Europe out of the Picture

EUROPE OUT OF THE PICTURE F ancisco Rui Cádima Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas - Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa / School o Social Sciences and Humani ies – New Uni e si y o Lisbon, Lisbon, Po ugal Abs ac The his o y o Eu ope in ecen decades, in pa icula as ega ds he in o ma ion and communica ion s a egies o he Eu opean ins i u ions o he Eu opeans in gene al, has been he s o y o a misconcep ion ha has g ea ly penalized he consolida ion o he Eu opean p ojec . This means ha i , on he one hand, he Eu opean ins i u ions ha e gene ally sough o p omo e and dissemina e an idea o p og ess o Eu ope, hei public media, including b oadcas ing media, which a e hea ily unded by he budge s o he Membe S a es, collapse in gene al. In ac , his esul s om he subse ience o public b oadcas ing media in gene al o he dic a o ship o he audiences and ma ke s a egies, wi h he ‘ag émen ’ o he Eu opean Commission i sel , con ibu ing no o he a i ma ion o he Idea o Eu ope, bu o i s des uc ion and he eme gence o imes o poli ical eg ession such as we a e expe iencing a his end o he second decade o he cen u y. Keywo ds: Eu ope, democ acy, ele ision, poli ics, eg ession. "The so a is up agains he doo , she's no lea ing" Iain Duncan Smi h To y MP (22/5/2019) The quo e abo e om B exi e Duncan Smi h e e s o he c isis a ising om he esigna ion o B i ish P ime Minis e The esa May on he e e o he Eu opean Pa liamen elec ions in he Uni ed Kingdom on 23 May 2019. The pe ec ly su eal na u e o he cu en si ua ion and o his quo e a e pe u bing enough in hemsel es. No only do hey e lec he deg ada ion o poli ics in G ea B i ain and he Eu opean Union, bu hey po ay a schizoph enic image o B exi i sel . F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e 37 They achie e his by way o a mo dan sa i e o con empo a y poli ics in eal ime, a a ime when comedy is apidly ans o ming in o agedy and in o some hing ha po ends o be a al o he Eu opean p ojec . I has long been o e old ha he idea o a g ea Eu opean house has been slowly wa ing away as he in e na ional o de in consequence isks collapse. I we wan ed o explain o an alien ecen ly a i ed on Ea h, we could do so in a simpli ied manne , wi h wo o h ee ques ions and one answe : Wha has led o he s ong esu gence o he a igh in Eu ope in ecen yea s? Who suppo ed he wa in I aq and igge ed Islamic adicalism and he appea ance o Daesh? Who mo gaged he concep o Eu ope and he Eu opean cul u al iden i y? Who has been leading he Eu opean p ojec in ecen decades in i s descen in o ca ica u e? The e is a common denomina o in hese ques ions: The Eu opean Union. Which leads us o a ue pa adox. Being p o-Eu opean oday mos likely means pulling suppo away om hose who, while p o essing o hold he same posi ion, ha e been spending he whole o ecen decades go e ning Eu ope and simul aneously s i ling i and e en silen ly digging i s g a e. In Eu ope, oday, pa icula ly bu no exclusi ely in he coun ies o he sou h, a se ious democ a ic c isis ook place du ing he yea s o economic c isis. Dis us in ins i u ions has isen sha ply as ha e nega i e opinions on he pa o ci izens o he democ a ic, social and poli ical expe ience in he pos -c isis pe iod o 2007- 2008 (Fe nandes, 2019). Migh he only op ion o hese Eu opean ci izens be o op o an ac i e non- alignmen in ended o help sa e his Eu opean p ojec om igo mo is? O is i al eady oo la e? Today we a e wi nessing he disin eg a ion in o new "supe di e si ies" and a po en ial in e cul u alism which a e u ning us in o a communi y o s ange s, e en zombies, bo h Eu opean and non-Eu opean. The s ee s o Eu ope ha e been abandoned and he "communi y o des inies", solida i y and cohesi e belonging ha e been de egula ed (Giddens, 2014:8). All o his has led us o a so o dead end whose inal wall ca ies a plaque eading NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019 38 "RIP EU". An