1% o he o al annual
e enues om business ac i i ies, dec eased by he p esc ibed ax exemp ion o
MKD 1 million
Yes, o WISEs
Typology 2 in
Romania
-
Au ho ised P o ec ed Uni s (UAT) do no pay he p o i ax, bu hey ha e o
ein es 75% o he po en ial ax in he en e p ise and i ’s employees.
Yes, o En e p ises
o in eg a ion o
The co po a e income ax a e is p opo ional and amoun s o 10% o all.
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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
pe sons wi h
disabili ies and CSO
(Ci il socie y
o ganisa ions) in
Se bia
EIPWD: An employe , who employs a pe son wi h a disabili y o an inde ini e
pe iod o ime in acco dance wi h he law go e ning he p e en ion o
disc imina ion agains a pe son wi h a disabili y, is eleased om he obliga ion
o pay calcula ed and suspended income ax o a pe iod o h ee yea s om he
day o employmen .
CSO: I pe o ming economic ac i i y di ec ly, unde ce ain condi ions, de ined
by he Law on Co po a e Income Tax, he e is a igh o ax exemp ion. I hey do
no mee he p esc ibed condi ions, hey a e subjec o he obliga ion o pay he
gene al co po a e income ax a e o 10%
VAT exemp ion
o educed a e
Yes o all ypes o
WISEs in Aus ia
(p elimina y, p ojec -
ela ed) and Slo enia
-
-
Yes, bu only o
some ypes o WISEs
in Belgium and
C oa ia
Example: Belgium
WISEs can bene i om a educed VAT a e (6% ins ead o 21%) when hey sell
ecycled o eused goods ha ha e been collec ed eely ( o example ga men s
o elec onic de ices). This iscal ad an age isn' applicable o all WISEs. I 's only
applicable o a limi ed MWBs (maa we kbed ij en) and LDEs (lokale diens en-
economiebed ij en) in Flande s and EIs (en ep ises d'inse ion) and EFTs
(en ep ises de o ma ion pa le a ail) in Wallonia, because no all WISEs sell
ecycled o eused goods ha ha e been collec ed eely
-
Slo enian WISEs
(Companies o
people wi h
disabili ies,
employmen
cen es and social
en e p ise)
-
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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
In some cases o
WISEs Typology 2 in
I eland
-
Cha i ies engaged exclusi ely in such ac i i ies a e nei he obliged no en i led o
egis e and accoun o VAT on hei income. In ce ain ci cums ances he
ac i i ies o a cha i y may be conside ed o be in compe i ion wi h comme cial
ade s and he cha i y may hen be equi ed o egis e and accoun o VAT on
hese ac i i ies.
Fo WISEs classi ied
as Typology 2 and 3
in No h Macedonia
-
Taxpaye s ab oad he coun y and who do no pe o m any u no e o do no
due ax on he u no e , on eques and in a special p ocedu e, he inpu VAT
ha was paid acco ding o in oices o ope a ions ca ied ou by domes ic
axpaye s, will be paid o , i he legal equi emen s o e u ning o he ax a e
me .
This exemp ion is applied unde condi ion ha he axpaye is egis e ed as VAT
axpaye in his coun y and he e is ecip oci y be ween he Republic o
Macedonia and he coun y in which he axpaye is esiden .
NGOs ha e a igh o eques e u ning o he calcula ed VAT on shipmen s
owa ds hem by he axpaye s in he coun y and o he impo implemen ed
owa ds hem i :
The u no e o goods owa ds hem o he impo we e no exemp om axa ion;
VAT o he conduc ed u no e on goods is sepa a ely s a ed in he in oice and
paid wi h he paying o he pu chase p ice;
The ax due on impo s is paid;
The goods a e ans e ed ab oad and used o humani a ian, cha i y o
educa ional pu poses.
Yes, o CSO (Ci il
socie y o ganisa ions)
in Se bia
-
CSO: exemp om alue added ax o income up o a de ined amoun o 500.000
sd
Yes, o WISEs
classi ied as 1 and 2
Typology, in Slo akia
-
VAT exemp ion o educed a e Typology 1: RSP - educ ion o VAT o 10%
o con ac s o s a e and public adminis a ion en i ies A educed ax a e o 10%
o he axable amoun shall apply o goods and se ices supplied as pa o he

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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
ac i i ies o he social economy by a egis e ed social en e p ise which uses
100% o i s p o i a e ax o achie e i s main objec i e, supplies o an eligible
cus ome , p o ided ha his does no dis o compe i ion incompa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke , whe e he eligible cus ome is ano he pe son as a axable
pe son i i is a na u al pe son, a social economy en i y o a public adminis a ion
en i y. ".
