© The au ho ; licensee Uni e sidad Nacional de Colombia.
DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. Medellín. ISSN 0012-7353 P in ed, ISSN 2346-2183 Online
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.15446/dyna. 83n199.56086
Technical and economic s udy o s iking and clea ing ope a ions in
buildings unde cons uc ion. Case s udy in Bogo á, Colombia •
Yezid A. Al a ado a, Ma ía Isabel Pé ez-Gómez a, John Alexis Cas ellanos-Reyes a & Isabel Gasch b
a Facul ad de Ingenie ía Ci il, Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana, Bogo á, Colombia, al a ado.y@ja e iana.edu.co, m.pe ezg@ja e iana.edu.co,
john.cas ellanos@ja e iana.edu.co
b ICITECH, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Valencia, España, [email protected] .es
Recei ed: Ma ch 07 h, de 2016. Recei ed in e ised o m: Augus 22 h, 2016. Accep ed: Sep embe 116 h, 2016
Abs ac
This pape e alua es he economic bene i s o sho e cons uc ion imes ha can be a ained by applying he New Simpli ied P ocedu e
(NSP) in mul i-s o ey buildings. The e e ence building was a mul i-s o ey esiden ial ein o ced conc e e amewo k s uc u e wi h one-
way slabs loca ed in Bogo á, Colombia. The s udy was di ided in o di e en phases including he cha ac e iza ion o he componen s, a
s udy o he di e en me hods o de e mine load ansmissions be ween slabs and sho es, and a e iew o he cos o en ing sho ing and
o mwo k ma e ials and labo cos s o he building unde s udy. A e applying he p ocedu e, an economic assessmen was ca ied ou on
he execu ion imes ob ained in each o he ope a ions s udied. The analysis o he cons uc ion p ocess o he building s uc u e using he
NSP showed ha conside able sa ings can be achie ed in cons uc ion imes wi hou any isk o he in eg i y o he s uc u e.
Keywo ds: New Simpli ied P ocedu e; sho es; ime es ima ions; load es ima ions; es ima ion o pe sonnel and equipmen cos s.
Es udio écnico económico de los p ocesos de cimb ado y
descimb ado en edi icaciones. Es udio de caso en Bogo á, Colombia
Resumen
El p esen e a ículo e alúa el bene icio económico de la aplicación del Nue o P ocedimien o Simpli icado (NPS), e lejado en los plazos
de cons ucción en edi icaciones de en episos sucesi os. El edi icio de e e encia co esponde a un edi icio esidencial esuel o con pó icos
y en episos en una di ección, de conc e o e o zado ubicado en la ciudad de Bogo á. Las ases desa olladas en cumplimien o del obje i o
plan eado, cons a on de una ca ac e ización de los componen es, el es udio de dis in as al e na i as pa a de e mina la ansmisión de ca gas
en e en episos y pun ales, y una e isión de los p ecios de alquile de equipo auxilia y pe sonal del edi icio de e e encia. Aplicando
dicho p ocedimien o se ealizó una e aluación económica de los plazos ob enidos en cada una de las ope aciones es udiadas. Se des aca
que el análisis del p oceso cons uc i o de la es uc u a de la edi icación empleando el NPS pe mi e log a aho os conside ables en la
ejecución de la edi icación sin pone en iesgo la in eg idad de la es uc u a.
Palab as cla e: Nue o P ocedimien o Simpli icado; pun ales; es imación de iempos; es imación de ca gas; es imación cos os pe sonal y
equipo.
