Integrated planning of urban water services: a global approach

In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices: a global app oach Helena Aleg e / Dídia Co as D53.1a MANUAL 1 In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices: a global app oach Au ho s: Helena Aleg e, LNEC – Na ional Ci il Enginee ing Labo a o y, Po ugal Dídia Co as, IST – Ins i u o Supe io Técnico, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Po ugal Re iewe s Dominik No a p-Heim, IWW - Rheinisch Wes alisches ins i u u Wasse o schung Gemeinnu zige GMBH Ri a Salgado B i o, LNEC – Na ional Ci il Enginee ing Labo a o y Ap il 2015 The esea ch leading o hese esul s has ecei ed unds om Eu opean Union Se en h F amewo k P og amme (FP7/2007-2013) unde g an ag eemen n.° 265122. This publica ion e lec s only he au ho s’ and o he con ibu o s’ iews and he Eu opean Union is no liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein. Ci e as Aleg e, H., Co as, D., Almeida (2015). In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices: a global app oach. TRUST Manual o Bes P ac ice, Vol. 1. Table o con en s In oduc ion......................................................................................... 3 1.1 Scope .......................................................................................... 3 1.2 Documen s uc u e ................................................................. 4 1.3 Ta ge public ............................................................................. 5 The impo ance o in eg a ed planning o he sus ainabili y o u ban wa e se ices ..................................................................................... 6 2.1 In eg a ed planning is key o e icien use o inancial esou ces ................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Managing asse alue in he long e m ................................ 9 2.3 Sus ainabili y in u ban wa e cycle se ices ...................... 16 2.4 In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices ..................... 20 Why is IAM c i ical wi hin he in eg a ed planning? ......................... 21 3.1 Playing wi h igu es ............................................................... 21 3.2 Pa ial iews o IAM ............................................................... 24 3.3 IAM mul iple de ini ions ........................................................ 26 3.4 IAM TRUST app oach .............................................................. 28 3.5 Mo i a ion and d i e s ........................................................... 30 3.6 Key in e na ional s anda ds ................................................. 31 3.7 IAM as a key p ocess wi hin he in eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices........................................................................... 32 Unde s anding u ban wa e sys ems’ me abolism ........................... 35 4.1 U ban wa e sys ems beha e as o ganic bodies ............... 35 4.2 Why inancial e iciency equi es he unde s anding o he in as uc u e me abolism? .............................................................. 37 4.3 The TRUST me abolism model ............................................ 38 Global amewo k o IAM planning ................................................. 40 1 5.1 The IAM cube .......................................................................... 40 5.2 Planning decisional le els .................................................... 41 5.3 Planning ho izons and analysis ho izons ........................... 43 5.4 Planning p ocess ................................................................... 44 5.5 Pe o mance assessmen ...................................................... 47 5.6 Risk assessmen ..................................................................... 49 5.7 Cos assessmen ..................................................................... 53 UWCS pe o mance assessmen sys em ........................................... 56 6.1 In oduc ion ............................................................................ 56 6.2 Types o pe o mance assessmen me ics used in TRUST . .................................................................................................. 60 6.3 Requi emen s o he de ini ion o a pe o mance assessmen sys em ............................................................................. 61 6.4 Pe o mance assessmen me ics ....................................... 61 6.6 Va iables .................................................................................. 62 6.7 Con ex in o ma ion and o he da a elemen s ................. 63 6.8 Da a quali y ............................................................................ 64 Technological challenges and oppo uni ies .................................... 65 Final ema ks .................................................................................... 76 Re e ences ........................................................................................ 78 2 3 1 In oduc ion Global amewo k, key p inciples and concep s and he main challenges and oppo uni ies. 1.1 Scope The scope o his TRUST se ies o bes p ac ice manuals is he in eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices, ocusing on In as uc u e Asse Managemen (IAM). IAM aims a ensu ing ha in as uc u es a e managed in such a way ha sus ainabili y o he se ice is ensu ed by maximizing se ice pe o mance a a minimum cos and wi h accep able isk le els, in he long e m. U ban wa e se ices include wa e supply and was ewa e and s o m wa e managemen . This manual in oduces a global amewo k, key p inciples and concep s and he main challenges and oppo uni ies. This is Volume I o a se ies o manuals de eloped in scope o he TRUST p ojec (www. us -i.ne ). The o he olumes include speci ic guidelines o policy-making a a na ional o egional le el (Manual 2) and o s a egic and ac ical planning a he u ili y le el (Manuals 3 and 4) as well as a po o olio o ehabili a ion echniques used in supply pipes and s o age anks and d ainage sys ems (Manuals 5 and 6). 