Typology 2: Pu suan o § 50 and
§ 51 o he VAT Ac , a non-p o i o ganisa ion - a VAT paye - may deduc ax in
ull o in a p opo ional amoun om he o al ax which he axpaye is obliged o
pay o he ele an ax pe iod. When deduc ing ax in acco dance wi h he
p o isions o Sec ion 49 o he VAT Ac , i is necessa y o assess whe he he
goods o se ices a e ecei ed exclusi ely o axable ansac ions in which ax
becomes cha geable, whe he he goods o se ices a e ecei ed exclusi ely o
axable ansac ions ha a e exemp om ax in pu suan o he p o isions o
Sec ions 28 o
42 o he VAT Ac , whe he he goods o se ices a e accep ed o axable
ansac ions in which a ax liabili y a ises and a he same ime o axable
ansac ions ha a e exemp om ax pu suan o Sec ions 28 o 42 o he VAT
Ac .
Subsidy o he
ec ui men o
disad an aged
wo ke s
Yes o all ypes o
WISEs in Aus ia
(p ojec - ela ed),
Belgium, C oa ia,
F ance, La ia,
Slo enia and Spain
Yes o all ypes o
WISEs in Aus ia,
Belgium,
Slo enia and
Spain
Example: F ance
The WISE bene i s o he hi ing o each agile ull- ime wo ke om pos o ice
assis ance ( he amoun o which is se each yea by he E a). Depending on he
WISE model, his amoun a ies. Thus, in eg a ion en e p ises (IEs) ecei e job
assis ance o each ull- ime equi alen € 10,751; empo a y wo k companies
(ETTi): € 4,341; in eg a ion en e p ises h ough sel -employmen (EiTI): € 5,670.
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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
Fo adap ed companies (EA), his amoun a ies depending on he age o he
disabled wo ke suppo ed:
- 15,585 eu os o wo ke s unde he age o 50 yea s;
- 15,787 eu os o wo ke s aged 50 o 55 yea s;
- 16,192 eu os o wo ke s aged 56 and o e .
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in Hunga y
-
Only o people wi h disabili ies!
I ’s no a eal subsidy o he ec ui men , bu he subsidy he disabled pe son
ecei ed is used as a sala y.
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in I eland
-
-
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in No h
Macedonia
-
The Law on Employmen o Disabled Pe sons en isages measu es o imp o ing
he condi ions o employmen and wo k o a disabled pe son a e:
-g an ing non- e undable unds o pe manen employmen o an unemployed
disabled pe son, adap a ion o he job whe e he disabled pe son will wo k i i is
needed and p ocu emen o equipmen acco ding o he c i e ia and in a manne
de e mined by an ac o he Minis e o Labou and Social Policy;
- ax exemp ion and p o ision o unds o con ibu ions and
- inancial suppo in he ope a ion.
Yes, o all WISEs as
Typology 3 in
Po ugal
-
- Incen i e ATIVAR.PT: Financial suppo o employe s who sign pe manen o
ixed- e m employmen con ac s o a pe iod equal o o g ea e han 12 mon hs.
The con ibu ion may be highe i he pe son is a disad an aged wo ke * o i i is
a job loca ed in he inland e i o y.
- In e nship ATIVAR.PT: Di ec ed o p i a e en i ies, i is an in e nship om 9 o
12 mon hs non-ex endable, in o de o p omo e he inclusion o young people in o
he labou ma ke o he p o essional econ e sion o he unemployed. The e is
a co-paymen be ween 65% and 95 % plus ood allowance, anspo cos s and
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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
insu ance agains acciden s a wo k. The con ibu ion may be 15% highe in
speci ic cases such as encou aging he de elopmen o inland e i o ies.
- Employmen -In eg a ion Con ac +: p omo ing en i ies a e non-p o i collec i e,
public o p i a e en i ies. Unemployed ca y ou socially necessa y wo k ( hey a e
no wo ke s, don' ecei e a sala y bu a mon hly s ipend) ha mee s empo a y
social o collec i e needs, wi hin he scope o p ojec s p omo ed by public o
p i a e non-p o i collec i e en i ies, o a maximum pe iod o 12 mon hs. I hey
a e bene icia ies wi h disabili ies and incapaci y, 549,16€ o
en i ies o he local business sec o and 593,04€ o p i a e non-p o i en i ies. In
he o he cases, 351,05€ € o en i ies o he local business sec o and 394,93€
o p i a e non-p o i en i ies.