1. In oduc ion
A he p esen ime, building ope a ions in Colombia
ela ed o he sho ing and s iking p ocesses used in conc e e
ame s uc u es a e mainly based on he de elope ’s
indi idual expe ience and li le a en ion is gi en o echnical
How o ci e: Al a ado, Y. A., Pé ez-Gómez, M. I., Cas ellanos-Reyes, J. A., & Gasch, I. Technical and economic s udy o s iking and clea ing ope a ions in buildings unde cons uc ion. Case s udy
in Bogo á, Colombia. DYNA 83 (199) pp. 102-107, 2016
analyses. This si ua ion is mainly due o he gene al lack o
accu a e in o ma ion on his ype o building ope a ion and i
o en gi es ise o building imes ha a e longe and,
consequen ly, mo e expensi e han necessa y. Acco ding o
a s udy ca ied ou by he Cáma a Colombia de la
Cons ucción (CAMACOL), be ween 2008 and 2012, he
Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016.
103
adi ional amewo k sys em wi h one-way slabs is he mos
widely used sys em in he indus y being he one p e e ed by
mos Colombian de elope s [1]. Among he mos impo an
easons o his p e e ence is he op imiza ion o in e nal
spaces, he ease o a chi ec u al design, o he possibili y o
ca ying ou eno a ions wi hou endange ing s uc u al
s abili y, among o he s.
In o he CAMACOL s udies, he s uc u e is conside ed
o be among he cos lies wo k s ages o he p ojec [2];
he e o e, he p ocess used in i s cons uc ion will ha e a big
in luence on he p ojec budge . Fo his eason, i is
necessa y o ind a me hod ha allows keeping he cos s
associa ed wi h he cons uc ion o he s uc u e a a
minimum.
When e iewing he cu en building s anda ds o
sho ing and s iking p ocesses in conc e e s uc u es, hey a e
ound o be gene al in na u e and do no s a e any speci ic
me hod o complying wi h he equi emen s o each
s anda d, no do hey gi e clea ecommenda ions o
calcula ing s iking imes o abou how o calcula e he loads
be ween sho es and slabs du ing he cons uc ion p ocess.
In acco dance wi h he abo e, and bea ing in mind ha
he sa e y o he s uc u e unde cons uc ion is one o he
mos impo an ac o s in de e mining building imes, i is
essen ial o know how he loads a e ansmi ed be ween
sho es and slabs du ing hese p ocesses, since his will
gua an ee he sa e y bo h o he s uc u e i sel and o hose
wo king on i .
Va ious heo e ical and expe imen al s udies ha e been
ca ied ou in o de o sol e his p oblem wi h he pu pose o
de e mining how loads a e ansmi ed be ween sho es and
slabs. In 1963, G undy & Kabaila [3] p oposed a simpli ied
me hod o de e mining hese loads which is s ill in use. This
me hod is easy o apply and in mos cases e s on he side o
sa e y [4].
In la e s udies [5-9], a ious au ho s ag eed in inding
ha G undy & Kabaila’s simpli ied me hod [3] o e es ima es
he loads on sho es and slabs. The mos ecen o hese
s udies, by Calde ón e . al [10], p oposed a new p ocedu e
based on a simpli ied me hod ha allows es ima ing
sho e/slab loads du ing di e en cons uc ion p ocesses. This
new simpli ied me hod was alida ed expe imen ally and
h ough nume ical models [11-13]; i is cu en ly ega ded as
he bes me hod o es ima ing sho e/slab loads.
This pape desc ibes a s udy o di e en al e na i es o
cons uc ion p ocesses o a conc e e ame sys em wi h one-
way slabs; i s pu pose is o de ine a iable cons uc ion
p ocess as ega ds building imes and cos s. Calde ón e al
New Simpli ied P ocess [10] was used o calcula e he loads
on slabs.
2. Desc ip ion o he building used as a case s udy
The building used o he s udy is pa o a la ge p ojec
composed o eigh adi ionally buil esiden ial apa men
blocks wi h a conc e e ame s uc u e and one-way slabs
si ua ed be ween 64 h and 66 h S ee s in he Modelo Popula
dis ic o Bogo á, Colombia. The owe block is Nº 5 wi h
16 loo s (13 abo e g ound and 3 in he unde g ound loo s).
