EUROPE OUT OF THE PICTURE
F ancisco Rui Cádima
Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas - Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa / School o
Social Sciences and Humani ies – New Uni e si y o Lisbon, Lisbon, Po ugal
Abs ac
The his o y o Eu ope in ecen decades, in pa icula as ega ds he in o ma ion and
communica ion s a egies o he Eu opean ins i u ions o he Eu opeans in gene al, has
been he s o y o a misconcep ion ha has g ea ly penalized he consolida ion o he
Eu opean p ojec . This means ha i , on he one hand, he Eu opean ins i u ions ha e
gene ally sough o p omo e and dissemina e an idea o p og ess o Eu ope, hei public
media, including b oadcas ing media, which a e hea ily unded by he budge s o he
Membe S a es, collapse in gene al. In ac , his esul s om he subse ience o public
b oadcas ing media in gene al o he dic a o ship o he audiences and ma ke
s a egies, wi h he ‘ag émen ’ o he Eu opean Commission i sel , con ibu ing no o he
a i ma ion o he Idea o Eu ope, bu o i s des uc ion and he eme gence o imes o
poli ical eg ession such as we a e expe iencing a his end o he second decade o he
cen u y.
Keywo ds: Eu ope, democ acy, ele ision, poli ics, eg ession.
"The so a is up agains he doo , she's no lea ing"
Iain Duncan Smi h
To y MP (22/5/2019)
The quo e abo e om B exi e Duncan Smi h e e s o he c isis a ising om he
esigna ion o B i ish P ime Minis e The esa May on he e e o he Eu opean
Pa liamen elec ions in he Uni ed Kingdom on 23 May 2019. The pe ec ly
su eal na u e o he cu en si ua ion and o his quo e a e pe u bing enough in
hemsel es. No only do hey e lec he deg ada ion o poli ics in G ea B i ain
and he Eu opean Union, bu hey po ay a schizoph enic image o B exi i sel .
F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
37
They achie e his by way o a mo dan sa i e o con empo a y poli ics in eal
ime, a a ime when comedy is apidly ans o ming in o agedy and in o
some hing ha po ends o be a al o he Eu opean p ojec .
I has long been o e old ha he idea o a g ea Eu opean house has been
slowly wa ing away as he in e na ional o de in consequence isks collapse. I
we wan ed o explain o an alien ecen ly a i ed on Ea h, we could do so in a
simpli ied manne , wi h wo o h ee ques ions and one answe : Wha has led o
he s ong esu gence o he a igh in Eu ope in ecen yea s? Who suppo ed
he wa in I aq and igge ed Islamic adicalism and he appea ance o Daesh?
Who mo gaged he concep o Eu ope and he Eu opean cul u al iden i y? Who
has been leading he Eu opean p ojec in ecen decades in i s descen in o
ca ica u e? The e is a common denomina o in hese ques ions: The Eu opean
Union.
Which leads us o a ue pa adox. Being p o-Eu opean oday mos likely means
pulling suppo away om hose who, while p o essing o hold he same
posi ion, ha e been spending he whole o ecen decades go e ning Eu ope and
simul aneously s i ling i and e en silen ly digging i s g a e. In Eu ope, oday,
pa icula ly bu no exclusi ely in he coun ies o he sou h, a se ious
democ a ic c isis ook place du ing he yea s o economic c isis. Dis us in
ins i u ions has isen sha ply as ha e nega i e opinions on he pa o ci izens o
he democ a ic, social and poli ical expe ience in he pos -c isis pe iod o 2007-
2008 (Fe nandes, 2019).
Migh he only op ion o hese Eu opean ci izens be o op o an ac i e non-
alignmen in ended o help sa e his Eu opean p ojec om igo mo is? O is i
al eady oo la e? Today we a e wi nessing he disin eg a ion in o new
"supe di e si ies" and a po en ial in e cul u alism which a e u ning us in o a
communi y o s ange s, e en zombies, bo h Eu opean and non-Eu opean. The
s ee s o Eu ope ha e been abandoned and he "communi y o des inies",
solida i y and cohesi e belonging ha e been de egula ed (Giddens, 2014:8). All
o his has led us o a so o dead end whose inal wall ca ies a plaque eading
NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
38
"RIP EU". An ónio Ba e o's desc ip ion (2019) o Eu ope as a "cons uc ion o
no hing" seems o make sense o me.