- In eg a ion in e nships: a ge ed people wi h disabili ies and incapaci y; i is an
in e nship o 12 mon hs, non-ex endable and aims o de elop ac i i ies in a wo k
con ex . Di ec ed o p i a e en i ies, wi h o wi hou p o i , includes a co-paymen
be ween 80% and 95% o he schola ship plus ood allowance, anspo cos s,
insu ance agains acciden s a wo k and echnical suppo in he pos -placemen
moni o ing. Alsoi he in e n is hi ed and he con ac has a minimum ini ial
du a ion o one yea ; he en i y can ecei e up o a o al amoun o 16 x IAS (€
7,020.96).
Yes, o WISEs
Typology 1 and 2 in
Romania
-
Economic en i ies ha hi e people wi h disabili ies a e spa ed om ce ain axes
and ecei e mon hly in e u n a ce ain amoun o money, usually he equi alen
o he minimum wage o e e y ulne able pe son hi ed wi h a pe manen
con ac .
Yes, o en e p ises
o in eg a ion o
-
- An employe who hi es a pe son wi h a disabili y may exe cise he igh o
eimbu semen o sala y cos s o a pe son who is engaged in p o iding
p o essional suppo o a newly employed pe son wi h a disabili y, only o he
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Typology o
iscal
bene i s
Na ional le el
Regional le el
Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he %
o iscal b eak applied)
pe sons wi h
disabili ies in Se bia
ime while p o iding p o essional assis ance, and o a maximum o 12 mon hs,
ie a maximum o 1,200 hou s.
- Reimbu semen o app op ia e wo kplace adjus men cos s may be g an ed o
he employe , on a one-o basis amoun , up o 400,000.00 dina s pe pe son wi h
disabili ies.
- An employe who employs a pe son wi h disabili y wi hou wo k expe ience, is
en i led o sala y subsidy o ha pe son, o a pe iod o 12 mon hs om days o
employmen .
Social
insu ance
cos s o he
disad an aged
wo ke s
employed
educed o
co e ed by
subsidies
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in Aus ia,
Belgium, C oa ia,
Slo enia and Spain
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in Belgium
and Slo enia
Example: Bulga ia
50% o he due insu ance con ibu ions o he s a e social insu ance, compulso y
heal h insu ance and addi ional compulso y pension insu ance o he employees
a e eimbu sed o he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o he people wi h
disabili ies. The eimbu sed unds shall be used o in es men s, ehabili a ion
and social in eg a ion o he people wi h pe manen disabili ies and he suppo ing
s a .
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in Hunga y
-
Only o disabled pe sons i he e a e public bene i o ganisa ions
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in I eland
-
-
Yes, o all ypes o
WISEs in No h
Macedonia
-
The unds o con ibu ion o social insu ance o pe sons wi h disabili ies a e
p o ided om he budge o he Republic o Macedonia.
Yes, o de ac o
WISEs in Po ugal
-
Suppo ed employmen in he open ma ke : a ge ed people wi h disabili ies and
incapaci y, egis e ed in he employmen se ices. The e is a co-paymen in
emune a ion and social secu i y con ibu ions unde he esponsibili y o he
en i y; om 10% up o 170% o IAS** (acco ding o he wo k capaci y – minimum
30% and maximum 90%)
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and homeless people. The h ee a eas a e ans e sal o ou objec o s udy, howe e he
i s one cons i u es a mo e di ec con ibu ion. Indeed, he employabili y o people wi h
disabili ies is designed o suppo ini ia i es ha acili a e he app oach o he labou
ma ke , p omo e e ec i e inclusion in o ganisa ions o s eng hen he de elopmen o
echnical and/o pe sonal skills.
Romania
Only a ound 5% o he o al o 1641 social economic en e p ises ecei ed a o m o help
om he public au ho i ies as o 2020. Mos o he WISE o ganisa ions ely on hei own
economic ac i i y o und he wo k in eg a ion p og ammes. The esul o his con ex is
ha mos WISE en i ies ely on p i a e sponso ships o sus ain hei ac i i y. These
sponso ships usually add up o mo e han 50% o a WISE’s o al income.