1.2 Documen s uc u e The documen has six chap e s, being he i s he p esen in oduc o y chap e . Chap e 2 explains why in eg a ed planning o u ban wa e sys ems is c ucial o ensu ing he sus ainabili y o he se ice, e e ing he main d i e s, gaps, consequences and exis ing in e na ional s anda ds. Chap e 3 explains ha u ban wa e se ices e ol e o e ime as li ing bodies, wi h hei own me abolism which needs o be unde s ood in o de o be adequa ely managed, and p esen s he main concep s and gene al p inciples o me abolism analysis. The global amewo k o in eg a ed planning is p esen ed in Chap e 4, including planning le els and associa ed p ocesses, scope, ime ho izons, and dimensions o be aken in o conside a ion. Chap e 5 highligh s he main echnological challenges and oppo uni ies in u ban wa e sys ems. The las chap e (Chap e 6) syn he ises he key-messages o he cu en manual. The documen should be sequen ially ead o a be e unde s anding o he p inciples and concep s and o he eade g adually ge ing amilia wi h he subjec . 4 1.3 Ta ge public This manual is a ge ed o wo g oups o public: policy make s and wa e p o essionals as ollows (Cab e a e al., 2011): TARGET GROUP PROFILE NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS Policy make s Local and na ional go e nmen s, Eu opean commi ees, wa e au ho i ies, and planning ins i u ions No echnical o ma ion expec ed Expec solu ions o imp o e wa e managemen and socie y’s needs Succinc deli e ables wi h e y plain conclusions Wa e p o essionals: Technical s a Con ol all he echnical aspec s o u ban wa e sys ems o he han managemen Technical o ma ion o be expec ed Close p o ile o he scien i ic communi y Expec echnical con en wi h de ails o p ac ical uses Pa icula ly echnical documen s; no esea ch de ails necessa y Wa e p o essionals: Decision make s Responsible o planning and leading he wo k o a g oup o indi iduals and supe ising hei wo k Technical knowledge expec ed Close p o ile o policy make s Expec execu i e ma e ial Sho con en wi h clea conclusions 5 6 2 The impo ance o in eg a ed planning o he sus ainabili y o u ban wa e se ices 2.1 In eg a ed planning is key o e icien use o inancial esou ces Policy-make s a e o en aced wi h he need o deciding whe e o alloca e limi ed inancial esou ces, ying o maximize he bene i o he socie y. Each se ice p o ide in a socie al sec o ends o a gue in a ou o hei di ec in e es , and he decision make s need o assess he o e all ad an ages and disad an ages o each op ion in o de o es ablish p io i ies and suppo hei decision. Gains in e iciency in one sec o esul in inancial sa ings ha can be ein es ed in he same o in ano he sec o . A s uc u ed app oach o in as uc u e asse managemen p o ides a amewo k ha b ings anspa ency and accoun abili y o hese p ocesses, and, abo e all, enables a much mo e e icien use o inancial esou ces. Wi h he cu en know-how, p o ision o u ban wa e se ices is based on expensi e and long las ing buil asse s, such as pipes and sewe s, pumping s a ions, s o age anks and o he ci il enginee ing wo ks. In o de o keep he ue alue o he exis ing asse s, he e is he need o spend in capi al main enance he co esponding o he annual dep ecia ion o hese asse s, on a e age o he o de o 2% o he in as uc u e eplacemen s cos . This co esponds o a much highe a io be ween he capi al main enance cos s and he o al ac i i y cos s han needed o mos o he public se ices, such as schools, heal h ca e, anspo a ion o passenge s, elec ici y o “ A s uc u ed app oach o in as uc u e asse managemen p o ides a amewo k ha b ings anspa ency and accoun abili y and enables a much mo e e icien use o inancial esou ces. ” 7 The in as uc u e can be expanded as needed and inhe i ed asse s can be ehabili a ed The in as uc u e can be expanded as need, bu inhe i ed asse s can be su icien ly main ained. 14 The long- e m e ec o in es men s and he c i icali y o wa e se ices o he socie y ha e led o a he conse a i e solu ions, because decision-make s ea ou -o - he-box o dis up i e sys em designs and echnologies. T adi ional solu ions end o be well-p o en in many ega ds. Howe e , business as usual is no an op ion, gi en he economic, social and en i onmen al p essu es: cu en in as uc u al and ope a ional solu ions a e o en ine icien in economic, ene gy o wa e esou ces e ms, and insu icien ly e ec i e o cope wi h an inc easingly challenging wo ld. Consequen ly, mos cu en u ban wa e se ices a e no sus ainable! 15 2.3 Sus ainabili y in u ban wa e cycle se ices Sus ainabili y in u ban wa e cycle se ices (UWCS) is me when he quali y o asse s and go e nance o he se ices is su icien o ac i ely secu e he wa e sec o ’s needed con ibu ions o u ban social, en i onmen al and economic de elopmen in a way ha mee s he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs (B a ebø e al., 2013). TRUST app oach o sus ainabili y assessmen 16 To achie e sus ainable u ban wa e se ices i is essen ial: oTo ha e a long e m ision o he se ice. oTo ensu e ha se ice objec i es and a ge s a e pe manen ly me in he ansi ion pa h om he p esen si ua ion un il he long- e m ision is ul illed. oTo ake in o accoun all dimensions o sus ainabili y abo e men ioned. Objec i e-o ien ed s a egic planning wi h a long e m ime ho izon and a b oad scope, co e ing he whole se ice a ea and in ol ing all ele an s akeholde s, is he e o e needed. The TRUST amewo k o sus ainabili y es ablishes key objec i es o he u ban wa e se ices and co esponding assessmen c i e ia o each sus ainabili y dimension, aiming a a anspa en , alid and holis ic me hod o a ge de ini ion and assessing esul s. Howe e , decision-make s should cus omize hese objec i es and c i e ia aking in o accoun hei own ision and con ex . The assessmen me hod should be inclusi e and lexible wi h espec o s akeholde in ol emen and decisions ega ding a ge se ing and ade-o as pa o a mul i-c i e ia decision analysis p ocess. The assessmen is made ope a ional by c i ically and ca e ully examining a chosen se o pe o mance me ics and how hey comply wi h a p ede ined se o sus ainabili y objec i es and c i e ia. The pe o mance me ics/indica o s may be quan i a i e and/o quali a i e, and a e speci ically chosen in o de o ake accoun o he pa icula con ex and challenges o a gi en u ban wa e cycle sys em, in a medium- and long- e m ansi ion con ex . 