Fo Ba e o, in his s ange communi y, he eme gence o he new despo isms,
"o i a ional and na ionalis ic populism" is clea ly seen: "Bo h will be able o
demolish he Union and des oy eedom." Today, c i ics o his Eu ope wi hou
an idea, wi h nei he head no legi imacy, a su pass ha p edic ed by Geo ge
S eine in 2004, in his essen ial e lec ion - The Idea o Eu ope. The u u e had
been delinea ed: Eu ope has aded in i s alues and e en wo se, i s cul u al
he i age, o he "despo ism o he mass ma ke and ma ke ed s a dom"
(S eine , 2005: 54). All we ecei e in e u n is he me e h ea o he con inual
"wea iness" ha Edmund Husse l wa ned us ha Eu opean man was subjec o.
The i ony o he cu en si ua ion, as Jan Zielonka (2018) poin ed ou , is ha
" hose who ha e led o he chaos a e being asked wi h es o ing o de ."
Fa igue
In ac , wi hin ecen decades, he Wes and Eu ope ha e allowed a poli ical and
social pa adigm o a ise ha is equi alen o a kind o neu al pa hology: a
socie y o a igue (Han, 2010). Socie y is su e ing om ex eme le els o
a en ion de ici ega ding wha is aking place. We ha e collec i e amnesia. We
a e dep essed, made up o a communi y o s ange s who a e ei he engaged in
mobbing, o a e bu n ou , who can no longe ell memo y om o ge ulness,
and canno e en ecognize hei own cul u al he i age. In sho , Eu ope ipped
up a a c oss oads, pe haps unning he isk o engaging in assis ed suicide
wi hou e en ealizing i .
Wi hin he h oes o dea h, some hing s ill s i s. The O he ( he immig an o he
e ugee) has ceased o be he s ange . O he ness is now seen, a he , as jus
di e en , mo e as "a bu den o socie y han as a h ea " (Han, 2010: 12). This
la e-mode n, pos -disciplina y con empo a y socie y, ancho ed in p oduc ion,
wo k, and hys e ia, has c ea ed i s mons e s, who li e he pa adoxical eedom
o being ecognised o hei con ibu ions o p oduc ion, bu ha , in p ac ice,
F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
39
u n he indi idual in o a p oduc i e subjec , in o a dep essed and iolen
pe son, an animal labo ans, an "exhaus ed soul" (Han, 2010: 21). The new
economies o a en ion – anging om media and poli ical pollu ion o he
oxici y o social ne wo ks, in addi ion o all he ela ed mul i asking, a e no hing
mo e han a eg ession based on hype a en ion ha bewilde s and dis ac s,
no hing bu a a e ul hype ac i i y / passi i y. In his con ex , ime, he i a
con empla i a, esonance, ecip oci y, se eni y, a e he elemen s o
decele a ion, only hey can a oid " he dep essi e a igue o he Sel " (Han,
2010: 47), i s accele a ion, o he "aliena ing a igue" and he exhaus ion o he
sys em.
Kuku ani (2018) ci ed Hannah A end and he wo k O igins o To ali a ianism, in
ega ds o he esu gence o he beas in he mons e 's belly, he womb o he
so-called wes e n democ acies, which had ea lie been iden i ied by A end when
looking a he c isis o ci izens' igh s and by ex ension a he e y concep o
he la e nine een h cen u y na ion-s a e. F om ha poin o he es ic ion o
eedom, igh s and plu alism, o he imposi ion o p opaganda and bu eauc acy
as a o m o domina ion, whe e adminis a ion g adually eplaces o limi s in a
p ophe ic ashion he powe and legi imacy o he execu i e, is one small s ep.
Now is he ime, abo e all, o e lec deeply and se iously, o hink in an
un e e ed manne , wi hou ea o p econcep ion, abou wha is a he o igin,
whe e he mons e is uly bo n, whe e i is ecycled and ebo n. This place is
he s a e o de egula ion, o iniqui y, o he sp ead o co up ion and o special
in e es s, o co up ed in o ma ion and da a, o he kidnapping o he ield o
media ion and o he media, in sho , he ield o he ailed democ acies, he
belly whe e he beas ep oduces once again.
This cyclical ebi h o he mons e , and he po en ial ho o associa ed wi h i ,
akes place when he populis ic ion o e ides he p eca ious (dis)equilib ium o
Wes e n democ acies. I comes abou in a well-publicized ashion and lending a
ce ain amoun o legi ima ion o p o o- o ali a ian poli ical models ha a e
con inually ising up h oughou he wo ld. I in okes na a i es ha a e
un ecognizable by ci il expe ience, ye a e p opaga ed by he media and now,
especially, by social ne wo ks, and which a e d agging socie ies back o he
NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
40
unp edic able. Among he a ious causes con ibu ing o his e e sal a e, in
pa icula , a p og essi e weakening o he media as he adi ional gua dians o
in o ma ion, he ma ked diminishmen and p eca iousness in he ield o
jou nalism along wi h he ise o he algo i hmic model o ga ekeeping, he
associa ed phenomena o pola iza ion and poli ical eg ession, as well as he
yielding o ci il i ue o a igue.