Se bia
G an s, as he mos adi ional way o unding social mission- ocused o ganisa ions, a e
one o he key sou ces o unding o WISEs, despi e a numbe o cons ain s. G an s a e
a o m o unding se up on a dona ion basis. This ype o inancing en ails a ce ain amoun
o isk, since public sou ces and dono s in si ua ions o social c isis and di icul imes may
decide o suspend bene i s. Associa ions unded exclusi ely by g an s a e placed in a
posi ion o dependence and a e aced wi h he challenge o adap ing o he equi emen s
o each indi idual dono , which e y o en leads hem away om hei own mission. The
nex inancing mechanism is mic o inance, which implies he possibili y o accessing small
inancial ins umen s o people excluded om o mal inancial esou ces and banking.
In es o s coope a e wi h mic o inance ins i u ions, non-p o i g oups, banks, e c. E s e
Bank is a pionee o mic o inance and social banking in Se bia and Cen al and Eas e n
Eu ope. Social en e p ises ace addi ional obs acles due o banks insu icien in o ma ion
abou he legal o ms applied by social en e p ises (mainly CSOs). Mic o inance in Se bia
is pa ially limi ed and o e - egula ed due o i s dependence on comme cial banks. The e
is also a Budge Fund o Voca ional Rehabili a ion and Employmen o Pe sons wi h
Disabili ies. Acco ding o he ulebook on he manne o moni o ing he implemen a ion o
he obliga ion o employ pe sons wi h disabili ies, he obliga ion applies o any domes ic
o o eign legal o na u al pe son who has a leas 20 employees and is no conside ed a
newly es ablished employe . An employe who does no ul il he obliga ion o employ
pe sons wi h disabili ies is obliged o pay penal ies o he paymen accoun o he Budge
Fund.

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Slo akia
In Slo akia, a unding mechanism e y ele an is he public p ocu emen in e ms o
ese ed con ac s. The Law. no. 10 pa . 7 and 8 o he Public P ocu emen Ac , in o o ce
om he 1s o Janua y 2020, is egula ing he obliga ion o use he social aspec in a leas
6% o public p ocu emen . I ep esen s an indi ec o m o suppo o achie ing a posi i e
social impac and main aining he compe i i eness o social en e p ises h ough he
in oduc ion o an obliga ion o con ac ing au ho i ies and con ac ing en i ies ha ha e
implemen ed o s a ed o implemen a leas en public con ac s in a calenda yea ,
excep o low alue con ac s. The law o esees o use a leas 6% o hese social aspec
in he desc ip ion o he subjec o he con ac as a special condi ion o he pe o mance
o he con ac o as a c i e ion o he e alua ion o ende s. This 6% also includes public
p ocu emen ca ied ou in he o m o a ese ed con ac .
Mo eo e , ano he law disciplines he awa ding o ese ed con ac s in public
p ocu emen o he pu poses o ul illing he manda o y sha e o employmen o ci izens
wi h disabili ies. In pa icula , on he one hand, i o esees he obliga ion o employ ci izens
wi h disabili ies in he amoun o he manda o y sha e acco ding o law 63 pa . 1 le e d)
he employe , who is a public con ac ing au ho i y o a con ac ing au ho i y, may pe o m
by he implemen a ion o ese ed con ac s in public p ocu emen acco ding o a special
egula ion.61aaa). On he o he hand, he law se s up as 2,000€ he amoun o he
compe i ion p ice in public p ocu emen o include one ci izen wi h a disabili y. “The
implemen a ion o a ese ed con ac in a public p ocu emen shall be p o ed by a copy
o he ende documen s o he public p ocu emen and a copy o he con ac on he
implemen a ion o he ese ed con ac in he public p ocu emen ".
b. Addi ional coun ies
Bulga ia
In e ms o public suppo in Bulga ia, he local bodies de elop mechanisms and
p og ammes o suppo social en ep eneu ship, aiming a de eloping he egional
aspec s o he social and solida i y economy by including measu es in he no ma i e ac s
ela ed o he de elopmen o he municipali y. They also pa icipa e in he ac i i ies o he
social and solida i y economy h ough a ious o ms o coope a ion by he decision o he
municipal council. In addi ion, he Minis e o Labou and Social Policy p omo es and
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suppo s social en e p ises by p o iding me hodological assis ance in sea ching o
specialised inancing o hei ac i i y. Social en e p ises class A+ can ecei e u he
suppo , bo h inancially and conce ning hei igh o build on p i a e, municipal g ound,
while shel e ed employmen cen es ecei e public unding o hei es ablishmen .
The na ional and local public bodies suppo he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es
o people wi h disabili ies h ough ailo -made economic s imulus and o he measu es.
