Repo ing on In e na ionaliza ion o Ope a ions, GLOBOP: Design and
Managemen o Global Supply Chains
Jose a Mula*
Resea ch Cen e on P oduc ion Managemen and Enginee ing (CIGIP), Poly echnic Uni e si y o Valencia, Spain
*Co esponding au ho : Jose a Mula, Resea ch Cen e on P oduc ion Managemen and Enginee ing (CIGIP), Poly echnic Uni e si y o Valencia, Spain; Tel:
34966528423; E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Rec da e: Ma ch 04, 2014; Acc da e: May 19, 2014; Pub da e: May 27, 2014
Copy igh : © 2014 Mula J, This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use,
dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed.
Abs ac
The esea ch p ojec en i led Design and Managemen o Global Supply Chains (GLOBOP) ocuses on he
speci ic model con igu a ion s ages wi h p oduc i e mul i loca ion and new p oduc i e implan a ions, which a ec he
design o p oduc i e and logis ic sys ems, and he associa ed supplie ne wo k design. This esea ch p ojec aims o
o e a me hodological and echnical solu ion o hose companies ha ha e begun an in e na ionaliza ion p ocess in
ecen yea s (la e mo e s).
In oduc ion
The need o accomplish in e na ional ma ke s de elopmen wi h
sophis ica ed, di e se cus ome equi emen s and, a he same ime, o
pu in o p ac ice global pu chasing s a egies ha exploi wo ldwide
supplie ma ke oppo uni ies is in luencing he way p oduc ion and
logis ics ne wo ks ha e o be con igu ed and managed. F agmen a ion
o p oduc i e p ocesses and mul iloca ion o ac i i ies ha e become
ele an . This implies ha he agen s in eg a ing he global supply
chain (i.e., dis ibu o s, o iginal equipmen manu ac u e s, o he
manu ac u e s, supplie s and logis ic ope a o s, e c.) ha e o ca y ou
new ope a ions and supply s a egies o e na ional bo de s o each
op imal le els o quali y, lexibili y and cos s.
The in e na ionaliza ion p ocess is one o he mos di icul
decision-making p ocesses as i implies nume ous isks, mainly o
SMES, whose esou ces a e limi ed. The esea ch p ojec en i led
Design and Managemen o Global Supply Chains (GLOBOP) ocuses
on he speci ic model con igu a ion s ages wi h p oduc i e mul i
loca ion and new p oduc i e implan a ions, which a ec he design o
p oduc i e and logis ic sys ems, and he associa ed supplie ne wo k
design.
This esea ch p ojec aims o o e a me hodological and echnical
solu ion o hose companies ha ha e begun an in e na ionaliza ion
p ocess in ecen yea s (la e mo e s). The gene al esea ch p ojec
objec i es a e o: a) p opose a me hodology and associa ed echniques
o analyze and design global ne wo ks wi h p oduc i e mul iloca ion,
and o design plan s, wa ehouses and supplie ne wo ks in he new
in e na ional con ex s ha imply con empla ing all he economic,
social and en i onmen al ac o s.
The abo e-men ioned ac o s, which a e no inco po a ed in o he
design, a e gene a ing delays in implan a ions, majo cos s, and e en
unsuccess ul implemen a ions o edesigns; b) de elop concep ual
models wi h associa ed wo king me hods, simula ion and op imiza ion
decision suppo ools, and implemen a ion guides o acili a e he
design and managemen o global supply chains; c) p o ide empi ical
esea ch om he p oposed models and ools.
Key Fac o s in Design and Managemen in Global
Supply Chains
The design o a p oduc i e and logis ics sys em mus all in line
wi h he company’s in e na ionaliza ion business s a egy [1]. To his
end, i is necessa y o make p oduc i e and logis ic decisions by
managing esou ces and de eloping compe ences o accomplish
ma ke equi emen s. C i ical decisions when dealing wi h he design
and con igu a ion o a global supply chain a e he:
• Localiza ion o supply sou ces (own and o he wise);
• S a egic ole o plan s, supplie s and wa ehouses;
• In eg a ion o agmen a ion o p oduc i e and logis ic ope a ions
(p oduc ion o pu chasing decisions);
• Se ice deli e y s a egies (supply s a egy, p oduc ion s a egy,
and pu chasing s a egy
• Global ope a ions ne wo k (dis ibu ion ne wo k, p oduc ion
ne wo k, supplie ’s ne wo k).
P oduc i e and logis ic designs mus con inuously unde go
adap ion and econ igu a ion. The e o e, hey mus be designed o
ha e he capaci y o be modi iable in he nea u u e o conside
changes in p oduc s, a ia ions in he mix o p oduc s, capable-
lexible-adequa e-e icien equipmen and echnologies, p io i y
ope a ional unc ions o ins alla ions-equipmen -people, and
con ingen ac ion p o ocols.