The e is no doub ha democ a ic a igue (Appadu ai, 2017) has aken oo . The
ques ion ha a ises, a a ce ain momen , especially in he pos wa pe iod,
which is conside ed o be he media e a pa excellence: Has he e e e been
democ acy wi hou a igue, democ acy wi h a capi al D, wi h ull ci il i ue and
ull ci izen pa icipa ion, wi h ull anspa ency and sc u iny o public a ai s and
o he Res publica, wi hin a s a e buil on he model o pa liamen a y democ a ic
ep esen a ion? Fo example, when we look a he his o y o he ela ionship
be ween he media and democ acy in ecen decades in he Wes , he balance is
c i ical. In Po ugal, we need only e ea back o he pe iod immedia ely
ollowing he 25 h o Ap il and he hea ed summe ha ollowed. The media a
ha ime had clea ly been hijacked by pa isan poli ics and om ha momen
o wa d, no hing ex ao dina y o adically di e en migh ha e aken place had
i no been o he sp ead o hose g oups who hijacked o new, na ional and
o eign in e es s, economic powe s, e c.
The democ a ic expe ience, as we know i , gene ally includes wi hin i s own
genesis, cons uc ion and de elopmen , i s own co up ion, i s sel -deg ada ion,
and i s own a igue. This happens, i s o all, as a esul o mechanisms
inhibi ing sel -e alua ion and ex e nal sc u iny, while hey also es ic
anspa ency. Then, o his eason, i pulls in o i sel , phenomena o occul
powe s, o a ic o in luence, pa isan c onyism, poli ical and economic
pa onage, co up ion, in sho , he slow, cyclical and con inuous co osion and
dec epi ude o he democ a ic sys em.
And all has become e en mo e complex in he age o he ne wo ks. In he a icle
"Hell a e Pa adise", Zeynep Tu ekci (2018), based on he in es iga ion in o he
en anglemen s be ween big da a and social media om he poli ical and

F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
41
sociological poin s o iew, posed he key issue in a p elimina y ashion. In a
sho space o ime, be ween he so-called A ab Sp ing and he a i al on s age
o Camb idge Analy ica, we ha e swi ched om an age o hope o social
ne wo ks and o poli ical change ha migh deepen he expe ience o
ci izenship and we ha e been o ced o ecognise mul iple cases o he
sub e sion o he e y p inciples o democ acy.
The amous co e o he MIT Technology Re iew o Janua y 2013 ollowing
Obama's 2012 second elec ion announced, "Big Da a Will Sa e Poli ics". Ye i
was al eady de ini ely ou da ed by he same s a egies o mic o a ge ing ha
he same candida e had used in 2008 and 2012. Tu ecki a gued ha he new
echnological and poli ical expe imen was, howe e , o become a " a al
combina ion" o dic a o s as well. They ede ined op ions ha now su passed
he le el o p o o-delibe a i ism o achie e a s a e o pos - u h, dedica ed o
he acking o ulne abili ies, pola iza ion, and he disin o ma ion o o e s. She
posi s ha he e a e se e al causes o his e e sal, namely: i) he "weakening"
o he media as adi ional gua dians o in o ma ion; ii) he clickbai e a o he
new ga ekeepe s; iii) he ene a ion o local jou nalism; i ) he phenomenon o
pola iza ion and echo chambe s; and, ) he exploi a ion o "weak digi al
secu i y in he U.S". In he wo ds, "I was no Russia ha c ea ed condi ions o
social mis us , weak ins i u ions and dis an eli es ..." (Tu ecki, 2018: 48). And
she lis ed he main mis akes o he U.S.: he I aq Wa , he 2008 inancial
collapse, heal h sys em and insu ance, esponses o he clima e c isis,
Cong essional lobbying, ax ha ens, and he agili y o in e ne an i- us
measu es, e c. Ano he issue migh be wo h adding: Facebook's mission o
make he wo ld mo e open and connec ed, ye mo e dependen on he
pla o m's mos impo an asse , he esale o use s' a en ion (and p i a e
da a).