ónio Ba e o's desc ip ion (2019) o Eu ope as a "cons uc ion o no hing" seems o make sense o me. Fo Ba e o, in his s ange communi y, he eme gence o he new despo isms, "o i a ional and na ionalis ic populism" is clea ly seen: "Bo h will be able o demolish he Union and des oy eedom." Today, c i ics o his Eu ope wi hou an idea, wi h nei he head no legi imacy, a su pass ha p edic ed by Geo ge S eine in 2004, in his essen ial e lec ion - The Idea o Eu ope. The u u e had been delinea ed: Eu ope has aded in i s alues and e en wo se, i s cul u al he i age, o he "despo ism o he mass ma ke and ma ke ed s a dom" (S eine , 2005: 54). All we ecei e in e u n is he me e h ea o he con inual "wea iness" ha Edmund Husse l wa ned us ha Eu opean man was subjec o. The i ony o he cu en si ua ion, as Jan Zielonka (2018) poin ed ou , is ha " hose who ha e led o he chaos a e being asked wi h es o ing o de ." Fa igue In ac , wi hin ecen decades, he Wes and Eu ope ha e allowed a poli ical and social pa adigm o a ise ha is equi alen o a kind o neu al pa hology: a socie y o a igue (Han, 2010). Socie y is su e ing om ex eme le els o a en ion de ici ega ding wha is aking place. We ha e collec i e amnesia. We a e dep essed, made up o a communi y o s ange s who a e ei he engaged in mobbing, o a e bu n ou , who can no longe ell memo y om o ge ulness, and canno e en ecognize hei own cul u al he i age. In sho , Eu ope ipped up a a c oss oads, pe haps unning he isk o engaging in assis ed suicide wi hou e en ealizing i . Wi hin he h oes o dea h, some hing s ill s i s. The O he ( he immig an o he e ugee) has ceased o be he s ange . O he ness is now seen, a he , as jus di e en , mo e as "a bu den o socie y han as a h ea " (Han, 2010: 12). This la e-mode n, pos -disciplina y con empo a y socie y, ancho ed in p oduc ion, wo k, and hys e ia, has c ea ed i s mons e s, who li e he pa adoxical eedom o being ecognised o hei con ibu ions o p oduc ion, bu ha , in p ac ice, F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e 39 u n he indi idual in o a p oduc i e subjec , in o a dep essed and iolen pe son, an animal labo ans, an "exhaus ed soul" (Han, 2010: 21). The new economies o a en ion – anging om media and poli ical pollu ion o he oxici y o social ne wo ks, in addi ion o all he ela ed mul i asking, a e no hing mo e han a eg ession based on hype a en ion ha bewilde s and dis ac s, no hing bu a a e ul hype ac i i y / passi i y. In his con ex , ime, he i a con empla i a, esonance, ecip oci y, se eni y, a e he elemen s o decele a ion, only hey can a oid " he dep essi e a igue o he Sel " (Han, 2010: 47), i s accele a ion, o he "aliena ing a igue" and he exhaus ion o he sys em. Kuku ani (2018) ci ed Hannah A end and he wo k O igins o To ali a ianism, in ega ds o he esu gence o he beas in he mons e 's belly, he womb o he so-called wes e n democ acies, which had ea lie been iden i ied by A end when looking a he c isis o ci izens' igh s and by ex ension a he e y concep o he la e nine een h cen u y na ion-s a e. F om ha poin o he es ic ion o eedom, igh s and plu alism, o he imposi ion o p opaganda and bu eauc acy as a o m o domina ion, whe e adminis a ion g adually eplaces o limi s in a p ophe ic ashion he powe and legi imacy o he execu i e, is one small s ep. Now is he ime, abo e all, o e lec deeply and se iously, o hink in an un e e ed manne , wi hou ea o p econcep ion, abou wha is a he o igin, whe e he mons e is uly bo n, whe e i is ecycled and ebo n. This place is he s a e o de egula ion, o iniqui y, o he sp ead o co up ion and o special in e es s, o co up ed in o ma ion and da a, o he kidnapping o he ield o media ion and o he media, in sho , he ield o he ailed democ acies, he belly whe e he beas ep oduces once again. This cyclical ebi h o he mons e , and he po en ial ho o associa ed wi h i , akes place when he populis ic ion o e ides he p eca ious (dis)equilib ium o Wes e n democ acies. I comes