17 DIMENSION OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Social S1) Access o u ban wa e se ices S2) E ec i ely sa is y he cu en use s’ needs and expec a ions S3) Accep ance and awa eness S11) Se ice co e age S21) Quali y o se ice S22) Sa e y and heal h S31) A o dabili y En i onmen En1) E icien use o wa e , ene gy and ma e ials En2) Minimisa ion o o he en i onmen al impac s En11) E iciency in he use o wa e (including inal uses) En12) E iciency in he use o ene gy En13) E iciency in he use o ma e ials En21) En i onmen al e iciency ( esou ce exploi a ion and li e cycle emissions o wa e , ai and soil) Economic Ec1) Ensu e economic sus ainabili y o he UWCS Ec11) Cos eco e y and ein es men in UWCS Ec12) Economic e iciency Ec13) Le e age (deg ee o indeb edness) Ec14) Willingness o pay Go e nance G1) Public pa icipa ion G2) T anspa ency and accoun abili y G3) Clea ness, s eadiness and measu abili y o he UWCS policies G4) Alignmen o ci y, co po a e and wa e esou ces planning G11) Pa icipa ion ini ia i es G21) A ailabili y o in o ma ion and public disclosu e G22) A ailabili y o mechanisms o accoun abili y G31) Clea ness, s eadiness, ambi iousness and measu abili y o policies G41) Deg ee o alignmen o ci y, co po a e and wa e esou ces planning Asse s A1) In as uc u e eliabili y, adequacy and esilience A2) Human capi al A3) In o ma ion and knowledge managemen A11) Adequacy o he ehabili a ion a e A12) Reliabili y and ailu es A13) Adequa e in as uc u al capaci y A14) Adap abili y o changes (e.g. clima e change Adap a ion) A21) Adequacy o aining, capaci y building and knowledge ans e A31) Quali y o he in o ma ion and o he knowledge managemen sys em Objec i es and c i e ia o he UWCS sus ainabili y dimensions (B a ebø e al., 2013). 18 U ban wa e sys ems planning ends o come downs eam in he o e all ci y planning p ocess, esponding o he needs iden i ied in he u ban mas e plans, in a eac i e mode. Howe e , o be sus ainable, u ban wa e sys ems (i.e., wa e supply, was ewa e and s o m wa e ) mus be designed and implemen ed in conjunc ion, and ups eam in he ci y planning p ocess oge he wi h o he public in as uc u es, in a ue in eg a ed planning app oach. Fo ins ance, he easibili y and success o using al e na i e wa e sou ces o decen alized sys ems depends on a good in eg a ion in he ci y o ganiza ion, in e ms o u ban planning and o go e nance (i.e., ela ions be ween u ili ies p o iding each se ice, and be ween u ili ies and s akeholde s). In eg a ed planning shall also ake in o accoun he di e en le els o policy and decision making. Coun ies and egions may ha e s a egic plans ele an o he u ban wa e se ices, which will di ec ly in luence he u ban wa e u ili ies’ own planning. The e is a clea need o coo dina ion be ween hem. In his se ies o manuals, o he olumes will p esen guidelines o policy–make s as well as guidelines o s a egic planning and oad-mapping and o ac ical planning a he u ili y le el. Alignmen and eedback p ocedu es be ween he a ious planning le els should be implemen ed. 19 2.4 In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices is he p ocess o de ining and implemen ing cohe en solu ions and ansi ion pa hs ha lead o sus ainable u ban wa e se ices. This equi es se e al le els o de ail, om long- e m o sho - e m, and om na ional o egional o local le el, in an aligned way. I should ake in o accoun no only he economic, social and en i onmen al aspec s o sus ainabili y, bu also go e nance o he se ices and he quali y o he human, in o ma ion and knowledge, and in as uc u e asse s. 20 21 3 Why is IAM c i ical wi hin he in eg a ed planning? 3.1 Playing wi h igu es Conside a wa e dis ibu ion ne wo k wi h an a e age age o 40 yea s and wi h an annual ehabili a ion a e is 0.5%. A highe ehabili a ion a e has no been adop ed as i would esul in o highe wa e a i s and he in es men p io i y has been gi en o he expansion o he ne wo k o new u ban a eas. Local u ili y expe s conside ha he a e age use ul li e o he p edominan pipe ma e ials is 50 yea s. This is simpli ied example o a common si ua ion in many u ili ies in he wo ld. Fo he cu en annual ehabili a ion a e o 0.5% o be sus ainable, pipes would need o las a leas 200 yea s, which is no ealis ic. Assuming he li e expec ancy o 50 yea s and cu en pipes age o 40 yea s, wi hin 14 yea s he u ili y will no be able o p o ide any se ice o i s use s. The accumula ed capi al main enance de ici will ha e nega i e impac on he u u e gene a ions and canno be easily compensa ed wi h pe iods o high ehabili a ion a es. Fi s , i leads o a dec ease o he quali y o se ice in he medium and long e m. Second, i pos pones he need o ehabili a ion in es men s ha , soone o la e , will ha e o be ca ied ou in a mo e concen a ed way and ha will esul in he ine i able inc ease o a i s. Finally, he cons uc ion wo ks associa ed o e y high ehabili a ion a es ha e a nega i e impac o he li ing condi ions in he ci y. Fo he cu en si ua ion, he pe cen age o esidual li e o pipes is 20%. In a well-main ained ma u e in as uc u e i should be o he o de o 50%. I he annual ehabili a ion a e o 2%, equal o he dep ecia ion a e o he in as uc u e (i.e., in e se o he use ul li e), is adop ed, he pe cen age o esidual li e o pipes would con inue o be 20%. To each he ideal pe cen age o esidual li e o pipes o 50% in 10 yea s, a ehabili a ion a e o 5% would be needed du ing ha pe iod ollowed by a 2% ehabili a ion a e om hen on o main ain he index. Needless o say, eali y is much mo e complex han his example. Howe e , his illus a i e case shows ha lack o capi al main enance in due ime may lead o a e y signi ican 22 dec ease o se ice quali y, i no o he comple e se ice ailu e in he nea u u e. This example aims a b inging he a en ion o he need o adop ing long e m ime ho izons o he s a egic managemen o u ban wa e sys ems. I s a egic plans ha e a sho ime ho izon (3-5 yea s), as i o en occu s in p ac ice, he e ec o ha ing a low ehabili a ion a e does no become e iden on he quali y o se ice and leads o a signi ican dec ease in he annual o al cos s. The e o e, in a sho e m analysis he easies way o imp o e economic e iciency, which is inc easingly a d i e o any u ili y CEO and o se ice egula o s, is o minimize capi al main enance (i.e., o adop low ehabili a ion a es). Consequen ly, many wo ld wa e in as uc u es a e aging and losing hei alue, p o iding se ices ha , in he long un, will ine i ably ha e a low quali y and e iciency, i.e., unsus ainable se ices. I a long e m ime ho izon is conside ed in he s a egic planning (e.g., 30-50 yea s), he need o sus ainable ehabili a ion a es becomes e iden . 