Reg ession
F om he pa adox be ween he accele a ion o echnology and he eg ession o
bo h poli ics and he democ a ic expe ience, a new "disin o ma i e" o de is
NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
42
a ising oge he wi h he complex phenomenon o pola iza ion which has been
c ea ed by coun e in elligence cen es wi h he in e media ion o he so-called
"al e na i e media" (Ho aczek, 2019) o he a igh . G ea digi al pla o ms
ha e a i ed as well. They we e in oduced in o Wes e n poli ics a he beginning
o he new cen u y and ha e gone on o dissuade deba e and eedom o
in o ma ion, o es ic and ence in c i ical public sphe es, and ep ess any hin
o ci il i ue o di e si y o cul u al exp ession. Thus, in addi ion o he model o
ecip oci y and o he o ms o ela ionship ha p o oke a esonan esponse, we
a e now wi nessing mos o all emp y, o mu e o ms o ela ionship o hose
ha only ein o ce people's cu en con ic ions.
Ha mu Rosa (2010) poin ed ou ha he accele a ion o ime and echnology,
he con ol o he i ual and he new sys ems o media ion, con ain in
hemsel es he emb yos o a new o m o o ali a ian domina ion by way o he
web hey wea e. They ecen e he pos -mode n condi ion exac ly a ound a new
"na u e" based on da a bases (Lyo a d, 1979), social accele a ion, models o
inequali y and unce ain y (Inne a i y, 2018), and eg ession, all o which may
lead o "democ acy a igue" (Appadu ai, 2017). All his akes place amid he la e
capi alism o globaliza ion, in which cul u e is dilu ed by economics. The
"disin eg a ion o he social" akes place along wi h he un egula ed accele a ion
o echnology. The associa ion be ween he c ea ion o weal h and he g ow h o
inequali y can also be seen as a consequence o asymme ic and de egula ed
echnological de elopmen .
On he o he hand, classical models o plu alism and o con adic ion in he
media a e now a a new c oss oads. The new si ua ions o he ise o he a
igh -wing media seek o ecen e p ocesses and o lead o new p inciples o
exclusion, new s a egies o conque ing e hno-na ional so e eign y by
smo he ing in ellec ual and cul u al dissidence. Wi h he populis e e sal, he
O he is ejec ed, and his synd ome o democ a ic a igue is imposed in a
con ex some imes e e ed o as "pos -democ a ic" (Appadu ai, 2017).
F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
43
Media chy
I is pa en ly ob ious ha he ields o communica ions – media, news media,
and ad e ising – ha e become supe imposed wi hin in his complex global
c isis. Al e na i e ac s and ake news ha e added a new ideology – ha o
clickbai – and i s eplican s: bo s, cha bo s, and all he oll ac o ies in he
wo ld ha use Twi e and Facebook as su oga e mo he s, such as e o is
pla o ms, poli ical ma ias and cybe wa io s, which make use o s a egies o
a ac a en ion and des abilize geopoli ics. Those who make use o clickbai
ha e no conce n o ei he con en o e hics. Wha ma e s o hem is o
maximize he quan i a i e e ec o his unsc upulous click economy.
Agains all expec a ions, i y yea s a e he c ea ion o he In e ne , poli ics and
aud ha e edisco e ed each o he in mo e highly complex echnological
en i onmen s suppo ed by sophis ica ed algo i hmic models and A i icial
In elligence. They a e colliding wi h classical democ a ic alues, in pa icula wi h
he anspa ency o democ acy, eedom o exp ession and in o ma ion, and
plu alism. Hence, he ea s o he c i ics o echnological accele a ion – om
O well (1949) o Mum o d (1963), om Ellul (1964) o Rosa (2010) – and hei
wa nings abou he po en ial eme gence o echnological y anny o e humani y
a e pe haps mo e cu en han e e be o e.
S iegle (2011), o example, augh us ha mass cul u e is mainly a he
se ice o cap u ing and des oying a en ion. I seeks o dissemina e he
e e yday censo ship o he plu ali y o oices and cul u al exp essions. I se es
as a egime designed o de e communica ion and no malize consensus by way
o a "media chy" (Ci on, 2017) in ended o main ain a pe manen s a e o
denial and manipula ion o in o ma ion. I was he model o manu ac u ing
consen ha was dependen on dominan in e es g oups, and i led o he
deg ada ion o he democ a ic expe ience and e ol ed in o ou ecen examples
o poli ical pola iza ion and p o o- ascis populisms now in he mids o ou
digi al age.
