In eg a ed planning
o u ban wa e
se ices: a global
app oach
Helena Aleg e / Dídia Co as
D53.1a
MANUAL 1
In eg a ed planning o u ban
wa e se ices:
a global app oach
Au ho s:
Helena Aleg e, LNEC – Na ional Ci il Enginee ing Labo a o y, Po ugal
Dídia Co as, IST – Ins i u o Supe io Técnico, Uni e sidade de Lisboa,
Po ugal
Re iewe s
Dominik No a p-Heim, IWW - Rheinisch Wes alisches ins i u u
Wasse o schung Gemeinnu zige GMBH
Ri a Salgado B i o, LNEC – Na ional Ci il Enginee ing Labo a o y
Ap il 2015
The esea ch leading o hese esul s has ecei ed unds om Eu opean Union Se en h F amewo k
P og amme (FP7/2007-2013) unde g an ag eemen n.° 265122.
This publica ion e lec s only he au ho s’ and o he con ibu o s’ iews and he Eu opean Union is no
liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.
Ci e as
Aleg e, H., Co as, D., Almeida (2015). In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices: a global app oach.
TRUST Manual o Bes P ac ice, Vol. 1.
Table o con en s
In oduc ion......................................................................................... 3
1.1 Scope .......................................................................................... 3
1.2 Documen s uc u e ................................................................. 4
1.3 Ta ge public ............................................................................. 5
The impo ance o in eg a ed planning o he sus ainabili y o u ban
wa e se ices ..................................................................................... 6
2.1 In eg a ed planning is key o e icien use o inancial
esou ces ................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Managing asse alue in he long e m ................................ 9
2.3 Sus ainabili y in u ban wa e cycle se ices ...................... 16
2.4 In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices ..................... 20
Why is IAM c i ical wi hin he in eg a ed planning? ......................... 21
3.1 Playing wi h igu es ............................................................... 21
3.2 Pa ial iews o IAM ............................................................... 24
3.3 IAM mul iple de ini ions ........................................................ 26
3.4 IAM TRUST app oach .............................................................. 28
3.5 Mo i a ion and d i e s ........................................................... 30
3.6 Key in e na ional s anda ds ................................................. 31
3.7 IAM as a key p ocess wi hin he in eg a ed planning o
u ban wa e se ices........................................................................... 32
Unde s anding u ban wa e sys ems’ me abolism ........................... 35
4.1 U ban wa e sys ems beha e as o ganic bodies ............... 35
4.2 Why inancial e iciency equi es he unde s anding o he
in as uc u e me abolism? .............................................................. 37
4.3 The TRUST me abolism model ............................................ 38
Global amewo k o IAM planning ................................................. 40
1
5.1 The IAM cube .......................................................................... 40
5.2 Planning decisional le els .................................................... 41
5.3 Planning ho izons and analysis ho izons ........................... 43
5.4 Planning p ocess ................................................................... 44
5.5 Pe o mance assessmen ...................................................... 47
5.6 Risk assessmen ..................................................................... 49
5.7 Cos assessmen ..................................................................... 53
UWCS pe o mance assessmen sys em ........................................... 56
6.1 In oduc ion ............................................................................ 56
6.2 Types o pe o mance assessmen me ics used in TRUST .
.................................................................................................. 60
6.3 Requi emen s o he de ini ion o a pe o mance
assessmen sys em ............................................................................. 61
6.4 Pe o mance assessmen me ics ....................................... 61
6.6 Va iables .................................................................................. 62
6.7 Con ex in o ma ion and o he da a elemen s ................. 63
6.8 Da a quali y ............................................................................ 64
Technological challenges and oppo uni ies .................................... 65
Final ema ks .................................................................................... 76
Re e ences ........................................................................................ 78
2
3
1
In oduc ion
Global amewo k, key p inciples and
concep s and he main challenges
and oppo uni ies.
1.1 Scope
The scope o his TRUST se ies o bes p ac ice manuals is he
in eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices, ocusing on
In as uc u e Asse Managemen (IAM). IAM aims a
ensu ing ha in as uc u es a e managed in such a way ha
sus ainabili y o he se ice is ensu ed by maximizing se ice
pe o mance a a minimum cos and wi h accep able isk
le els, in he long e m. U ban wa e se ices include wa e
supply and was ewa e and s o m wa e managemen .
This manual in oduces a global amewo k, key p inciples
and concep s and he main challenges and oppo uni ies.
This is Volume I o a se ies o manuals de eloped in scope o
he TRUST p ojec (www. us -i.ne ). The o he olumes
include speci ic guidelines o policy-making a a na ional o
egional le el (Manual 2) and o s a egic and ac ical
planning a he u ili y le el (Manuals 3 and 4) as well as a
po o olio o ehabili a ion echniques used in supply pipes
and s o age anks and d ainage sys ems (Manuals 5 and 6).

1.2 Documen s uc u e
The documen has six chap e s, being he i s he p esen
in oduc o y chap e .
Chap e 2 explains why in eg a ed planning o u ban wa e
sys ems is c ucial o ensu ing he sus ainabili y o he se ice,
e e ing he main d i e s, gaps, consequences and exis ing
in e na ional s anda ds.
Chap e 3 explains ha u ban wa e se ices e ol e o e ime
as li ing bodies, wi h hei own me abolism which needs o be
unde s ood in o de o be adequa ely managed, and p esen s
he main concep s and gene al p inciples o me abolism
analysis.
The global amewo k o in eg a ed planning is p esen ed in
Chap e 4, including planning le els and associa ed p ocesses,
scope, ime ho izons, and dimensions o be aken in o
conside a ion.
Chap e 5 highligh s he main echnological challenges and
oppo uni ies in u ban wa e sys ems.
The las chap e (Chap e 6) syn he ises he key-messages o
he cu en manual. The documen should be sequen ially ead
o a be e unde s anding o he p inciples and concep s and
o he eade g adually ge ing amilia wi h he subjec .
