8 country reports on Work-based adult education providers

G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Deli e able 3.1 8 coun y epo s on Wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 2 on 106 The Eu opean Commission suppo o he p oduc ion o his publica ion does no cons i u e an endo semen o he con en s which e lec s he iews only o he au ho s, and he Agency and Commission canno be held esponsible o any use which may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein. D a by A elie e Fă ă F on ie e, Romania da e 30.11.2021 Ve sion n° 1 Re ision by Ma ina Pa e ni i, ENSIE da e 10.12.2021 Ve sion n° 2 Re ision by A elie e Fă ă F on ie e, Romania da e 23.12.2021 Ve sion n° 3 FINAL VERSION App o ed by Ma ina Pa e ni i, ENSIE da e 05.01.2022 G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 3 on 106 Table o con en s I. In oduc ion .......................................................................................................... 6 a. Objec i e ......................................................................................................... 6 b. Resea ched a ea ............................................................................................. 6 c. De ini ion ......................................................................................................... 7 II. Con ex , o e iew and ypes o WISEs .............................................................. 9 a. Hunga y ........................................................................................................... 9 b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 11 c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 12 d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 13 e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 14 . Se bia ............................................................................................................ 15 g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 15 h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 16 III. Legal amewo k o adul lea ning ................................................................... 24 a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 24 b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 25 c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 26 d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 26 e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 27 . Se bia ............................................................................................................ 29 g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 30 h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 30 Main indings .......................................................................................................... 37 IV. Consis ency wi h he EU and in e na ional policy .......................................... 38 G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 4 on 106 a. I eland ........................................................................................................... 42 b. Romania ........................................................................................................ 42 c. Se bia ............................................................................................................ 43 V. Public ecogni ion o WISEs sec o ................................................................. 45 a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 45 b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 46 c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 46 d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 47 e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 47 . Se bia ............................................................................................................ 48 g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 49 h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 50 Main indings .......................................................................................................... 58 VI. Ne wo ks and mu ual suppo o WISEs .......................................................... 59 a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 59 b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 60 c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 61 d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 61 e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 62 . Se bia ............................................................................................................ 63 g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 64 h. Eu opean ....................................................................................................... 65 VII. Funding............................................................................................................... 66 a. Focus on p ojec coun ies ............................................................................ 78 b. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 81 VIII. Challenges and ecommenda ions ............................................................ 84 a. Hunga y ......................................................................................................... 84 b. I eland ........................................................................................................... 85 G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 5 on 106 c. No h Macedonia ........................................................................................... 86 d. Po ugal ......................................................................................................... 87 e. Romania ........................................................................................................ 88 . Se bia ............................................................................................................ 89 g. Slo akia ......................................................................................................... 91 h. Addi ional coun ies ....................................................................................... 91 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 94 Bibliog aphy ............................................................................................................. 96 G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 6 on 106 I. In oduc ion a. Objec i e This epo aims a esponding o wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s ne wo k ini ia o s needs o be e unde s anding hei con ex and key s akeholde s wi h he po en ial o enable hem o scale up. Thanks o his epo , pa ne s o he Ne -Wo ks p ojec – as well as o he po en ial o ganisa ions in e es ed in c ea ing o s eng hening ne wo ks o wo k- based adul educa ion p o ide s – may iden i y key ac o s, po en ial bene icia ies, ele an legisla ion and inancial ins umen s in o o ce in he analysed coun ies. B ie ly, his deli e able esponds o he speci ic objec i e o ne wo ks capaci y-building (OMT1 Ne wo ks capaci y building) o he Ne -Wo ks p ojec , co- inanced by he E asmus+ p og amme. These objec i e add esses, in pa icula , he insu icien connec ion and ne wo king be ween he di e en subjec s in ol ed in social inclusion and adul educa ion wi hin he wo kplace and a e looking o de elop syne gies and o es ablish a dialogue ha p o ides an exchange o skills and expe iences wi hin social economy and beyond, by collabo a ing wi h public decision-make s and by ca ying ou posi i e lobbying ac ions. b. Resea ched a ea This epo analyses da a ga he ed by all p ojec Pa ne s as e lec ing he con ex o wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s’ con ex om 7 coun ies, which a e he implemen a ion coun ies o he p ojec – namely Hunga y, I eland, No h Macedonia, Po ugal, Romania, Se bia and Slo akia – on op o which, he conso ium has decided o add o he Eu opean coun ies o compa a i e pu poses, hanks o he ex en o he geog aphical scope o one o he pa ne s. Hence, he epo o e all p o ides an analysis o 19 Eu opean coun ies. Da a had been collec ed by Coun y Repo Fiche ha each p ojec Pa ne illed ou a e in dep h esea ch and analysis, as ollows: • GP – Galileo P oge i, Hunga y; • ISEN – I ish Social En e p ise Ne wo k, I eland; • CDI – Communi y De elopmen Ins i u e, No h Macedonia; • A3S – Po ugal; • AFF – A elie e Fa a F on ie e, Romania; • IDC – Ini ia i e o De elopmen and Coope a ion, Se bia; G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 7 on 106 • ASSE – Associa ion o Social Economy En i ies, Slo akia; • ENSIE – Aus ia, Belgium, Bulga ia, C oa ia, F ance, G eece, I aly, La ia, he Ne he lands, Poland, Slo enia, Spain. Acco dingly, h oughou all chap e s o his epo , i s , he esea ch ocuses o e he implemen a ion coun ies o he Ne -Wo ks p ojec , hen he epo b ie ly p esen s si ua ion and ele an in o ma ion on he abo e men ioned addi ional Eu opean coun ies, which ha e been analysed o compa a i e pu poses. c. De ini ion In his epo and in he Ne -Wo ks p ojec , he p ojec pa ne s will conside wo k- based adul educa ion p o ide s as WISEs (Wo k In eg a ion Social En e p ises), gi en ha he pa ne s a e, in ac , WISEs ne wo ks. WISEs a e de ined by h ee iden i ying p inciples: 1. They a e en e p ises whose main objec i e is he social and p o essional in eg a ion o disad an aged people; 2. They a e en e p ises a he co e o he economic sys em; 3. They de elop a s ong pedagogical dimension. He eby disad an aged people a e de ined as pe sons belonging o ulne able g oups. The In e na ional Labou O ganisa ion de ines ulne able popula ions in ela ion o access o, and need o , social p o ec ion and social se ice p o ision, in o de o be able o de elop and ha e equal chances o well-being and happiness. The mos common ulne abili ies can be easily iden i ied in di e en o ms o socie ies all o e he wo ld, being gene ally cha ac e ised by physical o men al impai men and he social s igma isa ion ha comes along. These cha ac e is ics o en embody bo h he cause and e ec o hei lack o socio-economic oppo uni ies ha ul ima ely lead o a icious ci cle om which ulne able g oups canno escape wi hou suppo . Some o hese ulne able g oups include: long e m unemployed indi iduals, ea ly school d opou s, elde ly, people a isk o po e y, you h lea ing social p o ec ion sys em, e hnic and acial mino i ies, e ugees con ic s and ex-con ic s, ic ims o domes ic abuse o human a icking, homeless people, single mo he s, people wi h subs ances addic ions. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 8 on 106 WISEs choose o wo k wi h people om hese ca ego ies ha a e s ill igno ed o no gi en enough suppo o o e come he social condi ions ha made hem a ulne able g oup om he beginning. WISEs a e ep esen ed by di e en economic ac o s s i ing o mo e inclusi e and in eg a ed o ms o employmen , such as Shel e ed Wo kshops, Social Coope a i es, o ganisa ions o e ing counselling and aining in o de o make his ype o social en e p ises mo e isible. WISEs play a undamen al ole by p omo ing and using he wo k- based lea ning me hodology, add essing mainly people in disad an aged si ua ions and social exclusion, so as o imp o e hei employabili y by p o iding he necessa y skills. This is why he e m “WISEs” is used when alking abou wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s. Key c i e ia De ini ion Examples (i.e. legal o m) Typology 1 Ins i u ionalised WISEs De ined by ad hoc legal o ms, s a uses and acc edi a ion schemes designed speci ically o WISEs (wi h a speci ic ocus on wo k in eg a ion). Shel e ed employmen , inse ion companies, oca ional aining p o ide s, con en ional en e p ises, e c. Typology 2 O ganisa ion wi h a public bene i s a us The public bene i s a us enables o ganisa ions o bene i om ax elie and o he incen i es. Associa ions, ounda ions and non-p o i companies, associa ions econnues d’u ili é publique, NGOs, e c. Typology 3 De ac o WISEs Those ha ha e no been o mally ecognised bu p oduce impo an se ices o gene al in e es Associa ions, coope a i es, con en ional en e p ises, p i a e ins i u ions o social solida i y, e c. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 9 on 106 II. Con ex , o e iew and ypes o WISEs The ailu e o mos labou policies – including combined policy measu es h ough suppo ed employmen – ha e opened he way o new ini ia i es, including he eme gence o au onomous o ganisa ions explici ly c ea ed o aining and employing disad an aged wo ke s di ec ly, ei he in s able o empo a y ways: Wo k In eg a ion Social En e p ises (WISEs). WISEs a e de ined as in he p e ious chap e . WISEs in eg a e disad an aged wo ke s in o wo k and socie y h ough p oduc i e ac i i y and pay disad an aged employees a wage ha is equal o a leas compa able o ha o o he wo ke s. Then, WISEs a e engaged in a plu ali y o income gene a ing ac i i ies. To empowe and ake s ock o he skills o disad an aged wo ke s, WISEs ha e de eloped a numbe o al e na i e s a egies. Fi s ly, hey c ea e ansi ional occupa ions ha p o ide wo k expe ience and on- he-job aining wi h a iew o suppo ing he in eg a ion o he a ge g oup in he open labou ma ke . T aining pe iods be o e ec ui men by he same WISE o by o he employe s – only pa ially paid by he same WISE o by public en i ies – a e in his case possible. In his sense, WISEs can be conside ed as wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s. Secondly, hey c ea e pe manen jobs ha a e sus ainable al e na i es o wo ke s disad an aged in he open labou ma ke . In Eu ope, he e is a big a ie y o ypologies o WISEs wi h di e en legal s a uses depending on na ional egula ions. The ollowing sec ion will gi e an o e iew o wha a e he main wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s in in o mal and non- o mal lea ning, wha he collabo a ions a e be ween hem wi hin he analysed coun y, he di e se ypologies o WISEs exis ing and hei ocus a eas o aining add essed o disad an aged g oups. a. Hunga y The concep o WISEs is qui e new in Hunga y and connec ed o he in luence in e na ional and non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions. He e he a ious ac o s wo king in he ield a e no employed in unanimous de ini ion o “social en e p ises”. The e is a lack o common e m and de ini ion, he e o e he esea che s can base jus on his own unde s anding and on da a om he Hunga ian Cen al S a is ical O ice. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 16 on 106 h. Addi ional coun ies Aus ia In Aus ia he e is no legal s a us speci ic o WISEs, one can o mula e he ypology ei he based on he legal s a us o en e p ises ha a e ecognised as “public bene i ”- en e p ises. In his case he WISEs a e classi ied in o associa ions, GmbHs and coope a i es, all h ee alling unde he ca ego y o de ac o WISEs. O one can o mula e he ypology based on he inancial suppo o WISEs: in Aus ia, WISEs ge unded mos ly h ough AMS/SMS based on “p ojec s” (cases) ha can be p o ided o SÖB (Sozialökonomische Be iebe), applying o 5,752 en e p ises, GBP (Gemeinnü zige Beschä igungsp ojek e), applying o 1,542 en e p ises, o BBE (Be a ungs- und Be euungsein ich ungen), applying o 58,251 en e p ises. These unding s uc u es hold a legal s a us. The egula ions SÖB, GBP and BBE ela e o job inclusion only, meaning no o oca ional aining. The SÖB, GBP and BBE egula ions p o ide WISEs wi h a de ac o p i ileged ma ke access ega ding AMS’ need o hese se ices. Belgium O e all, since he beginning o he 1980s, he egula ion o and suppo o WISEs has been g adually ans e ed om he ede al le el (Belgium) o he egional le el (Flande s, Wallonia, B ussels). Since 2014, all policies on social en e p ises and social economy a e au onomously aken by each egion. In Belgium, he o mally ecognised ypologies o WISEs (Typology 1) a e Collec ie maa we k (MW) ("collec i e cus omised job"), consis ing o maa we kbed ij en (MWB) and maa we ka delingen (MWA), conce ning o e all 156 WISEs, and Lokale diens eneconomie (LDE) ("p oximi y se ices") applying o 178 WISEs in Flande s. In Wallonia, he En ep ise d'Inse ion (EI) ("in eg a ion company") applying o 98 WISEs, En ep ises de a ail adap ées (ETA) ("companies o ganising wo k cus omised o pe sons wi h disabili ies") applying o 55 WISEs and Ini ia i es de Dé eloppemen de l'Emploi dans le sec eu des Se ices de p oximi é à inali é Sociale (IDESS) ("employmen de elopmen ini ia i es in he p oximi y social se ices sec o ") applying o 62 WISEs, a e o mally ecognised ypes o WISEs. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 17 on 106 Bulga ia The p ocess o legal ecogni ion o WISEs is desc ibed in he ecen ly adop ed Law on En e p ises o he Social and Solida i y Economy (2019). The law de e mines wo ypes o social en e p ises (class A and class A+). 29 WISEs in Bulga ia all in he ca ego y o Social en e p ises class A and 2 WISES in he ca ego y o Social en e p ises class A+. In bo h ca ego ies, WISEs a e o mally ecognised i hey a e egis e ed in Social En e p ises Regis y. Specialised En e p ises and Coope a i es o People wi h Disabili ies co e 217 Bulga ian WISEs, which ha e o be egis e ed in he Regis e o Specialised En e p ises and Coope a i es o and o People wi h Disabili ies o be o mally ecognised, while WISEs in he ca ego y o Shel e Employmen Cen es – cu en ly 2 – ha e o be egis e ed in he Agency o People wi h Disabili ies o be legally ecognised. C oa ia The WISEs in C oa ia a e no ecognised as a legal o m and he e o e belong o he ca ego y o de ac o WISEs. They all unde he ollowing ca ego ies: WISE associa ions (app oxima ely 10 WISEs), WISE (social) coope a i es (app oxima ely 25 WISEs), Ve e ans social wo king coope a i es (app oxima ely 10 WISEs), WISE limi ed liabili y companies (app oxima ely 5 WISEs) and WISE shel e ed o in eg a i e wo kshop (7 WISEs, in di e en legal o ms). In C oa ia, he e is no speci ic legal o m o social en e p ises. Howe e , a numbe o legal o ms may be used by social en e p ises; hese o ganisa ions mos o en egis e as coope a i es, o limi ed liabili y companies (subsidia y companies o associa ions). Eligible o ms also include ounda ions and p i a e social-wel a e ins i u ions, bu hose a e ei he a e ( ounda ions and shel e ed wo kshops) o no pe cei ed as social en e p ises (social-wel a e ins i u ions). F ance In F ance, among he ypologies ha ecognise WISEs speci ically as such a e En ep ise d’inse ion (1082 WISEs), En ep ise de a ail empo ai e d’inse ion (322 WISEs), En ep ise d’inse ion pa le a ail indépendan (13 WISEs) and En ep ise adap ée (800 WISEs). To he g oup o o mally non- ecognised de ac o WISEs belong egies de qua ie (RQ, « Neighbo hood en e p ises »), g oupemen s d'employeu s pou l'inse ion e la quali ica ion (GEIQ, « Employe s o ganisa ions o wo k in eg a ion and aining ») and cen es d’adap a ion à la ie ac i e (“Cen es o adap a ion o ac i e li e”). G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 18 on 106 G eece All ypes o G eek WISEs a e o mally ecognised as ins i u ionalised WISEs, co esponding o Typology 1. Namely, hese en e p ises a e ei he Social Coope a i es o Limi ed Liabili y (KoiSPE; 29 WISEs), Social Coope a i e En e p ises o In eg a ion o Special G oups (KoinSEpEn axisEidikonOmadon; 10 WISEs), Social Coope a i e En e p ises o In eg a ion o Vulne able G oups (KoinSEpEn axisE alo onOmadon; 33 WISEs), Social Coope a i es o Inclusion (KoiSEn; 0 WISEs), Women’s Ag icul u al Coope a i es (141 WISEs). Only jus be ween 2011 and 2021, he go e nmen legally ecognised new ypologies o WISEs in o de o acili a e he in eg a ion o o he disad an aged g oups. I aly I aly has app oxima ely 5300 Wo k in eg a ion social coope a i es as well as o he WISEs (no numbe a ailable), which a e o mally ecognised by he go e nmen as WISEs (conside ed as Typology 1). The disad an aged wo ke s employed in hese social coope a i es a e mainly disabled pe sons, bu also d ug addic s, psychia ic pa ien s and p isone s. The mos widesp ead I alian WISEs a e ecognised by a Law adop ed in 1991, bu ope a ing in I aly since he 1980s. La ia The e is only one way o ope a ing as WISE de-ju e, namely ha ing acqui ed social en e p ise s a us as a limi ed liabili y company and be egis e ed as WISE wi h he main aim o in eg a ing a ce ain g oup o ming a leas 50% o he employees (Typology 1). As o de- ac o WISEs (Typology 3), he e could be iden i ied o ganisa ions ha i he main de ini ion and c i e ia pu o wa d, bu hey would no mos ly iden i y hemsel es wi h he no ion o WISE, no he e is eliable da a on s a is ics o hem o p ope esea ch done on his opic. De- ac o WISEs mos likely a e wo king in he o m o a usual Limi ed liabili y company o NGO. O e all, WISEs in La ia belong o he ca ego y o limi ed liabili y companies wi h social en e p ise s a us, which a e o mally ecognised in La ia ia he social en e p ise s a us. Ou o all companies wi h social en e p ise s a us, 33 a e aimed a he wo k in eg a ion o disad an aged g oups. De- ac o WISEs mos likely a e wo king in he o m o a usual Limi ed liabili y company o NGO. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 19 on 106 The Ne he lands Due o he non-exis ence o a dedica ed legal s a us o s uc u e o WISEs in he Ne he lands, WISEs ope a e unde o he exis ing legal o ms: Associa ion (Ve eni-ging), Founda ion (S ich ing), Coope a i e (Coöpe a ie), P i a e company wi h limi ed liabili y (Beslo en Vennoo schap; BV) and Public limi ed company / s ock co po a ion (Naamloze Vennoo schap; NV) (Eu opean Commission, 2019: 24). WISEs a e o mally ecognised as an en e p ise unde he legal o m hey ope a e. The a ailable publica ions do no p o ide clea s a is ics on he numbe o WISEs. Poland In Poland, he e a e h ee di e en ypes o o mally ecognised WISEs (Typology 1). 1200 WISEs appea in he legal o m o an NGO, 1580 WISEs in he legal o m o social coope a i es and 136 in he legal o m o coope a i es o wo k. Non- ecognised a e howe e he 1038 de ac o WISES in o m o Ins i u ions o job sa e y (Typology 3). Slo enia Slo enian WISEs can ake he legal o ms o In alidska podje ja (company o people wi h disabili ies), applying o 145 WISEs, Zaposli eni cen e (Employmen cen es), applying o 66 WISEs o Social en e p ises, applying o 275 WISEs, all o which a e o mally ecognised ia hei legal o m (Typology 1). Spain In he speci ic case o Spain, h ee main legal and o ganisa ional o ms ha e been dis inguished as WISEs: employmen in eg a ion en e p ises, comp ising 185 en e p ises, special employmen cen es (CEEs), comp ising 2,202 en e p ises, and social ini ia i e coope a i es, applying o 850 en e p ises. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 20 on 106 The pa icula WISEs ypologies and o ms o o ganisa ions wi hin all 19 s udied coun ies a e cen alised in he able below: Coun y Typology 1 Ins i u ionalised WISEs Typology 2 O ganisa ion wi h a public bene i s a us Typology 3 De ac o WISEs Fo m o o ganisa ions Aus ia - - √ Associa ions, GmbHs, coope a i es Belgium √ - - Inse ion companies Bulga ia √ - - Shel e ed employmen cen es, specialised en e p ises& coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies C oa ia - - √ Associa ions, social coope a i es, limi ed liabili y companies, shel e ed en e p ise wo kshops F ance √ - √ Inse ion companies G eece √ - - Coope a i es Hunga y - - √ Rehabili a ion companies o people wi h disabili ies I eland √ - - Shel e ed employmen / wo kshops, local de elopmen WISEs, social economy WISEs I aly √ - - Wo k in eg a ion social coope a i es La ia √ - √ Limi ed liabili ies companies (T1), NGO (T3) The Ne he lands - - √ Associa ions, ounda ions, coope a i es, p i a e companies wi h limi ed liabili y, public limi ed company No h Macedonia - √ √ Associa ions Shel e ed wo kspaces G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 21 on 106 coope a i es Poland √ - √ NGO, social coope a i es, coope a i es o wo k Po ugal - - √ Social economy o ganisa ions Romania √ - √ Social en e p ises, wo k in eg a ion en e p ises (T1), NGOs Se bia √ - √ Associa ions, coope a i es, en e p ises o wo k in eg a ion and p o essional ehabili a ion, spin-o en e p ises, ounda ions, business incuba o s, de elopmen agencies Slo akia √ √ - Ci ic associa ions, NGO Slo enia √ - - Employmen cen es, companies o people wi h disabili ies Spain √ - - Employmen in eg a ion en e p ises, special employmen cen es, social ini ia i e coope a i es G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 22 on 106 Main indings In a nu shell, he di e se legal o ms o WISES on he na ional le el and he di e ences be ween coun y-speci ic egula ions esul in a g ea he e ogenei y o WISEs’ s a uses when ega ding Eu ope as a whole. While some na ional go e nmen s c ea ed and use WISEs-speci ic legal o ms (e.g. Belgium, G eece, I eland, I aly, Romania, Se bia, Slo akia, Slo enia and Spain), o he s do no o mally ecognise WISEs ia WISE-speci ic legal o ms, bu ia o he means, e.g. he Ne he lands, whe e WISEs ope a e and a e ecognised unde o he exis ing legal o ms, bu no as social en e p ises o WISEs o Hunga y whe e he e is no e en a common unde s anding on he concep o social en e p ise as well as o mal ecogni ion od o ganiza ion suppo ing ulne able people o he s han hose wi h disabili ies. No h Macedonia, o example, does no ecognise o mally WISEs s ill hey ha e speci ic legal o ms o associa ions, shel e ed wo kspaces and coope a i es. Ano he example is C oa ia whe e WISE associa ions and (social) coope a i es a e ecognised as po en ial social en e p ise (S a egy o Social En ep eneu ship De elopmen ). In coun ies like F ance, La ia and Poland, whe e gene ally o icial legal o ms o WISEs exis , no all en e p ises ha in eg a e disad an aged pe sons o wo k a e included in his ca ego y. Bulga ia, addi ionally, in oduced he concep o o mally ecognised Shel e ed wo kshops o disabled, which a e no social en e p ises, jus employe s wi h a leas 30% disabled employees. Coun ies like Bulga ia equi e WISEs o be enlis ed in ce ain egis e s in o de o be o mally ecognised. In o he coun ies again, i is easonable o classi y acco ding o di e en c i e ia han he legal o m o he en e p ise, which be e i he na ional pa icula i ies. Fo ins ance, in he case o Aus ia, classi ica ion is ca ied ou acco ding o he legal s a us o he p ojec -based inancial suppo o WISEs. An in e es ing example o social economy in Eu ope is he case o Po ugal ha had implemen ed du ing 1998 o 2015 a o mal WISE law add essed o ulne able g oups ega ding employmen , so ha legally ecognised he s a us o WISEs. E en so, he law had been abolished du ing he las economic c isis and cu en ly he e is no legal ame o ecognise WISEs in Po ugal. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 23 on 106 Adul educa ion p o ide s in o m o WISEs in he di e en coun ies in Eu ope employ and he e o e ain and educa e all ypes o disad an ages wo ke s, o al e na i ely, o WISEs wi h a ce ain legal s a us, a ge only speci ic g oups like people wi h disabili ies, ( ehabili a ed) (ex-) d ug addic s, psychia ic pa ien s, ( eleased) p isone s, pe sons wi h men al heal h p oblems, ic ims o domes ic iolence, homeless, mig an s, e ugees and asylum seeke s, women o u al a eas, e c. Adul educa ion p o ide s in o m o WISEs in he di e en coun ies in Eu ope employ and he e o e ain and educa e all ypes o disad an ages wo ke s, o al e na i ely, o WISEs wi h a ce ain legal s a us, a ge only speci ic g oups like people wi h disabili ies, ( ehabili a ed) (ex-) d ug addic s, psychia ic pa ien s, ( eleased) p isone s, pe sons wi h men al heal h p oblems, ic ims o domes ic iolence, homeless, mig an s, e ugees and asylum seeke s, women o u al a eas, e c. I is sugges ed aking in o accoun numbe s o es ima ion o social en e p ises, whe he ele an , exis ing in EU coun ies (Table 14, p. 106-107 o he S udy Social En e p ises and hei ecosys ems in Eu ope). G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 24 on 106 III. Legal amewo k o adul lea ning In Eu opean coun ies, he e a e nume ous oppo uni ies o adul aining and educa ion p o ided o disad an aged pe sons ha a e based on na ional o egional labou policies. In gene al, he ole o labou policies is o ensu e ha all wo ke s can ind sui able jobs ha allow hem o make adequa e use o hei capabili ies and o acqui e any missing abili y ha may boos hei compe i i eness. To his end, he e a e a numbe o policies designed o sus ain disad an aged wo ke s by c ea ing, imp o ing and main aining employmen oppo uni ies o hese. Regula ions in place in his ield in Eu opean coun ies a e a ge ing di e en disad an aged people g oups, allowing hem o bene i om suppo measu es adap ed o hei speci ic si ua ion. Unemployed people a e he eby especially in he ocus, hey can, o example, access educa ion and aining measu es aiming a up- and eskilling. The e a e, howe e , di e ences in he coun y-speci ic egula o y policies on oca ional aining in i s a ious con ex s. a. Hunga y The Go e nmen Dec ee 1603/2014 (XI.4.) is he dec ee on adop ing he Hunga ian Na ional Social Inclusion S a egy II, he F amewo k S a egy o he policy o li elong lea ning, he S a egy o he De elopmen o Public Educa ion, and he Medium- e m s a egy agains lea ing school wi hou quali ica ions. The s a egy has h ee main objec i es: 1) p omo e li elong lea ning, imp o e accessibili y o aining; 2) consolida e li elong lea ning in he adul educa ion and aining sys em; 3) isibili y and ecogni ion o he alue and esul s o lea ning. Acco ding o he p eamble o Ac LXXVII o 2013 on Adul Educa ion, he aims o he Ac a e “ o make Hunga ian inhabi an s capable o mee ing he challenges o economic, cul u al and echnological de elopmen ; en e he wo ld o wo k success ully; succeed in li e and ha e an imp o ed li ing quali y om adul lea ning, i is necessa y o ha e be e o ganisa ion in oca ional, o eign language and s a e-suppo ed aining and imp o e he quali y o he con en and ein o ce he supe ision o implemen a ion”. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 25 on 106 The e m adul aining e e s o o ganising adul lea ning ou side he school sys em. I includes oca ional aining as well as o ganised aining aimed o o m and de elop compe ences. F om Sep embe 2020, he p epa a ion o a oca ional quali ica ion o a pa ial oca ional quali ica ion is a high p io i y in he Hunga ian poli ical agenda. The la ges g oup ainings a e oca ional quali ica ions ha can be ob ained in he amewo k o VET ins i u ions o in adul aining ins i u ions. The aining pa icipan ecei es a ce i ica e a e comple ing he oca ional aining. This is a p e equisi e o a quali ying examina ion ha can be aken a a aine -independen , s a e-acc edi ed examina ion cen e. A e comple ing he quali ying examina ion success ully, he examinee acqui es a s a e- ecognised ce i ica e o oca ional quali ica ion. Thus, he aining ins i u ions and he examina ion cen es a e becoming sepa a ed. Voca ional ins i u ions a e quali ied as acc edi ed examina ion cen es un il 31 Decembe 2025, acco ding o he empo a y p o isions o he Ac on Voca ional Educa ion and T aining. b. I eland In I eland, Fu he Educa ion and T aining (FET) is p incipally publicly unded by he Depa men o Educa ion and Skills, h ough SOLAS, he Fu he Educa ion and T aining Au ho i y, and deli e ed locally h ough he Educa ion and T aining Boa ds. The ocus o SOLAS’ s a egy is on skills, on ac i e inclusion and on imp o ing he quali y o FET p o ision by expanding he e idence base o he cen al pilla s o he S a egy as well as inclusion o ela ed in e dependen pa s o a quali y FET amewo k. A key aspec o he FET S a egy is he p o ision o quali y educa ion and aining solu ions ha espond o employe s' exis ing and e ol ing needs while c ea ing high quali y po able skills o lea ne s, alued by lea ne s and by employe s bo h na ionally and in e na ionally. The e o e, he ea ly iden i ica ion o e ol ing skill needs is c ucial o he success o he S a egy. FET p og ammes a e adminis e ed by he Educa ion & T aining Boa ds (ETB). The e a e 16 ETBs ac oss I eland, he la ges o which is he Ci y o Dublin Educa ion & T aining Boa d. They a e esponsible o he deli e y o a ange o Adul Educa ion p og ammes. Communi y educa ion is ou side he o mal educa ion sec o , wi h he aims o enhancing lea ning, os e ing empowe men and con ibu ing o ci ic socie y. I is loca ed in communi ies and he con en o he cou ses a e based on he needs o indi iduals and G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 32 on 106 Employmen Agency inc eases he employabili y o unemployed people om disad an aged g oups on he labou ma ke h ough oca ional aining, aining in key compe encies and social skills o o e come inconsis encies in he labou ma ke . The en olmen se ice aims a unemployed pe sons (adul s) who wish o acqui e new key compe encies o p o essional quali ica ion o gua an ee he subsequen success ul ealisa ion o he labou ma ke . The Agency also suppo s he labou ma ke in eg a ion o o eigne s who ha e been g an ed e ugee o humani a ian s a us in he cu en yea o he p e ious wo calenda yea s h ough p o iding Bulga ian language aining, oca ional aining and insu ance o subsidised employmen . Funds o p omo ing employmen o disad an aged people a e among o he s p o ided o schola ship, anspo and accommoda ion expenses o he unemployed pe sons pa icipa ing in aining o li e acy, acquisi ion o p o essional quali ica ion o key compe encies. C oa ia Acco ding o he Ac on P o essional Rehabili a ion and Employmen o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies, PWD ha e a igh o p o essional ehabili a ion, which, among o he , include p og ammes o aining, educa ion, as well as imp o emen o wo k and social skills. P o essional ehabili a ion is o ganised by he Cen es o p o essional ehabili a ion, as public o ganisa ion, o in coope a ion be ween he Cen e and educa ion ins i u ion. Since 2007, C oa ian Go e nmen has implemen ed he P og amme o esocialisa ion o people wi h subs ance abuse diso de s who wen h ough ehabili a ion, wi h an aim o educa ion o employmen , and consequen ly hei success ul esocialisa ion. The P og amme includes he ollowing measu es: p equali ica ion and educa ion du ing o a e hei s ay in ehabili a ion communi y o penal ins i u ion, measu es wi hin ALPM p og amme, o o he ac i i ies o employmen and esocialisa ion p o ided by CSOs o local go e nmen . In 2017, C oa ian Go e nmen adop ed Guidelines o Implemen a ion o Ac i e Labou Ma ke Policies o he pe iod 2018-2020. In acco dance wi h hese Guidelines, he C oa ian Employmen Se ice implemen s measu es in ela ion o aining and educa ion, o example employmen sub en ions, educa ion o unemployed and employmen seeke s, aining a wo kplace, educa ion o basic p o essional and social skills ( o long e m unemployed) and aineeship /app en iceship. F ance In F ance, educa ion pa hs, like second-chance schools o NEETs a e accessible o disad an aged pe sons. Second Chance Schools welcome young people unde he age G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 33 on 106 o 26 who ha e le he school sys em wi hou quali ica ion o diploma. They a e pa o he measu es implemen ed o help hem gain access o quali ying aining and en e he labou ma ke . The second chance schools o e a h ee-pa cou se: an upg ade o basic knowledge (F ench, ma hema ics, gene al cul u e, o ice au oma ion, in e pe sonal skills), wo k placemen s (almos hal o he cou se) and cul u al and spo ing ac i i ies. Depending on he le el o he young pe son upon a i al in a Second Chance School and he p ojec es ablished, schooling can las om 4 mon hs o 2 yea s. Bu on a e age, he educa ion las s 6 and a hal mon hs. A he end o his cou se, he ainee ecei es a ce i ica e o acqui ed skills. F ance is also he only coun y wo ldwide ( oge he wi h Singapo e) p o iding a legisla i e amewo k in he o m o Indi idual Lea ning Accoun s (ILAs), in F ench called Comp e P o essionel de Fo ma ion, CPF). ILAs a e i ual indi idual accoun s in which aining igh s a e accumula ed o e ime. They a e indi idual in he sense ha esou ces a e only mobilised i aining is ac ually unde aken. They p o ide indi idual lea ning en i lemen s o aining. G eece Fou main amewo ks apply in G eece o adul lea ning. • Second Chance Schools, which cons i u es an inno a i e public adul educa ion school o wo academic yea s’ du a ion. A ce i ica e equi alen o seconda y school diploma is p o ided a e success ul a endance. The school’s cu iculum di e s om ha o he no mal educa ion, i is mo e lexible, and i ollows an adap ed eaching me hodology and assessmen o he ainees. The Second Chance Schools we e es ablished in G eece by he Law 2525/97. The Second Chance Schools a ge people abo e 18 yea s old, who ha e no comple ed he compulso y seconda y educa ion, ha ing he goal o acili a e hei access o he labou ma ke . • Li elong Lea ning Cen es (LLLCs), whe e non- o mal educa ion ac ions and in pa icula gene al adul educa ion ac ions a e implemen ed. LLLCs a e add essed o all unemployed and employed adul s. To ensu e equal access o gene al adul educa ion ac i i ies, special ca e will be aken o membe s o socially ulne able g oups, mig an s, and esiden s o emo e - inaccessible a eas. • Voca ional T aining Cen es o e se ices on oca ional aining and ehabili a ion o people wi h disabili ies h ough hei shel e ed wo kshops. • Voca ional T aining o disabled people by OAED, The Manpowe Employmen O ganisa ion is c ea ed exclusi ely o adul s wi h disabili y and p o ides se ices in G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 34 on 106 he ield o educa ion and aining o ulne able social g oups. Eligible o pa icipa ion a e people wi h physical disabili ies, mobili y p oblems, o ganic diseases, dea ness and hea ing impai men , ligh in ellec ual disabili ies, isual impai men including blindness, psychological diseases. I aly Mos o he egions p o ide speci ic aining cou ses o people wi h disabili ies and o en o a ew o he disad an aged ca ego ies. La ia Voca ional aining and non- o mal aining p og ammes a e o ganised by he PES (La ian Public Employmen Se ice) o egis e ed unemployed and job seeke s. The leng h o aining p og ammes may a y. Pa icipan s a e ecei ing inancial suppo du ing he aining as well as o addi ional expenses like sign language in e p e e s. Since June 2020, o imp o e he condi ion o he unemployed a ec ed by he COVID-19 c isis, oca ional aining measu es a e supplemen ed wi h s udy modules o e ed by uni e si ies. The Social In eg a ion S a e Agency (SIVA) o e s se e al educa ional p og ammes o pe sons wi h disabili ies a wo king age (15 o 62). Voca ional ehabili a ion includes se e al p o essional aining p og ammes, psychosocial suppo , medical ehabili a ion, accommoda ion, ca e ing and pu pose ul leisu e ime. In SIVA, i is possible o acqui e o ins ance oca ional basic educa ion – compu e use. Measu es o Inc ease Compe i i eness (MIC) a e aimed o p omo e he compe i i eness o he unemployed job seeke s and people a isk o unemploymen in he labou ma ke . MIC include 5-56 academic hou s cou ses, E-lea ning cou ses o psychological suppo , acqui ing job seeking me hods and he necessa y abili ies and skills demanded in he labou ma ke , e.g. CV w i ing. The S a e Educa ion De elopmen Agency (SEDA) implemen s he p ojec “Implemen a ion o oca ional educa ion p og ammes o young people no in employmen and aining” - he measu e aims o p o ide suppo o hose young people who ha e le school o aining wi hou achie ing quali ica ion and who ha e no succeeded in he labou ma ke . G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 35 on 106 The Ne he lands Municipali ies a e esponsible o social assis ance, ein eg a ion, pa icipa ion, and adul educa ion. The schemes, including he WMO and Pe sonal Budge (PGB), men ioned abo e, o e ex a suppo when people a e unable o pa icipa e due o limi a ions. Examples a e sign language in e p e e s a educa ional ins i u ions o wheelchai anspo a ion o mobili y impai ed and wheelchai -bound people. This is made a ailable o he speci ic needs o an indi idual. The e is also an educa ion budge o people ecei ing Wajong o WIA- unemploymen bene i s. Disad an aged pe sons wi hou p e equisi e quali ica ions can ge oca ional aining. The possibili ies di e be ween municipali ies. The WMO accommoda es he implemen a ion o ca e by he municipali ies and also o e s day ime ac i i ies (dagbes eding) which c ea es a pa hway owa ds he labou ma ke . Poland T aining consis s o ex acu icula ac i i ies aimed a ob aining, supplemen ing, o imp o ing skills and p o essional o gene al quali ica ions necessa y o pe o m wo k, including he abili y o seek employmen . T aining is ini ia ed and o ganised by he s a e and inanced by he Labou Fund. Du ing he aining, he s uden is en i led o a schola ship. G oups en i led o access aining oppo uni ies a e unemployed pe sons, jobseeke s who a e in he pe iod o no ice o employmen o se ice ela ionship o easons ela ing o he wo kplace, a e employed by an employe ha has been decla ed bank up o is in liquida ion, excluding liquida ion o he pu pose o p i a isa ion, o ecei es a social bene i due o mining lea e o mining social bene i . Social assis ance can be p o ided o ce ain pa icipan s. Slo enia A icle 56 o he Slo enian Cons i u ion s a es ha all ci izens mus be p o ided equal igh s and oppo uni ies o educa ion and aining. The e o e, people wi h disabili ies mus be gi en equal oppo uni ies o pa icipa e h oughou he educa ion sys em in egula and special p og ammes a all le els. The Placemen o Child en wi h Special Needs Ac s a es i also includes “child en, mino s and young adul s wi h special needs and, excep ionally, G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 36 on 106 adul s o e he age o 21 yea s up o and including he age o 26, who a e con inuously educa ed in adap ed oca ional and p o essional educa ion wi h an equi alen educa ional s anda d and in a special ehabili a ion p og amme, and adul s o e he age o 21 up o and including he age o 26 who a e included in he adul educa ion and aining p og amme as pa o a special p og amme o child en wi h mode a e and se e e men al di icul ies.” Slo enia he e o e does no p o ide inclusi e educa ional op ions o people wi h mode a e and se e e disabili ies, bu a he al e na i e educa ion h ough di e en p og ammes. In heo y, hese p og ammes should p o ide an equal educa ional s anda d o he gene al educa ion sys em whe e possible. Spain In Spain, he e a e di e en oca ional aining schemes. VET de elopmen in Spain is no as ma u e as compulso y educa ion (up o 16) and uni e si y. In gene al, i has less de elopmen and consolida ion in p ac ice, al hough he e a e egions wi h a longe ajec o y such as he Basque Coun y. As i is no compulso y educa ion, he e is no legal obliga ion, o a leas no so in ensely, o implemen inclusi e lea ning measu es, h ough suppo s ha a e a ailable o a g ea e ex en in compulso y educa ion: suppo eache s, con en adap a ion and assessmen es s, sign language in e p e a ion (ILS), e c. Rega ding people wi h disabili ies, o p o iles such as isual impai men , he collabo a ion o o ganisa ions such as he Spanish Na ional O ganisa ion o he Blind (ONCE) con ibu es o a be e supply o suppo p oduc s. In con as , Specialised VET (including Local T aining and Rec ui men Agencies) in ela ion o di e en g oups in disad an aged si ua ions ha e expe ience in adap ing o hei needs and equi emen s, acco ding o di e en p o iles. In he case o disabili y, hey know be e hei speci ic needs and adap eaching o hei equi emen s o a g ea e ex en , wi h a a ie y o educa ional inclusion s a egies: eache aining, suppo p oduc s, ILS, pe sonal assis ance, among o he s. In ac , a pa o hese Specialised VET cou ses a e deli e ed by associa ions o speci ic disabili y p o iles. On he o he hand, uni e si ies ha e made e y signi ican p og ess in ecen yea s in imp o ing ca e o s uden s wi h disabili ies, h ough guidance and suppo in di e en aspec s: eache awa eness, suppo p oduc s, ILS, easonable adjus men s in he assessmen , some imes pe sonal assis ance, among o he s. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 37 on 106 Main indings O e all, he e is a la ge numbe o measu es add essing adul educa ion, aining as well as upskilling and eskilling in Eu opean coun ies. These mos ly a ge unemployed and disabled people, bu , depending on he coun y- also apply o o he ulne able g oups, like young people, women, d ug addic s, e c. The suppo measu es mos ly consis o skill aining classes and quali ica ion cou ses, o which go e nmen s p o ide inancial co e age. In some coun ies ( o example, Romania, No h Macedonia), he e a e public schools o adul s who d opped ou school ea lie so ha hey ha e a second chance o basic o mal educa ion a any age and adjus ed as lea ning hou s and cu icula so ha adul s can a end school and, a he same ime, ha e a job o aking ca e o hei child en. Addi ionally, oca ional aining and ca ee guidance is p o ided wi hin he amewo k o special o ms o employmen , namely shel e ed and suppo ed employmen , in mos Eu opean coun ies. These aining measu es enable disad an aged o disabled employees o en e he egula labou ma ke o al e na i e o ms o employmen , o – in he case o suppo ed employmen – p omo e hem in he egula labou ma ke , mos ly h ough aineeships and on- he-job aining. Wi h a endency owa ds ein o cemen o ac i e labou ma ke policies in Eu ope, aining and educa ion oppo uni ies o disad an aged people in he con ex o employmen inc ease. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 38 on 106 IV. Consis ency wi h he EU and in e na ional policy WISEs and social en e p ises a e mo e and mo e impo an and complemen a y ac o s o social and p o essional inclusion and inno a ion. The WISE model o e s people wi h suppo needs, who a e he mos a ec ed by social inequali ies, employmen oppo uni ies so hey can access/ ein eg a e decen wo k condi ions and social p o ec ion h ough a job. These oppo uni ies p o ide hem wi h a decen sala y, necessa y quali ica ions ( ha go hand in hand wi h he digi alisa ion o ou socie ies), upskilling and eskilling oppo uni ies and allow hem o be be e in eg a ed in o he labou ma ke , especially in he cu en con ex o he g een and digi al ansi ions. Fi s , h ough di e si ied and inno a i e ac i i ies, WISEs di ec ly and indi ec ly con ibu e o he implemen a ion o se e al Eu opean Pilla o Social Righ s p inciples. Please, ind below he p inciples ela ed o WISEs and a sho explana ion o WISEs’ suppo . • Educa ion, aining and li e-long lea ning WISEs o e quali ica ions and on he job aining o disad an aged people and p omo e li elong lea ning. • Gende equali y The p omo ion o gende equali y emains a p io i y in he social economy sec o . • Equal oppo uni ies By employing and empowe ing disad an aged and excluded people, WISEs con ibu e o he educ ion o inequali ies. WISEs aim o in eg a e people su e ing om se e al social and p o essional di icul ies, suppo ing he mos disad an aged ones o en e he labou ma ke and be o e ed access o se ices and oppo uni ies. • Ac i e suppo o employmen WISEs o e employmen oppo uni ies o he mos ulne able people h ough a s ong economic ac i i y and on wo k-based aining and con ibu e o a sus ainable economic and social de elopmen o he e i o y hey ope a e. The a ge g oup o WISEs is a he wide and include long e m unemployed people, NEETs, women, people su e ing om addic ion o ex-p isone s. The speci ic pedagogical dimension o WISEs make i possible o empowe he wo ke s when i comes o employmen issues as well as o he p o essional o social di icul ies. Tailo made pa hways a e designed o WISEs wo ke s, suppo ing hem h ough a job o a quali ica ion wi hin he en e p ise. • Secu e and adap able employmen G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 39 on 106 WISEs a e o e ing decen jobs and sala ies o he mos ulne able g oups. Ge ing a job is usually a i s s ep o disad an aged people in e-en e ing he socie y by p o iding hem wi h access o basic se ices and social p o ec ion. WISEs p o ide ailo ed solu ions o wo ke s, wo king on skills and abili ies o he pe son acco ding o pe sonal si ua ion. Di e en solu ions can be hus ound o suppo he pe son such as quali ica ions, wo k-based lea ning, adap ed wo king ime, e c. • Wages WISEs a e comba ing in-wo k po e y and o e decen sala ies o he disad an aged people. A job and hus a sala y is usually an oppo uni y o he mos disad an aged ones o ge back in o socie y h ough adequa e li ing condi ions. • Social dialogue and in ol emen o wo ke s Mos WISEs a e implemen ing pa icipa i e managemen which include a s ong in ol emen o wo ke s in he decision making p ocesses o he en e p ise. Following he social economy p inciple, one pe son one o e, WISEs y o educa e and in ol e he wo ke s in he company’s de elopmen . • Wo k-li e balance WISEs pu people a he co e o hei wo k and y o adap hei unc ioning aiming he wellbeing o wo ke s. Flexible employmen oppo uni ies o speci ic se ices de eloped wi hin he en e p ise a e examples o inno a i e solu ions designed by WISEs o encou age wo k-li e balance. • Heal hy, sa e and well-adap ed wo k en i onmen and da a p o ec ion WISEs a e implemen ing an adap ed wo king en i onmen conside ing he needs o he disad an aged people. In some cases, WISEs also employ people wi h disabili ies and hus adap he wo kspaces. When i comes o heal h o sa e y a wo k, WISEs a e no only ul illing s anda ds bu also encou aging sa e y beha iou s and solu ions in he wo kplace h ough pa icipa i e managemen . • Social p o ec ion Social p o ec ion is s ongly linked o employmen con ac s. This is he eason why WISEs choose o o e employmen oppo uni ies h ough an employmen con ac , enabling he disad an aged people o ge back hei igh s o social p o ec ion. • Unemploymen bene i s WISEs y o in eg a e unemployed people, including he long e m unemployed on he labou ma ke . ENSIE is con inced ha unemploymen bene i s mus be alloca ed du ing he ac i a ion pe iod o people, oge he wi h a ailo ed accompanimen o he pe son owa ds a job on he labou ma ke . Indeed, he expe ience o WISEs wo ke s show ha anyone can encoun e some social, heal h o p o essional di icul ies in i s li e and ge ouble o e-in eg a e he labou ma ke and socie y. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 40 on 106 • Inclusion o people wi h disabili ies In some EU coun ies, WISEs a ge g oup can include people wi h disabili ies. Di e en pa ne ships be ween WISEs and shel e ed wo kshops a e also implemen ed. Indeed, i is c ucial o o e employmen oppo uni ies and social accompanimen o all ci izens. Rega ding he EPSR Ac ion Plan, published by he Eu opean Commission in 2021, i is sugges ed eading ENSIE posi ion on he EPSR Ac ion Plan o a ocus on pa s ha a e o pa icula in e es o WISEs. Second, WISEs con ibu e o di e en SDGs, in pa icula : • No Po e y WISEs p o ide disad an aged g oups wi h wo k o aining oppo uni ies by allowing hem o be able o ha e an employmen con ac and, acco dingly, a sala y o own subsis ence cos s, educing he po e y a e. • Quali y educa ion and p omo e li elong lea ning Th ough employmen and aining oppo uni ies WISEs o e echnical and oca ional skills o he ulne able people by p omo ing li elong lea ning pa hways. • Gende equali y P omo ion o equal oppo uni ies and gende equali y is one o he ho izon al objec i es o WISEs. Gende mains eaming and p omo ion o di e si y policies is a p inciple belonging o mos social en e p ises. • Decen wo k and inclusi e and sus ainable economic g ow h Many WISEs ep esen good p ac ices o wo k in eg a ion o NEETs, mig an s, women, e c. in exclusion si ua ion. WISEs ha e a s ong economic ac i i y locally ancho ed and con ibu e o a sus ainable economic and social de elopmen o he e i o y hey ope a e in. The p o i in es men , p inciple o social economy applied o WISEs, is hen ein es ed wi hin he en e p ise, which ensu es a sus ainable g ow h. • Sus ainable indus ialisa ion and os e inno a ion WISEs a e ope a ing in e y di e en ac i i ies ields: om ag o-indus y o ex iles and ga men s always by ying o c ea e new employmen oppo uni ies. WISEs answe o local need in an inno a i e way, hey a e also always looking o inno a i e economic niches o de elop and sus ain he needs o hei e i o ies. • Reduced inequali ies WISEs, by employing and empowe ing disad an aged and excluded people, a e he eal and ans e able examples ha he h ee dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen (economic, social and en i onmen al) can exis wi hin a company. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 41 on 106 • Sus ainable ci ies and communi ies WISEs always y o answe o he local needs o a communi y. Many examples o posi i e coope a ion among WISEs and local s akeholde s allow o build a sus ainable en i onmen , whe e he in eg a ion o disad an aged people does no only bene i o he indi idual, bu o he communi y as a whole. Acco dingly, one can alk abou wo k and social in eg a ion wi h posi i e ou comes owa ds he en i e communi y. • Responsible consump ion and p oduc ion Mos pa o se ices and goods p o ided by WISEs a e linked o ci cula economy, p omo ing ecycling and sus ainable ini ia i es. • Clima e ac ion Se e al WISEs a e ac i e in he en i onmen al ield, deli e ing se e al ac i i ies linked o was e collec ion, ecycling, eusing and ea men , by con ibu ing o he igh agains he clima e change. Also, conce ning ini ia i es on skills las ly adop ed o cu en ly in he p ocess o adop ion by he Eu opean Commission, such as he Pac o Skills, mic o-c eden ials and Indi idual Lea ning Accoun s (ILAs), hey a e e y impo an o he de elopmen o li elong lea ning and could pa ially eshape he way WISEs wo k is ecognised. In pa icula , ega ding he Eu opean Commission’s ini ia i e o an Upskilling pa hways ecommenda ion, ENSIE has published i s eedback he e. Highligh s a e he ollowing. ENSIE welcomes he ini ia i e on p omo ing he access o basic skills o low-skilled adul s and wish o emphasise ha WISEs would also be he ideal en i onmen o he compe ence imp o emen o adul s belonging o disad an aged g oups, also when i comes o long- e m aining o employees. Upskilling should be accessible o people bo h in he wo k en i onmen and ou o he wo k en i onmen . The wo kplace, which is he place whe e social in e ac ion is p esen , is an en i onmen conduci e o he de elopmen o he needed wo k and key p o essional and social skills. Hence, wo k en i onmen , on he one hand, gi es he oppo uni y o de elop some key skills, and, on he o he , can be exploi ed as a didac ic en i onmen o espond o pedagogical objec i es. WISEs, in o he wo ds, can p o ide a se ies o daily si ua ions o conc e ely ace and pu in p ac ice wha hey a e lea ning. As examples on how some o he coun ies analysed by cu en esea ch a e gene ally aligned wi h EU and in e na ional policy, e oca i e a e he cases o he ollowing. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 48 on 106 iden i y as social en e p ises o WISE do no apply o he ce i ica ion o ecogni ion. The law om 2015 and i s amewo k om he HG 585/2016 s ipula e mo e obliga ions han bene i s. The economical equi emen s and p ede ined numbe o ulne able employees o WISE a e e y o en ha d o con ol as mos social en e p ises om Romania do no ha e sus ainable sou ces o income, bu depend on yea o yea on p i a e inances. The coun y plans o adul educa ion a e elabo a ed wi hou he pa icipa ion o hose a ge ed and o NGOs ac i e in wo king wi h disad an aged g oups, social se ice p o ide s and social en e p ises. Socio-p o essional in eg a ion se ices a e no ecognised as social se ices o employmen se ices - so hey do no bene i om he suppo o public employmen policies a ge ing disad an aged wo ke s. Many public social se ices ins i u ions ely on he WISE p o ide s o wo k in eg a ion, educa ion and p o essionaliza ion o he ulne able g oups ha ha e a ha d ime o in eg a e in he open labou ma ke . E en i hey a e he only cons an public pa ne o WISEs in he wo k educa ion p og ammes, hese local social se ices a e mo e o en han no o ally missing om he communi ies. In such ins ances, he local pa ne WISEs ha e o iden i ying he po en ial adul lea ne s a e he NGOs ha suppo local communi ies and ha e a be e unde s anding o hei needs by wo king closely wi h hem on a daily basis. Ano he impo an pa ne o mos WISEs in Romania is he p i a e sec o . P i a e companies usually suppo wo k in eg a ion p og ammes by buying goods and se ices om WISE o ganisa ions ha a e ce i ied as Au ho ised P o ec ed Uni s, and e y o en hey o e inancial suppo and sponso ships o WISEs ha canno ha e inancial s abili y and p o ide educa ional in eg a ion p og ammes a he same ime wi hou legisla i e exemp ions. . Se bia When i comes o he ins i u ional amewo k and li elong lea ning public policies, he only public body a he cen al le el ha di ec ly deals wi h social en e p ises is he wo king g oup o he Minis y o Labou , Employmen , Ve e ans and Social A ai s. The Minis y wo ked on he D a law bu did no di ec ly con ibu e o he de elopmen o social en ep eneu ship h ough he suppo sys em. Howe e , since he p e ious legal o ms a e mos ly inadequa e and uns imula ing o social en e p ises, mos o hem ha e been es ablished in he o m o associa ions. Ano he eason is ha mos o he ini ia i es come om he non-p o i sec o . The e o e, he adop ion o speci ic legisla ion ha will di ec ly ela e o he ecogni ion o WISEs is conside ed necessa y and bene icial in e e y sense. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 49 on 106 This p ocess should begin wi h he amendmen o exis ing laws in o de o expand he space o he de elopmen o social en ep eneu ship in gene al and enable i s sus ainabili y. When his is ho oughly wo ked on, WISEs will ha e a s ong ounda ion o wo k a ou ably on s eng hening he economy and employmen policy. Since he e a e al eady indica ions in some laws ha e e o he de elopmen o he sec o , hese laws should be amended o u he de elop hese al eady de ined o ms. g. Slo akia The aim o Ac no. 112/2018 Coll. on he social economy and social en e p ises is o c ea e sui able condi ions o he de elopmen o he social economy and social en ep eneu ship in Slo akia. To his end, he law in i s pa s es ablishes he subjec s o he social economy, en e p ises in he wide social economy (social en e p ise and en e p ise wi h social impac ), o ganisa ions o he social economy sec o , p o iding suppo o en e p ises in he wide social economy and de ines he social economy sec o and s a e adminis a ion in he ield o social economy. WISE en i ies collabo a e wi h he NGO sec o on an ad- hoc basis, when hey a e app oached o be pa ne s in a p ojec . Wi hin he con ex o social en e p ises de elopmen , a na ional p ojec o he Ins i u e o Social Economy was implemen ed by he Implemen a ion Agency o he Minis y o Labou , Social A ai s and Family o he Slo ak Republic wi hin he Ope a ional P og amme Human Resou ces in he p og amming pe iod 2014-2020. The aim o he p ojec is o c ea e and e i y adjus men o he suppo o he de elopmen o he social economy in he Slo ak Republic on he basis o Ac No. 112/2018 Coll. on he social economy and social en e p ises and on amendmen s o ce ain ac s. As a pa o he p ojec ’s ac i i ies, he e is a ne wo k o suppo i e Regional Social Economy Cen es being es ablished. Pa o his p ojec helped building a suppo in as uc u e o he de elopmen o he social economy in Slo akia. I in ol es he educa ion and aining o public employmen se ices ins i u ions’ employees pa icipa ing in he de elopmen o egional employmen . Regional Cen es a e c ea ed o p o ide he suppo needed o es ablishmen and de elopmen o social en e p ises/WISEs. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 50 on 106 h. Addi ional coun ies Aus ia In Aus ia he e is no legal s a us speci ic o WISEs, he ypology is ei he based on he legal s a us o en e p ises ecognised as “public bene i ”-en e p ises, di e en ia ing be ween associa ions, public bene i limi ed liabili y companies and coope a i es, o on he inancial suppo o WISEs. In Aus ia, WISEs ge unded mos ly h ough AMS/SMS based on “p ojec s” ha can be p o ided o SÖB-, GBP o BEEs. Addi ionally, o en e p ises ul illing ce ain c i e ia on social inclusion, AMS unds and A bei plus (P3) can awa d ce i ica es (“Gü esiegel ü soziale Un e nehmen”) ha a e ecognised in he quali y managemen p og amme o he EU (EFQM) as “Recognised o Excellence”. A speci ic legal de ini ion has i s bene i o he o mal ecogni ion o WISEs and may become mo e and mo e ele an in u u e, especially ega ding unding om he EU. WISEs would p obably bene i om such a legal de ini ion, when i comes o aining me hods, ep esen a ion in he ne wo k o social inclusi i y as well as aining and educa ion owa ds social inclusion (s udying o wo k in/ o WISEs) and oca ional ainings ( ha WISEs p o ide o disad an aged people). Wi h he less de ined s a us o WISEs simpli ies coope a ion wi h AMS, SMS and o he (go e nmen al) ac o s, as unding can be wo ked ou mo e p ojec - ela ed. Belgium Since 2014, all he policies a ound social en e p ise and he social economy a e aken au onomously by each egion (Flande s, Wallonia, and B ussels). In Flande s, di e en dec ees egula e he go e nmen ’s suppo o social en e p ises and WISEs. The i s one suppo s social en e p ises ac oss all ypes and ields (Onde s euningsdec ee ). The o he s a e limi ed o he ield o p oximi y se ices (Lokale diens eneconomie) (since 1 Janua y 2015) and, inally, since Janua y 2019, Collec ie maa we k has eplaced he egula ions o shel e ed and social wo kshops (Beschu e we kplaa sen en Sociale we kplaa sen). In Wallonia, in o de o be ecognised as EIs o disad an aged wo ke s (in eg a ion companies, he ypical WISEs model), IDESS (employmen de elopmen ini ia i es in he p oximi y social se ices sec o ) o ETAs (companies o ganizing wo k cus omised o pe sons wi h disabili ies), en e p ises mus mee ce ain c i e ia ha a e laid down in di e en go e nmen dec ees. These condi ions conce n o ins ance he company’s G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 51 on 106 social objec i e and economic ac i i y, he numbe o disad an aged o disabled people employed and measu es o be aken o suppo hem. Bulga ia The p ocess o legal ecogni ion o WISEs is desc ibed in he ecen ly adop ed Law on En e p ises o he Social and Solida i y Economy (2019), which de e mines wo ypes o social en e p ises: class A and class A+. The social en e p ises class A need o ca y ou a social ac i i y p oducing social added alue, include employees in decision-making, spend mo e han 50% and no less han EUR 3,834.69 o ca ying ou social ac i i y o pu poses and employ no less han 30% and no less han h ee pe sons o disad an aged o disabled wo ke s. The social en e p ises class A+ (mee ing all equi emen s o he EU de ini ion in e e ence wi h he economic, social and inclusi e go e nance dimension) mus addi ionally ope a e in municipali ies wi h o e -a e age unemploymen a es, spend mo e han 50% and no less han EUR 38,346.90 o ca ying ou social ac i i y o ha e a leas 30 disad an aged pe sons employed wi hou in e up ion du ing he las six mon hs. O he legal o ms a e specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies. The Law on Pe sons wi h Disabili ies (2019) gi es hem legal ecogni ion i hey a e lis ed unde ce ain laws and egis e s, p oduce goods o se ices and ha e a ela i e sha e o people wi h pe manen disabili ies depending on he ype o disabili y. Shel e ed employmen cen es can be es ablished on a p ojec -basis by specialised en e p ises, coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies, o any legal en i y. C oa ia In C oa ia, he e is a lack o o icial de ini ion and s a us as well as low le el o ecogni ion o hese en i ies in e ms o being social en e p ises o wo k in eg a ion social en e p ises. E en hough he e is no speci ic legal o m o social en e p ises, a numbe o legal o ms may be used by social en e p ises, mos ly coope a i e (including Ve e ans social wo king coope a i es), o limi ed liabili y company (subsidia y companies o associa ions). Eligible o ms also include ounda ions and p i a e social-wel a e ins i u ions, bu hose a e ei he a e ( ounda ions and shel e ed wo kshops) o no pe cei ed as social en e p ises (social- wel a e ins i u ions). Social en e p ises a e egula ed h ough se e al ac s, depending on he legal o ms unde which hey ope a e. Cu en legisla ion ha may be ele an o social en e p ises include he Ac on Associa ions, he Ac on Coope a i es, he Company Ac , he Ac on Founda ions and he Ac on Public Bene i O ganisa ions. O he legisla ion may also be ele an , such as he Ac on he Voca ional Rehabili a ion and Employmen G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 52 on 106 o Disabled Pe sons and he Ac on Public P ocu emen . Speci ic legisla ion designed o ecognise WISEs a he na ional and/o egional le el would be bene icial, as i would gi e hem a clea e s a us, enable ecogni ion wi hin he wel a e s a e (which would os e inclusion in he ele an s a egies and ac ion plans) and impo an ly enable hem o use Eu opean unds. On he o he hand, mo e impo an would be wide policy ecogni ion. F ance F ance has been a pionee in he de elopmen o he concep o "social economy”, in 1979 being issued he i s ci cula which ecognised WISE. The i s public p og amme which suppo s social en e p ises had been adop ed in 1985. Al hough o malisa ion o WISE s a u es is o icially da ed in1991. In Sep embe 1998 a new iscal di ec i e p o ec WISEs, who dis inguish di e en ype o axa ion (mainly o associa ions), depending on hei "luc a i e" cha ac e . In 2005, public au ho i ies ecognised WISE as s akeholde s in he igh agains unemploymen . Wi h he adop ion o a amewo k law dedica ed o he SSE in 2014, F ance c ea es inancial e o m o WISE (wi h an inc ease o public aids). In addi ion o associa ions, coope a i es, mu ual socie ies and ounda ions, which a e adi ionally conside ed as he undamen al o he social economy, he law opens up he ield o he SSE o p i a e companies whose economic ac i i y aims a social u ili y as long as hei managemen and o ganiza ion espec a se o condi ions, o example ega ding in pa icula he limi ed edis ibu ion o p o i s. G eece The i s ypology o WISEs in G eece was o mally ecognised by A icle 12 o Law 2716/1999 o he ‘De elopmen and Mode nisa ion o Men al Heal h Se ices’ unde he o m o SCLL (KoiSPE). SCLLs aim a he socio-economic in eg a ion and wo k inclusion o indi iduals wi h men al heal h p oblems and a e de ined by hei cha ac e as an en e p ise wi h a comme cial s a us bu also as a men al heal h uni . Many yea s la e , Law 4019/2011 ins i u ionalised Social and Solida i y Economy in G eece, in oducing, among o he o ms o social en e p ises, SCEs o In eg a ion (KoinSEpEn axis), a WISE ypology pu suing exclusi ely he wo k in eg a ion o disad an aged people. Two o ms o SCEs o In eg a ion exis , namely SCEs o In eg a ion o Vulne able G oups and SCEs o In eg a ion o Speci ic G oups. The law was subs i u ed in 2016 by Law 4430/2016 which is in o ce un il oday. SCLLs a e au oma ically conside ed as SCEs o In eg a ion. The G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 53 on 106 mos ecen WISE o m was in oduced by A icle 143 o Law 4600/2019 unde he legal o m o SCIs (KoiSEn), simila o he o m o SCLLs. SCIs aim a he socio-economic in eg a ion and wo k inclusion o indi iduals wi h subs ance abuse p oblems who a end o comple ed p og ammes o social e-inclusion by a lis o o ganisa ions. They ope a e as an en e p ise, in ol ed in comme cial ac i i ies, bu also as a uni o social inclusion. Women’s Ag icul u al Coope a i es we e i s in oduced unde Law 921/1979 and hei legal s a us changed se e al imes, mos ecen ly by A icle 2 o Law 4384/2016, in oducing special p o isions o he Women’s Ag icul u al coope a i es. Thei membe ship consis s exclusi ely o women. I aly In I aly, Law 381/1991, which egula ed social coope a i es - by a he la ges o m o social en e p ise in I aly - on a na ional le el, p o ided ha hey could no only o e pe sonal ca e se ices ( he so-called " ype A social coope a i es"), bu also employ disad an aged wo ke s in business ac i i ies ( he so-called " ype B social coope a i es"). The disad an aged people employed mus he eby cons i u e 30% o he wo k o ce. Social coope a i es o wo k in eg a ion enjoy some speci ic and addi ional incen i e measu es o hose p o ided o he gene ali y o coope a i es. Fo disad an aged wo ke s he e is also a educ ion in social secu i y con ibu ions. The second impo an p o ision o Law 381/1991 conce ns he possibili y o public bodies o s ipula e con en ions wi h wo k in eg a ion coope a i es aimed a hi ing disad an aged people. Following Law 381/1991, applica ion no ms we e app o ed in all egions which 1) de ined he ules o he c ea ion o egional egis e s o social coope a i es, and 2) p o ided u he incen i e measu es. S a ing in 2005 (Law 118/2005) and 2006 (Legisla i e Dec ee 155/2006, applica ion o he 2005 legisla ion), he igu e o he social en e p ise o labou inse ion was also in oduced and la e e ised wi h Law 106/2016 and hen wi h Legisla i e Dec ee 112/2016. This egula ion allowed social coope a i es ha deal wi h wel a e se ices (and he e o e no social coope a i es o wo k in eg a ion) o ca y ou employmen se ices ac i i ies (essen ially "suppo ed employmen ") and in oduced a b oade de ini ion o disad an age o non-coope a i e social inse ion en e p ises, based on EU de ini ions. In ac , he cases o wo k in eg a ion social en e p ises o he han social coope a i es a e e y limi ed in I aly. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 54 on 106 La ia Since 2014, signi ican changes in he legal amewo k ha e de e mined he ope a ion and de elopmen o social en e p ises. In La ia, he concep o social en e p ise is in eg a ed in o s a egic policy documen s— in he Sus ainable De elopmen S a egy o La ia un il 2030 and in he Na ional De elopmen Plan o La ia 2014–2020, in which i is de ined as one o 98 op ions o implemen he ac i i y o “decen wo k”. On Oc obe 30, 2014, he Cabine o Minis e s suppo ed he d a concep “On he Possibili ies o Implemen ing Social En ep eneu ship in La ia”, en isaging he launch o a pilo p ojec wi hin he Eu opean Union unds p ojec o es and de e mine he bes solu ions o social en e p ise c ea ion and de elopmen . In o de o social en e p ises o be o med in La ia, hei ope a ion o be success ul and o expand, a legal amewo k is needed, p o iding bo h c i e ia o ob aining he s a us o a social en e p ise and p ocedu es, as well as egula ions on how he s a e will suppo his ype o en ep eneu ship. Suppo measu es o WISEs a e de eloped in acco dance wi h ESF p ojec Measu e 9.1.1.3 “Suppo o Social En ep eneu ship” o he Ope a ional P og amme “G ow h and Employmen ” Speci ic Suppo Objec i e 9.1.1. “Inc ease he Inclusion o Disad an aged Unemployed People in he Labou Ma ke ”. The Ne he lands The e is no dis inc i e legal amewo k o WISEs in he Ne he lands, bu di e en s akeholde s ha e emphasised he need o a dedica ed legal o m o op imally achie e hei goals. An impo an s ep owa d a legisla i e p oposal was he announcemen o a consul a ion by he minis y o Economic A ai s and Clima e in Ma ch 2021. A dedica ed legal o m o social en e p ises would s eng hen acknowledgemen and ecogni ion, p o i would be e ained o u u e de elopmen and expansion o he social en e p ise. I would also gua an ee he dis ibu ion o p o i and epo ing on he social impac , po en ially a ac in es o s o business deals and p o ide mo e quan i a i e in o ma ion on he si e and scope o social en e p ises. An a gumen o main ain he s a us quo is ha social en e p ises ha e been doing well o e he yea s and he e is a ise o social en e p ises, which migh sugges ha a dedica ed legal o m is unnecessa y. Mo eo e , he conce n o ‘social washing’ has been aised. To coun e social washing, social payo and social impac should be measu ed o de e mine he “socialness” o en e p ises and s ingen equi emen s on epo ing could be in oduced. The ad an ages o a legal amewo k would also apply o WISEs. Being ecognizable o business ela ions could a ac new con ac s o in es men s, allowing WISEs o g ow and s eng hen hei ma ke G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 55 on 106 sha e. This could also po en ially s eng hen he ela ion be ween WISEs, municipali ies and UWV, ega ding public p ocu emen and pa ne ships o example. Poland In e ms o de ini ion, he new KPRES (Na ional P og amme o he De elopmen o he Social Economy KPRES), which was adop ed in 2019, changes among o he s he scope o he concep o social economy en i ies. In u n, i es ic s social economy en i ies in he ield o coope a i es only o employee coope a i es and includes shel e ed employmen es ablishmen s among social economy en i ies. In o mal ini ia i es we e ea ed as su oundings o he social economy. The go e nmen is also wo king on a d a law on social and solida i y economy, which is o de ine among o he s social en e p ises and egula e he s a us o a social en e p ise, i s ac i i ies, and he ela ed igh s. An impo an e en in 2017 was he amendmen o he law on social coope a i es, which in oduced among o he s many acili ies in he c ea ion and ope a ion o social coope a i es, as well as he use o a ious powe s and s a e suppo by social coope a i es. The in oduc ion o obliga o y o ms o consul a ion wi h employees, as well as he obliga ion o ensu e ha he equi ed pa icipa ion o people om g oups a isk o social exclusion among membe s o he coope a i e is main ained no only du ing i s c ea ion bu also in he cou se o i s ac i i y, esul ed in he ac ha he social coope a i e became he only legal o m ha by s a u e, i mee s he c i e ia o a social en e p ise en i ling i o ecei e suppo om he Eu opean Social Fund. Thanks o his, he social coope a i e is also he only legal o m ha by law mee s he c i e ia o en i ies o which pa icipa ion in he public p ocu emen p ocedu e may be limi ed by A icle 138p o he Public P ocu emen Law. Ne e heless, i seems ha in he legal sphe e, he e a e s ill mo e challenges han he esul s achie ed. In he o hcoming u u e, he mos impo an challenge will be he adop ion o a law ha aims a de ining he sphe e o he social economy. Ano he challenge is o egula e issues such as axes, especially VAT, s a e aid o he uni ica ion o igh s o all social en e p ises, ega dless o he legal o m. Slo enia Among he solu ions o he complex s a e o employmen , a ious o ms o social en e p ises we e es ablished in he pas , among hem he Slo enian equi alen o WISEs. WISEs, howe e a e no o mally ecognised as a ca ego y bu a e e e ed o as employmen cen es, companies o people wi h disabili ies and social en e p ises, which a e u he di ided in o ounda ions, ins i u ion, coope a i e o o he . The