All he slabs we e composed o a 0.50 cm hick ligh ened
slab wi h a 0.05 cm uppe laye . The heigh be ween loo s is
2.45 m and he unde g ound loo - o-ceiling heigh is 2.35 m.
The cen al and co ne spans, measu ing 6.17 x 5.5 m and
3.8 x 5.63 m, espec i ely, we e selec ed o s udying he
slab/sho e loads since hese we e subjec o he highes
o ces.
2.1. Sho e cha ac e is ics
In o de o de e mine he s eel sho es elas ic beha io ,
comp ession es s we e ca ied ou on wo sho es i ed wi h
s ain gauges supplied by he building equipmen en al company
con ac ed o he cons uc ion o he building unde s udy. The
esul s o he es s on bo h sho es a e gi en in Table 1.
2.2. Conc e e p ope ies
28 MPa conc e e was used o slabs and ounda ions and
35 MPa o columns. The in o ma ion on he e olu ion o he
conc e e supplied by he manu ac u e s was checked h ough
es s on he conc e e used in he p ojec . Table 2 shows he
esul s o he lab es s pe o med a 3, 7, 14 and 28 days.
3. S udy o load ansmission in a ious cons uc ion
p ocesses
A s udy on al e na i e cons uc ion p ocesses o he
p ojec unde s udy was made in o de o de ine a iable
cons uc ion p ocess as ega ds building imes and cos s. The
New Simpli ied P ocess [10] was used o calcula e he loads
on slabs unde cons uc ion. This me hod is eminen ly
sui able, as loads can be es ima ed on any o he sho es unde
a slab, meaning ha i is possible o de e mine de o ma ions
and mean loads on sho es and slabs.
Table 1.
Modulus o elas ici y o he s eel sho es.
Sho e
Maximum load
applied (N)
S ain (%)
Modulus o
elas ici y (MPa)
1
20064.54
0.019
196855
2
20046.00
0.016
208947
Sou ce: The au ho s.
Table 2.
Resul s o e olu ion and conc e e p ope ies.
Tes
Day
S eng h (MPa)
Simple Comp ession
(ASTMC39)
3
7
14
28
20.39
25.23
26.95
31.64
Modulus o Elas ici y
(ASTMC469)
3
7
14
28
17609
19589
20247
21937
Spli ing Tensile
S eng h
(ASTMC496)
3
7
14
28
2.17
2.28
2.44
3.06
Flexu al S eng h
(ASTMC78)
3
7
14
28
3.02
3.30
3.32
4.19
Sou ce: The au ho s.
Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016.
104
The ollowing we e he hypo heses conside ed when
ca ying ou he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10]:
• Va ia ions in he elas ici y modulus wi h ime o conc e e
elemen s.
• In ini ely s i ounda ion.
• Inc emen al model – conside ing he accumula ion o
loads and displacemen s.
• Sho es a e elemen s wi h elas ic beha io and ini e
s i ness.
• Uni o mly dis ibu ed loads be ween sho es and slabs.
• The de o ma ion o he slab a any poin coincides wi h ha o
he sho e a ha poin ; hus, mean slab de o ma ion coincides
wi h mean de o ma ion o sho es placed unde he slab.
• Di e en slab bounda y condi ions; de o mabili y
measu ed by Scanlon & Mu ay’s me hod [14].
• Negligible sh inkage and c eep e ec s.
3.1. S iking c i e ia
The cu en Colombian and in e na ional building codes
sha e he same gene al c i e ia o he s iking p ocess.
Howe e , no me hods a e p oposed o calcula ing sho e/slab
loads du ing he cons uc ion o buildings.
3.1.1. Colombian Ea hquake-Resis an Building Code
NSR-10 [15]
The Colombian egula ions speci y he minimum wo ke
and public sa e y equisi es o sho ing and o mwo k. Sho es
and o mwo k o conc e e, including hei design,
cons uc ion and emo al equi e he s ic es c i e ia and
co ec planning o achie e sa e sho ing and o mwo k.