4
1.3 Ta ge public
This manual is a ge ed o wo g oups o public: policy
make s and wa e p o essionals as ollows (Cab e a e al.,
2011):
TARGET GROUP PROFILE NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS
Policy make s
Local and na ional go e nmen s,
Eu opean commi ees, wa e
au ho i ies, and planning
ins i u ions
No echnical o ma ion expec ed
Expec solu ions o imp o e
wa e managemen and
socie y’s needs
Succinc deli e ables wi h
e y plain conclusions
Wa e
p o essionals:
Technical
s a
Con ol all he echnical aspec s
o u ban wa e sys ems o he
han managemen
Technical o ma ion o be
expec ed
Close p o ile o he scien i ic
communi y
Expec echnical con en
wi h de ails o p ac ical
uses
Pa icula ly echnical
documen s; no esea ch
de ails necessa y
Wa e
p o essionals:
Decision
make s
Responsible o planning and
leading he wo k o a g oup o
indi iduals and supe ising hei
wo k
Technical knowledge expec ed
Close p o ile o policy make s
Expec execu i e ma e ial
Sho con en wi h clea
conclusions
5
6
2
The impo ance o
in eg a ed planning
o he sus ainabili y
o u ban wa e se ices
2.1 In eg a ed planning is key o e icien use o inancial
esou ces
Policy-make s a e o en aced wi h he need o deciding
whe e o alloca e limi ed inancial esou ces, ying o
maximize he bene i o he socie y. Each se ice p o ide in
a socie al sec o ends o a gue in a ou o hei di ec in e es ,
and he decision make s need o assess he o e all ad an ages
and disad an ages o each op ion in o de o es ablish
p io i ies and suppo hei decision. Gains in e iciency in one
sec o esul in inancial sa ings ha can be ein es ed in he
same o in ano he sec o . A s uc u ed app oach o
in as uc u e asse managemen p o ides a amewo k ha
b ings anspa ency and accoun abili y o hese p ocesses, and,
abo e all, enables a much mo e e icien use o inancial
esou ces.
Wi h he cu en know-how, p o ision o u ban wa e se ices
is based on expensi e and long las ing buil asse s, such as
pipes and sewe s, pumping s a ions, s o age anks and o he
ci il enginee ing wo ks. In o de o keep he ue alue o he
exis ing asse s, he e is he need o spend in capi al
main enance he co esponding o he annual dep ecia ion o
hese asse s, on a e age o he o de o 2% o he in as uc u e
eplacemen s cos . This co esponds o a much highe a io
be ween he capi al main enance cos s and he o al ac i i y
cos s han needed o mos o he public se ices, such as
schools, heal h ca e, anspo a ion o passenge s, elec ici y o
“
A s uc u ed app oach o in as uc u e
asse managemen p o ides a amewo k
ha b ings anspa ency and accoun abili y
and enables a much mo e e icien use o
inancial esou ces.
”
7
The in as uc u e can be expanded as needed and
inhe i ed asse s can be ehabili a ed
The in as uc u e can be expanded as need, bu inhe i ed
asse s can be su icien ly main ained.
14

The long- e m e ec o in es men s and he c i icali y o wa e
se ices o he socie y ha e led o a he conse a i e
solu ions, because decision-make s ea ou -o - he-box o
dis up i e sys em designs and echnologies.
T adi ional solu ions end o be well-p o en in many ega ds.
Howe e , business as usual is no an op ion, gi en he
economic, social and en i onmen al p essu es: cu en
in as uc u al and ope a ional solu ions a e o en ine icien
in economic, ene gy o wa e esou ces e ms, and
insu icien ly e ec i e o cope wi h an inc easingly
challenging wo ld.
Consequen ly, mos cu en u ban wa e se ices a e no
sus ainable!
15
2.3 Sus ainabili y in u ban wa e cycle se ices
Sus ainabili y in u ban wa e cycle se ices (UWCS) is me
when he quali y o asse s and go e nance o he se ices is
su icien o ac i ely secu e he wa e sec o ’s needed
con ibu ions o u ban social, en i onmen al and economic
de elopmen in a way ha mee s he needs o he p esen
wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e gene a ions o
mee hei own needs (B a ebø e al., 2013).
TRUST app oach o sus ainabili y assessmen
16
To achie e sus ainable u ban wa e se ices i is essen ial:
oTo ha e a long e m ision o he se ice.
oTo ensu e ha se ice objec i es and a ge s a e pe manen ly
me in he ansi ion pa h om he p esen si ua ion un il he
long- e m ision is ul illed.
oTo ake in o accoun all dimensions o sus ainabili y abo e
men ioned.
Objec i e-o ien ed s a egic planning wi h a long e m ime
ho izon and a b oad scope, co e ing he whole se ice a ea
and in ol ing all ele an s akeholde s, is he e o e needed.
The TRUST amewo k o sus ainabili y es ablishes key
objec i es o he u ban wa e se ices and co esponding
assessmen c i e ia o each sus ainabili y dimension, aiming
a a anspa en , alid and holis ic me hod o a ge de ini ion
and assessing esul s. Howe e , decision-make s should
cus omize hese objec i es and c i e ia aking in o accoun
hei own ision and con ex .
The assessmen me hod should be inclusi e and lexible wi h
espec o s akeholde in ol emen and decisions ega ding
a ge se ing and ade-o as pa o a mul i-c i e ia decision
analysis p ocess. The assessmen is made ope a ional by
c i ically and ca e ully examining a chosen se o pe o mance
me ics and how hey comply wi h a p ede ined se o
sus ainabili y objec i es and c i e ia. The pe o mance
me ics/indica o s may be quan i a i e and/o quali a i e,
and a e speci ically chosen in o de o ake accoun o he
pa icula con ex and challenges o a gi en u ban wa e cycle
sys em, in a medium- and long- e m ansi ion con ex .
17
DIMENSION OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Social S1) Access o u ban wa e
se ices
S2) E ec i ely sa is y he
cu en use s’ needs and
expec a ions
S3) Accep ance and awa eness
S11) Se ice co e age
S21) Quali y o se ice
S22) Sa e y and heal h
S31) A o dabili y
En i onmen En1) E icien use o wa e ,
ene gy and ma e ials
En2) Minimisa ion o o he
en i onmen al impac s
En11) E iciency in he use o wa e (including inal uses)
En12) E iciency in he use o ene gy
En13) E iciency in he use o ma e ials
En21) En i onmen al e iciency ( esou ce exploi a ion
and li e cycle emissions o wa e , ai and soil)
Economic Ec1) Ensu e economic
sus ainabili y o he UWCS
Ec11) Cos eco e y and ein es men in UWCS
Ec12) Economic e iciency
Ec13) Le e age (deg ee o indeb edness)
Ec14) Willingness o pay
Go e nance G1) Public pa icipa ion
G2) T anspa ency and
accoun abili y
G3) Clea ness, s eadiness and
measu abili y o he UWCS
policies
G4) Alignmen o ci y, co po a e
and wa e esou ces planning
G11) Pa icipa ion ini ia i es
G21) A ailabili y o in o ma ion and public disclosu e
G22) A ailabili y o mechanisms o accoun abili y
G31) Clea ness, s eadiness, ambi iousness and
measu abili y o policies
G41) Deg ee o alignmen o ci y, co po a e and wa e
esou ces planning
Asse s
A1) In as uc u e eliabili y,
adequacy and esilience
A2) Human capi al
A3) In o ma ion and knowledge
managemen
A11) Adequacy o he ehabili a ion a e
A12) Reliabili y and ailu es
A13) Adequa e in as uc u al capaci y
A14) Adap abili y o changes (e.g. clima e change
Adap a ion)
A21) Adequacy o aining, capaci y building and
knowledge ans e
A31) Quali y o he in o ma ion and o he knowledge
managemen sys em
Objec i es and c i e ia o he UWCS sus ainabili y
dimensions (B a ebø e al., 2013).