e a e a numbe G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 56 on 106 o social en e p ises and o he o ms o employmen ha ul il all c i e ia o a WISE, bu a e ha d o disce n due o he complexi y o he si ua ion. Any WISE o social en e p ise in Slo enia is a non-p o i legal en i y. Any such en i y can acqui e he s a us o a social en e p ise p o ided i mee s ce ain c i e ia, like economic and non-economic ac i i ies, es ic ed dis ibu ion o p o i s o membe s o s akeholde s, independency o o -p o i companies, legal en i ies go e ned by public law o local communi ies and pa icipa ion and democ a ic decision-making. Mo eo e , i mus o example de ine he me hod o managing a social en e p ise based on equali y; de e mine whe he he social en e p ise also in ol es olun ee s in he wo k as well as he me hod o s akeholde pa icipa ion in managemen (consul a ion, manda o y opinion, e c.), e c. Spain In Spain, h ee main legal and o ganisa ional o ms ha e been dis inguished as WISEs: employmen in eg a ion en e p ises, special employmen cen es (CEEs) and social ini ia i e coope a i es. This ype o company has been legally es ablished in acco dance wi h he p o isions o Law 44/2007 and he LISMI Law (Law o Social In eg a ion o People wi h Disabili ies o 1982). The e a e 4 legisla i e ex s ha a e ele an in he a ea o social economy and he di e en ypes o WISEs in Spain. The Law 5/2011 on Social Economy (2011) did no c ea e (o egula e) a new legal en i y ype, bu simply g oups en i ies wi h speci ic legal o ms and pu s hem unde uni e sal alues, such as he sup emacy o he pe son o e capi al, he dis ibu ion o p o i s ha a e no acco ding o capi al p o ision and de o ion o social sec o s and independence om public powe . The Law 44/2007 on Employmen In eg a ion En e p ises egula es ha WISEs p o ide employmen , o ien a ion and educa ion mainly o pe sons a isk o social exclusion. O he c i e ia like minimum employmen pe iods and a es, a ge g oups and in es men o su pluses ha e o be ul illed. Special Employmen Cen es (CEE) de ined by Royal Dec ee 2273/1985 and Royal Dec ee 469/2006 p ima ily ha e o ocus on p o iding wo ke s wi h disabili ies wi h paid employmen and o acili a e hei access o he labou ma ke . They may be c ea ed by public adminis a ion bodies (di ec ly/in collabo a ion), by en i ies, o indi iduals, legal en i ies o legally associa ed pa ne ships wi h a legal capaci y o ope a e as businesses. Depending on he legal s a us o he ounding body, CEEs may be public o p i a e o -p o i o no - o -p o i cen es. Finally, Law 27/1999, o July 16 on Coope a i es ecognises 12 ypes o coope a i es, which can ob ain he quali ica ion o “Coope a i e o social ini ia i e”. P ac ically, all he egions excep he Cana y Islands ha e de eloped hei own egula ions on coope a i es. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 57 on 106 The able below e lec s he syn hesis o he exis ing legal amewo ks o WISE ecogni ion wi hin he 19 esea ched Eu opean coun ies. Coun y Exis ing legal amewo k o WISEs Since The e is none o inadequa e legal amewo k o WISES Commen s Aus ia - none - Belgium 2014 - The e a e egional policies Bulga ia 2019 - C oa ia - none F ance 1979 - - G eece 1999 - - Hunga y - - Excep ion: ehabili a ion en e p ises o people wi h disabili ies I eland 2019 - I is a policy, no a speci ic law I aly 1991 - - La ia 2014 - - The Ne he lands - - - No h Macedonia - - The e a e legally ecognised: Associa ions Shel e ed wo kspaces Coope a i es. Poland 2019 - - Po ugal - - The e was a speci ic law o WISEs du ing 1998- 2015. The law is cu en ly abolished. Romania 2015 - - Se bia 2022 - - Slo akia 2018 - - Slo enia - - - Spain 2007 G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 64 on 106 a s ong ini ia i e o his associa ion o join he SENS ne wo k, and hus con ibu e o a common mission. UIPS is ep esen ing he in e es s o en e p ises o p o essional ehabili a ion and employmen o pe sons wi h disabili ies wi h he aim o encou aging, suppo ing and acili a ing hei de elopmen . I s ision is o comba disc imina ion in he labou ma ke and o s i e o p o ide equal oppo uni ies o people wi h disabili ies o ecei e p o essional aining and employmen . • IRIS Ne wo k, ounded in 2012, is he only egional ne wo k ha b ings oge he CSOs social se ice p o ide s in Sou h Eas Eu ope. I connec s cu en ly 200 membe o ganisa ions ha p o ide di e en ypes o social se ices o di e en ulne able g oups: people wi h disabili y, child en, and you h a isk, women ic ims o amily iolence, e ugees, asylum seeke s, e c. IRIS ne wo k ocuses on p omo ing he ole o non-p o i social se ice p o ide s and p o iding o i s membe s he mos ele an in o ma ion in he ield o social inclusion, p o ision o social se ices, e c.. IRIS is o e ing o i s membe s educa ional ma e ials, specialised ainings, s udy ou s, access o g an s, exchange o knowledge. g. Slo akia • ASSE Slo akia is an associa ion ha b ings oge he and p omo es he in e es s o social en e p ises a he local, egional, egional and na ional le el. The Associa ion o Social Economy En i ies - ASSE as he umb ella o ganisa ion o he social economy sec o (in acco dance wi h Ac No. 112/2018), was na u ally es ablished by he need o he ep esen a i es o indi idual o ganisa ions in o de o ep esen and ep esen he in e es s o social en e p ises in Slo akia. I p o ides consul a ions and aining o 60+ membe o ganisa ions, connec s hem wi h po en ial clien s and ep esen s hem in mee ings wi h ep esen a i es o minis ies. • ASES SK aims o be a pla o m o he coope a ion o all hose o whom ac i i ies con ibu e o he de elopmen o he social economy in Slo akia, as well as o join ac ion in all impo an a eas ha uni e us. The social economy, and especially social en ep eneu ship, is in i s in ancy, and al hough a good legisla ion al eady exis s oday, i will no be able o be ully implemen ed i i does no ha e he suppo o public au ho i ies. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 65 on 106 h. Eu opean ENSIE is he Eu opean Ne wo k o Social In eg a ion En e p ises, whose mission is he ep esen a ion, main enance and de elopmen o ne wo ks and ede a ions o WISEs wi hin Eu ope. ENSIE’s objec i es a e: • To ein o ce he powe o ac o s in economic social in eg a ion en e p ises h ough he in e change be ween he membe o ganisa ions; • To s imula e co-ope a ion and pa ne ships by p omo ing p ope p ac ices, esea ch esul s, new applica ions; • To o ganise he exchange o in o ma ion on he legisla i e na ional and local policy le els be ween membe o ganisa ions; • To ep esen he ne wo k and o p omo e all o i s ac i i ies on all pe inen Eu ope- an le els; • To elabo a e on he con ibu ions and p oposals in o de o pa icipa e in he de ini ion o a Eu opean policy agains social exclusion; • To de elop a close and solid collabo a ion wi h o he Eu opean ne wo ks ac i e in he social economy wi h he objec i e o ob aining syne gic esul s. The ENSIE cons i u ion is a complemen a y ounda ion s one whose pu pose is he p o- mo ion o good p ac ices, he expansion o con ibu ions, and he de elopmen o p oposi ions in o de o p epa e he way o i s pa icipa ion in de ining Eu opean policy in i s ba le agains social exclusion. ENSIE ga he s 29 na ional, egional and local ne wo ks in 21 coun ies ac oss he EU (+ Se bia and Moldo a), o a o al o 3000 WISEs ep esen ing 187,000 disad an aged wo ke s. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN VII. Funding The acknowledgmen o he capaci y o WISEs o ackle se e e unemploymen issues has led o he design o speci ic policy measu es a EU, na ional and local le el aimed a a ou ing he s a -up and consolida ion o WISEs. One o he ca ego ies o labou policies o inc ease employmen oppo uni ies is compensa ion policies, which a e designed o encou age en e p ises o employ disad an aged wo ke s by compensa ing hem o he lowe p oduc i i y o he disad an aged wo ke s employed o o he hi ing and aining cos s in ol ed. Public g an s and subsidies a e he mos common ways o suppo WISEs. Signi ican di e ences a e howe e o be no iced ac oss EU MSs, depending on he speci ic a ge o he policy measu es in place (e.g., en e p ises – exclusi ely WISEs/all SMEs including WISEs – o he disad an aged pe sons in eg a ed). Suppo o WISEs is also p o ided h ough he educ ion o axes and social secu i y con ibu ions aimed a educing he cos o labou o any disad an aged wo ke employed. Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) Co po a e ax exemp ion (on p o i s) Yes o all ypes o WISEs in Aus ia, Belgium and La ia - - Yes, bu only o some ypes o WISEs in Bulga ia, C oa ia, G eece, I aly and Spain No o all ypes o WISEs in all Eu opean coun ies excep o some cases in I aly as well as o Social Ini ia i e Example: Spain, o all companies: The mos impo an educ ion e e s o he hi ing o wo ke s wi h disabili ies. The deduc ion o he ull quo a a ies be ween 9,000 and 12,000 EUR o each pe son / yea o inc ease in he a e age numbe o wo ke s wi h disabili ies, depending on he le el. The deduc ed amoun o job c ea ion is subjec o he limi o 35% o he adjus ed ull quo a. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 67 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) Coope a i es and Special Employmen Cen es (CEEs) in Spain Social Ini ia i e Coope a i es usually all in o he ca ego y o "p o ec ed co- ope a i es" o he pu poses o Law 20/1990 on Fiscal Regime o Coope a i es: The educ ion in p o ec ed coope a i es is 20% o coope a i e esul s. I can each 50% o he quo a among hose specially p o ec ed. F eedom o amo isa ion o new amo isable ixed asse s, acqui ed wi hin a pe iod o h ee yea s om he da e o hei egis a ion in he Coope a i es Regis y. A he egional le el, he Regional Go e nmen o Na a a and he Basque Coun y ha e hei own ax egime and compe ence o e his ax. O he egional go e nmen s do no ha e egula o y au ho i y in ma e s o Co po a ion Tax o Value Added Tax, bu hey do o e pa o pe sonal income ax, and o he axes. Yes o Typology 1 and 2 in Hunga y. Some cases o de ac o WISEs - Yes, Associa ions and Founda ions, Non-p o i companies i public bene i o ganisa ions. Excluded he Social Coope a i es. Yes o WISEs Typology 2 and 3 in No h Macedonia - Non-p o i o ganisa ions (including non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions, eligious and humani a ian o ganisa ions, ade unions, poli ical pa ies, e c.) a e axed on income om hei business ac i i ies (i any) i hei o al annual e enues a e highe han MKD 1 million. The CIT would be calcula ed as 1% o he o al annual e enues om business ac i i ies, dec eased by he p esc ibed ax exemp ion o MKD 1 million Yes, o WISEs Typology 2 in Romania - Au ho ised P o ec ed Uni s (UAT) do no pay he p o i ax, bu hey ha e o ein es 75% o he po en ial ax in he en e p ise and i ’s employees. Yes, o En e p ises o in eg a ion o The co po a e income ax a e is p opo ional and amoun s o 10% o all. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 68 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) pe sons wi h disabili ies and CSO (Ci il socie y o ganisa ions) in Se bia EIPWD: An employe , who employs a pe son wi h a disabili y o an inde ini e pe iod o ime in acco dance wi h he law go e ning he p e en ion o disc imina ion agains a pe son wi h a disabili y, is eleased om he obliga ion o pay calcula ed and suspended income ax o a pe iod o h ee yea s om he day o employmen . CSO: I pe o ming economic ac i i y di ec ly, unde ce ain condi ions, de ined by he Law on Co po a e Income Tax, he e is a igh o ax exemp ion. I hey do no mee he p esc ibed condi ions, hey a e subjec o he obliga ion o pay he gene al co po a e income ax a e o 10% VAT exemp ion o educed a e Yes o all ypes o WISEs in Aus ia (p elimina y, p ojec - ela ed) and Slo enia - - Yes, bu only o some ypes o WISEs in Belgium and C oa ia Example: Belgium WISEs can bene i om a educed VAT a e (6% ins ead o 21%) when hey sell ecycled o eused goods ha ha e been collec ed eely ( o example ga men s o elec onic de ices). This iscal ad an age isn' applicable o all WISEs. I 's only applicable o a limi ed MWBs (maa we kbed ij en) and LDEs (lokale diens en- economiebed ij en) in Flande s and EIs (en ep ises d'inse ion) and EFTs (en ep ises de o ma ion pa le a ail) in Wallonia, because no all WISEs sell ecycled o eused goods ha ha e been collec ed eely - Slo enian WISEs (Companies o people wi h disabili ies, employmen cen es and social en e p ise) - G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 69 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) In some cases o WISEs Typology 2 in I eland - Cha i ies engaged exclusi ely in such ac i i ies a e nei he obliged no en i led o egis e and accoun o VAT on hei income. In ce ain ci cums ances he ac i i ies o a cha i y may be conside ed o be in compe i ion wi h comme cial ade s and he cha i y may hen be equi ed o egis e and accoun o VAT on hese ac i i ies. Fo WISEs classi ied as Typology 2 and 3 in No h Macedonia - Taxpaye s ab oad he coun y and who do no pe o m any u no e o do no due ax on he u no e , on eques and in a special p ocedu e, he inpu VAT ha was paid acco ding o in oices o ope a ions ca ied ou by domes ic axpaye s, will be paid o , i he legal equi emen s o e u ning o he ax a e me . This exemp ion is applied unde condi ion ha he axpaye is egis e ed as VAT axpaye in his coun y and he e is ecip oci y be ween he Republic o Macedonia and he coun y in which he axpaye is esiden . NGOs ha e a igh o eques e u ning o he calcula ed VAT on shipmen s owa ds hem by he axpaye s in he coun y and o he impo implemen ed owa ds hem i : The u no e o goods owa ds hem o he impo we e no exemp om axa ion; VAT o he conduc ed u no e on goods is sepa a ely s a ed in he in oice and paid wi h he paying o he pu chase p ice; The ax due on impo s is paid; The goods a e ans e ed ab oad and used o humani a ian, cha i y o educa ional pu poses. Yes, o CSO (Ci il socie y o ganisa ions) in Se bia - CSO: exemp om alue added ax o income up o a de ined amoun o 500.000 sd Yes, o WISEs classi ied as 1 and 2 Typology, in Slo akia - VAT exemp ion o educed a e Typology 1: RSP - educ ion o VAT o 10% o con ac s o s a e and public adminis a ion en i ies A educed ax a e o 10% o he axable amoun shall apply o goods and se ices supplied as pa o he G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 70 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) ac i i ies o he social economy by a egis e ed social en e p ise which uses 100% o i s p o i a e ax o achie e i s main objec i e, supplies o an eligible cus ome , p o ided ha his does no dis o compe i ion incompa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke , whe e he eligible cus ome is ano he pe son as a axable pe son i i is a na u al pe son, a social economy en i y o a public adminis a ion en i y. ". Typology 2: Pu suan o § 50 and § 51 o he VAT Ac , a non-p o i o ganisa ion - a VAT paye - may deduc ax in ull o in a p opo ional amoun om he o al ax which he axpaye is obliged o pay o he ele an ax pe iod. When deduc ing ax in acco dance wi h he p o isions o Sec ion 49 o he VAT Ac , i is necessa y o assess whe he he goods o se ices a e ecei ed exclusi ely o axable ansac ions in which ax becomes cha geable, whe he he goods o se ices a e ecei ed exclusi ely o axable ansac ions ha a e exemp om ax in pu suan o he p o isions o Sec ions 28 o 42 o he VAT Ac , whe he he goods o se ices a e accep ed o axable ansac ions in which a ax liabili y a ises and a he same ime o axable ansac ions ha a e exemp om ax pu suan o Sec ions 28 o 42 o he VAT Ac . Subsidy o he ec ui men o disad an aged wo ke s Yes o all ypes o WISEs in Aus ia (p ojec - ela ed), Belgium, C oa ia, F ance, La ia, Slo enia and Spain Yes o all ypes o WISEs in Aus ia, Belgium, Slo enia and Spain Example: F ance The WISE bene i s o he hi ing o each agile ull- ime wo ke om pos o ice assis ance ( he amoun o which is se each yea by he E a). Depending on he WISE model, his amoun a ies. Thus, in eg a ion en e p ises (IEs) ecei e job assis ance o each ull- ime equi alen € 10,751; empo a y wo k companies (ETTi): € 4,341; in eg a ion en e p ises h ough sel -employmen (EiTI): € 5,670. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 71 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) Fo adap ed companies (EA), his amoun a ies depending on he age o he disabled wo ke suppo ed: - 15,585 eu os o wo ke s unde he age o 50 yea s; - 15,787 eu os o wo ke s aged 50 o 55 yea s; - 16,192 eu os o wo ke s aged 56 and o e . Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in Hunga y - Only o people wi h disabili ies! I ’s no a eal subsidy o he ec ui men , bu he subsidy he disabled pe son ecei ed is used as a sala y. Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in I eland - - Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in No h Macedonia - The Law on Employmen o Disabled Pe sons en isages measu es o imp o ing he condi ions o employmen and wo k o a disabled pe son a e: -g an ing non- e undable unds o pe manen employmen o an unemployed disabled pe son, adap a ion o he job whe e he disabled pe son will wo k i i is needed and p ocu emen o equipmen acco ding o he c i e ia and in a manne de e mined by an ac o he Minis e o Labou and Social Policy; - ax exemp ion and p o ision o unds o con ibu ions and - inancial suppo in he ope a ion. Yes, o all WISEs as Typology 3 in Po ugal - - Incen i e ATIVAR.PT: Financial suppo o employe s who sign pe manen o ixed- e m employmen con ac s o a pe iod equal o o g ea e han 12 mon hs. The con ibu ion may be highe i he pe son is a disad an aged wo ke * o i i is a job loca ed in he inland e i o y. - In e nship ATIVAR.PT: Di ec ed o p i a e en i ies, i is an in e nship om 9 o 12 mon hs non-ex endable, in o de o p omo e he inclusion o young people in o he labou ma ke o he p o essional econ e sion o he unemployed. The e is a co-paymen be ween 65% and 95 % plus ood allowance, anspo cos s and G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 72 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) insu ance agains acciden s a wo k. The con ibu ion may be 15% highe in speci ic cases such as encou aging he de elopmen o inland e i o ies. - Employmen -In eg a ion Con ac +: p omo ing en i ies a e non-p o i collec i e, public o p i a e en i ies. Unemployed ca y ou socially necessa y wo k ( hey a e no wo ke s, don' ecei e a sala y bu a mon hly s ipend) ha mee s empo a y social o collec i e needs, wi hin he scope o p ojec s p omo ed by public o p i a e non-p o i collec i e en i ies, o a maximum pe iod o 12 mon hs. I hey a e bene icia ies wi h disabili ies and incapaci y, 549,16€ o en i ies o he local business sec o and 593,04€ o p i a e non-p o i en i ies. In he o he cases, 351,05€ € o en i ies o he local business sec o and 394,93€ o p i a e non-p o i en i ies. - In eg a ion in e nships: a ge ed people wi h disabili ies and incapaci y; i is an in e nship o 12 mon hs, non-ex endable and aims o de elop ac i i ies in a wo k con ex . Di ec ed o p i a e en i ies, wi h o wi hou p o i , includes a co-paymen be ween 80% and 95% o he schola ship plus ood allowance, anspo cos s, insu ance agains acciden s a wo k and echnical suppo in he pos -placemen moni o ing. Alsoi he in e n is hi ed and he con ac has a minimum ini ial du a ion o one yea ; he en i y can ecei e up o a o al amoun o 16 x IAS (€ 7,020.96). Yes, o WISEs Typology 1 and 2 in Romania - Economic en i ies ha hi e people wi h disabili ies a e spa ed om ce ain axes and ecei e mon hly in e u n a ce ain amoun o money, usually he equi alen o he minimum wage o e e y ulne able pe son hi ed wi h a pe manen con ac . Yes, o en e p ises o in eg a ion o - - An employe who hi es a pe son wi h a disabili y may exe cise he igh o eimbu semen o sala y cos s o a pe son who is engaged in p o iding p o essional suppo o a newly employed pe son wi h a disabili y, only o he G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 73 on 106 Typology o iscal bene i s Na ional le el Regional le el Commen s (in o ma ion on he applied ules, including he % o iscal b eak applied) pe sons wi h disabili ies in Se bia ime while p o iding p o essional assis ance, and o a maximum o 12 mon hs, ie a maximum o 1,200 hou s. - Reimbu semen o app op ia e wo kplace adjus men cos s may be g an ed o he employe , on a one-o basis amoun , up o 400,000.00 dina s pe pe son wi h disabili ies. - An employe who employs a pe son wi h disabili y wi hou wo k expe ience, is en i led o sala y subsidy o ha pe son, o a pe iod o 12 mon hs om days o employmen . Social insu ance cos s o he disad an aged wo ke s employed educed o co e ed by subsidies Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in Aus ia, Belgium, C oa ia, Slo enia and Spain Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in Belgium and Slo enia Example: Bulga ia 50% o he due insu ance con ibu ions o he s a e social insu ance, compulso y heal h insu ance and addi ional compulso y pension insu ance o he employees a e eimbu sed o he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o he people wi h disabili ies. The eimbu sed unds shall be used o in es men s, ehabili a ion and social in eg a ion o he people wi h pe manen disabili ies and he suppo ing s a . Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in Hunga y - Only o disabled pe sons i he e a e public bene i o ganisa ions Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in I eland - - Yes, o all ypes o WISEs in No h Macedonia - The unds o con ibu ion o social insu ance o pe sons wi h disabili ies a e p o ided om he budge o he Republic o Macedonia. Yes, o de ac o WISEs in Po ugal - Suppo ed employmen in he open ma ke : a ge ed people wi h disabili ies and incapaci y, egis e ed in he employmen se ices. The e is a co-paymen in emune a ion and social secu i y con ibu ions unde he esponsibili y o he en i y; om 10% up o 170% o IAS** (acco ding o he wo k capaci y – minimum 30% and maximum 90%) G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 80 on 106 and homeless people. The h ee a eas a e ans e sal o ou objec o s udy, howe e he i s one cons i u es a mo e di ec con ibu ion. Indeed, he employabili y o people wi h disabili ies is designed o suppo ini ia i es ha acili a e he app oach o he labou ma ke , p omo e e ec i e inclusion in o ganisa ions o s eng hen he de elopmen o echnical and/o pe sonal skills. Romania Only a ound 5% o he o al o 1641 social economic en e p ises ecei ed a o m o help om he public au ho i ies as o 2020. Mos o he WISE o ganisa ions ely on hei own economic ac i i y o und he wo k in eg a ion p og ammes. The esul o his con ex is ha mos WISE en i ies ely on p i a e sponso ships o sus ain hei ac i i y. These sponso ships usually add up o mo e han 50% o a WISE’s o al income. Se bia G an s, as he mos adi ional way o unding social mission- ocused o ganisa ions, a e one o he key sou ces o unding o WISEs, despi e a numbe o cons ain s. G an s a e a o m o unding se up on a dona ion basis. This ype o inancing en ails a ce ain amoun o isk, since public sou ces and dono s in si ua ions o social c isis and di icul imes may decide o suspend bene i s. Associa ions unded exclusi ely by g an s a e placed in a posi ion o dependence and a e aced wi h he challenge o adap ing o he equi emen s o each indi idual dono , which e y o en leads hem away om hei own mission. The nex inancing mechanism is mic o inance, which implies he possibili y o accessing small inancial ins umen s o people excluded om o mal inancial esou ces and banking. In es o s coope a e wi h mic o inance ins i u ions, non-p o i g oups, banks, e c. E s e Bank is a pionee o mic o inance and social banking in Se bia and Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope. Social en e p ises ace addi ional obs acles due o banks insu icien in o ma ion abou he legal o ms applied by social en e p ises (mainly CSOs). Mic o inance in Se bia is pa ially limi ed and o e - egula ed due o i s dependence on comme cial banks. The e is also a Budge Fund o Voca ional Rehabili a ion and Employmen o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies. Acco ding o he ulebook on he manne o moni o ing he implemen a ion o he obliga ion o employ pe sons wi h disabili ies, he obliga ion applies o any domes ic o o eign legal o na u al pe son who has a leas 20 employees and is no conside ed a newly es ablished employe . An employe who does no ul il he obliga ion o employ pe sons wi h disabili ies is obliged o pay penal ies o he paymen accoun o he Budge Fund. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 81 on 106 Slo akia In Slo akia, a unding mechanism e y ele an is he public p ocu emen in e ms o ese ed con ac s. The Law. no. 10 pa . 7 and 8 o he Public P ocu emen Ac , in o o ce om he 1s o Janua y 2020, is egula ing he obliga ion o use he social aspec in a leas 6% o public p ocu emen . I ep esen s an indi ec o m o suppo o achie ing a posi i e social impac and main aining he compe i i eness o social en e p ises h ough he in oduc ion o an obliga ion o con ac ing au ho i ies and con ac ing en i ies ha ha e implemen ed o s a ed o implemen a leas en public con ac s in a calenda yea , excep o low alue con ac s. The law o esees o use a leas 6% o hese social aspec in he desc ip ion o he subjec o he con ac as a special condi ion o he pe o mance o he con ac o as a c i e ion o he e alua ion o ende s. This 6% also includes public p ocu emen ca ied ou in he o m o a ese ed con ac . Mo eo e , ano he law disciplines he awa ding o ese ed con ac s in public p ocu emen o he pu poses o ul illing he manda o y sha e o employmen o ci izens wi h disabili ies. In pa icula , on he one hand, i o esees he obliga ion o employ ci izens wi h disabili ies in he amoun o he manda o y sha e acco ding o law 63 pa . 1 le e d) he employe , who is a public con ac ing au ho i y o a con ac ing au ho i y, may pe o m by he implemen a ion o ese ed con ac s in public p ocu emen acco ding o a special egula ion.61aaa). On he o he hand, he law se s up as 2,000€ he amoun o he compe i ion p ice in public p ocu emen o include one ci izen wi h a disabili y. “The implemen a ion o a ese ed con ac in a public p ocu emen shall be p o ed by a copy o he ende documen s o he public p ocu emen and a copy o he con ac on he implemen a ion o he ese ed con ac in he public p ocu emen ". b. Addi ional coun ies Bulga ia In e ms o public suppo in Bulga ia, he local bodies de elop mechanisms and p og ammes o suppo social en ep eneu ship, aiming a de eloping he egional aspec s o he social and solida i y economy by including measu es in he no ma i e ac s ela ed o he de elopmen o he municipali y. They also pa icipa e in he ac i i ies o he social and solida i y economy h ough a ious o ms o coope a ion by he decision o he municipal council. In addi ion, he Minis e o Labou and Social Policy p omo es and G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 82 on 106 suppo s social en e p ises by p o iding me hodological assis ance in sea ching o specialised inancing o hei ac i i y. Social en e p ises class A+ can ecei e u he suppo , bo h inancially and conce ning hei igh o build on p i a e, municipal g ound, while shel e ed employmen cen es ecei e public unding o hei es ablishmen . The na ional and local public bodies suppo he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies h ough ailo -made economic s imulus and o he measu es. These can be local ini ia i es o (1) inc easing he p oduc i i y and compe i ion o he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o people wi h disabili ies; (2) imp o ing he people’s p oduc i i y in a specialised wo k en i onmen and p o iding hei oca ional aining and employmen and (3) p ede e mining he inancial and economic cons ain s o en e p ises and coope a i es. The Agency o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies can also und he specialised en e p ises and coope a i es o pe sons wi h disabili ies on a ge p ojec s and p og ammes. When i comes o compensa ion policies, he Bulga ian go e nmen o e s se e al suppo measu es. En e p ises ec ui ing disad an aged pe sons can use he s a e budge o 30% o he insu ance con ibu ions (paid by he employe ) o s a e social insu ance, compulso y heal h insu ance and he addi ional obliga o y pension insu ance o he employed people wi h disabili ies. Mo eo e , The Agency o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies may inance an employe unde a na ional employmen p og amme o people wi h disabili ies o quali ica ion and equali ica ion, espec i ely aining o p o essional de elopmen , o p o iding access o he wo kplace o a pe son wi h a pe manen disabili y, o adap a ion o he wo kplace o a pe son wi h a pe manen disabili y, and o equipmen a he wo kplace o a pe son wi h a pe manen disabili y. Di e en in e nship p og ammes can be co e ed as well by he go e nmen . All WISEs in Bulga ia a e ope a ing in p i a e ma ke s and hus de i e income om hei economic ac i i y. F ance Rega ding public suppo measu es, F ench WISEs bene i om he hi ing o each agile ull- ime wo ke om pos o ice assis ance ( he amoun o which is se each yea by he E a). Depending on he WISE model, his amoun a ies. Speci ically, all ypes o WISEs bene i om he public policies o in eg a ion h ough economic ac i i y. In e ms o compensa ion policies, en e p ises ecei e incen i es o he ec ui men o young people who li e in p io i y neighbou hoods, mo e p ecisely hey ha e access o G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 83 on 106 5000€ pe yea o a pe iod o 3 yea s. Ano he compensa ion measu e in place is he unding o he adjus men o wo kplace o be e sui he needs o disabled people. Financially co e ed a e also paid in e nships o disad an aged young people in app en iceship. En e p ises can ecei e 5000€ o young pe sons unde 18 and 8000€ o young pe sons be ween 18 and 30 yea s. WISEs in F ance do howe e no ecei e p i a e