The concep o "media chy", was p oposed by Y es Ci on. He a gued ha he
pe o ma i e powe o he media p e ails o e democ acy. I encompasses he
NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
44
models o pe cep ion o he wo ld included wi hin hese sys ems o media ion
and he accumula ion o powe and capaci ies o ac . Mo eo e , i also
econ igu es he speci ic s uc u e o he media in a p esc ip i e dimension o
his pe o ma i e de ice ha con ols exp ession and ep esen a ions o he
wo ld. The media, he eby, shapes ou iew o ac s and e en s and condi ions
ou pe cep ions and beha io . Today's media ed condi ioning has eached a
wo isome dimension, especially in he digi al sphe e, wi h i s so-called il e
bubbles, he echo chambe s ha ha e c ea ed he g ea es phenomena o
poli ical pola iza ion in his o y.
This is how he isk ha he media migh e ol e in o y anny is coming back
unde deba e in he Wes , along wi h a e lec ion on po en ial new holocaus s.
Take a look a he pos - u h ques ion. As Timo hy Snyde (2017) igh ly poin ed
ou , pos - u h is la gely he announcemen o p e- ascism. I is a g owing model
o communica ion o his digi al age ha is based on denying bo h memo y and
he e en , in a o o alse na a i es cons uc ed and dissemina ed
au oma ically by he new populisms, in o de o denig a e ac s, poli ical
opponen s, o his o y i sel . A ound he con empo a y issue o u h and he
media, he au ho ocuses on ano he cen al heme o his wo k, ha al e na i e
ac s and he pe secu ion by he populis s o bo h he anspa ency o
in o ma ion and he e hics o jou nalism oge he wi h pos - u h " ees ablish(es)
p ecisely he ascis a i ude o he u h "(p. 57). Snyde is also highly c i ical o
he sys em o he media. He a gues ha he media basically "go along wi h he
eal e en s o he p esen day" (2017: 73), subsc ibing o a con empo a y
c i ical lineage – om S eine o Habe mas – ha associa es he media wi h he
democ a ic c isis.
In addi ion o he a igue o Eu opean ci izens in ela ion o he EU bu eauc acy,
as demons a ed bo h by ecen elec o al abs en ion and he ac ha he same
bu eauc acy ailed o ake up iden i y issues and de end cohesion and Eu opean
cul u al he i age, Eu ope and he Eu opean media also ailed o deal well wi h
he 2015 mig an c isis (Geo giou, 2019). Mo eo e , hey ha e also ailed o
espond o he end owa ds populism, om O bán o Kaczynski, om B exi o
T ump, no wi hs anding all he p e iously men ioned issues (i.e. he in asion o
F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
51
how he Union migh imp o e i s communica ion policy. "The Union is well
ad ised in localizing news coming ou o B ussels in he al eady exis ing and
popula ly used na ional media channels. Un o una ely, he e o s o
Commissione Walls öm do no indica e ha impo an mass media ou le s a e
conside ed necessa y by he Union."
Agains his backg ound, Thiel p oposed suppo ing public ele ision as a means
o o wa d hese goals. I he Eu opean Public TV, since he TSF Di ec i e
(1989), had no se ed o p omo e he iden i y / di e si y o he g ea Eu opean
house, he Eu opean cul u al he i age, and he idea o Eu ope, wha ole did a
Eu opean public se ice ele ision ul il? Speaking on he subjec "Pu ing Eu ope
in he Pic u e", Schwa z a gued ha p og ammes dedica ed o EU a ai s alone
we e no e ec i e: he Eu opean dimension had o be in eg a ed in o hema ic
p og ammes and domes ic news (A. Schwa z, RFI). Howe e , wha was uly
inc edible was he lack o a clea commi men on he pa o public Eu opean
b oadcas e s o pu Eu ope in hei pic u e. How migh Eu ope, a e so many
yea s, sac i ice he implemen a ion o i s communica ion s a egy, i s main
o um, he undamen al ne wo k o public adio and ele ision b oadcas e s?
Eu opean Pa liamen esolu ions and he p inciples laid down in he G een Pape
on Audio isual (1984) and he Audio isual Di ec i e ha e se up he Eu opean
sys em o public ele ision as a s a egic pla o m o he assimila ion o he
Eu opean p ojec and he idea o Eu ope. The main issue, howe e , is ha he
B ussels bu eauc a s ha e ne e conceded his ac . The s a egic goal o he
Audio isual Di ec i e was clea . In o de o e e se he p edominance o No h
Ame ican ele ision shows and ilms on Eu opean sc eens, Eu ope needed: (i)
eedom o mo emen o Eu opean ele ision p og ammes in he in e nal
ma ke , and (ii) b oadcas ing quo as ha would equi e Eu opean ope a o s o
alloca e mo e han hal o hei b oadcas ing ime o Eu opean con en .