abou in a well-publicized ashion and lending a ce ain amoun o legi ima ion o p o o- o ali a ian poli ical models ha a e con inually ising up h oughou he wo ld. I in okes na a i es ha a e un ecognizable by ci il expe ience, ye a e p opaga ed by he media and now, especially, by social ne wo ks, and which a e d agging socie ies back o he NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019 40 unp edic able. Among he a ious causes con ibu ing o his e e sal a e, in pa icula , a p og essi e weakening o he media as he adi ional gua dians o in o ma ion, he ma ked diminishmen and p eca iousness in he ield o jou nalism along wi h he ise o he algo i hmic model o ga ekeeping, he associa ed phenomena o pola iza ion and poli ical eg ession, as well as he yielding o ci il i ue o a igue. The e is no doub ha democ a ic a igue (Appadu ai, 2017) has aken oo . The ques ion ha a ises, a a ce ain momen , especially in he pos wa pe iod, which is conside ed o be he media e a pa excellence: Has he e e e been democ acy wi hou a igue, democ acy wi h a capi al D, wi h ull ci il i ue and ull ci izen pa icipa ion, wi h ull anspa ency and sc u iny o public a ai s and o he Res publica, wi hin a s a e buil on he model o pa liamen a y democ a ic ep esen a ion? Fo example, when we look a he his o y o he ela ionship be ween he media and democ acy in ecen decades in he Wes , he balance is c i ical. In Po ugal, we need only e ea back o he pe iod immedia ely ollowing he 25 h o Ap il and he hea ed summe ha ollowed. The media a ha ime had clea ly been hijacked by pa isan poli ics and om ha momen o wa d, no hing ex ao dina y o adically di e en migh ha e aken place had i no been o he sp ead o hose g oups who hijacked o new, na ional and o eign in e es s, economic powe s, e c. The democ a ic expe ience, as we know i , gene ally includes wi hin i s own genesis, cons uc ion and de elopmen , i s own co up ion, i s sel -deg ada ion, and i s own a igue. This happens, i s o all, as a esul o mechanisms inhibi ing sel -e alua ion and ex e nal sc u iny, while hey also es ic anspa ency. Then, o his eason, i pulls in o i sel , phenomena o occul powe s, o a ic o in luence, pa isan c onyism, poli ical and economic pa onage, co up ion, in sho , he slow, cyclical and con inuous co osion and dec epi ude o he democ a ic sys em. And all has become e en mo e complex in he age o he ne wo ks. In he a icle "Hell a e Pa adise", Zeynep Tu ekci (2018), based on he in es iga ion in o he en anglemen s be ween big da a and social media om he poli ical and F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e 41 sociological poin s o iew, posed he key issue in a p elimina y ashion. In a sho space o ime, be ween he so-called A ab Sp ing and he a i al on s age o Camb idge Analy ica, we ha e swi ched om an age o hope o social ne wo ks and o poli ical change ha migh deepen he expe ience o ci izenship and we ha e been o ced o ecognise mul iple cases o he sub e sion o he e y p inciples o democ acy. The amous co e o he MIT Technology Re iew o Janua y 2013 ollowing Obama's 2012 second elec ion announced, "Big Da a Will Sa e Poli ics". Ye i was al eady de ini ely ou da ed by he same s a egies o mic o a ge ing ha he same candida e had used in 2008 and 2012. Tu ecki a gued ha he new echnological and poli ical expe imen was, howe e , o become a " a al combina ion" o dic a o s as well. They ede ined op ions ha now su passed he le el o p o o-delibe a i ism o achie e a s a e o pos - u h, dedica ed o he acking o ulne abili ies, pola iza ion, and he disin o ma ion o o e s. She posi s ha he e a e se e al causes o his e e sal, namely: i) he "weakening" o he media as adi ional gua dians o in o ma ion; ii) he clickbai e a o he new ga ekeepe s; iii) he ene a ion o local jou nalism; i ) he phenomenon o pola iza ion and echo chambe s; and, ) he exploi a ion o "weak digi al secu i y in he U.S". In he wo ds, "I was no Russia ha c ea ed condi