These can be local ini ia i es o (1) inc easing he p oduc i i y and compe i ion o he
specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies; (2) imp o ing he
people’s p oduc i i y in a specialised wo k en i onmen and p o iding hei oca ional
aining and employmen and (3) p ede e mining he inancial and economic cons ain s
o en e p ises and coope a i es. The Agency o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies can also und
he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o pe sons wi h disabili ies on a ge p ojec s
and p og ammes.
When i comes o compensa ion policies, he Bulga ian go e nmen o e s se e al suppo
measu es. En e p ises ec ui ing disad an aged pe sons can use he s a e budge o
30% o he insu ance con ibu ions (paid by he employe ) o s a e social insu ance,
compulso y heal h insu ance and he addi ional obliga o y pension insu ance o he
employed people wi h disabili ies. Mo eo e , The Agency o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies may
inance an employe unde a na ional employmen p og amme o people wi h disabili ies
o quali ica ion and equali ica ion, espec i ely aining o p o essional de elopmen , o
p o iding access o he wo kplace o a pe son wi h a pe manen disabili y, o adap a ion
o he wo kplace o a pe son wi h a pe manen disabili y, and o equipmen a he
wo kplace o a pe son wi h a pe manen disabili y. Di e en in e nship p og ammes can
be co e ed as well by he go e nmen .
All WISEs in Bulga ia a e ope a ing in p i a e ma ke s and hus de i e income om hei
economic ac i i y.
F ance
Rega ding public suppo measu es, F ench WISEs bene i om he hi ing o each agile
ull- ime wo ke om pos o ice assis ance ( he amoun o which is se each yea by he
E a). Depending on he WISE model, his amoun a ies. Speci ically, all ypes o WISEs
bene i om he public policies o in eg a ion h ough economic ac i i y.
In e ms o compensa ion policies, en e p ises ecei e incen i es o he ec ui men o
young people who li e in p io i y neighbou hoods, mo e p ecisely hey ha e access o
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5000€ pe yea o a pe iod o 3 yea s. Ano he compensa ion measu e in place is he
unding o he adjus men o wo kplace o be e sui he needs o disabled people.
Financially co e ed a e also paid in e nships o disad an aged young people in
app en iceship. En e p ises can ecei e 5000€ o young pe sons unde 18 and 8000€ o
young pe sons be ween 18 and 30 yea s.
WISEs in F ance do howe e no ecei e p i a e suppo in any o m.
Fu he mo e, i is impo an o no e ha F ench WISEs de i e 80% o hei income om
p i a e ac i i y. This a ies sligh ly, depending on he model, wi h a a e ha can go up o
90%, o e en 95%, o empo a y employmen companies. This dis ibu ion end
(public/p i a e) has been s able o se e al yea s.
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VIII. Challenges and ecommenda ions
Despi e he la ge numbe o WISE- iendly egula ions ha ha e been de eloped all o e
Eu ope, WISEs in Eu ope s ill o en ace challenges a na ional, egional o local le el.
Some o hese ba ie s ha e al eady been publicly add essed by he conce ned
s akeholde s (e.g. in he Ne he lands), o he s a e e en being aken in conside a ion in
cu en policy – o law-making p ocedu es (e.g. in F ance) – o he s howe e s ill emain
in he da k o a e no ye ackled (e.g. in Romania). Recen de elopmen dynamics
ega ding wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s can be illus a ed on he basis o he
coun ies below.
a. Hunga y
The legal amewo k in Hunga y s ands as being challenging and no su icien o bo h
educa ion and labou aspec s. In de ails, he challenges Hunga y ou lines a e as ollowing.
• Clea ecogni ion o p io lea ning p ocess: acco ding o he amended Adul
Educa ion Ac , e ec i e om 1 Janua y 2020, measu ing compe ences aims o
assess he exis ence o he equi ed compe ences o s a and comple e he aining,
bu he legisla ion does no iden i y he documen a ion, ex en and measu ing ools
o he compe ences’ assessmen . The implemen ing dec ee o he law complemen s
he de ini ion o ‘ ecogni ion o p io lea ning’ wi h ha he applican may be
exemp ed om he aining pa i hei s udies, which a e ce i ied by a documen ,
p o e o be adequa e. Thus, documen ed knowledge emains a he decision o he
aining ins i u ion/o ganisa ion. As s a ed in he implemen ing egula ion, s uden s
also ha e he igh o eques hei exemp ion om pa icipa ion, o he ecogni ion
o hei p io s udies and i is a decision o he head o he aining ins i u ion i hey
ha e igh o he exemp ion om a ending ac i i y o ce ain subjec s and hei
assessmen s, such as he ecogni ion o p io knowledge o p ac ice. The law does
no egula e he ecogni ion and alida ion o compe ences acqui ed in non- o mal
and in o mal lea ning in case o highe educa ion. I is an impo an ques ion o
adul s’ educa ion and aining. Imp o ing alida ion, assessing, and ecognising p io
knowledge is he undamen al in e es o all educa ion and aining ac o s.