18
U ban wa e sys ems planning ends o come downs eam in
he o e all ci y planning p ocess, esponding o he needs
iden i ied in he u ban mas e plans, in a eac i e mode.
Howe e , o be sus ainable, u ban wa e sys ems (i.e., wa e
supply, was ewa e and s o m wa e ) mus be designed and
implemen ed in conjunc ion, and ups eam in he ci y
planning p ocess oge he wi h o he public in as uc u es, in
a ue in eg a ed planning app oach.
Fo ins ance, he easibili y and success o using al e na i e
wa e sou ces o decen alized sys ems depends on a good
in eg a ion in he ci y o ganiza ion, in e ms o u ban planning
and o go e nance (i.e., ela ions be ween u ili ies p o iding
each se ice, and be ween u ili ies and s akeholde s).
In eg a ed planning shall also ake in o accoun he di e en
le els o policy and decision making. Coun ies and egions
may ha e s a egic plans ele an o he u ban wa e se ices,
which will di ec ly in luence he u ban wa e u ili ies’ own
planning. The e is a clea need o coo dina ion be ween hem.
In his se ies o manuals, o he olumes will p esen
guidelines o policy–make s as well as guidelines o s a egic
planning and oad-mapping and o ac ical planning a he
u ili y le el.
Alignmen and eedback p ocedu es be ween he a ious
planning le els should be implemen ed.
19

2.4 In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices
In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices is he p ocess o
de ining and implemen ing cohe en solu ions and ansi ion
pa hs ha lead o sus ainable u ban wa e se ices.
This equi es se e al le els o de ail, om long- e m o sho -
e m, and om na ional o egional o local le el, in an aligned
way. I should ake in o accoun no only he economic, social
and en i onmen al aspec s o sus ainabili y, bu also
go e nance o he se ices and he quali y o he human,
in o ma ion and knowledge, and in as uc u e asse s.
20
21
3
Why is IAM c i ical
wi hin he in eg a ed
planning?
3.1 Playing wi h igu es
Conside a wa e dis ibu ion ne wo k wi h an a e age age o
40 yea s and wi h an annual ehabili a ion a e is 0.5%. A
highe ehabili a ion a e has no been adop ed as i would
esul in o highe wa e a i s and he in es men p io i y has
been gi en o he expansion o he ne wo k o new u ban
a eas. Local u ili y expe s conside ha he a e age use ul li e
o he p edominan pipe ma e ials is 50 yea s. This is
simpli ied example o a common si ua ion in many u ili ies in
he wo ld.
Fo he cu en annual ehabili a ion a e o 0.5% o be
sus ainable, pipes would need o las a leas 200 yea s, which
is no ealis ic. Assuming he li e expec ancy o 50 yea s and
cu en pipes age o 40 yea s, wi hin 14 yea s he u ili y will
no be able o p o ide any se ice o i s use s.
The accumula ed capi al main enance de ici will ha e
nega i e impac on he u u e gene a ions and canno be easily
compensa ed wi h pe iods o high ehabili a ion a es. Fi s , i
leads o a dec ease o he quali y o se ice in he medium and
long e m. Second, i pos pones he need o ehabili a ion
in es men s ha , soone o la e , will ha e o be ca ied ou in
a mo e concen a ed way and ha will esul in he ine i able
inc ease o a i s. Finally, he cons uc ion wo ks associa ed o
e y high ehabili a ion a es ha e a nega i e impac o he
li ing condi ions in he ci y.
Fo he cu en si ua ion, he pe cen age o esidual li e o
pipes is 20%. In a well-main ained ma u e in as uc u e i
should be o he o de o 50%.
I he annual ehabili a ion a e o 2%, equal o he
dep ecia ion a e o he in as uc u e (i.e., in e se o he
use ul li e), is adop ed, he pe cen age o esidual li e o pipes
would con inue o be 20%.
To each he ideal pe cen age o esidual li e o pipes o 50% in
10 yea s, a ehabili a ion a e o 5% would be needed du ing
ha pe iod ollowed by a 2% ehabili a ion a e om hen on
o main ain he index.
Needless o say, eali y is much mo e complex han his
example. Howe e , his illus a i e case shows ha lack o
capi al main enance in due ime may lead o a e y signi ican
22
dec ease o se ice quali y, i no o he comple e se ice
ailu e in he nea u u e.
This example aims a b inging he a en ion o he need o
adop ing long e m ime ho izons o he s a egic
managemen o u ban wa e sys ems. I s a egic plans ha e a
sho ime ho izon (3-5 yea s), as i o en occu s in p ac ice, he
e ec o ha ing a low ehabili a ion a e does no become
e iden on he quali y o se ice and leads o a signi ican
dec ease in he annual o al cos s.
The e o e, in a sho e m analysis he easies way o imp o e
economic e iciency, which is inc easingly a d i e o any
u ili y CEO and o se ice egula o s, is o minimize capi al
main enance (i.e., o adop low ehabili a ion a es).
Consequen ly, many wo ld wa e in as uc u es a e aging
and losing hei alue, p o iding se ices ha , in he long un,
will ine i ably ha e a low quali y and e iciency, i.e.,
unsus ainable se ices.
I a long e m ime ho izon is conside ed in he s a egic
planning (e.g., 30-50 yea s), he need o sus ainable
ehabili a ion a es becomes e iden .
23
3.5 Mo i a ion and d i e s
U ban wa e sys ems a e he mos aluable pa o he public
in as uc u e wo ldwide, and u ili ies and municipali ies a e
en us ed wi h he esponsibili y o managing and expanding
hem o cu en and u u e gene a ions. In as uc u es
inexo ably age and deg ade, while socie y places inc easing
demands o le els o se ice, isk managemen and
sus ainabili y.