ions o social mis us , weak ins i u ions and dis an eli es ..." (Tu ecki, 2018: 48). And she lis ed he main mis akes o he U.S.: he I aq Wa , he 2008 inancial collapse, heal h sys em and insu ance, esponses o he clima e c isis, Cong essional lobbying, ax ha ens, and he agili y o in e ne an i- us measu es, e c. Ano he issue migh be wo h adding: Facebook's mission o make he wo ld mo e open and connec ed, ye mo e dependen on he pla o m's mos impo an asse , he esale o use s' a en ion (and p i a e da a). Reg ession F om he pa adox be ween he accele a ion o echnology and he eg ession o bo h poli ics and he democ a ic expe ience, a new "disin o ma i e" o de is NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019 42 a ising oge he wi h he complex phenomenon o pola iza ion which has been c ea ed by coun e in elligence cen es wi h he in e media ion o he so-called "al e na i e media" (Ho aczek, 2019) o he a igh . G ea digi al pla o ms ha e a i ed as well. They we e in oduced in o Wes e n poli ics a he beginning o he new cen u y and ha e gone on o dissuade deba e and eedom o in o ma ion, o es ic and ence in c i ical public sphe es, and ep ess any hin o ci il i ue o di e si y o cul u al exp ession. Thus, in addi ion o he model o ecip oci y and o he o ms o ela ionship ha p o oke a esonan esponse, we a e now wi nessing mos o all emp y, o mu e o ms o ela ionship o hose ha only ein o ce people's cu en con ic ions. Ha mu Rosa (2010) poin ed ou ha he accele a ion o ime and echnology, he con ol o he i ual and he new sys ems o media ion, con ain in hemsel es he emb yos o a new o m o o ali a ian domina ion by way o he web hey wea e. They ecen e he pos -mode n condi ion exac ly a ound a new "na u e" based on da a bases (Lyo a d, 1979), social accele a ion, models o inequali y and unce ain y (Inne a i y, 2018), and eg ession, all o which may lead o "democ acy a igue" (Appadu ai, 2017). All his akes place amid he la e capi alism o globaliza ion, in which cul u e is dilu ed by economics. The "disin eg a ion o he social" akes place along wi h he un egula ed accele a ion o echnology. The associa ion be ween he c ea ion o weal h and he g ow h o inequali y can also be seen as a consequence o asymme ic and de egula ed echnological de elopmen . On he o he hand, classical models o plu alism and o con adic ion in he media a e now a a new c oss oads. The new si ua ions o he ise o he a igh -wing media seek o ecen e p ocesses and o lead o new p inciples o exclusion, new s a egies o conque ing e hno-na ional so e eign y by smo he ing in ellec ual and cul u al dissidence. Wi h he populis e e sal, he O he is ejec ed, and his synd ome o democ a ic a igue is imposed in a con ex some imes e e ed o as "pos -democ a ic" (Appadu ai, 2017). F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e 43 Media chy I is pa en ly ob ious ha he ields o communica ions – media, news media, and ad e ising – ha e become supe imposed wi hin in his complex global c isis. Al e na i e ac s and ake news ha e added a new ideology – ha o clickbai – and i s eplican s: bo s, cha bo s, and all he oll ac o ies in he wo ld ha use Twi e and Facebook as su oga e mo he s, such as e o is pla o ms, poli ical ma ias and cybe wa io s, which make use o s a egies o a ac a en ion and des abilize geopoli ics. Those who make use o clickbai ha e no conce n o ei he con en o e hics. Wha ma e s o hem is o maximize he quan i a i e e ec o his unsc upulous click economy. Agains all expec a ions, i y yea s a e he c ea ion o he In e ne , poli ics and aud ha e edisco e ed each o he in mo e highly complex echnological en i onmen s suppo ed by sophis ica ed algo i hmic models and A i icial In elligence. They a e colliding wi h classical democ a ic alues, in pa icula wi h he anspa ency o democ acy, eedom o exp ession and in o ma ion, and plu alism. Hence, he ea s o he c i ics o echnological accele a ion – om O well (1949) o Mum o d (1963), om