23 3.5 Mo i a ion and d i e s U ban wa e sys ems a e he mos aluable pa o he public in as uc u e wo ldwide, and u ili ies and municipali ies a e en us ed wi h he esponsibili y o managing and expanding hem o cu en and u u e gene a ions. In as uc u es inexo ably age and deg ade, while socie y places inc easing demands o le els o se ice, isk managemen and sus ainabili y. As many sys ems each high le els o de e ed main enance and ehabili a ion (ASCE, 2009), he combined eplacemen alue o such in as uc u es is o e whelming, demanding judicious spending and e icien planning. IAM me hods pa ially di e om hose applicable o managing o he ypes o asse s. One o he easons is he ac ha such in as uc u es ha e inde ini e li es, in o de o sa is y he pe manen needs o a speci ic public se ice. In as uc u es a e no eplaceable as a whole, only piecemeal. Consequen ly, in a ma u e in as uc u e, all phases o asse s li e ime coexis . Addi ionally, in ne wo k-based in as uc u es, i is equen ly no easible o alloca e le els o se ice o indi idual componen s because he e is a dominan sys em beha io (e.g. symp oms and hei causes o en occu a di e en loca ions). IAM is inc easingly becoming a key opic in he mo e owa ds compliance wi h pe o mance equi emen s in wa e supply and was ewa e sys ems. Sus ainable managemen o hese sys ems should espond o he need o : 30 oP omo ing adequa e le els o se ice and s eng hening long- e m se ice eliabili y; oImp o ing he sus ainable use o wa e and ene gy; oManaging se ice isk, aking in o accoun use s’ needs and isk accep ance; oEx ending se ice li e o exis ing asse s ins ead o building new, when easible; oUpholding and phasing in clima e change adap a ions; oImp o ing in es men and ope a ional e iciency in he o ganiza ion; oJus i ying in es men p io i ies in a clea , s aigh o wa d and accoun able manne . 3.6 Key in e na ional s anda ds As asse managemen is gaining ele ance, new in e na ional s anda ds a e eme ging. In pa icula : o he ISO 55000 se ies, which includes a s anda d on o e iew, p inciples and e minology (ISO 55000:2014),; oa s anda d wi h equi emen s o managemen sys ems (ISO 55001:2014) oand a s anda d on guidelines o he applica ion o ISO 55001 (ISO 55002:2014). 31 As hese documen s a e applicable o any ype o asse s, hey may be aced as umb ella s anda ds o in as uc u e asse managemen . O he ele an s anda ds o IAM a e he ISO 24510:2007, 24511: 2007 and 24512: 2007, on “Ac i i ies ela ing o d inking wa e and was ewa e se ices”, and he ISO 31000- 2008, on “Risk managemen ”. 3.7 IAM as a key p ocess wi hin he in eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices emb aces bo h he na ional o egional planning le el and he u ban wa e u ili y le el . 32 A a na ional o egional le el, in eg a ed planning should be cohe en wi h public policies and a icula ed wi h he s a egic planning o ci ies in gene al, and pa icula ly wi h o he public in as uc u es (e.g. anspo a ion o passenge s, heal h ca e, educa ion) and wi h he land use planning (e.g. mas e u ban plans). A he u ili y le el, in eg a ed planning needs o be aligned wi h he na ional o egional s a egic plans, complying wi h he s a egies es ablished. I needs o be ca ied ou a di e en le els o decision, consis en and aligned be ween hem. IAM planning is a key elemen o he u ili y global planning: oa a co po a e long e m le el, in as uc u e asse managemen is deal wi h in a mac o way, as pa o he global se ice objec i es and s a egies; oa a ac ical medium e m le el, mul iple hema ic plans may coexis (e.g., human esou ces, cus ome se ice, o inancial plan) wi h he in as uc u e asse managemen plan; oa an ope a ional le el, he es ablished IAM ac ics a e con e ed in o sho - e m ac ion plans. 33 In eg a ed planning equi es moni o ing a each le el and eedback mechanisms be ween e e y wo successi e le els. U ban wa e IAM ( ac ical) plan(s) … Land use Heal h ca e T anspo a ion U ban wa e … Co po a e s a egic plan Na ional o egional s a egic plans Tac ical plans Ope a ional plans U ili y plans IAM planning 34 35 4 Unde s anding u ban wa e sys ems’ me abolism 4.1 U ban wa e sys ems beha e as o ganic bodies U ban wa e sys ems e ol e o e ime simila ly o an o ganic body, he pe o mance depends on he unc ionali y o i al o gans. In li ing bodies, backbone and muscles p o ide he s uc u e, bu blood ci cula ion, a unc ioning li e and b ain, a e key o a heal hy body. They need o consume nu ien s, wa e and oxygen in o de o li e and unc ion. They gene a e by- p oduc s, some o hem a e eused. U ban wa e sys ems ha e complex beha iou s ha can be add essed, om he physical pe spec i e, as hey we e a li ing me abolism: he backbone is he in as uc u e, he i al o gans a e he managemen p ocesses. They consume esou ces (e.g., wa e , chemicals and o he ma e ials, manpowe , ene gy, capi al), p o ide unc ions (in his case se ices) wi h gi en le els o pe o mance and associa ed isks, and gene a e ou lows, such as was e, by- p oduc s and emissions o wa e and ai . The physical componen s and he echnologies o he u ban wa e in as uc u e ope a e unde gi en local bounda y condi ions (geog aphic, clima ic and socio-economic). Me abolism ( om G eek me abolismós ) is he se o chemical eac ions ha happen in li ing o ganisms o main ain li e. These p ocesses allow o ganisms o g ow and ep oduce, o main ain hei s uc u es, and o espond o hei en i onmen s. The no ion o me abolism has also been applied ou side he discipline o biology, such as, u ban me abolism and indus ial me abolism. 36 4.2 Why inancial e iciency equi es he unde s anding o he in as uc u e me abolism? The choice, he design and he ope a ion o echnologies c i ically in luence he o e all quali y o he u ban wa e se ices in e ms o pe o mance, isk and cos , as well as he o e all sys em sus ainabili y. The me abolism depends no only on he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he sys ems, bu also on he local bounda y condi ions, including echnology and managemen decisions. Unde s anding he me abolism o he u ban wa e sys ems helps managing he ansi ion pa hs and choosing he bes op ions o pa e he way owa ds mo e sus ainable se ices. 37 The applica ion o me abolism models o indus ial p ocesses and o ci ies beha io is a s ill ela i ely a new ield o esea ch (Ba les, 2010), al hough i has al eady been used o some ime. Fo ins ance, B owne e al. (2009) has measu ed me abolism ine iciencies o di e en sec o s (e.g. ood, ex iles, pape ) by ela ing he inal disposal o was es o consump ion in he ci y o Lime ick in I eland. Howe e , me abolism models had ne e been de eloped o applied o he u ban wa e cycle se ices p io o TRUST. 