As many sys ems each high le els o de e ed main enance
and ehabili a ion (ASCE, 2009), he combined eplacemen
alue o such in as uc u es is o e whelming, demanding
judicious spending and e icien planning.
IAM me hods pa ially di e om hose applicable o
managing o he ypes o asse s. One o he easons is he ac
ha such in as uc u es ha e inde ini e li es, in o de o
sa is y he pe manen needs o a speci ic public se ice.
In as uc u es a e no eplaceable as a whole, only piecemeal.
Consequen ly, in a ma u e in as uc u e, all phases o asse s
li e ime coexis .
Addi ionally, in ne wo k-based in as uc u es, i is equen ly
no easible o alloca e le els o se ice o indi idual
componen s because he e is a dominan sys em beha io (e.g.
symp oms and hei causes o en occu a di e en loca ions).
IAM is inc easingly becoming a key opic in he mo e owa ds
compliance wi h pe o mance equi emen s in wa e supply
and was ewa e sys ems. Sus ainable managemen o hese
sys ems should espond o he need o :
30

oP omo ing adequa e le els o se ice and s eng hening long-
e m se ice eliabili y;
oImp o ing he sus ainable use o wa e and ene gy;
oManaging se ice isk, aking in o accoun use s’ needs and isk
accep ance;
oEx ending se ice li e o exis ing asse s ins ead o building new,
when easible;
oUpholding and phasing in clima e change adap a ions;
oImp o ing in es men and ope a ional e iciency in he
o ganiza ion;
oJus i ying in es men p io i ies in a clea , s aigh o wa d and
accoun able manne .
3.6 Key in e na ional s anda ds
As asse managemen is gaining ele ance, new in e na ional
s anda ds a e eme ging. In pa icula :
o he ISO 55000 se ies, which includes a s anda d on o e iew,
p inciples and e minology (ISO 55000:2014),;
oa s anda d wi h equi emen s o managemen sys ems (ISO
55001:2014)
oand a s anda d on guidelines o he applica ion o ISO 55001 (ISO
55002:2014).
31
As hese documen s a e applicable o any ype o asse s, hey
may be aced as umb ella s anda ds o in as uc u e asse
managemen .
O he ele an s anda ds o IAM a e he ISO 24510:2007,
24511: 2007 and 24512: 2007, on “Ac i i ies ela ing o d inking
wa e and was ewa e se ices”, and he ISO 31000- 2008, on
“Risk managemen ”.
3.7 IAM as a key p ocess wi hin he in eg a ed planning o
u ban wa e se ices
In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices emb aces bo h he
na ional o egional planning le el and he u ban wa e u ili y
le el .
32
A a na ional o egional le el, in eg a ed planning should be
cohe en wi h public policies and a icula ed wi h he s a egic
planning o ci ies in gene al, and pa icula ly wi h o he
public in as uc u es (e.g. anspo a ion o passenge s, heal h
ca e, educa ion) and wi h he land use planning (e.g. mas e
u ban plans).
A he u ili y le el, in eg a ed planning needs o be aligned
wi h he na ional o egional s a egic plans, complying wi h
he s a egies es ablished. I needs o be ca ied ou a di e en
le els o decision, consis en and aligned be ween hem.
IAM planning is a key elemen o he u ili y global planning:
oa a co po a e long e m le el, in as uc u e asse managemen is
deal wi h in a mac o way, as pa o he global se ice objec i es
and s a egies;
oa a ac ical medium e m le el, mul iple hema ic plans may
coexis (e.g., human esou ces, cus ome se ice, o inancial plan)
wi h he in as uc u e asse managemen plan;
oa an ope a ional le el, he es ablished IAM ac ics a e con e ed
in o sho - e m ac ion plans.
33
In eg a ed planning equi es moni o ing a each le el and
eedback mechanisms be ween e e y wo successi e le els.
U ban wa e
IAM ( ac ical)
plan(s) …
Land use Heal h ca e
T anspo a ion
U ban wa e …
Co po a e s a egic plan
Na ional o egional s a egic plans
Tac ical plans
Ope a ional plans
U ili y plans
IAM planning
34
35
4
Unde s anding u ban
wa e sys ems’
me abolism
4.1 U ban wa e sys ems beha e as o ganic bodies
U ban wa e sys ems e ol e o e ime simila ly o an o ganic
body, he pe o mance depends on he unc ionali y o i al
o gans.
In li ing bodies, backbone and muscles p o ide he s uc u e,
bu blood ci cula ion, a unc ioning li e and b ain, a e key o
a heal hy body. They need o consume nu ien s, wa e and
oxygen in o de o li e and unc ion. They gene a e by-
p oduc s, some o hem a e eused.

U ban wa e sys ems ha e complex beha iou s ha can be
add essed, om he physical pe spec i e, as hey we e a li ing
me abolism: he backbone is he in as uc u e, he i al o gans
a e he managemen p ocesses.
They consume esou ces (e.g., wa e , chemicals and o he
ma e ials, manpowe , ene gy, capi al), p o ide unc ions (in
his case se ices) wi h gi en le els o pe o mance and
associa ed isks, and gene a e ou lows, such as was e, by-
p oduc s and emissions o wa e and ai .
The physical componen s and he echnologies o he u ban
wa e in as uc u e ope a e unde gi en local bounda y
condi ions (geog aphic, clima ic and socio-economic).
Me abolism
( om G eek
me abolismós
) is
he se o chemical eac ions ha happen
in li ing o ganisms o main ain li e.
These p ocesses allow o ganisms o g ow
and ep oduce, o main ain hei
s uc u es, and o espond o hei
en i onmen s. The no ion o me abolism
has also been applied ou side he
discipline o biology, such as, u ban
me abolism and indus ial me abolism.
36
4.2 Why inancial e iciency equi es he unde s anding o
he in as uc u e me abolism?
The choice, he design and he ope a ion o echnologies
c i ically in luence he o e all quali y o he u ban wa e
se ices in e ms o pe o mance, isk and cos , as well as he
o e all sys em sus ainabili y.
The me abolism depends no only on he speci ic
cha ac e is ics o he sys ems, bu also on he local bounda y
condi ions, including echnology and managemen decisions.
Unde s anding he me abolism o he u ban wa e sys ems
helps managing he ansi ion pa hs and choosing he bes
op ions o pa e he way owa ds mo e sus ainable se ices.