As we ha e poin ed ou p e iously (Cádima, 2007: 11-12), Eu opean audio isual
policy, as ega ds public audio isuals, and in o de o ollow key p inciples o he
Di ec i e, should be based on he p imacy o cul u e o e ma ke o ces and on
Eu opean cul u al he i age and di e si y as a undamen al cul u al s a egy o

NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
52
he consolida ion o he idea o Eu ope, in pa icula h ough he widesp ead and
consis en dissemina ion o he Eu opean audio isual sec o in he Membe
S a es. Howe e , he Eu opean Pa liamen i sel has ound he opposi e o be
ue: '(...) he sha e o Eu opean wo ks is mos ly illed by na ional wo ks'. No
asse i e moni o ing o Eu opean ope a o s' adhe ence o he TVSF Di ec i e has
been unde aken, as was explici ly s a ed in he Eu opean Commission's own
assessmen s o he applica ion o A icles 4 and 5 o he Di ec i e (PE 2004).7
The Eu opean Pa liamen has mo e ecen ly aken up he opic again. A epo
om he Eu opean Pa liamen o 2013, abou he implemen a ion o he
Audio isual Media Se ices Di ec i e (PE 2013)
Ne e heless, no subs an i e changes ha e ye been pu in o p ac ice.
8
As has been poin ed ou p e iously, his ques ion is undamen al and has been
b ough up by mul iple Eu opean esea che s and / o pa liamen a ians o e
ecen decades: Ba z, Ba zan i, Ga cia, Cádima, Thiel, Janssen, and o he s.
Thus, i is ha d o accep ha , on he one hand, he Commission has abandoned
assessmen s
, ega ding he p omo ion o
Eu opean audio isual con en , called a en ion o he ollowing (pa ag aph 31):
"(...) while he majo i y o Membe S a es espec he ules on he p omo ion o
Eu opean wo ks, p io i y is s ill gi en o na ional wo ks, and he pe cen age o
independen wo ks b oadcas on ele ision is declining. "In pa ag aph 33 o he
same documen , he Eu opean Pa liamen also eques ed ha " he obliga ion o
p o ide in o ma ion on Eu opean wo ks mus include a leas a b eakdown by
ca ego y (cinema og aphic wo ks, ele ision p oduc ions o ic ion and non-
ic ion, shows and en e ainmen p og ams) and means o dis ibu ion and calls
on Membe S a es o p o ide ele an da a on his subjec ."
9
7 Eu opean Pa liamen esolu ion on he applica ion o A icles 4 and 5 o Di ec i e 89/552 / EEC
and, on he hand, ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has appa en ly
"Tele ision wi hou F on ie s", as amended by Di ec i e 97/36 / EC, o he 2001-2002 pe iod
[2004/2236 (INI)].
8 Repo on he implemen a ion o he Audio isual Media Se ices Di ec i e (2013) (2012/2132
(INI)), Commi ee on Cul u e and Educa ion, 2013.(2012/2132(INI)), da Comissão da Cul u a e da
Educação, 2013.
h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/sides/ge Doc.do?pubRe =-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A7-2013-
0055+0+DOC+PDF+V0//PT
9 See:
h p://ec.eu opa.eu/a chi es/in o ma ion_socie y/a policy/ eg/ w /implemen a ion/ epo s/index
_en.h m
F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
53
d opped he issue o Eu opean p oduc ion quo as in i s moni o ing o he
Audio isual Media Se ices Di ec i e. The EU's own communica ion s a egy is
now subsumed unde he "Eu opean Single Ma ke S a egy". The posi ion
closes o he o iginal concep is he ac ion plan on misin o ma ion wi hin he
s a egic communica ion wo king g oup o he Eas (Eas S a Com ), a EU and
NATO ini ia i e dealing wi h s a egic communica ion in c isis si ua ions and he
" eac ion" o cybe c ises. The e is, as well, a social media ne wo k campaign
abou he Eu opean Ci izens' Ini ia i e10. Wha is mo e, he EU S a egic
Communica ion Plan (2016-2020)11
Meanwhile, a new e ision o he Audio isual Di ec i e was launched in 2015
, while ecognizing ha "communica ion does
no ake place in a acuum, bu in a complex en i onmen o 28 na ional public
spaces and an eme ging Eu opean Public Space" (page 4), ails no only no
men ion he PSM (Public Se ice Media) o he Membe S a es as i equally
igno es he adi ional public ele ision se ice in Eu ope.