• No legal amewo k o social en e p ises and WISEs o , a leas , a common
de ini ion o hem. I is he e o e ha d o desc ibe he con ex in Hunga y since he
esea che s can base jus on hei own unde s anding and on he da a om
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Hunga ian Cen al S a is ical O ice. The only exis ing model o “WISEs”, he
ehabili a ion social en e p ises, is add essed o he a ge g oup o disabled people,
excluding de ac o all he o he ulne able people. In addi ion, he inancing o he
in eg a ion o disabled people in he companies is based on an annual applica ion,
which means ha i is no possible o make a middle-long e m plan o de elopmen
and inclusion o in eg a ed wo ke s. In addi ion, social economy is no well known in
Hunga y, e en in he Economics Uni e si ies. I needs an e o o in oduce he
concep in a co ec o m: o en, people con use he non-p o i economy and he
cha i y.
• U gen need o ne wo king. E en hough he e a e in e es ing and pionee ing
good p ac ices in Hunga y, hey a e in ha d isola ion, hey do no coope a e and
o en ele an ac o s do no know each o he . This isola ion causes a weakness
since i is an obs acle o a posi i e lobby ac ion owa ds policy make s and p e en s
he sp eading o he opic in he coun y.
• The public p ocu emen egula ion s ill needs o be de eloped and imp o ed.
Also as s a ed in he Coun y Repo Hunga y 2020 accompanying he
Communica ion on 2020 Eu opean Semes e , some legisla i e changes a e
in ended o imp o e compe i ion in public p ocu emen , bu hei impac emains o
be seen.
• Un o una ely, in many cases, labou ma ke supply and demand do no mee ,
employe s a e a aid o hi e a pe son wi h a heal h impai men , due o es ablished
s e eo ypes. O en, hey a e no awa e o he wo king condi ions, special needs,
ci cums ances, he e o e he disabled employee does no ge a chance o ge o he
job in e iew a all, and he employe can assess his/he compe encies. Employe s
who employ a wo ke wi h disabili ies o en app ecia e he skills and a i udes o
hese wo ke s o e he long e m and epo ha hey y ha de , app ecia e he wo k
and wan o demons a e hei alues, he abili y o wo k.
b. I eland
WISEs ace a numbe o issues, as do o he social en e p ises and wo k-based adul
educa ion p o ide s. The ollowing lis o challenges a icula es some o he issues a
hand.
• Awa eness o Social En e p ise: The e is a dis inc lack o awa eness o social
en e p ises and wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s. The Depa men o Ru al and
Communi y De elopmen is p o iding unding o social en e p ises and suppo

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o ganisa ions o ackle some o he g ea es issues wi h awa eness: highligh ing bes
p ac ice examples o social en e p ise, con e ences, de eloping a egula newsle e
om he Depa men and in es ing in campaigns ha highligh hei wo k.
• Leade ship and go e nance: Social en e p ises ha e o en no ecei ed speci ic
suppo ha could aid and assis in hei de elopmen . Social en e p ise manage s
o en had o balance he in e es o he cha i able pu pose wi h gene a ing e enue
om selling p oduc s and se ices. Tha special a en ion o bo h he sales and
e enue and he mission and pu pose has le social en e p ises lacking suppo .
• Access o Finance: In he same way ha suppo migh no be a ailable, he legal
s uc u e o he o ganisa ion may p e en in es men om in es ing bodies. Social
en e p ises may be seen as an inc eased isk han o p i a e indi iduals (such as
c owd unding).
• Ma ke Oppo uni ies: Selling p oduc s and se ices o p i a e o public bodies o
o he adul wo k-based educa ion p o ide s has been challenging in I eland. The
I ish Social En e p ise Ne wo k has p o ided a BuySocial mo emen in line wi h bes
in e na ional p ac ices and examples; howe e , he issue equi es esou ces.
P ocu emen will begin o change in I eland wi h mo e o ganisa ions including social
and communi y bene i clauses in p ocu emen . Bu he e a e only a ew examples
a he momen and social en e p ises a e no able o scale o he ex en ha hey
migh be able o in u u e.