37
The applica ion o me abolism models o indus ial p ocesses
and o ci ies beha io is a s ill ela i ely a new ield o esea ch
(Ba les, 2010), al hough i has al eady been used o some ime.
Fo ins ance, B owne e al. (2009) has measu ed me abolism
ine iciencies o di e en sec o s (e.g. ood, ex iles, pape ) by
ela ing he inal disposal o was es o consump ion in he ci y
o Lime ick in I eland.
Howe e , me abolism models had ne e been de eloped o
applied o he u ban wa e cycle se ices p io o TRUST.
4.3 The TRUST me abolism model
The TRUST me abolism model can be used o p o ide a
physical basis o quan i ying esou ce lows and o quali y
and sus ainabili y assessmen o u u e in e en ion s a egies
in u ban wa e se ices in he long e m.
38
When e e ing o he me abolism o an u ban wa e sys em,
he e is a need o conside ele an lows and con e sion
p ocesses o all kinds o ma e ials and ene gy, which a e
mobilized by he de elopmen and ope a ion o he sys em in
o de o ul ill he necessa y unc ions.
As a esul o including he cyclic wa e eco e y and esou ce
eco e y subsys ems, he me abolism modelling may in a
di ec way also add ess eme ging oppo uni ies such as
decen alised s o mwa e /was ewa e managemen and
eco e y, use o ea ed was ewa e , and eco e y o esou ces
om all pa s o he sys em (i.e. any kind o ma e ial and
ene gy eco e y op ion).
The objec i e o a me abolism model is o di ec ly assis wa e
u ili ies in hei sys ema ic sea ch o s a egic imp o emen s.
Me abolism s udies end o be da a-demanding and o ha e a
non-s aigh o wa d applica ion. The TRUST me abolism
model was de eloped wi h a complexi y ha limi s i s
applicabili y o ci ies wi h eliable and comp ehensible da a
sys ems. Howe e , i he model as such is no applicable, i is
impo an , a leas , o iden i y and quan i y he key esou ces
needed (wa e , ma e ials, manpowe , ene gy), he ou lows
p oduced (was e, by-p oduc s and emissions) and he main
mass-balances o each ansi ion pa h o echnological
solu ion conside ed.
In his way, he me abolism app oach suppo s he u ili y in
he be e unde s anding o c i ical sys em a iables and he
selec ion o he bes in as uc u e asse managemen op ions.
39
The global app oach is based on plan-do-check-ac (PDCA)
p inciples aiming a he con inuous imp o emen o he IAM
p ocess. The key no ions in his p ocess a e:
oalignmen among he decisional le els and hei ac o s;
obo om-up eedback;
oand in ol emen and empowe men o he en i e o ganiza ion,
om he CEO o he asse ope a o s, in o de o p omo e
leade ship, co-o dina ion, collabo a ion, co po a e cul u e
accep ance, mo i a ion, commi men and co po a e know-how.
IAM aims a ensu ing ha , in a long- e m pe spec i e, se ice
pe o mance is kep adequa e, isks incu ed a e accep able
and he co esponding cos s a e as low as easible. Assessing
pe o mance, isk and cos is he e o e key o e ec i e IAM.
46

5.5 Pe o mance assessmen
Pe o mance may ansla e ei he he e iciency o he
e ec i eness o he se ice. Pe o mance assessmen is a
widesp ead ac i i y used in economics, business, spo s and
many o he walks o li e in gene al, in o de o compa e and
sco e en i ies and indi iduals and ake managemen o o he
decisions (Aleg e e al., 2000, Ma os e al., 2003, Aleg e e al.
2006, Cab e a & Pa do, 2008, Sjo old e al. eds., 2008, ISO
24510, ISO 24511, ISO 24512).
Pe o mance assessmen is he e o e any app oach ha allows
o he e alua ion o he e iciency o he e ec i eness o a
p ocess o ac i i y h ough pe o mance measu es.
Pe o mance measu es a e he speci ic pa ame e s ha a e
used o in o m he assessmen .
The p incipal ca ego ies o pe o mance measu es include
(Sjo old e al., 2008):
Assessmen
is de ined as a
“p ocess, o esul o his p ocess, ha
compa es a speci ied subjec ma e o
ele an e e ences”
ISO 24510
47
o
Pe o mance indica o s
o
Pe o mance indices
o
Pe o mance le els
Pe o mance indica o s a e quan i a i e e iciency o e ec i eness
measu es o he ac i i y o a u ili y. A pe o mance indica o consis s o
a alue ( esul ing om he e alua ion o he "p ocessing ule") exp essed
in speci ic uni s, and a con idence g ade which indica es he quali y o
he da a ep esen ed by he indica o . Pe o mance Indica o s a e
ypically exp essed as a ios be ween a iables; hese may be
commensu a e (e.g. %) o non-commensu a e (e.g. $/m3).
The in o ma ion p o ided by a pe o mance indica o is he esul o a
compa ison ( o a a ge alue, p e ious alues o he same indica o , o
alues o he same indica o om o he unde akings) (Aleg e e al.
2006; ISO 24500, Sjo old e al., 2008).
Pe o mance le els a e pe o mance measu es o a quali a i e na u e,
exp essed in disc e e ca ego ies (e.g. excellen , good, ai , poo ).
In gene al hey a e adop ed when he use o quan i a i e measu es is
no app op ia e (e.g. e alua ion o cus ome sa is ac ion by means o
su eys) (Aleg e, 2008, Sjo old e al., 2008).
Pe o mance indices a e s anda dized and commensu able measu es,
ha may esul om he combina ion o mo e disagg ega ed
pe o mance measu es (e.g. weigh ed a e age o pe o mance
indica o s) o om analysis ools (e.g. simula ion models, s a is ical
ools, cos e iciency me hods).
Some imes hey aim a agg ega ing se e al pe spec i es in o in a single
measu e (Aleg e, 2008, Sjo old e al., 2008). Di e en ly om he
pe o mance indica o s, hey con ain a judgmen in i sel , in insic o he
s anda diza ion p ocess (e.g. 0 – no unc ion; 1 – minimum accep able;
2 – good; 3 – excellen ).
48
Pe o mance indica o s may be con e ed in o pe o mance
indices h ough he applica ion o a pe o mance unc ion, o
in o pe o mance le els when hey a e compa ed wi h
e e ence le els, in o de o suppo in e p e a ion o mul i-
c i e ia analyses. Such ans o ma ions may be pa icula ly
use ul in he g aphical ep esen a ion o a se o pe o mance
indica o s.