4.3 The TRUST me abolism model The TRUST me abolism model can be used o p o ide a physical basis o quan i ying esou ce lows and o quali y and sus ainabili y assessmen o u u e in e en ion s a egies in u ban wa e se ices in he long e m. 38 When e e ing o he me abolism o an u ban wa e sys em, he e is a need o conside ele an lows and con e sion p ocesses o all kinds o ma e ials and ene gy, which a e mobilized by he de elopmen and ope a ion o he sys em in o de o ul ill he necessa y unc ions. As a esul o including he cyclic wa e eco e y and esou ce eco e y subsys ems, he me abolism modelling may in a di ec way also add ess eme ging oppo uni ies such as decen alised s o mwa e /was ewa e managemen and eco e y, use o ea ed was ewa e , and eco e y o esou ces om all pa s o he sys em (i.e. any kind o ma e ial and ene gy eco e y op ion). The objec i e o a me abolism model is o di ec ly assis wa e u ili ies in hei sys ema ic sea ch o s a egic imp o emen s. Me abolism s udies end o be da a-demanding and o ha e a non-s aigh o wa d applica ion. The TRUST me abolism model was de eloped wi h a complexi y ha limi s i s applicabili y o ci ies wi h eliable and comp ehensible da a sys ems. Howe e , i he model as such is no applicable, i is impo an , a leas , o iden i y and quan i y he key esou ces needed (wa e , ma e ials, manpowe , ene gy), he ou lows p oduced (was e, by-p oduc s and emissions) and he main mass-balances o each ansi ion pa h o echnological solu ion conside ed. In his way, he me abolism app oach suppo s he u ili y in he be e unde s anding o c i ical sys em a iables and he selec ion o he bes in as uc u e asse managemen op ions. 39 The global app oach is based on plan-do-check-ac (PDCA) p inciples aiming a he con inuous imp o emen o he IAM p ocess. The key no ions in his p ocess a e: oalignmen among he decisional le els and hei ac o s; obo om-up eedback; oand in ol emen and empowe men o he en i e o ganiza ion, om he CEO o he asse ope a o s, in o de o p omo e leade ship, co-o dina ion, collabo a ion, co po a e cul u e accep ance, mo i a ion, commi men and co po a e know-how. IAM aims a ensu ing ha , in a long- e m pe spec i e, se ice pe o mance is kep adequa e, isks incu ed a e accep able and he co esponding cos s a e as low as easible. Assessing pe o mance, isk and cos is he e o e key o e ec i e IAM. 46 5.5 Pe o mance assessmen Pe o mance may ansla e ei he he e iciency o he e ec i eness o he se ice. Pe o mance assessmen is a widesp ead ac i i y used in economics, business, spo s and many o he walks o li e in gene al, in o de o compa e and sco e en i ies and indi iduals and ake managemen o o he decisions (Aleg e e al., 2000, Ma os e al., 2003, Aleg e e al. 2006, Cab e a & Pa do, 2008, Sjo old e al. eds., 2008, ISO 24510, ISO 24511, ISO 24512). Pe o mance assessmen is he e o e any app oach ha allows o he e alua ion o he e iciency o he e ec i eness o a p ocess o ac i i y h ough pe o mance measu es. Pe o mance measu es a e he speci ic pa ame e s ha a e used o in o m he assessmen . The p incipal ca ego ies o pe o mance measu es include (Sjo old e al., 2008): Assessmen is de ined as a “p ocess, o esul o his p ocess, ha compa es a speci ied subjec ma e o ele an e e ences” ISO 24510 47 o Pe o mance indica o s o Pe o mance indices o Pe o mance le els Pe o mance indica o s a e quan i a i e e iciency o e ec i eness measu es o he ac i i y o a u ili y. A pe o mance indica o consis s o a alue ( esul ing om he e alua ion o he "p ocessing ule") exp essed in speci ic uni s, and a con idence g ade which indica es he quali y o he da a ep esen ed by he indica o . Pe o mance Indica o s a e ypically exp essed as a ios be ween a iables; hese may be commensu a e (e.g. %) o non-commensu a e (e.g. $/m3). The in o ma ion p o ided by a pe o mance indica o is he esul o a compa ison ( o a a ge alue, p e ious alues o he same indica o , o alues o he same indica o om o he unde akings) (Aleg e e al. 2006; ISO 24500, Sjo old e al., 2008). Pe o mance le els a e pe o mance measu es o a quali a i e na u e, exp essed in disc e e ca ego ies (e.g. excellen , good, ai , poo ). In gene al hey a e adop ed when he use o quan i a i e measu es is no app op ia e (e.g. e alua ion o cus ome sa is ac ion by means o su eys) (Aleg e, 2008, Sjo old e al., 2008). Pe o mance indices a e s anda dized and commensu able measu es, ha may esul om he combina ion o mo e disagg ega ed pe o mance measu es (e.g. weigh ed a e age o pe o mance indica o s) o om analysis ools (e.g. simula ion models, s a is ical ools, cos e iciency me hods). Some imes hey aim a agg ega ing se e al pe spec i es in o in a single measu e (Aleg e, 2008, Sjo old e al., 2008). Di e en ly om he pe o mance indica o s, hey con ain a judgmen in i sel , in insic o he s anda diza ion p ocess (e.g. 0 – no unc ion; 1 – minimum accep able; 2 – good; 3 – excellen ). 48 Pe o mance indica o s may be con e ed in o pe o mance indices h ough he applica ion o a pe o mance unc ion, o in o pe o mance le els when hey a e compa ed wi h e e ence le els, in o de o suppo in e p e a ion o mul i- c i e ia analyses. Such ans o ma ions may be pa icula ly use ul in he g aphical ep esen a ion o a se o pe o mance indica o s. 5.6 Risk assessmen Risk analysis may add ess an o ganiza ion in i s en i e y, a sys em o sub-sys ems (agg ega ed o lumped analysis), o indi idual sys em componen s (componen o disc e e analysis). Risk assessmen may be ca ied ou in many di e en ways, and is o en ( hough no always) quan i iable. Fo ins ance, i he p obabili y o ailu e o e e y pipe in a ne wo k is known, as well as i s consequence, exp essed in e ms o he ensuing educed se ice (unme demand), he o al isk o no supplying he use s may be exp essed as he expec ed alue o he annual unme demand (Vi o ino e al., 2012). 49 Risk analysis is a as ield o expe ise whe e se e al mains eam amewo ks ha e been de eloped o in as uc u e-based p oblems, such as aul - ee analysis o he app oaches cen e ed on isk ma ices (Almeida e al., 2010). The la e is one o he mos e sa ile and s uc u ed o malisms a ailable when app oaching he ange o (quan i iable o unquan i iable) isks ha a e aced by u ban u ili ies, and is based on a ho ough analysis o isk consequences and on he ca ego iza ion in o bo h p obabili y and consequence classes. P obabili y classes can be de ined by di e en p obabili y in e als ha may be de i ed, ypically, om linea , exponen ial o loga i hmic unc ions. The selec ion o p obabili y classes is done by he decision make ; he c i e ia a e no only depending on he ype o p oblem bu also on he ange o possibili ies accep able o he decision make , hus ela ed o he pe cep ion o isk. P obabili y and p obabili y classes a e assigned o each indi idual componen o he sys em when dealing wi h a componen -based analysis o o an a ea/sec o when he analysis is ocused on an a ea wi h speci ic and known isk ea u es. Independen ly o he ype o ailu es ha may ake place, hey can esul in a ange o po en ial consequences no only o he wa e in as uc u e and se ices bu also o o he in as uc u es. Mo eo e , consequences can also include socio-economic dis up ions and en i onmen al impac s. The e o e, when assessing he isk associa ed wi h a speci ic e en , se e al consequence dimensions