• Legal o m: The e is no de ined legal o m o social en e p ise in I eland. Acco ding
o he Na ional Social En e p ise Policy 2019-2022, he de ini ion does no
speci ically s a e he legal o m ha is equi ed. The ambigui y makes i mo e di icul
o de ine a social en e p ise. The e is esea ch being comple ed in I eland wi h he
DRCD and Re hink ha will be made a ailable on 6 h Oc obe 2021 ha will shed
mo e ligh on he opic.
• Da a and Impac : The e is ela i ely li le known abou he social en e p ise sec o
and all he o ganisa ions ha make i up.
c. No h Macedonia
Main issues ha wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s a e acing in No h Macedonia a e
he ollowing:
• The sys em o li elong lea ning in he coun y needs u he de elopmen o
imp o e he quan i y and quali y o adul educa ion p og ammes, mainly in he
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a ea o non- o mal educa ion. The e is a limi ed supply o high quali y and ce i ied
adul lea ning p og ammes and wo k –based adul educa ion p o ide s. The e is
ela i ely li le demand o non- o mal educa ion and aining and low awa eness
among companies o he bene i s o aining o employees. Fo ins ance, labou
o ce su ey da a shows ha only 2.3% o he popula ion aged 25 o 64 pa icipa ed
in educa ion and aining in he ou weeks p io o he su ey in 2017. This is much
lowe han he EU a e age o 10.9%. The 2016 da a om he li elong lea ning su ey
also indica es ha abou 10% o employed wo ke s aged 25 o 64 we e in ol ed in
job- ela ed non- o mal aining o educa ion (ei he paid o by hei employe o paid
o by he wo ke himsel /he sel ). In he EU, on a e age, mo e han one- hi d o
employed people (35.8%) ook pa in some job- ela ed aining o educa ion. This
da a shows ha in No h Macedonia e y ew adul s upg ade hei skills and
knowledge h oughou hei wo king li e. This p obably hinde s hei p oduc i i y, and
consequen ly hei sala y and p omo ion p ospec s.
• Acco dingly, his shows he need o mi iga e he misma ches be ween he
demand o and supply o skills. Va ious s akeholde s a e in ol ed in skills
go e nance in he coun y. These include he Minis y o Educa ion and Science, he
Minis y o Labou and Social Policy, he Employmen Se ice Agency, social
pa ne s, NGOs, esea ch bodies and in e na ional dono o ganisa ions.
d. Po ugal
As a esul o 11 in e iews om WISEs in Po ugal, he sec o shows conce ns ega ding
unding. In ac , all o 11 WISEs men ioned he need o mo e inancing in o de o hi e,
on he one hand, mo e p o essionals o suppo ainees and, on he o he , wo ke s. The e
is a bu eauc a ic load ha makes i di icul o espond in an indi idualised way o each
use . In pa icula :
• WISEs need mo e suppo and speci ic policies o do hei job on in eg a ing
ulne able people h ough wo k. Howe e , i is qui e clea o in e iewees ha
employmen in o a egula open ma ke is a goal ha bene i s a ge g oups as well
as egula en e p ises. Despi e he dimension o economic ac i i ies and he a ie y
o esou ces used by WISEs in o de o be sus ainable, o he de ac o WISEs,
economic and inancial sus ainabili y is always a challenge. Ac ually, he lack o
cla i ica ion o he concep o social en e p ise, bo h in legal e ms and also in
poli ical, ideological and public opinions, is na u ally ollowed by he lack o enabling
policy measu es clea ly suppo ing bo h social en e p ises and en e p ises o he
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social economy. Wi hou laws s ipula ing he legal and he ax egimes, he lack o
access o speci ic o new unding sou ces, he complexi y o exis ing unding
mechanisms, he lack o incen i es o social in es men and pay-by- esul s public
p ocu emen , Social Economy O ganisa ions ocus on labou in eg a ion o people
in ulne able si ua ions “a e o ced o eso o unded p ojec s, which do no
gua an ee he sus ainabili y o he esponse o hese a ge -g oups'' (Mei a &
Ma inho, 2021).