5.6 Risk assessmen
Risk analysis may add ess an o ganiza ion in i s en i e y, a
sys em o sub-sys ems (agg ega ed o lumped analysis), o
indi idual sys em componen s (componen o disc e e
analysis). Risk assessmen may be ca ied ou in many
di e en ways, and is o en ( hough no always) quan i iable.
Fo ins ance, i he p obabili y o ailu e o e e y pipe in a
ne wo k is known, as well as i s consequence, exp essed in
e ms o he ensuing educed se ice (unme demand), he
o al isk o no supplying he use s may be exp essed as he
expec ed alue o he annual unme demand (Vi o ino e al.,
2012).
49
Risk analysis is a as ield o expe ise whe e se e al
mains eam amewo ks ha e been de eloped o
in as uc u e-based p oblems, such as aul - ee analysis o
he app oaches cen e ed on isk ma ices (Almeida e al., 2010).
The la e is one o he mos e sa ile and s uc u ed
o malisms a ailable when app oaching he ange o
(quan i iable o unquan i iable) isks ha a e aced by u ban
u ili ies, and is based on a ho ough analysis o isk
consequences and on he ca ego iza ion in o bo h p obabili y
and consequence classes.
P obabili y classes can be de ined by di e en p obabili y
in e als ha may be de i ed, ypically, om linea ,
exponen ial o loga i hmic unc ions. The selec ion o
p obabili y classes is done by he decision make ; he c i e ia
a e no only depending on he ype o p oblem bu also on he
ange o possibili ies accep able o he decision make , hus
ela ed o he pe cep ion o isk.
P obabili y and p obabili y classes a e assigned o each
indi idual componen o he sys em when dealing wi h a
componen -based analysis o o an a ea/sec o when he
analysis is ocused on an a ea wi h speci ic and known isk
ea u es.
Independen ly o he ype o ailu es ha may ake place, hey
can esul in a ange o po en ial consequences no only o he
wa e in as uc u e and se ices bu also o o he
in as uc u es. Mo eo e , consequences can also include
socio-economic dis up ions and en i onmen al impac s.
The e o e, when assessing he isk associa ed wi h a speci ic
e en , se e al consequence dimensions should be aken
in o conside a ion (Almeida e al., 2011) :
50
DIMENSION TYPE OF VARIABLES TO EXPRESS RELATIVE VALUE IN EACH
CLASS
Heal h and
sa e y
− numbe and se e i y o inju ies
− numbe and se e i y o people a ec ed by disease
− numbe o people a ec ed pe manen ly (mo ali y and
disabili y)
Financial
−
mone a y alue; should be a unc ion o he size o u ili y e.g.
annual ope a ing budge (AOB)
Se ice
con inui y
− du a ion o se ice in e up ion (a ailabili y and compliance
wi h minimum s anda ds); di e en ia ion o ype o clien
a ec ed can be used ( esiden ial, hospi al, i e igh ing)
En i onmen
al impac s
− se e i y e.g. exp essed as expec ed ime o eco e y (long- e m
“> y yea s”; mid- e m “x o y yea s”; sho - e m “w o
mon hs”; apid eco e y “less han w mon hs”)
− ex en (e.g. dimension o a ea, wa e quali y index, olume o
du a ion o e en )
− ulne abili y (e.g. p o ec ed a eas, abs ac ion a eas o in luence
o wa e supply)
Func ional
impac on
he sys em
− a ious pe o mance measu es (e.g. popula ion/clien s no
supplied o a T > D in e up ion; clien .hou s wi hou supply);
h esholds can be associa ed wi h legal equi emen s
Repu a ion
and image
− numbe o complain s; numbe o imes he name o he u ili y
appea s in he media, …
Business
con inui y
− damage o ma e ials, se ice capaci y, a ailable human
esou ces o main ain sys em unc ion and eco e y ime (e.g.
% capaci y a ec ed.hou s)
P ojec
de elopmen
− e ec on de ia ion o objec i es (e.g. scope, schedule, budge )
51

Al hough o he classes o consequences may be adop ed, a
ypical classi ica ion migh look like his:
o1 – insigni ican ;
o2 – low;
o3 – mode a e;
o4 – high;
o5 – se e e.
The way in which p obabili y and consequence a e combined
e lec s he deg ee o cau iousness o he analys , which may
a y.
See an exemple o a mode a e isk pe cep ion ma ix:
CONSEQUENCE
1
2
3
4
5
PROBABILITY
5
4
3
2
1
A isk ma ix should ha e a leas h ee isk le els (low,
medium and high isks) ha a e o be associa ed wi h he
accep ance le els o isk (Almeida e al., 2010):
oLow o accep able isk (g een);
oMedium o ole able isk (yellow);
oHigh o unaccep able isk ( ed).
52
5.7 Cos assessmen
Cos assessmen is he o he undamen al axis o analysis
o compa ing and selec ing in e en ion al e na i es in an
IAM amewo k. All ele an cos s and e enues i ems ha
ake place du ing he analysis ho izon and which di e
om he s a us quo, should be accoun ed o , o any o he
in e en ion al e na i es conside ed.
The inclusion in he analysis o cos i ems ha a e common
in na u e and alue o all al e na i es is op ional, as hey
will no ha e an e ec on he compa ison bu may be use ul
in in o ming i . Howe e , i quan i ying he ac ual ne
p esen alue1 o in e nal a e o e u n2 o a inancial
p ojec is impo an o he exe cise, hen all he ele an
cos s and e enues mus be included.
In p ac ice, i is o en he case ha ehabili a ion
in e en ions do no a ec e enues, and mainly ha e an
e ec on sys em pe o mance, on sys em isk (by a ec ing
sys em eliabili y) and on capi al and ope a ional cos s
(e.g., epai cos s, complain managemen , egula o y o
con ac ual se ice compliance ailu e).
1 Ne p esen alue: The sum o he discoun ed u u e cash lows. I only cos s
a e included, his can be e e ed as ne p esen cos (ISO 15686-5: 2008)
2 In e nal a e o e u n: he " a e o e u n" ha makes he ne p esen alue
o all cash lows (bo h posi i e and nega i e) om a pa icula in es men equal
o ze o. In o he wo ds, he discoun a e a which he p esen alue o all u u e
cash low is equal o he ini ial in es men .