Ellul (1964) o Rosa (2010) – and hei wa nings abou he po en ial eme gence o echnological y anny o e humani y a e pe haps mo e cu en han e e be o e. S iegle (2011), o example, augh us ha mass cul u e is mainly a he se ice o cap u ing and des oying a en ion. I seeks o dissemina e he e e yday censo ship o he plu ali y o oices and cul u al exp essions. I se es as a egime designed o de e communica ion and no malize consensus by way o a "media chy" (Ci on, 2017) in ended o main ain a pe manen s a e o denial and manipula ion o in o ma ion. I was he model o manu ac u ing consen ha was dependen on dominan in e es g oups, and i led o he deg ada ion o he democ a ic expe ience and e ol ed in o ou ecen examples o poli ical pola iza ion and p o o- ascis populisms now in he mids o ou digi al age. The concep o "media chy", was p oposed by Y es Ci on. He a gued ha he pe o ma i e powe o he media p e ails o e democ acy. I encompasses he NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019 44 models o pe cep ion o he wo ld included wi hin hese sys ems o media ion and he accumula ion o powe and capaci ies o ac . Mo eo e , i also econ igu es he speci ic s uc u e o he media in a p esc ip i e dimension o his pe o ma i e de ice ha con ols exp ession and ep esen a ions o he wo ld. The media, he eby, shapes ou iew o ac s and e en s and condi ions ou pe cep ions and beha io . Today's media ed condi ioning has eached a wo isome dimension, especially in he digi al sphe e, wi h i s so-called il e bubbles, he echo chambe s ha ha e c ea ed he g ea es phenomena o poli ical pola iza ion in his o y. This is how he isk ha he media migh e ol e in o y anny is coming back unde deba e in he Wes , along wi h a e lec ion on po en ial new holocaus s. Take a look a he pos - u h ques ion. As Timo hy Snyde (2017) igh ly poin ed ou , pos - u h is la gely he announcemen o p e- ascism. I is a g owing model o communica ion o his digi al age ha is based on denying bo h memo y and he e en , in a o o alse na a i es cons uc ed and dissemina ed au oma ically by he new populisms, in o de o denig a e ac s, poli ical opponen s, o his o y i sel . A ound he con empo a y issue o u h and he media, he au ho ocuses on ano he cen al heme o his wo k, ha al e na i e ac s and he pe secu ion by he populis s o bo h he anspa ency o in o ma ion and he e hics o jou nalism oge he wi h pos - u h " ees ablish(es) p ecisely he ascis a i ude o he u h "(p. 57). Snyde is also highly c i ical o he sys em o he media. He a gues ha he media basically "go along wi h he eal e en s o he p esen day" (2017: 73), subsc ibing o a con empo a y c i ical lineage – om S eine o Habe mas – ha associa es he media wi h he democ a ic c isis. In addi ion o he a igue o Eu opean ci izens in ela ion o he EU bu eauc acy, as demons a ed bo h by ecen elec o al abs en ion and he ac ha he same bu eauc acy ailed o ake up iden i y issues and de end cohesion and Eu opean cul u al he i age, Eu ope and he Eu opean media also ailed o deal well wi h he 2015 mig an c isis (Geo giou, 2019). Mo eo e , hey ha e also ailed o espond o he end owa ds populism, om O bán o Kaczynski, om B exi o T ump, no wi hs anding all he p e iously men ioned issues (i.e. he in asion o F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e 51 how he Union migh imp o e i s communica ion policy. "The Union is well ad ised in localizing news coming ou o B ussels in he al eady exis ing and popula ly used na ional media channels. Un o una ely, he e o s o Commissione Walls öm do no indica e ha impo an mass media ou le s a e conside ed necessa y by he Union." Agains his backg ound, Thiel p oposed suppo ing public ele ision as a means o o wa d hese goals. I he Eu opean Public TV, since he TSF Di ec i e (1989), had no se ed o p omo e he iden i y / di e si y o he g ea Eu opean house, he Eu opean cul u al he i age, and he idea o Eu ope, wha ole did a Eu opean public se ice ele ision ul