These ac o s and cha ac e is ics, which mus be de eloped by
global supply chains ha e been summa ized as [2,3]: eac i i y,
scalabili y, apid adjus men o exis ing sys ems and e icien
p oduc ion.
In oday’s economic c isis, cha ac e ized by a globaliza ion con ex ,
poo demand and inancial di icul y, he SMEs loca ed in de eloped
economies a e seeking new p oduc i e implemen a ions o
econ igu a ions in hei p oduc i e and logis ic ne wo ks o emain
compe i i e.
The in e na ionaliza ion p ocesses o bo h he business and
ope a ions suppo ing hem ha e especially accele a ed in o de o
co e ma ke s in eme ging economies [4]. These p oduc i e and
Indus ial Enginee ing &
Managemen Mula, Ind Eng Manage 2014, 3:3
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4172/2169-0316.1000131
Sho Communica ion Open access
Ind Eng Manage
ISSN:2169-0316 IEM Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000131
logis ic s a egies equi e a model con igu ed wi h p oduc i e and/o
dis ibu ed mul iloca ion p oduc ion, as well as o ganized di ec and
in e se logis ic lows [5].
The p ocesses and p ac ice o imp o e and op imize he
pe o mance o a p oduc i e ne wo k ha e no been su icien ly
analyzed [6], especially as a as new p oduc i e implemen a ions, and
cons an ly econ igu ing and adap ing in e na ional manu ac u ing
ne wo ks, a e conce ned [7]. Many SMEs and BUIGs (Business Uni s
o Indus ial G oups), which ac locally and p ospe , ail in o eign
ma ke s.
Change in ma ke s means ha ing o de elop a new analy ical
amewo k om which in e na ional specializa ion is unde s ood. The
con en ional business heo y can o e analy ical ools, bu i is
necessa y o adap hem o new ope a ions-based specializa ion
condi ions. Likewise, he e is he need o e lec on he analy ical
amewo k om which new o ms o SMEs’ in e na ionaliza ion a e
in e p e ed. I is he e o e necessa y o use he dis ibu ed o
mul iloca ion p oduc ion concep in supply chain design models;
co e ing se e al objec i es simul aneously; conside ing p oduc i e and
logis ic decisions oge he . Mo eo e , he e is: he inco po a ion o
ools in o he analysis and design phase which allow obus ness and
secu i y concep s o be inco po a ed in o econ igu ed p oduc ion
plan s and supply chains; he p o ision o comp ehensi e, e ec i e
ma hema ical models o help managemen make sui able decisions on
in e na ionaliza ion. Some ele an wo ks on hese ma e s a e
p o ided in he Table 1 below.
Reasons o
in e na ionaliza io
n
[8-12] Access o p oduc ion in low-cos coun ies; 2)
p oduc i e uni s close o new ma ke s; 3)
agmen a ion o he alue chain and edesigning
he alue chain o gain an ad an age in each plan
and node indi idually, and o ob ain he
coo dina ion syne gies o his ne wo k; 4) c ea ing
new p oduc s and ma ke s wi h he comple e
alue o global ac i i ies, and using he capaci ies
o companies in he p oduc ion ne wo k.
P oduc ion-pu chasing economies o scale and
in es men e u ns, hus ex ending he li e cycle o
a icles in o he ma ke s.
In e na ionaliza io
n phases
[13,7] Spo adic expo s; expo s wi h independen
agen s and/o expo s wi h own comme cial
delega ions; implemen ing a sha ed p oduc i e
uni (join en u e); implemen ing p oduc i e uni s.
Some au ho s ha e added he need o
con inuously econ igu e and adap he global
p oduc ion and manu ac u ing ne wo k.
Possible
con igu a ions o
ope a ions
[8] Fo p oduc s in which a apid esponse o
consume s can signi ican ly inc ease sales and
sale p ices, i is necessa y o make a emp s o
ca y ou all he manu ac u ing phases as close o
he cus ome as possible by ying o apply lean
and mass cus omiza ion p inciples. Fo p oduc s
wi h g ea e sensi i i y o p ice, bu which also
equi e a apid esponse (seasonali y o ola ile
demand), he design phase and p oduc i e
p ocess mus be join ly loca ed in a nea by a ea
ha o e s he lowes sha ed cos s. Commodi y-
ype p oduc s wi h a high alue-weigh a io,
whose long- e m demand can be o eseen, mus
be loca ed in coun ies whe e labo is cheap, e en
beyond he sales a ea. Exis ing guidelines o
global supply chains design and managemen a e
insu icien o help wi h design and o se up an
in e na ionaliza ion p ocess o ope a ions.