Cons uc ion loads and possible de lec ions mus be aken
in o conside a ion in o de o de e mine s iking ime.
The NSR-10 emphasizes he ACI-347 speci ica ions.
3.1.2. Building Code ACI-347.2-R05 [16]
ACI-347.2-R05 p oposes a a ional analysis ha
conside s di e en ac o s o de e mine he numbe o sho ed
slabs unde cons uc ion and o de e mine he loads
ansmi ed be ween slabs and sho es. This analysis includes:
• Analysis o he di e en loads and li e loads applied o
he s uc u e.
• Conside a ion o dead load o conc e e plus weigh o
o mwo k.
• Cons uc ion li e loads including any wo k done on he
slab and he accumula ion o ma e ials.
• Conc e e design s eng h.
• Time cycle o he pou ing o successi e slabs.
• Conc e e s eng h equi ed o suppo sho ing loads om
abo e when pou ing successi e slabs.
• Dis ibu ion o loads be ween loo s, sho es and esho es,
o backsho es, a he ime o placing conc e e, s ipping
o mwo k and emo ing backsho ing.
• Slab spans o s uc u al membe s suppo ed by sho es.
• Types o o mwo k and componen dimensions.
• Dis ibu ion o loads on indi idual sho es.
• Minimum age a which conc e e can esis cons uc ion
and sho e loads when pou ing uppe slabs.
As ega ds ca ying ou sho ing and s iking ope a ions,
special emphasis is gi en o sa e y p ecau ions when sho ing
and s iking he s uc u e and when sho ing and esho ing
successi e loo s.
3.1.3. Me hod p oposed by Cala e a & Fe nández [17]
Deciding he s iking age in ol es e i ying ha , unde
he loads applied in his p ocess, he o ces c ea ed can be
sa ely esis ed by he s eng h o he conc e e a his age
(Cala e a 1981).
Cala e a [17] p oposes ha i he load ac ing on a slab on
s iking is 𝛼𝛼∙p; p being he o al p ojec cha ac e is ic load
(sel -weigh plus dead loads plus li e loads), he sho es can
be emo ed om he slab when he slab conc e e has a ensile
s eng h ck ,j such ha :
𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑗𝑗≥ 𝛼𝛼 ∙ 𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,28
(1)
ck ,28: Cha ac e is ic s eng h o conc e e a he age o 28
days.
𝛼𝛼=𝑞𝑞𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑝𝑝∙𝛾𝛾′𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
(2)
Whe e qcons is he cons uc ion load, p is he p ojec ’s
load, γ’ g is he ac o o sa e y o cons uc ion ac ions and
γ g is he ac o o sa e y o p ojec ac ions.
The alue o 𝛼𝛼 canno be highe han he uni ; o he wise,
he loads suppo ed by a slab loo in he cons uc ion s age
would be highe han hose designed, he eby making he
cons uc ion p ocess un easible.
Eq. (1) is he p incipal c i e ion used by a la ge numbe
o au ho s o calcula e he imes o ca ying ou he di e en
cons uc ion p ocesses.
3.2. Al e na i es s udied
The e is a numbe o di e en cons uc ion p ocesses o
consecu i e slab loo cons uc ion. Al a ado [18] gi es he
mos impo an as: Sho ing and S iking (SS), Sho ing,
Resho ing and S iking (SRS), and Sho ing, Clea ing and
S iking (SCS).
These h ee al e na i es (see below) we e conside ed o
he equen ly used 1, 2, 3 and 4 consecu i ely sho ed loo s
in o de o ind he execu ion imes.
3.2.1. Sho ing and S iking (SS)
The e a e only wo clea ly de ined s ages in his p ocess:
i) placing he sho es whe e he conc e e is pou ed and ii) i s
la e emo al. The equi ed numbe o se s o sho es is used
in his p ocess, and wo, h ee o mo e loo s may be
consecu i ely sho ed in his way.