should be aken in o conside a ion (Almeida e al., 2011) : 50 DIMENSION TYPE OF VARIABLES TO EXPRESS RELATIVE VALUE IN EACH CLASS Heal h and sa e y − numbe and se e i y o inju ies − numbe and se e i y o people a ec ed by disease − numbe o people a ec ed pe manen ly (mo ali y and disabili y) Financial − mone a y alue; should be a unc ion o he size o u ili y e.g. annual ope a ing budge (AOB) Se ice con inui y − du a ion o se ice in e up ion (a ailabili y and compliance wi h minimum s anda ds); di e en ia ion o ype o clien a ec ed can be used ( esiden ial, hospi al, i e igh ing) En i onmen al impac s − se e i y e.g. exp essed as expec ed ime o eco e y (long- e m “> y yea s”; mid- e m “x o y yea s”; sho - e m “w o mon hs”; apid eco e y “less han w mon hs”) − ex en (e.g. dimension o a ea, wa e quali y index, olume o du a ion o e en ) − ulne abili y (e.g. p o ec ed a eas, abs ac ion a eas o in luence o wa e supply) Func ional impac on he sys em − a ious pe o mance measu es (e.g. popula ion/clien s no supplied o a T > D in e up ion; clien .hou s wi hou supply); h esholds can be associa ed wi h legal equi emen s Repu a ion and image − numbe o complain s; numbe o imes he name o he u ili y appea s in he media, … Business con inui y − damage o ma e ials, se ice capaci y, a ailable human esou ces o main ain sys em unc ion and eco e y ime (e.g. % capaci y a ec ed.hou s) P ojec de elopmen − e ec on de ia ion o objec i es (e.g. scope, schedule, budge ) 51 Al hough o he classes o consequences may be adop ed, a ypical classi ica ion migh look like his: o1 – insigni ican ; o2 – low; o3 – mode a e; o4 – high; o5 – se e e. The way in which p obabili y and consequence a e combined e lec s he deg ee o cau iousness o he analys , which may a y. See an exemple o a mode a e isk pe cep ion ma ix: CONSEQUENCE 1 2 3 4 5 PROBABILITY 5 4 3 2 1 A isk ma ix should ha e a leas h ee isk le els (low, medium and high isks) ha a e o be associa ed wi h he accep ance le els o isk (Almeida e al., 2010): oLow o accep able isk (g een); oMedium o ole able isk (yellow); oHigh o unaccep able isk ( ed). 52 5.7 Cos assessmen Cos assessmen is he o he undamen al axis o analysis o compa ing and selec ing in e en ion al e na i es in an IAM amewo k. All ele an cos s and e enues i ems ha ake place du ing he analysis ho izon and which di e om he s a us quo, should be accoun ed o , o any o he in e en ion al e na i es conside ed. The inclusion in he analysis o cos i ems ha a e common in na u e and alue o all al e na i es is op ional, as hey will no ha e an e ec on he compa ison bu may be use ul in in o ming i . Howe e , i quan i ying he ac ual ne p esen alue1 o in e nal a e o e u n2 o a inancial p ojec is impo an o he exe cise, hen all he ele an cos s and e enues mus be included. In p ac ice, i is o en he case ha ehabili a ion in e en ions do no a ec e enues, and mainly ha e an e ec on sys em pe o mance, on sys em isk (by a ec ing sys em eliabili y) and on capi al and ope a ional cos s (e.g., epai cos s, complain managemen , egula o y o con ac ual se ice compliance ailu e). 1 Ne p esen alue: The sum o he discoun ed u u e cash lows. I only cos s a e included, his can be e e ed as ne p esen cos (ISO 15686-5: 2008) 2 In e nal a e o e u n: he " a e o e u n" ha makes he ne p esen alue o all cash lows (bo h posi i e and nega i e) om a pa icula in es men equal o ze o. In o he wo ds, he discoun a e a which he p esen alue o all u u e cash low is equal o he ini ial in es men . 53 In gene al and simpli ied e ms, he main cos i ems include: o In es men cos s , exp essed as a gi en amoun a a gi en poin in ime, and wi h a gi en dep ecia ion pe iod (i no linea , a dep ecia ion unc ion mus be known as well). o Ope a ional cos s , no mally o ganized in h ee classes: (i) cos o goods sold; (ii) supplies & ex e nal se ices; (iii) pe sonnel; ope a ional cos s a e exp essed as annual alues, o e he analysis pe iod. o Re enues , ei he h ough lump sums occu ing a speci ic poin s in ime (e.g. public subsidies), o dis ibu ed o e he analysis pe iod (e.g. e enues om a i s). Re enues a e also exp essed by hei annual alue o e he analysis pe iod. Whene e ele an , he cos s o planning and designing new asse s, as well as disposal cos s o asse s ha each he end o hei se ice li es, should be included. Since he end o he analysis ho izon does no coincide in gene al wi h he end o he se ice li e o mos asse s, he esidual alue o all asse s a he end o he analysis pe iod mus be conside ed. Cos -bene i analysis may include no only angible cos s and e enues o he u ili y, as desc ibed abo e, bu also angible o a hi d pa ies (e.g., consume s, socie y) and in angible cos s and bene i s. Howe e , p ac ice shows ha u ili ies o en do no eel com o able in exp essing ce ain o such cos s and bene i s in mone a y e ms (e.g., 54 inc easing public heal h isk because he wa e quali y does no mee he a ge s). A ecommended op ion, success ully implemen ed in a good numbe o u ili ies (Lei ão e al., 2013), is o exp ess angible cos s o a hi d pa ies and in angible cos s and bene i s as pe o mance o isk me ics, and o include only angible cos s and e enues o he u ili y in he cos axis o he analysis. “ Tangible cos s o a hi d pa ies and in angible cos s and bene i s can be desc ibed as as pe o mance o isk me ics.” Lei ão e al. (2013) 55 obe easonably achie able (which mainly depends on he ela ed a iables); obe audi able; obe as uni e sal as possible and p o ide a measu e which is independen om he pa icula condi ions o he u ili y; obe simple and easy o unde s and; and obe quan i iable so as o p o ide an objec i e measu emen o he se ice, a oiding any pe sonal o subjec i e app aisal. Collec i ely, PAMs should comply wi h he ollowing equi emen s: oeach PAM should p o ide in o ma ion signi ican ly di e en om he o he PAMs; ode ini ions o he PAMs should be unequi ocal ( his equi emen is made ex ensi e o i s a iables); oonly PAMs which a e deemed essen ial o e ec i e pe o mance e alua ion should be es ablished. 6.6 Va iables Each a iable should comply wi h he ollowing equi emen s: ode ini ions should be uni ocal; o i he de ini ion o he PI hey a e used o ; obe easonably achie able; o e e o he same geog aphical a ea and he same pe iod o ime o e e ence da e as he PI hey will be used o ; 62 obe as eliable and accu a e as he decisions made based on hem equi e. Some o he a iables in PAS a e o en ob ained om ex e nal da a, and hei a ailabili y, accu acy, e e ence da es and limi s o he co esponding geog aphical a ea a e gene ally ou o he con ol o he unde aking. In his case, a iables should also comply wi h he ollowing equi emen s: obe collec ed, whene e possible, om o icial su ey depa men s; obe undamen al o he PAM assessmen o in e p e a ion; and ocollec i ely, be as ew as possible. 