• The e is a pa adox be ween he social and economic dimensions o WISEs. I
seems e en mo e di icul o WISEs ha do no suppo people wi h disabili ies. Fo
hose who a e suppo ing his a ge -g oup he solu ion o a p oduc i e uni unde
ehabili a ion in e en ion is possible. Fo WISEs suppo ing o he ulne able a ge
g oups, as hey a e Social Economy O ganisa ions wo king in he ield o social
se ices, hey ace di icul ies wo king in an economic dimension. Reason why some
o hem c ea e a egula en e p ise. Bu , wi h no legal amewo k as a social
en e p ise, i seems ha d o keep going in he egula ma ke , in compe i ion wi h
capi alis companies.
e. Romania
The Romanian scena io p esen s he ollowing challenges:
• Despi e he p omising beginning in he ea ly 2010-2014, WISEs ha e ailed o
expand and be in eg a ed in he social and employmen se ices amewo k
and public suppo measu es. Eu opean Social Fund Na ional P og ammes ha e
ocused on s a -up en e p ises ha , gi en he bad eco-sys em, p o ed no
sus ainable – only 13 WISEs exis ed in 2020, his numbe inc easing in 2021 as a
consequence o a new ESF ound o inancing o s a -ups. The sus ainabili y o hem
seems unce ain in a con ex o lack o con inuous, sys ema ic suppo measu es
aimed a he wo k in eg a ion o he mos disad an aged and in pa icula h ough
social en e p ises. By Ma ch 2021, he e we e only 20 ac i e social en e p ises -
which had a alid social ma k ( hey had no been suspended) and wo ke s om
ulne able g oups in inse ion. They had a o al o 303 employees, o which 86 we e.
An en e p ise needs business expe ience – economic and social ac i i y p io o he
launch o a iable wo k in eg a ion p og amme. The Eu opean Social Fund g an s
p og amme ha inanced s a -ups in he ield o socio-p o essional in eg a ion o
ulne able g oups POSDRU 2007-2013 did no lead o he es ablishmen o iable
social en e p ises in he medium e m. Aimed a aligning Romanian employmen
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policies wi h Eu opean employmen policies in he ield, he ce i ica ion egime as a
wo k in eg a ion social en e p ise o inse ion has p o ed in p ac ice ine ec i e and
he e o e NGOs in he social sec o ha e no op ed o an au ho isa ion ha b ings
only o he adminis a i e asks and no public suppo measu es. The WISE model
has no been well in eg a ed ye in o he social policies and employmen measu es
o ulne able g oups, and hus has no been able o deli e he expec ed esul s ye .
• Lack o a public na ional policy suppo ing a amewo k o WISEs in Romania.
Only ESF Na ional Ope a ional P og amme suppo ed p og ammes exis o he
s a -up o WISEs. O he han ha , WISEs can only ely on symbolic suppo
measu es, namely counselling se ices o egis a ion, ma ke ing and suppo o
hei p oduc s by he local employmen se ices ha ecognise WISEs, o on exis ing
suppo measu es om o he legisla ion, which hey can bene i om based on hei
en e p ise s a us (SME, employe s o disad an aged wo ke s). Tha is why he mos
eme ging issue o WISE o ganisa ions is o ad oca e o a be e legisla ion ha no
only acknowledges he s a us o wo k in eg a ion en e p ise, bu also ecognises he
impac hese o ganisa ions ha e a a local le el and p o ides mo e ools o hem o
inc ease he size o hei ac i i ies. The i s s ep ha is cu en ly b ough o he public
a en ion is he need o subsidies and ax educ ion o he disad an aged wo ke s
employed and o he annual p o i axes.
. Se bia
Al hough he concep o li elong lea ning, oge he wi h he de elopmen o WISEs, is an
a ea o be de eloped in Se bia, hey appea pa icula ly cons ained by a lack o poli ical
will as well as s a egic managemen and public adminis a ion capaci y.
• The ad ocacy p ocess o he adop ion o he Law on Social En ep eneu ship
and using he p oposal de eloped by ci il socie y in la e 2019, as well as expanding
he WISE suppo ne wo k h ough he coope a ion o all ele an ac o s, would be
mo e e ec i e and ealis ic, i app op ia e me hods a e de eloped o measu e he
social impac hey achie e. In addi ion, i is necessa y o iden i y and implemen
ce ain p ac ical solu ions a e he adop ion o he law, such as he de elopmen o
suppo sys ems o achie e economic sus ainabili y, as well as o he needs o
suppo , coo dina ion, moni o ing and managemen o social en ep eneu ship.
Es ablishing an ins i u ional mechanism o sec o de elopmen would also
con ibu e o inc easing social cohesion and gene al us be ween he p i a e, public
and ci il sec o s. In ha ega d he e is a need o es a public dialogue. The Law
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