53
In gene al and simpli ied e ms, he main cos i ems
include:
o
In es men cos s
, exp essed as a gi en amoun a a gi en poin in
ime, and wi h a gi en dep ecia ion pe iod (i no linea , a
dep ecia ion unc ion mus be known as well).
o
Ope a ional cos s
, no mally o ganized in h ee classes: (i) cos o
goods sold; (ii) supplies & ex e nal se ices; (iii) pe sonnel;
ope a ional cos s a e exp essed as annual alues, o e he analysis
pe iod.
o
Re enues
, ei he h ough lump sums occu ing a speci ic poin s
in ime (e.g. public subsidies), o dis ibu ed o e he analysis
pe iod (e.g. e enues om a i s). Re enues a e also exp essed by
hei annual alue o e he analysis pe iod.
Whene e ele an , he cos s o planning and designing
new asse s, as well as disposal cos s o asse s ha each he
end o hei se ice li es, should be included.
Since he end o he analysis ho izon does no coincide in
gene al wi h he end o he se ice li e o mos asse s, he
esidual alue o all asse s a he end o he analysis pe iod
mus be conside ed.
Cos -bene i analysis may include no only angible cos s
and e enues o he u ili y, as desc ibed abo e, bu also
angible o a hi d pa ies (e.g., consume s, socie y) and
in angible cos s and bene i s. Howe e , p ac ice shows ha
u ili ies o en do no eel com o able in exp essing ce ain
o such cos s and bene i s in mone a y e ms (e.g.,
54
inc easing public heal h isk because he wa e quali y does
no mee he a ge s).
A ecommended op ion, success ully implemen ed in a
good numbe o u ili ies (Lei ão e al., 2013), is o exp ess
angible cos s o a hi d pa ies and in angible cos s and
bene i s as pe o mance o isk me ics, and o include only
angible cos s and e enues o he u ili y in he cos axis o
he analysis.
“
Tangible cos s o a hi d pa ies and
in angible cos s and bene i s can be
desc ibed as as pe o mance o isk
me ics.”
Lei ão e al. (2013)
55
obe easonably achie able (which mainly depends on he ela ed
a iables);
obe audi able;
obe as uni e sal as possible and p o ide a measu e which is
independen om he pa icula condi ions o he u ili y;
obe simple and easy o unde s and; and
obe quan i iable so as o p o ide an objec i e measu emen o he
se ice, a oiding any pe sonal o subjec i e app aisal.
Collec i ely, PAMs should comply wi h he ollowing
equi emen s:
oeach PAM should p o ide in o ma ion signi ican ly di e en om
he o he PAMs;
ode ini ions o he PAMs should be unequi ocal ( his equi emen is
made ex ensi e o i s a iables);
oonly PAMs which a e deemed essen ial o e ec i e pe o mance
e alua ion should be es ablished.
6.6 Va iables
Each a iable should comply wi h he ollowing equi emen s:
ode ini ions should be uni ocal;
o i he de ini ion o he PI hey a e used o ;
obe easonably achie able;
o e e o he same geog aphical a ea and he same pe iod o ime
o e e ence da e as he PI hey will be used o ;
62

obe as eliable and accu a e as he decisions made based on hem
equi e.
Some o he a iables in PAS a e o en ob ained om ex e nal
da a, and hei a ailabili y, accu acy, e e ence da es and
limi s o he co esponding geog aphical a ea a e gene ally ou
o he con ol o he unde aking. In his case, a iables should
also comply wi h he ollowing equi emen s:
obe collec ed, whene e possible, om o icial su ey depa men s;
obe undamen al o he PAM assessmen o in e p e a ion; and
ocollec i ely, be as ew as possible.
6.7 Con ex in o ma ion and o he da a elemen s
Con ex in o ma ion (CI) and he es o he da a elemen s in
he sys em (which a e used as explana o y ac o s) should
ollow he same gene al p inciples as a iables and
pe o mance indica o s. Howe e , he le el o de ail and
con idence g ading is usually no conside ed o be as high as
he one equi ed o PI and a iables. Consequen ly, CI and
he es o he da a elemen s should comply wi h:
ode ini ions should be uni ocal;
obe easonably achie able;
oi ex e nal, be collec ed whene e possible om o icial su ey
depa men s;
obe undamen al o he PI in e p e a ion; and
ocollec i ely, be as ew as possible.
63
6.8 Da a quali y
Pe o mance me ics should always be associa ed wi h he
quali y o he da a used o calcula e hem. Ideally, his should
be assessed in e ms o he eliabili y o he sou ce and o he
accu acy o da a. Howe e , p ac ice has shown ha in mos
p ac ical si ua ions i may no be easy o assess he accu acy o
he da a.
The eliabili y o he sou ce accoun s o unce ain ies in how
eliable he sou ce o he da a may be, i.e., he ex en o which
he da a sou ce yields consis en , s able, and uni o m esul s
o e epea ed obse a ions o measu emen s unde he same
condi ions each ime.
Wi hin TRUST, i is ecommended ha eliabili y o he inpu
a iables is well de ined, acco ding o he IWA PI guidelines,
ep oduced as ollows:
RELIABILITY DEFINITION

Highly eliable da a sou ce: da a based on sound eco ds,
p ocedu es, in es iga ions o analyses ha a e p ope ly
documen ed and ecognised as he bes a ailable
assessmen me hods.
 Fai ly eliable da a sou ce: wo se han , bu be e
han .
 Un eliable da a sou ce: da a based on ex apola ion om
limi ed eliable samples o on in o med guesses.
64
65
7
Technological
challenges and
oppo uni ies
The ansi ion o mo e sus ainable u ban wa e sys ems is
g ea ly dependen on he igh selec ion and implemen a ion
o app op ia e echnological solu ions.
The main echnological challenges and oppo uni ies a e in he
ollowing domains:
oSa e and sus ainable wa e supply
oU ban wa e demand managemen
oWas ewa e and s o mwa e sys ems's managemen in UWSC
oAl e na i e wa e sou ces
oS eng hening he wa e -ene gy nexus in u ban wa e sys ems
(wa e -ene gy connec ion)
oEnhanced echnologies o in as uc u e asse managemen
I should be highlighed ha he domain U ban wa e demand
managemen co e s he aspec s unde he con ol o he
u ili ies (e.g. wa e losses managemen , esul ing in o lowe
wa e esou ces needs) as well as al e na i e wa e sou ces
and wa e sa ings a he end-use le el, which esul in o
lowe wa e demand. The domain Al e na i e wa e sou ces
co e s only he wa e sou ces ha supply he public sys em.
The domains and main challenges in each domain a e
p esen ed as ollows.