12
10 A UE em 2018 — Rela ó io Ge al sob e a A i idade da União Eu opeia. (2019). Comissão
Eu opeia. Di eção-Ge al da Comunicação. h p://eu opa.eu/gene al- epo /p
aimed a upda ing he exis ing ules o he p o ision o audio isual media
se ices in Eu ope. In so a as he p omo ion o p oduc ion is conce ned, he
new documen equi ed on-demand se ice p o ide s (such as Ne lix) o
p omo e he p oduc ion and dis ibu ion o Eu opean wo ks, s a ing ha a leas
30% o hei ca alogues would ha e o be made up o Eu opean con en . A icles
16 and 17 o he 2010 Di ec i e equi ing " ele ision b oadcas e s o ese e a
majo i y p opo ion o hei b oadcas ing ime" we e main ained. Howe e , he
Commission also insis ed on doing away wi h key equi emen s ha such wo ks
a e om hi d S a es, and no om na ional p og amming in each Membe
S a e. Na ional con en hus coun s s a is ically as he p oduc ion / dis ibu ion
o Eu opean con en , lea ing na ional b oadcas ing ope a o s and hei
audiences o ocus in on hei own na ional p oduc ion, which is basically
ele ision b oadcas ing, o in o he wo ds " ele ash" o a la ge ex en . The EU
hus con inues i s soli a y pa h, ou side he po en ial o i s Public Se ice Media
11 S a egic Plan 2016 – 2020. DG Communica ion.
h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/in o/si es/in o/ iles/s a egic-plan-2016-2020-dg-comm_ap il2016_en.pd
12 EU DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/1808 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 14
No embe 2018 ha amended Di ec i e 2010/13/UE. h ps://eu -lex.eu opa.eu/legal-
con en /PT/TXT/PDF/?u i=CELEX:32018L1808& om=EN
NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
54
sys em, gi ing c edence o he c i ics o his model, who, hi y yea s a e he
i s audio isual di ec i e (1989) con inue o hink basically like Ga cia (2007:
2): "The e exis s a p o ound anach onism be ween he EU's chime ical ision o
ele ision as a uni ying o ce and wha ac ually akes place in he audio isual
ma ke ".
Re e ences
A UE em 2018 — Rela ó io Ge al sob e a A i idade da União Eu opeia. (2019). Comissão
Eu opeia. Di eção-Ge al da Comunicação. h p://eu opa.eu/gene al- epo /p
Ald in, P. and U a d, J-M. (2008). The ambi alen poli icisa ion o Eu opean
communica ion. Genesis o he con o e sies and ins i u ional ic ions su ounding he
2006 Whi e Pape . Wo king Pape s. Cen e o Eu opean Poli ical Sociology (GSPE).
h p://aei.pi .edu/12439/1/WPAld inU a d.pd
Ba z, J-C. (2005). L’Audio isuel eu opéen: un enjeu de ci ilisa ion. Pa is: Séguie .
Ba e o, A. (2019). A cons ução do nada. Público, P2, 17 de ma ço, p. 3.
Bozzo, G. B. (1986). Rappo su la poli ique d’in o ma ion de la Communau é
eu opéenne. (Pa lemen Eu opéen, appo eu : Gianni Bage Bozzo), 1986 (A 2-111/86).
Cádima, F. R. (2018). A Rede na Es a égia da A anha: ‘Pós- e dade’, Polí ica e
Reg essão. Obse a o io (OBS*) Special Issue: As Fo mas Con empo âneas dos Con li os
e das Apos as Digi ais, pp. 21-36. h ps://doi.o g/10.15847/obsOBS12520181294
Cádima, F. R. (2016). F om Eu opean public TV o he ‘aliena ion’ o he Idea o Eu ope.
In e com: Re is a B asilei a de Ciências da Comunicação, 39(2), 39-47.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.1590/1809-5844201623
Cádima, F. R. (2007). A C ise do Audio isual Eu opeu – 20 Anos de Polí icas Eu opeias
em Análise. Lisboa: Edições Fo malp ess, Col. Media XXI, 2007.
Ellul, J. (1964). The Technological Socie y. New Yo k: Knop .
EU DIRECTIVE (EU) (2018). 2018/1808 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE
COUNCIL 14 No embe 2018 ha amended Di ec i e 2010/13/UE. h ps://eu -
lex.eu opa.eu/legal-con en /PT/TXT/PDF/?u i=CELEX:32018L1808& om=EN
Fe nandes, T. (2019) (Coo d.). Ins i uições e qualidade da democ acia: cul u a polí ica
na Eu opa do Sul. Lisboa: FFMS. h ps://www. ms.p /FileDownload/ee988644-d9ac-
415e-892d-35 72 ead45e/ esumo-do-es udo-cul u a-poli ica-e-democ acia
Ga cia, A. R. (2007), How ele ision ailed o in eg a e Eu ope. Genè e: Ins i u
eu opéen de l’Uni e si é de Genè e.