Table 3 gi es he mean loads on slabs (QEmed) ob ained by
he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] o he mos c i ical
ope a ions in he di e en cases s udied.
Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016.
105
Table 3.
Mean load on slabs in c i ical ope a ions (CO).
Span Consecu i ely
sho ed loo s C.Op. Floo
Q
Emed
(kN/m
2
)
Cen al
1
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 2
1 16.24
2
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 4
2 17.13
3
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 6
3 16.63
4
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 6
2 16.81
Co ne
1
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 2
1 16.24
2
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 5
3 16.46
3
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 6
3 17.53
4
Conc e e
Placemen
Floo 8
4 16.94
Sou ce: The au ho s.
3.2.2. Sho ing, Clea ing and S iking (SCS)
o pa ial s iking, consis s o emo ing o mwo k and mo e
han 50% o he sho es ha suppo he slab a ew days a e
pou ing he conc e e so he ma e ial equi ed o sho ing and
o mwo k is conside ably educed. This echnique educes
building cos s and a ionalizes he cons uc ion p ocess.
The mean loads on slabs (QEmed) o he mos c i ical
ope a ions o he cases s udied ob ained by he New
Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] a e shown in Table 4.
3.2.3. Sho ing, Resho ing and S iking (SRS)
In his p ocess, he sho es a e emo ed om ce ain
loo s, hus comple ely unloading he sho es so ha he loads
a e edis ibu ed among he di e en loo s. The slabs a e
hen esho ed, ensu ing con ac be ween sho es and slabs so
ha he sho es will bea pa o he u u e load inc emen s.
The slabs a e made o bea solely hei own sel -weigh when
esho ed a an ea ly age h ough his me hod.
Table 5 shows he mean loads on slabs (QEmed) ob ained
by he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] o c i ical ope a ions
in he di e en cases s udied.
4. Economic s udy o he di e en al e na i es
4.1. Re iew o he p ices and imes used in he building
used as case s udy
The in o ma ion ela i e o he p ojec budge , p ocesses and
building imes was ob ained om he building company
in ol ed. I e e s only o he s a ha ac ually ook pa in he
cons uc ion p ocesses analyzed including: si e manage ,
o eman, building su eyo and cons uc ion wo ke s. The o ice
s a consis ed o he p ojec supe iso , p ojec manage , sa e y
manage , assis an sa e y manage , s o eman, assis an s o eman,
sec e a y, and p i a e secu i y gua ds. The auxilia y equipmen
was composed o : sho es, s aining pieces and o he equipmen
necessa y o he cons uc ion o slabs wi h an Clea ing, a ea o
714 m2. Table 6 shows he daily cos o s a and equipmen o
he case s udy in 2013.
Table 4.
Mean loads on slabs in c i ical ope a ions (SCS).
Span Consecu i ely
sho ed loo s C i .Op. Slab
Q
Emed
(kN/m
2
)
Cen al
1
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 2
1 16.24
2
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 4
2 13.17
3
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 5
2 11.95
4
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 6
2 11.68
Co ne
1
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 2
1 16.24
2
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 5
3 13.87
3
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 6
3 13.77
4
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 8
4 13.21
Sou ce: The au ho s.
Table 5.
Mean loads on slabs in c i ical ope a ions (SRS).
Span Consecu i ely
sho ed loo s C i . Op. Slab
Q
Emed
(kN/m
2
)
Cen al
1
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 2
1 16.24
2
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 3
2 13.39
3
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 6
5 12.90
4
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 3
2 12.84
Co ne
1
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 2
1 16.24
2
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 3
2 13.39
3
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 4
3 13.04
4
Conc e e
Placemen
Slab 4
3 12.80
Sou ce: The au ho s.
Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016.
106
Table 6.
Daily cos o s a and auxilia y equipmen .