66
DOMAIN MAIN CHALLENGES
Sa e and sus ainable
wa e supply
Inadequacy o cu en sys ems o cope wi h eme ging
challenges associa ed wi h wa e s ess (quan i y and
quali y) and clima e change ( empe a u e inc ease, sea
le el wa e inc ease, ex eme e en s occu ence)
U ban wa e demand
managemen
Inc easing cons ain s in wa e a ailabili y, inc easing
p oduc ion cos s o d inking wa e (due o wa e quali y
de e io a ion in he sou ces and o mo e demanding
legisla ion) , inc easing en i onmen al p o ec ion
p essu es (wa e abs ac ion, CO2 emissions, wa e
pollu ion), and need o imp o e he economic e iciency
o he u ili ies
Was ewa e and
s o mwa e
sys ems's
managemen
(collec ion, d ainage,
ea men discha ge)
in UWSC
Inc easing ea men cos s o was ewa e (due o mo e
demanding legisla ion) , inc easing en i onmen al
p o ec ion p essu es (CO2 emissions and wa e
pollu ion), and need o imp o e he economic e iciency
o he u ili ies
Al e na i e Wa e
Sou ces
Inc easing cons ain s in wa e a ailabili y
S eng hening he
wa e -ene gy nexus
in u ban wa e
sys ems (wa e -
ene gy connec ion)
Inc easing en i onmen al p o ec ion p essu es (CO2
emissions) and economic p essu es (cos educ ion)
Enhanced
echnologies o
in as uc u e asse
managemen
Unknown condi ion o bu ied asse s, aging
in as uc u es and dec easing le els o se ice.
67

The echnologic oppo uni ies and he me hods and
echnologies de eloped wi hin TRUST ha e been iden i ied
and a e highlighed in he ollowing ables.
DOMAIN TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES METHODS/TECH
NOLOGIES
COVERED IN
TRUST
Sa e and
sus ainable
wa e supply
o
Sou ce p o ec ion and con ol
oEnhanced wa e ea men
oWa e quali y moni o ing and
con ol
oRisk managemen and u ban wa e
sa e y planning
No co e ed
>> Table 1
No co e ed
No co e ed
U ban wa e
demand
managemen
o
In eg a ed planning o wa e
demand, ene gy consump ion and
was ewa e p oduc ion
oWa e losses managemen
oMe e ing and a i s uc u es
oUse o household i ings and
appliances
oSo UWDM echnologies
oUWDM echnologies o non-
domes ic sec o s (indus y and
public se ices)
oUse g eywa e / ainwa e
ha es ing sys ems
>> Table 2
No co e ed
68
DOMAIN TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES METHODS/TECH
NOLOGIES
COVERED IN
TRUST
Was ewa e
and
s o mwa e
sys ems's
managemen
in UWSC
o
In eg a ed planning o was ewa e
and s o m wa e
oPe o mance assessmen
oIn il a ion and in low con ol
o
Enhanced was ewa e ea men
>> Table 3
Al e na i e
Wa e Sou ces
o
Use ea ed was ewa e
oCi y ainwa e ha es ing sys ems
oDesalina ion
>> Table 4
No co e ed
S eng hening
he wa e -
ene gy nexus
in u ban wa e
sys ems
(wa e -ene gy
connec ion)
o
In eg a ed planning o wa e and
ene gy
oEnhanced ene gy e iciency
echnologies/equipmen
oEne gy eco e y echnologies
>> Table 5
Enhanced
echnologies
o
in as uc u e
asse
managemen
o
In eg a ed IAM planning
oEnhanced echnologies o suppo
da a collec ion and in o ma ion
managemen
oEnhanced ehabili a ion
echnologies
>> Table 6
69
Table 1 >> Domain: Sa e and sus ainable wa e supply
TYPES OF
METHODS AND
TECHNOLOGIES
METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR
IMPROVEMENT COVERED IN TRUST
TECHNOLOGY
OR TOOL
Enhanced wa e
ea men
NOM ac iona ion/Rapid NOM
ac iona ion
Techn.
BDOC analyses Techn.
Full-scale coagula ion ea men
op imiza ion p ocedu es/Roadmap
Techn.
BDOC analyses Techn.
Wa e ea men op imiza ion – incl
mapping o op imiza ion bene i s - wi h
espec o: i) sa e y/wa e quali y, ii)
sus ainabili y /use o esou ces use,) and
iii) dis ibu ion/bios abili y
Tool
LCA - as a ool o assessing
en i onmen al impac s o coagulan ype
selec ion, coagulan
p ocessing/manu ac u ing, anspo
dis ance, esou ces use/coagulan doses,
ene gy use, sludge handling, e c.
Tool
Op imiza ion as a ool o balancing
sa e y/ ea ed wa e quali y and
sus ainabili y/ esou ces use
Tool
70
Table 2 >> Domain: Al e na i e Wa e Sou ces
TYPES OF
METHODS AND
TECHNOLOGIES
METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR
IMPROVEMENT COVERED IN TRUST
TECHNOLOGY
OR TOOL
In eg a ed planning
o wa e demand,
ene gy
consump ion and
was ewa e
p oduc ion
De elopmen and implemen a ion o a plan
(aiming a he educ ion o wa e demand,
ene gy consump ion and was ewa e
p oduc ion)
Me hodology
Impac assessmen ool o assessing he impac s
o di e en combina ions o WDM in e en ions
abo e on wi h espec o hei cos , wa e -
ela ed ene gy use and impac on supplydemand
balance o wa e dis ibu ion sys ems.
Tool
Wa e losses
managemen Wa e losses managemen Me hodology
PaVLOS s and alone so wa e (leakage
educ ion, ene gy op imisa ion)
Tool
Me e ing and a i
s uc u es
Me e ing and a i s uc u es Me hodology
Use o household
i ings and
appliances
E icien household mic o-componen
appliances and i ings – WCs, ba hs, showe s,
washbasin aps, ki chen sink aps, dishwashe s,
washing machines, ou doo aps
Technology
So UWDM
echnologies
So echnologies ( e.g. educa ion; media
campaigns)
Technology
Use g eywa e and
ainwa e
ha es ing sys ems
Al e na i e wa e sys ems – g ey wa e
ecycling sys ems (GWR), ainwa e ha es ing
(RWH) sys ems, sus ainable u ban d ainage
sys ems (SuDS)
Technology
71
78
9
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81
D53.1a/ MANUAL 1
In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices: a global app oach
The esea ch leading o hese esul s has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union
Se en h F amewo k P og amme (FP7/2007-2013) unde g an ag eemen n° 265122.
This publica ion e lec s only he au ho ’s iews and he Eu opean Union is no liable o
any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.