suppo in any o m. Fu he mo e, i is impo an o no e ha F ench WISEs de i e 80% o hei income om p i a e ac i i y. This a ies sligh ly, depending on he model, wi h a a e ha can go up o 90%, o e en 95%, o empo a y employmen companies. This dis ibu ion end (public/p i a e) has been s able o se e al yea s. G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 84 on 106 VIII. Challenges and ecommenda ions Despi e he la ge numbe o WISE- iendly egula ions ha ha e been de eloped all o e Eu ope, WISEs in Eu ope s ill o en ace challenges a na ional, egional o local le el. Some o hese ba ie s ha e al eady been publicly add essed by he conce ned s akeholde s (e.g. in he Ne he lands), o he s a e e en being aken in conside a ion in cu en policy – o law-making p ocedu es (e.g. in F ance) – o he s howe e s ill emain in he da k o a e no ye ackled (e.g. in Romania). Recen de elopmen dynamics ega ding wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s can be illus a ed on he basis o he coun ies below. a. Hunga y The legal amewo k in Hunga y s ands as being challenging and no su icien o bo h educa ion and labou aspec s. In de ails, he challenges Hunga y ou lines a e as ollowing. • Clea ecogni ion o p io lea ning p ocess: acco ding o he amended Adul Educa ion Ac , e ec i e om 1 Janua y 2020, measu ing compe ences aims o assess he exis ence o he equi ed compe ences o s a and comple e he aining, bu he legisla ion does no iden i y he documen a ion, ex en and measu ing ools o he compe ences’ assessmen . The implemen ing dec ee o he law complemen s he de ini ion o ‘ ecogni ion o p io lea ning’ wi h ha he applican may be exemp ed om he aining pa i hei s udies, which a e ce i ied by a documen , p o e o be adequa e. Thus, documen ed knowledge emains a he decision o he aining ins i u ion/o ganisa ion. As s a ed in he implemen ing egula ion, s uden s also ha e he igh o eques hei exemp ion om pa icipa ion, o he ecogni ion o hei p io s udies and i is a decision o he head o he aining ins i u ion i hey ha e igh o he exemp ion om a ending ac i i y o ce ain subjec s and hei assessmen s, such as he ecogni ion o p io knowledge o p ac ice. The law does no egula e he ecogni ion and alida ion o compe ences acqui ed in non- o mal and in o mal lea ning in case o highe educa ion. I is an impo an ques ion o adul s’ educa ion and aining. Imp o ing alida ion, assessing, and ecognising p io knowledge is he undamen al in e es o all educa ion and aining ac o s. • No legal amewo k o social en e p ises and WISEs o , a leas , a common de ini ion o hem. I is he e o e ha d o desc ibe he con ex in Hunga y since he esea che s can base jus on hei own unde s anding and on he da a om G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 85 on 106 Hunga ian Cen al S a is ical O ice. The only exis ing model o “WISEs”, he ehabili a ion social en e p ises, is add essed o he a ge g oup o disabled people, excluding de ac o all he o he ulne able people. In addi ion, he inancing o he in eg a ion o disabled people in he companies is based on an annual applica ion, which means ha i is no possible o make a middle-long e m plan o de elopmen and inclusion o in eg a ed wo ke s. In addi ion, social economy is no well known in Hunga y, e en in he Economics Uni e si ies. I needs an e o o in oduce he concep in a co ec o m: o en, people con use he non-p o i economy and he cha i y. • U gen need o ne wo king. E en hough he e a e in e es ing and pionee ing good p ac ices in Hunga y, hey a e in ha d isola ion, hey do no coope a e and o en ele an ac o s do no know each o he . This isola ion causes a weakness since i is an obs acle o a posi i e lobby ac ion owa ds policy make s and p e en s he sp eading o he opic in he coun y. • The public p ocu emen egula ion s ill needs o be de eloped and imp o ed. Also as s a ed in he Coun y Repo Hunga y 2020 accompanying he Communica ion on 2020 Eu opean Semes e , some legisla i e changes a e in ended o imp o e compe i ion in public p ocu emen , bu hei impac emains o be seen. • Un o una ely, in many cases, labou ma ke supply and demand do no mee , employe s a e a aid o hi e a pe son wi h a heal h impai men , due o es ablished s e eo ypes. O en, hey a e no awa e o he wo king condi ions, special needs, ci cums ances, he e o e he disabled employee does no ge a chance o ge o he job in e iew a all, and he employe can assess his/he compe encies. Employe s who employ a wo ke wi h disabili ies o en app ecia e he skills and a i udes o hese wo ke s o e he long e m and epo ha hey y ha de , app ecia e he wo k and wan o demons a e hei alues, he abili y o wo k. b. I eland WISEs ace a numbe o issues, as do o he social en e p ises and wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s. The ollowing lis o challenges a icula es some o he issues a hand. • Awa eness o Social En e p ise: The e is a dis inc lack o awa eness o social en e p ises and wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s. The Depa men o Ru al and Communi y De elopmen is p o iding unding o social en e p ises and suppo G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 86 on 106 o ganisa ions o ackle some o he g ea es issues wi h awa eness: highligh ing bes p ac ice examples o social en e p ise, con e ences, de eloping a egula newsle e om he Depa men and in es ing in campaigns ha highligh hei wo k. • Leade ship and go e nance: Social en e p ises ha e o en no ecei ed speci ic suppo ha could aid and assis in hei de elopmen . Social en e p ise manage s o en had o balance he in e es o he cha i able pu pose wi h gene a ing e enue om selling p oduc s and se ices. Tha special a en ion o bo h he sales and e enue and he mission and pu pose has le social en e p ises lacking suppo . • Access o Finance: In he same way ha suppo migh no be a ailable, he legal s uc u e o he o ganisa ion may p e en in es men om in es ing bodies. Social en e p ises may be seen as an inc eased isk han o p i a e indi iduals (such as c owd unding). • Ma ke Oppo uni ies: Selling p oduc s and se ices o p i a e o public bodies o o he adul wo k-based educa ion p o ide s has been challenging in I eland. The I ish Social En e p ise Ne wo k has p o ided a BuySocial mo emen in line wi h bes in e na ional p ac ices and examples; howe e , he issue equi es esou ces. P ocu emen will begin o change in I eland wi h mo e o ganisa ions including social and communi y bene i clauses in p ocu emen . Bu he e a e only a ew examples a he momen and social en e p ises a e no able o scale o he ex en ha hey migh be able o in u u e. • Legal o m: The e is no de ined legal o m o social en e p ise in I eland. Acco ding o he Na ional Social En e p ise Policy 2019-2022, he de ini ion does no speci ically s a e he legal o m ha is equi ed. The ambigui y makes i mo e di icul o de ine a social en e p ise. The e is esea ch being comple ed in I eland wi h he DRCD and Re hink ha will be made a ailable on 6 h Oc obe 2021 ha will shed mo e ligh on he opic. • Da a and Impac : The e is ela i ely li le known abou he social en e p ise sec o and all he o ganisa ions ha make i up. c. No h Macedonia Main issues ha wo k-based adul educa ion p o ide s a e acing in No h Macedonia a e he ollowing: • The sys em o li elong lea ning in he coun y needs u he de elopmen o imp o e he quan i y and quali y o adul educa ion p og ammes, mainly in he G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 87 on 106 a ea o non- o mal educa ion. The e is a limi ed supply o high quali y and ce i ied adul lea ning p og ammes and wo k –based adul educa ion p o ide s. The e is ela i ely li le demand o non- o mal educa ion and aining and low awa eness among companies o he bene i s o aining o employees. Fo ins ance, labou o ce su ey da a shows ha only 2.3% o he popula ion aged 25 o 64 pa icipa ed in educa ion and aining in he ou weeks p io o he su ey in 2017. This is much lowe han he EU a e age o 10.9%. The 2016 da a om he li elong lea ning su ey also indica es ha abou 10% o employed wo ke s aged 25 o 64 we e in ol ed in job- ela ed non- o mal aining o educa ion (ei he paid o by hei employe o paid o by he wo ke himsel /he sel ). In he EU, on a e age, mo e han one- hi d o employed people (35.8%) ook pa in some job- ela ed aining o educa ion. This da a shows ha in No h Macedonia e y ew adul s upg ade hei skills and knowledge h oughou hei wo king li e. This p obably hinde s hei p oduc i i y, and consequen ly hei sala y and p omo ion p ospec s. • Acco dingly, his shows he need o mi iga e he misma ches be ween he demand o and supply o skills. Va ious s akeholde s a e in ol ed in skills go e nance in he coun y. These include he Minis y o Educa ion and Science, he Minis y o Labou and Social Policy, he Employmen Se ice Agency, social pa ne s, NGOs, esea ch bodies and in e na ional dono o ganisa ions. d. Po ugal As a esul o 11 in e iews om WISEs in Po ugal, he sec o shows conce ns ega ding unding. In ac , all o 11 WISEs men ioned he need o mo e inancing in o de o hi e, on he one hand, mo e p o essionals o suppo ainees and, on he o he , wo ke s. The e is a bu eauc a ic load ha makes i di icul o espond in an indi idualised way o each use . In pa icula : • WISEs need mo e suppo and speci ic policies o do hei job on in eg a ing ulne able people h ough wo k. Howe e , i is qui e clea o in e iewees ha employmen in o a egula open ma ke is a goal ha bene i s a ge g oups as well as egula en e p ises. Despi e he dimension o economic ac i i ies and he a ie y o esou ces used by WISEs in o de o be sus ainable, o he de ac o WISEs, economic and inancial sus ainabili y is always a challenge. Ac ually, he lack o cla i ica ion o he concep o social en e p ise, bo h in legal e ms and also in poli ical, ideological and public opinions, is na u ally ollowed by he lack o enabling policy measu es clea ly suppo ing bo h social en e p ises and en e p ises o he G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 88 on 106 social economy. Wi hou laws s ipula ing he legal and he ax egimes, he lack o access o speci ic o new unding sou ces, he complexi y o exis ing unding mechanisms, he lack o incen i es o social in es men and pay-by- esul s public p ocu emen , Social Economy O ganisa ions ocus on labou in eg a ion o people in ulne able si ua ions “a e o ced o eso o unded p ojec s, which do no gua an ee he sus ainabili y o he esponse o hese a ge -g oups'' (Mei a & Ma inho, 2021). • The e is a pa adox be ween he social and economic dimensions o WISEs. I seems e en mo e di icul o WISEs ha do no suppo people wi h disabili ies. Fo hose who a e suppo ing his a ge -g oup he solu ion o a p oduc i e uni unde ehabili a ion in e en ion is possible. Fo WISEs suppo ing o he ulne able a ge g oups, as hey a e Social Economy O ganisa ions wo king in he ield o social se ices, hey ace di icul ies wo king in an economic dimension. Reason why some o hem c ea e a egula en e p ise. Bu , wi h no legal amewo k as a social en e p ise, i seems ha d o keep going in he egula ma ke , in compe i ion wi h capi alis companies. e. Romania The Romanian scena io p esen s he ollowing challenges: • Despi e he p omising beginning in he ea ly 2010-2014, WISEs ha e ailed o expand and be in eg a ed in he social and employmen se ices amewo k and public suppo measu es. Eu opean Social Fund Na ional P og ammes ha e ocused on s a -up en e p ises ha , gi en he bad eco-sys em, p o ed no sus ainable – only 13 WISEs exis ed in 2020, his numbe inc easing in 2021 as a consequence o a new ESF ound o inancing o s a -ups. The sus ainabili y o hem seems unce ain in a con ex o lack o con inuous, sys ema ic suppo measu es aimed a he wo k in eg a ion o he mos disad an aged and in pa icula h ough social en e p ises. By Ma ch 2021, he e we e only 20 ac i e social en e p ises - which had a alid social ma k ( hey had no been suspended) and wo ke s om ulne able g oups in inse ion. They had a o al o 303 employees, o which 86 we e. An en e p ise needs business expe ience – economic and social ac i i y p io o he launch o a iable wo k in eg a ion p og amme. The Eu opean Social Fund g an s p og amme ha inanced s a -ups in he ield o socio-p o essional in eg a ion o ulne able g oups POSDRU 2007-2013 did no lead o he es ablishmen o iable social en e p ises in he medium e m. Aimed a aligning Romanian employmen G an Ag eemen : 621524-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN Page 89 on 106 policies wi h Eu opean employmen policies in he ield, he ce i ica ion egime as a wo k in eg a ion social en e p ise o inse ion has p o ed in p ac ice ine ec i e and he e o e NGOs in he social sec o ha e no op ed o an au ho isa ion ha b ings only o he adminis a i e asks and no public suppo measu es. The WISE model has no been well in eg a ed ye in o he social policies and employmen measu es o ulne able g oups, and hus has no been able o deli e he expec ed esul s ye . • Lack o a public na ional policy suppo ing a amewo k o WISEs in Romania. Only ESF Na ional Ope a ional P og amme suppo ed p og ammes exis o he s a -up o WISEs. O he han ha , WISEs can only ely on symbolic suppo measu es, namely counselling se ices o egis a ion, ma ke ing and suppo o hei p oduc s by he local employmen se ices ha ecognise WISEs, o on exis ing suppo measu es om o he legisla ion, which hey can bene i om based on hei en e p ise s a us (SME, employe s o disad an aged wo ke s). Tha is why he mos eme ging issue o WISE o ganisa ions is o ad oca e o a be e legisla ion ha no only acknowledges he s a us o wo k in eg a ion en e p ise, bu also ecognises he impac hese o ganisa ions ha e a a local le el and p o ides mo e ools o hem o inc ease he size o hei ac i i ies. The i s s ep ha is cu en ly b ough o he public a en ion is he need o subsidies and ax educ ion o he disad an aged wo ke s employed and o he annual p o i axes. . Se bia Al hough he concep o li elong lea ning, oge he wi h he de elopmen o WISEs, is an a ea o be de eloped in Se bia, hey appea pa icula ly cons ained by a lack o poli ical will as well as s a egic managemen and public adminis a ion capaci y. • The ad ocacy p ocess o he adop ion o he Law on Social En ep eneu ship and using he p oposal de eloped by ci il socie y in la e 2019, as well as expanding he WISE suppo ne wo k h ough he coope a ion o all ele an ac o s, would be mo e e ec i e and ealis ic, i app op ia e me hods a e de eloped o measu e he social impac hey achie e. In addi ion, i is necessa y o iden i y and implemen ce ain p ac ical solu ions a e he adop ion o he law, such as he de elopmen o suppo sys ems o achie e economic sus ainabili y, as well as o he needs o suppo , coo dina ion, moni o ing and managemen o social en ep eneu ship. Es ablishing an ins i u ional mechanism o sec o de elopmen would also con ibu e o inc easing social cohesion and gene al us be ween he p i a e, public and ci il sec o s. In ha ega d he e is a need o es a public dialogue. 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