il? Speaking on he subjec "Pu ing Eu ope in he Pic u e", Schwa z a gued ha p og ammes dedica ed o EU a ai s alone we e no e ec i e: he Eu opean dimension had o be in eg a ed in o hema ic p og ammes and domes ic news (A. Schwa z, RFI). Howe e , wha was uly inc edible was he lack o a clea commi men on he pa o public Eu opean b oadcas e s o pu Eu ope in hei pic u e. How migh Eu ope, a e so many yea s, sac i ice he implemen a ion o i s communica ion s a egy, i s main o um, he undamen al ne wo k o public adio and ele ision b oadcas e s? Eu opean Pa liamen esolu ions and he p inciples laid down in he G een Pape on Audio isual (1984) and he Audio isual Di ec i e ha e se up he Eu opean sys em o public ele ision as a s a egic pla o m o he assimila ion o he Eu opean p ojec and he idea o Eu ope. The main issue, howe e , is ha he B ussels bu eauc a s ha e ne e conceded his ac . The s a egic goal o he Audio isual Di ec i e was clea . In o de o e e se he p edominance o No h Ame ican ele ision shows and ilms on Eu opean sc eens, Eu ope needed: (i) eedom o mo emen o Eu opean ele ision p og ammes in he in e nal ma ke , and (ii) b oadcas ing quo as ha would equi e Eu opean ope a o s o alloca e mo e han hal o hei b oadcas ing ime o Eu opean con en . As we ha e poin ed ou p e iously (Cádima, 2007: 11-12), Eu opean audio isual policy, as ega ds public audio isuals, and in o de o ollow key p inciples o he Di ec i e, should be based on he p imacy o cul u e o e ma ke o ces and on Eu opean cul u al he i age and di e si y as a undamen al cul u al s a egy o NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019 52 he consolida ion o he idea o Eu ope, in pa icula h ough he widesp ead and consis en dissemina ion o he Eu opean audio isual sec o in he Membe S a es. Howe e , he Eu opean Pa liamen i sel has ound he opposi e o be ue: '(...) he sha e o Eu opean wo ks is mos ly illed by na ional wo ks'. No asse i e moni o ing o Eu opean ope a o s' adhe ence o he TVSF Di ec i e has been unde aken, as was explici ly s a ed in he Eu opean Commission's own assessmen s o he applica ion o A icles 4 and 5 o he Di ec i e (PE 2004).7 The Eu opean Pa liamen has mo e ecen ly aken up he opic again. A epo om he Eu opean Pa liamen o 2013, abou he implemen a ion o he Audio isual Media Se ices Di ec i e (PE 2013) Ne e heless, no subs an i e changes ha e ye been pu in o p ac ice. 8 As has been poin ed ou p e iously, his ques ion is undamen al and has been b ough up by mul iple Eu opean esea che s and / o pa liamen a ians o e ecen decades: Ba z, Ba zan i, Ga cia, Cádima, Thiel, Janssen, and o he s. Thus, i is ha d o accep ha , on he one hand, he Commission has abandoned assessmen s , ega ding he p omo ion o Eu opean audio isual con en , called a en ion o he ollowing (pa ag aph 31): "(...) while he majo i y o Membe S a es espec he ules on he p omo ion o Eu opean wo ks, p io i y is s ill gi en o na ional wo ks, and he pe cen age o independen wo ks b oadcas on ele ision is declining. "In pa ag aph 33 o he same documen , he Eu opean Pa liamen also eques ed ha " he obliga ion o p o ide in o ma ion on Eu opean wo ks mus include a leas a b eakdown by ca ego y (cinema og aphic wo ks, ele ision p oduc ions o ic ion and non- ic ion, shows and en e ainmen p og ams) and means o dis ibu ion and calls on Membe S a es o p o ide ele an da a on his subjec ." 9 7 Eu opean Pa liamen esolu ion on he applica ion o A icles 4 and 5 o Di ec i e 89/552 / EEC and, on he hand, ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has appa en ly "Tele ision wi hou F on ie s", as amended by Di ec i e 97/36 / EC, o he 2001-2002 pe iod [2004/2236 (INI)]. 8 Repo on he implemen a ion o he Audio isual Media Se ices Di ec i e (2013) (2012/2132 (INI)), Commi ee on Cul u e and Educa ion, 2013.