Guiddens, A. (2014). Es e Tu bulen o e Pode oso Con inen e. Que u u o pa a a Eu opa?
Lisboa: Fundação Calous e Gulbenkian.
F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e
55
Inne a i y, D. (2018). A polí ica em empos de indignação. Lisboa: D. Quixo e/Biblio eca
Exp esso.
Kuku ani, M. (2018). A Mo e da Ve dade. A Falsidade na E a de T ump. Lisboa:
P esença.
Jameson, F. (2000). Globaliza ion and Poli ical S a egy. New Le Re iew 4, July-Augus
2000.
Han, B-C. (2010). A Sociedade do Cansaço. Lisboa: Relógio d’Água.
Ho aczek, N. (2019). Gue a de p opaganda na Eu opa. A es a égia da ex ema-di ei a
pa a os media. Público, 2 de Junho, pp. 18-23.
Pi es, F. L. (1992). A Imp ensa e a Eu opa, Lisboa: Au ho ’s edi ion.
Ranciè e, J. (2010). O Espec ado Emancipado. Lisboa: O eu Neg o.
Rela ó io sob e a aplicação da Di e i a "Se iços de Comunicação Social Audio isual”
(2013). (2012/2132(INI)), da Comissão da Cul u a e da Educação, 2013 p.10.
h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/sides/ge Doc.do?pubRe =-
//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A7-2013-0055+0+DOC+PDF+V0//PT
Rosa, H. (2010). Aliena ion and Accele a ion: Towa ds a C i ical Theo y o La e-mode n
Tempo ali y. Copenhagen: NSU P ess.
Snyde , T. (2017). Sob e a Ti ania. Vin e Lições do Século XX. Lisboa: Relógio de Água.
Sousa, T. (2019). O que alimen a hoje o populismo é a c ise dos media adicionais –
En e is a a Ma cin Zabo owski. Público, P2, 17 de ma ço, pp. 18-22.
S a egic Plan 2016 – 2020. (2016). Eu opean Commission. DG Communica ion.
h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/in o/si es/in o/ iles/s a egic-plan-2016-2020-dg-
comm_ap il2016_en.pd
Ta a es, M. S. (2019). De como a lu a de classes ai ma a a democ acia. Exp esso,
P imei o Cade no, 16 de ma ço de 2019.
h ps://lei o .exp esso.p /semana io/semana io2420/h ml/p imei o-cade no/opiniao/de-
como-a-lu a-de-classes- ai-ma a -a-democ acia
The Repo o he I aq Inqui y (2016). Uni ed Kingdom, The Na ional A chi es.
h ps://weba chi e.na ionala chi es.go .uk/20171123123237/h p://www.i aqinqui y.o
g.uk/
Thiel, M. (2008). Eu opean Public Sphe es and he EU's Communica ion S a egy: F om
De ici s o Policy Fi ? Pe spec i es on Eu opean Poli ics and Socie y, Volume 9, Issue 3
Sep embe 2008, pages 342 – 356.
Valen ini, C., and Nes i, G. (2010) (Eds.). Public Communica ion in he Eu opean Union:
His o y, Pe spec i es and Challenges. Newcas le: Camb idge Schola s Publishing.
V eese, C. and Pe e , J. (2004). In Sea ch o Eu ope - A C oss-Na ional Compa a i e
S udy o he Eu opean Union in Na ional Tele ision News. The Ha a d In e na ional
Jou nal o P ess/Poli ics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 3-24 (2004).
NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep
P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019
56
Walls öm, M. (2008). Communica ing Eu ope – Mission impossible?. Humbold
Uni e si ä zu Be lin – Wal e -Halls ein-Ins i u – Lec u e - Fo um Cons i u ionis
Eu opae, Be lin, 25 No embe 2008.
Zielonka, J. (2018). A polí ica na e a do caos. Diá io de No ícias online, 11 Dezemb o
2018. h ps://www.dn.p /edicao-do-dia/11-dez-2018/in e io /a-poli ica-na-e a-do-caos-
10301778.h ml
Au ho iden i ica ion
F ancisco Rui Cádima. Is Full P o esso a he Depa men o Communica ions
Sciences – School o Social Sciences and Humani ies – NOVA Uni e si y o Lisbon. He is
also Coo dina o o he Doc o al P og amme in Communica ion Sciences a he same
Depa men , and P incipal In es iga o (PI) o NOVA Ins i u e o Communica ion –
ICNOVA esea ch cen e – h p://www.icno a. csh.unl.p