Design models o
supply chains
[11,14-
16]
I is concluded ha : (1) hyb id app oaches a e
mainly adop ed, which combine in ege -mixed
linea p og amming o Mul iobjec i e in ege -
mixed linea p og amming wi h me a-heu is ics;
(2) i s minimiza ion o cos s, o combined wi h
o he cus ome s-based c i e ia; second, wi h o he
ope a ions-based c i e ia, hese being he main
objec i es; (3) mo e alida ed models wi h
nume ical examples a e p oposed han hose wi h
applica ions wi h eal supply chains; (4) he main
no el aspec s o hese wo ks ela e mo e wi h
de eloping me a-heu is ics algo i hms han
p oblems modeling; (5) he main iden i ied
limi a ions e e o he simple na u e o he
modeled p oblem (one s age, one sou ce, one
p oduc o one planning pe iod, among o he s).
O he iden i ied limi a ions include poo
compu a ional e iciency and unce ain ies in
pa ame e s like demand no being conside ed.
Need o new
analysis models
and ools
[7,17,1
8]
Supply chain managemen esea che s should
p oduce comp ehensi e models o wo king
amewo ks o in e na ional manu ac u ing
sys ems ha help manage s design and manage
hei ne wo ks.
These wo king models/ amewo ks should b idge
he gap be ween p oduc ion sys ems (Toyo a PS,
Vol o PS, Bosch Siemens PS, e c.) and adjus ed
manu ac u ing p og ams (lean manu ac u ing),
which lead o excellence when implemen ed in o a
plan wi h a s able se ing. Howe e , hey a e no
ad an ageous in a dynamic ma ke se ing and in
new in e na ional mul iloca ion con ex s, o o
econ igu ing an exis ing ne wo k.
Sho comings in
SMEs
[19] A Delphi s udy wi h 20 indus ial manage s
showing ha he wo king me hods o SMEs lack
he decisions made in he p oduc ion ne wo ks
design and analysis phase o achie e new
scalable p ocesses o p oduc ion plan design, o
o de elop supplie ’s ne wo ks wi h a global
pu chases s a egy.
Table 1: Rele an aspec s o he in e na ionaliza ion o ope a ions
Modeling Techniques and Solu ion
In speci ic e ms, and based on he iden i ica ion o equi emen s,
his p ojec will concep ually cha ac e ize and model ope a ions design
and managemen p ocesses in global supply chains, which is he main
objec i e o his p ojec . [12,20,21] de eloped a concep ual model
(GLOBOPE), which will ac as a s a ing poin o his esea ch
p ojec . Analy ical echniques, based on ope a ional esea ch, shall be
employed in which linea p og amming, mixed-in ege p og amming,
and pa icula ly Mul iobjec i e ma hema ical p og amming, s and ou
o analy ically model global supply chains based on concep ual
modeling.
In o de o o malize unce ain y, uzzy ma hema ical
p og amming echniques will be applied. On he one hand, hey can be
used o inco po a e he epis emic unce ain y o lack o knowledge in
inpu pa ame e s in o he analy ical models o uzziness in hei
objec i es [22-24]. On he o he hand, uzzy op imiza ion can be used
as a solu ion echnique o Mul iobjec i e ma hema ical p og amming
models [25-27].
Mo eo e , me a-heu is ics will be mos sui able o sol e
op imiza ion p oblems wi h in eg ali y cons ain s o he a iables
since hey seek many solu ions in pa allel. Simula ion models ha e
been widely used in supply chains ([28-30]). This p ojec will use
Ci a ion: Mula J (2014) Repo ing on In e na ionaliza ion o Ope a ions, GLOBOP: Design and Managemen o Global Supply Chains. Ind Eng
Manage 3: 131. doi:10.4172/2169-0316.1000131
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ISSN:2169-0316 IEM Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000131
simula ion o do wha -i analyses o imp o e he de eloped analy ical
models and algo i hms. Finally, he applica ions o he mul iagen
sys ems o [31-33] o alida ing he p oposed models a e highligh ed.
Acknowledgemen
This esea ch is unded by a Spanish Minis y o Science and
Educa ion P ojec en i led ‘Ope a ions Design and Managemen in
Global Supply Chains (GLOBOP)’ (Re . DPI2012-38061-C02-01).
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Ci a ion: Mula J (2014) Repo ing on In e na ionaliza ion o Ope a ions, GLOBOP: Design and Managemen o Global Supply Chains. Ind Eng
Manage 3: 131. doi:10.4172/2169-0316.1000131
Page 3 o 3
Ind Eng Manage
ISSN:2169-0316 IEM Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000131