(2012/2132(INI)), da Comissão da Cul u a e da Educação, 2013. h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/sides/ge Doc.do?pubRe =-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A7-2013- 0055+0+DOC+PDF+V0//PT 9 See: h p://ec.eu opa.eu/a chi es/in o ma ion_socie y/a policy/ eg/ w /implemen a ion/ epo s/index _en.h m F ancisco Rui Cádima, Eu ope Ou o he Pic u e 53 d opped he issue o Eu opean p oduc ion quo as in i s moni o ing o he Audio isual Media Se ices Di ec i e. The EU's own communica ion s a egy is now subsumed unde he "Eu opean Single Ma ke S a egy". The posi ion closes o he o iginal concep is he ac ion plan on misin o ma ion wi hin he s a egic communica ion wo king g oup o he Eas (Eas S a Com ), a EU and NATO ini ia i e dealing wi h s a egic communica ion in c isis si ua ions and he " eac ion" o cybe c ises. The e is, as well, a social media ne wo k campaign abou he Eu opean Ci izens' Ini ia i e10. Wha is mo e, he EU S a egic Communica ion Plan (2016-2020)11 Meanwhile, a new e ision o he Audio isual Di ec i e was launched in 2015 , while ecognizing ha "communica ion does no ake place in a acuum, bu in a complex en i onmen o 28 na ional public spaces and an eme ging Eu opean Public Space" (page 4), ails no only no men ion he PSM (Public Se ice Media) o he Membe S a es as i equally igno es he adi ional public ele ision se ice in Eu ope. 12 10 A UE em 2018 — Rela ó io Ge al sob e a A i idade da União Eu opeia. (2019). Comissão Eu opeia. Di eção-Ge al da Comunicação. h p://eu opa.eu/gene al- epo /p aimed a upda ing he exis ing ules o he p o ision o audio isual media se ices in Eu ope. In so a as he p omo ion o p oduc ion is conce ned, he new documen equi ed on-demand se ice p o ide s (such as Ne lix) o p omo e he p oduc ion and dis ibu ion o Eu opean wo ks, s a ing ha a leas 30% o hei ca alogues would ha e o be made up o Eu opean con en . A icles 16 and 17 o he 2010 Di ec i e equi ing " ele ision b oadcas e s o ese e a majo i y p opo ion o hei b oadcas ing ime" we e main ained. Howe e , he Commission also insis ed on doing away wi h key equi emen s ha such wo ks a e om hi d S a es, and no om na ional p og amming in each Membe S a e. Na ional con en hus coun s s a is ically as he p oduc ion / dis ibu ion o Eu opean con en , lea ing na ional b oadcas ing ope a o s and hei audiences o ocus in on hei own na ional p oduc ion, which is basically ele ision b oadcas ing, o in o he wo ds " ele ash" o a la ge ex en . The EU hus con inues i s soli a y pa h, ou side he po en ial o i s Public Se ice Media 11 S a egic Plan 2016 – 2020. DG Communica ion. h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/in o/si es/in o/ iles/s a egic-plan-2016-2020-dg-comm_ap il2016_en.pd 12 EU DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/1808 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 14 No embe 2018 ha amended Di ec i e 2010/13/UE. h ps://eu -lex.eu opa.eu/legal- con en /PT/TXT/PDF/?u i=CELEX:32018L1808& om=EN NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogma ic Sleep P oceedings. Po o, Oc obe 29-31 2019 54 sys em, gi ing c edence o he c i ics o his model, who, hi y yea s a e he i s audio isual di ec i e (1989) con inue o hink basically like Ga cia (2007: 2): "The e exis s a p o ound anach onism be ween he EU's chime ical ision o ele ision as a uni ying o ce and wha ac ually akes place in he audio isual ma ke ". Re e ences A UE em 2018 — Rela ó io Ge al sob e a A i idade da União Eu opeia. (2019). Comissão Eu opeia. 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Diá io de No ícias online, 11 Dezemb o 2018. h ps://www.dn.p /edicao-do-dia/11-dez-2018/in e io /a-poli ica-na-e a-do-caos- 10301778.h ml Au ho iden i ica ion F ancisco Rui Cádima. Is Full P o esso a he Depa men o Communica ions Sciences – School o Social Sciences and Humani ies – NOVA Uni e si y o Lisbon. He is also Coo dina o o he Doc o al P og amme in Communica ion Sciences a he same Depa men , and P incipal In es iga o (PI) o NOVA Ins i u e o Communica ion – ICNOVA esea ch cen e – h p://www.icno a. csh.unl.p