Desc ip ion
Uni s
Cos
O ice S a
Day
$ 1,040,217 COP
Building S a
Day
$ 311,127 COP
Auxilia y equipmen
Day
$ 199,935 COP
To al
$ 1,551,278 COP
COP = Colombian Pesos
1.00 USD = 2,615 COP (Augus , 2016)
Sou ce: Cons uc o a Ma quis S.A.
In addi ion o he abo e cos s, a owe c ane was hi ed a
a o al cos o $12m COP pe mon h, including he ope a o .
Fo he cons uc ion o he owe blocks in he case s udy,
only wo se s o sho es we e used and he cons uc ion
p ocess chosen was ha o Sho ing and S iking.
The ime o laying he slab was se a se en days,
including i e days o anspo ing and ins alling auxilia y
equipmen and wo days o placing he conc e e. S iking
ime was se a 10 days.
Table 7.
To al imes o he al e na i es s udied ( esul s in days).
Consecu i ely sho ed slabs
SS
SCS
SRS
Cen al Span
Co ne Span
Cen al Span
Co ne Span
Cen al Span
Co ne Span
1
225
225
225
225
225
225
2
87
83
56
56
62
60
3
72
67
61
54
61
61
4
66
66
65
59
66
66
Sou ce: The au ho s
Table 8.
Pe cen age sa ings o excess cos s o he economic a iables analyzed o each cons uc ion p ocess.
Consecu i ely
sho ed slabs
Building S a
O ice S a
Auxilia y Equipmen
Towe C ane
SS
SCS
SRS
SS
SCS
SRS
SS
SCS
SRS
SS
SCS
SRS
2
2%
-9%
-7%
6
-30%
-23%
5%
-48%
-52%
6
-30%
-23%
3
-3%
-7%
-7%
-11%
-24%
-24%
22%
-29%
-43%
-11%
-24%
-24%
4
-6%
-6%
-6%
-18%
-20%
-18%
40%
-12%
-32%
-18%
-20%
-18%
Sou ce: The au ho s
4.2. S udy o imes
The execu ion imes o he di e en al e na i es s udied
we e ob ained om he analysis o he load ansmissions
(Table 7) and hey ag ee wi h he s iking imes p oposed in
Cala e a [17].
4.3. S udy o cos s
The esul s o he s iking ime calcula ions we e used o
de e mine he execu ion cos s, which we e hen compa ed
wi h he ac ual cos s in ol ed in he cons uc ion o he
p ojec used o he case s udy. The di e en esul s o each
cons uc ion p ocess and he economic a iables analyzed
can be seen in Table 8. Nega i e alues signi y sa ings and
posi i e alues signi y excess cos s.
5. Analysis o he esul s
The beha io o loads on one-way slabs and sho es in a
conc e e ame s uc u e was analyzed o a se ies o
cons uc ion p ocesses. Also analyzed we e he imes
equi ed o each o he cons uc ion p ocesses s udied and
an assessmen was made o hei economic cos s using he
ac ual cos s o building an eigh -s o ey block as a e e ence.
The slab design load was no exceeded in any o he
p ocesses showing ha all o hem a e iable. Acco ding o
he subsequen analysis, he bes beha io was ob ained by
he SCS p ocess. In his echnique, a e clea ing, only 50%
o he sho ing was equi ed o suppo he loads be ween he
slabs.
Cons uc ion cycles play an impo an ole, as building
imes can be educed when he sho ing assembly p ocess is
op imized. F om he esul s ob ained in he building imes, i
can be concluded ha as e execu ion imes a e no always
achie ed by using mo e sho es. In ac , he bes esul s a e
ob ained by an SCS p ocess wi h wo consecu i ely sho ed
loo s.
The esul s om using only one se o sho es indica e ha
his sys em is no ad isable due o he long execu ion imes
equi ed, which we e he same in all he cons uc ion
p ocesses.
As ega ds cos s, he bigges sa ings (app oxima ely
30%) a e ob ained by implemen ing SCS wi h wo se s o
sho es, since as e imes a e ob ained wi h sa ings in bo h
equipmen and labo cos s.