6.7 Con ex in o ma ion and o he da a elemen s Con ex in o ma ion (CI) and he es o he da a elemen s in he sys em (which a e used as explana o y ac o s) should ollow he same gene al p inciples as a iables and pe o mance indica o s. Howe e , he le el o de ail and con idence g ading is usually no conside ed o be as high as he one equi ed o PI and a iables. Consequen ly, CI and he es o he da a elemen s should comply wi h: ode ini ions should be uni ocal; obe easonably achie able; oi ex e nal, be collec ed whene e possible om o icial su ey depa men s; obe undamen al o he PI in e p e a ion; and ocollec i ely, be as ew as possible. 63 6.8 Da a quali y Pe o mance me ics should always be associa ed wi h he quali y o he da a used o calcula e hem. Ideally, his should be assessed in e ms o he eliabili y o he sou ce and o he accu acy o da a. Howe e , p ac ice has shown ha in mos p ac ical si ua ions i may no be easy o assess he accu acy o he da a. The eliabili y o he sou ce accoun s o unce ain ies in how eliable he sou ce o he da a may be, i.e., he ex en o which he da a sou ce yields consis en , s able, and uni o m esul s o e epea ed obse a ions o measu emen s unde he same condi ions each ime. Wi hin TRUST, i is ecommended ha eliabili y o he inpu a iables is well de ined, acco ding o he IWA PI guidelines, ep oduced as ollows: RELIABILITY DEFINITION  Highly eliable da a sou ce: da a based on sound eco ds, p ocedu es, in es iga ions o analyses ha a e p ope ly documen ed and ecognised as he bes a ailable assessmen me hods.  Fai ly eliable da a sou ce: wo se han , bu be e han .  Un eliable da a sou ce: da a based on ex apola ion om limi ed eliable samples o on in o med guesses. 64 65 7 Technological challenges and oppo uni ies The ansi ion o mo e sus ainable u ban wa e sys ems is g ea ly dependen on he igh selec ion and implemen a ion o app op ia e echnological solu ions. The main echnological challenges and oppo uni ies a e in he ollowing domains: oSa e and sus ainable wa e supply oU ban wa e demand managemen oWas ewa e and s o mwa e sys ems's managemen in UWSC oAl e na i e wa e sou ces oS eng hening he wa e -ene gy nexus in u ban wa e sys ems (wa e -ene gy connec ion) oEnhanced echnologies o in as uc u e asse managemen I should be highlighed ha he domain U ban wa e demand managemen co e s he aspec s unde he con ol o he u ili ies (e.g. wa e losses managemen , esul ing in o lowe wa e esou ces needs) as well as al e na i e wa e sou ces and wa e sa ings a he end-use le el, which esul in o lowe wa e demand. The domain Al e na i e wa e sou ces co e s only he wa e sou ces ha supply he public sys em. The domains and main challenges in each domain a e p esen ed as ollows. 66 DOMAIN MAIN CHALLENGES Sa e and sus ainable wa e supply Inadequacy o cu en sys ems o cope wi h eme ging challenges associa ed wi h wa e s ess (quan i y and quali y) and clima e change ( empe a u e inc ease, sea le el wa e inc ease, ex eme e en s occu ence) U ban wa e demand managemen Inc easing cons ain s in wa e a ailabili y, inc easing p oduc ion cos s o d inking wa e (due o wa e quali y de e io a ion in he sou ces and o mo e demanding legisla ion) , inc easing en i onmen al p o ec ion p essu es (wa e abs ac ion, CO2 emissions, wa e pollu ion), and need o imp o e he economic e iciency o he u ili ies Was ewa e and s o mwa e sys ems's managemen (collec ion, d ainage, ea men discha ge) in UWSC Inc easing ea men cos s o was ewa e (due o mo e demanding legisla ion) , inc easing en i onmen al p o ec ion p essu es (CO2 emissions and wa e pollu ion), and need o imp o e he economic e iciency o he u ili ies Al e na i e Wa e Sou ces Inc easing cons ain s in wa e a ailabili y S eng hening he wa e -ene gy nexus in u ban wa e sys ems (wa e - ene gy connec ion) Inc easing en i onmen al p o ec ion p essu es (CO2 emissions) and economic p essu es (cos educ ion) Enhanced echnologies o in as uc u e asse managemen Unknown condi ion o bu ied asse s, aging in as uc u es and dec easing le els o se ice. 67 The echnologic oppo uni ies and he me hods and echnologies de eloped wi hin TRUST ha e been iden i ied and a e highlighed in he ollowing ables. DOMAIN TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES METHODS/TECH NOLOGIES COVERED IN TRUST Sa e and sus ainable wa e supply o Sou ce p o ec ion and con ol oEnhanced wa e ea men oWa e quali y moni o ing and con ol oRisk managemen and u ban wa e sa e y planning No co e ed >> Table 1 No co e ed No co e ed U ban wa e demand managemen o In eg a ed planning o wa e demand, ene gy consump ion and was ewa e p oduc ion oWa e losses managemen oMe e ing and a i s uc u es oUse o household i ings and appliances oSo UWDM echnologies oUWDM echnologies o non- domes ic sec o s (indus y and public se ices) oUse g eywa e / ainwa e ha es ing sys ems >> Table 2 No co e ed 68 DOMAIN TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES METHODS/TECH NOLOGIES COVERED IN TRUST Was ewa e and s o mwa e sys ems's managemen in UWSC o In eg a ed planning o was ewa e and s o m wa e oPe o mance assessmen oIn il a ion and in low con ol o Enhanced was ewa e ea men >> Table 3 Al e na i e Wa e Sou ces o Use ea ed was ewa e oCi y ainwa e ha es ing sys ems oDesalina ion >> Table 4 No co e ed S eng hening he wa e - ene gy nexus in u ban wa e sys ems (wa e -ene gy connec ion) o In eg a ed planning o wa e and ene gy oEnhanced ene gy e iciency echnologies/equipmen oEne gy eco e y echnologies >> Table 5 Enhanced echnologies o in as uc u e asse managemen o In eg a ed IAM planning oEnhanced echnologies o suppo da a collec ion and in o ma ion managemen oEnhanced ehabili a ion echnologies >> Table 6 69 Table 1 >> Domain: Sa e and sus ainable wa e supply TYPES OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT COVERED IN TRUST TECHNOLOGY OR TOOL Enhanced wa e ea men NOM ac iona ion/Rapid NOM ac iona ion Techn. BDOC analyses Techn. Full-scale coagula ion ea men op imiza ion p ocedu es/Roadmap Techn. BDOC analyses Techn. Wa e ea men op imiza ion – incl mapping o op imiza ion bene i s - wi h espec o: i) sa e y/wa e quali y, ii) sus ainabili y /use o esou ces use,) and iii) dis ibu ion/bios abili y Tool LCA - as a ool o assessing en i onmen al impac s o coagulan ype selec ion, coagulan p ocessing/manu ac u ing, anspo dis ance, esou ces use/coagulan doses, ene gy use, sludge handling, e c. Tool Op imiza ion as a ool o balancing sa e y/ ea ed wa e quali y and sus ainabili y/ esou ces use Tool 70 Table 2 >> Domain: Al e na i e Wa e Sou ces TYPES OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT COVERED IN TRUST TECHNOLOGY OR TOOL In eg a ed planning o wa e demand, ene gy consump ion and was ewa e p oduc ion De elopmen and implemen a ion o a plan (aiming a he educ ion o wa e demand, ene gy consump ion and was ewa e p oduc ion) Me hodology Impac assessmen ool o assessing he impac s o di e en combina ions o WDM in e en ions abo e on wi h espec o hei cos , wa e - ela ed ene gy use and impac on supplydemand balance o wa e dis ibu ion sys ems. Tool Wa e losses managemen Wa e losses managemen Me hodology PaVLOS s and alone so wa e (leakage educ ion, ene gy op imisa ion) Tool Me e ing and a i s uc u es Me e ing and a i s uc u es Me hodology Use o household i ings and appliances E icien household mic o-componen appliances and i ings – WCs, ba hs, showe s, washbasin aps, ki chen sink aps, dishwashe s, washing machines, ou doo aps Technology So UWDM echnologies So echnologies ( e.g. educa ion; media campaigns) Technology Use g eywa e and ainwa e ha es ing sys ems Al e na i e wa e sys ems – g ey wa e ecycling sys ems (GWR), ainwa e ha es ing (RWH) sys ems, sus ainable u ban d ainage sys ems (SuDS) Technology 71 78 9 Re e ences Aleg e, H. (2008) – Wa e in as uc u e asse managemen , Resea ch P og am, Se ies «Thesis and Resea ch P og ammes», LNEC, Lisbon, ISBN 9789724921341 (385 p., in Po uguese). Aleg e, H., Co as, D. (2010). In as uc u e asse managemen o wa e se ices (in Po uguese). Technical Guide n.16. ERSAR, LNEC, IST, Lisboa, 472 pp. (ISBN: 978-989-8360- 04-5). Aleg e, H., Co as, D.I.C., Coelho, S.T., Almeida, M.C., Ca doso, M.A. (2012). An in eg a ed app oach o in as uc u e asse managemen o u ban wa e sys ems. Wa e Asse Managemen In e na ional 8.2 (2012) 10-14. Aleg e, H., Almeida, M.C. (eds.) (2009). S a egic Asse Managemen o Wa e and was ewa e in as uc u es, IWA Publishing, ISBN 97843391869 (536 p.). Aleg e, H., Bap is a, J.M., Cab e a JR., E., Cubillo, F., Dua e, P., Hi ne , W., Me kel, W., Pa ena, R. (2006). Pe o mance indica o s o wa e supply se ices, second edi ion, Manual o Bes P ac ice Se ies, IWA Publishing, London, ISBN: 1843390515 (305 p.). Almeida, M. C., Ca doso, M. A. (2010). In as uc u e asse managemen o was ewa e and s o mwa e se ices (in Po uguese). Technical Guide n.17. ERSAR, LNEC, IST, Lisboa (ISBN: 978-989-8360-05-2). Almeida, M.C., Lei ão, J.P., Coelho, S.T. (2011). Risk managemen in u ban wa e in as uc u es: applica ion o wa e and was ewa e sys ems. In Almeida, B., Ges ão da Água, Ince ezas e Riscos: Concep ualização ope acional (Wa e managemen , unce ain y and isks: ope a ional concep ualisa ion). Es e a do Caos, Lisbon, Po ugal (in Po uguese). Almeida, M.C., Lei ão, J.P., Bo ba, R. (2010). AWARE-P De elopmen epo s: Risk Assessmen Module. In e nal epo o he AWARE-P p ojec (classi ied documen , in Po uguese). ASCE (2009). Repo Ca d o Ame ica’s In as uc u e Ad iso y Council, Ame ican Socie y o Ci il Enginee s, ISBN: 978-0-7844-1037-0. Ba les, S. (2010). Socie y, ene gy and ma e ials: The con ibu ion o u ban me abolism s udies o sus ainable u ban de elopmen issues. Jou nal o En i onmen al Planning and Managemen 53 (4), pp. 439-455 B a ebø, H., Aleg e, H., Cab e a JR, E., Ma ques, R.C., Hein, A., C uz, C.O. (2013). A mas e amewo k o UWCS sus ainabili y, TRUST. B own, R. E., Humph ey, B. G. (2005). Asse managemen o ansmission and dis ibu ion. Powe and Ene gy Magazine, IEEE, 3(3), 39. B owne, D., O' Regan, B., Moles, R. (2009). Assessmen o o al u ban me abolism and me abolic ine iciency in an I ish ci y- egion. Was e Managemen 29 (10), pp. 2765-2771. Bu ns, P., Hope, D., Roo da, J. (1999). Managing in as uc u e o he nex gene a ion. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 8(6), 689. Cab e a S ., E., Cab e a J ., E., Ga cia, A. O. (2011). Ta ge audience analysis. TRUST ask 71, deli e able D71.1. 79 Cab e a, E., Pa do, M.A. (eds.)( 2008). Pe o mance Assessmen o U ban In as uc u e Se ices: d inking wa e , was ewa e and solid was e, IWA Publishing , ISBN: 9781843391913, IWA Publishing. INGENIUM, IPWEA (2011). In e na ional in as uc u e managemen manual, e sion 4.0. Associa ion o Local Go e nmen Enginee ing NZ Inc (INGENIUM) and he Ins i u e o Public Wo ks Enginee ing o Aus alia (IPWEA), ISBN: 2770000072328 (360 p.). ISO 24510: 2007. Ac i i ies ela ing o d inking wa e and was ewa e se ices - Guidelines o he assessmen and o he imp o emen o he se ice o use s. ISO 24511: 2007. Ac i i ies ela ing o d inking wa e and was ewa e se ices - Guidelines o he managemen o was ewa e u ili ies and o he assessmen o d inking wa e se ices. ISO 24512: 2007. Se ice ac i i ies ela ing o d inking wa e and was ewa e - Guidelines o he managemen o d inking wa e u ili ies and o he assessmen o d inking wa e se ices." In e n. O g. o S anda diza ion, Gene a. ISO 31000: 2008. Risk Managemen - Guidelines on p inciples and implemen a ion o isk managemen . ISO/CD 55000: 2012. Asse managemen — O e iew, p inciples and e minology. ISO/CD 55001: 2012. Asse managemen — Managemen sys ems — Requi emen s, ISO/TC 251/WG 2 ISO/CD 55002: 2012 Asse managemen — Managemen sys ems — Guidelines o he applica ion o ISO 55001, ISO/TC 251/WG 2 Lei ão, J.P., Coelho, ST S.T. Coelho, Aleg e, H, Ca doso, M.A., Sil a, M.S. , Ramalho, P. ,Ribei o, R., Co as, D, Vi o ino, D., Almeida, M.C. , Ca iço, N. (2013) The iGPI collabo a i e p ojec : mo ing IAM om science o indus y. ”. S a egic Asse Managemen o Wa e and Was ewa e In as uc u e.Sep embe 10-12, Sydney, Aus alia. 80 Ma os, R., Ca doso, M.A., Ashley, R, Dua e, P., Schulz, A. (2003). Pe o mance indica o s o was ewa e se ices, Manual o Bes P ac ice Se ies, IWA Publishing, ISBN: 9781900222907 (192 p.). Sjo old, F., Con oy, P., Algaa d, E. (2008). Pe o mance assessmen o u ban in as uc u e se ices: he case o wa e supply, was ewa e and solid was e (146 p.) ISBN: 978-82-536-1010-6 Vi o ino, D., Coelho, S.T., Aleg e, H., Ma ins, A., Lei ão, J.P., Sil a, M.S. (2012). AWARE-P so wa e documen a ion, AWARE-P p ojec , www.base o m.o g. 81 D53.1a/ MANUAL 1 In eg a ed planning o u ban wa e se ices: a global app oach The esea ch leading o hese esul s has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union Se en h F amewo k P og amme (FP7/2007-2013) unde g an ag eemen n° 265122. This publica ion e lec s only he au ho ’s iews and he Eu opean Union is no liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.