6. Conclusions
Using he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] o calcula e
sho e/slab loads p o ides de elope s wi h a ool ha
gua an ees co ec building p ac ice wi hou exceeding he
pe mi ed loads on slabs du ing his cons uc ion s age.
Secondly, calcula ing s iking imes by Cala e a’s me hod,
as alida ed by Fe nandez [17], aids in planning conc e e
ame p ojec s wi hou any isks o sa e y. This sys em allows
loads o be analyzed in o de o es ablish he minimum ime
equi emen s o gua an ee he s abili y o he slabs.
The cos analysis o hese wo me hods showed ha
conside able sa ings can be made o e he adi ional
me hods used o his ype o p ojec , achie ing sa ings
be ween 6 and 33% in equipmen and labo cos s.

Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016.
107
As ega ds he cons uc ion p ocesses s udied, all o hese
a e alid as long as he app op ia e analyses a e ca ied ou
on loads and imes. The bes esul s a e achie ed by using he
SCS sys em. These me hods should be ecommended in
Building Codes in o de o gua an ee he sa e and e ec i e
laying o slabs in ein o ced conc e e amewo k s uc u es.
Re e ences
[1] Es udios económicos CAMACOL, E olución de las no mas écnicas
y la inclusión de nue os sis emas cons uc i os. Re is a Coo denada
U bana. 44, Diciemb e, 2012.
[2] Es udios Económicos CAMACOL, Tendencia ecien e de los cos os
en cons ucción de i ienda en Colombia. Re is a Coo denada
U bana. 31, Oc ub e 2011.
[3] G undy, P. and Kabaila, A., Cons uc ion loads on slabs wi h sho ed
o mwo k in mul is o y buildings, ACI S uc u al p oceedings,
60(12), pp. 1729-1738, 1963.
[4] S i a os, P. and Hal o sen, G., Equi alen ame analysis o conc e e
buildings du ing cons uc ion, Conc e e In e na ional, 13(8), pp. 57-
62, 1991.
[5] Duan, M.Z. and Chen, W.F., Imp o ed simpli ied me hod o slab and
sho e load analysis du ing cons uc ion. P ojec epo CE-STR-95-
24, Pu due Uni e si y, Wes La aye e, Ind., USA, 1995.
[6] Mo agues, J.J., Ca alá, J. and Pellice , E., An analysis o conc e e
amed s uc u es du ing he cons uc ion p ocess, Conc e e
In e na ional, 18(11), pp. 44-48, 1996.
[7] Rosowsky, D.V., Philb ick, T.W. and Hus on, D.R., Obse a ions
om sho e load measu emen s du ing conc e e cons uc ion. Jou nal
o Pe o mance o Cons uc ed Facili ies, 11(1), pp. 18-23, 1997.
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1997)11:1(18)
[8] Fang, D.P., Zhu, H.Y., Geng, C.D. and Liu, X.L., Floo load
dis ibu ion in ein o ced conc e e buildings du ing cons uc ion. ACI
S uc u al Jou nal, 98(2), pp. 149-156, 2001. DOI: 10.14359/10183
[9] Al a ado, Y.A., Calde ón, P.A., Gasch, I. and Adam, J.M., A
nume ical s udy in o he e olu ion o loads on sho es and slabs du ing
cons uc ion o mul is o ey buildings. Compa ison o pa ial s iking
wi h o he echniques, Enginee ing S uc u es, 32(10), pp. 3093-3102,
2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.engs uc .2010.05.028
[10] Calde ón, P., Al a ado, Y.A. and Adam, J.M., A new simpli ied
p ocedu e o es ima e loads on slabs and sho ing du ing he
cons uc ion o mul is o ey buildings, Enginee ing S uc u es, 33(5),
pp. 1565-1575, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.engs uc .2011.01.027
[11] Gasch, I., Es udio de la e olución de ca gas en o jados y es uc u as
auxilia es de apun alamien o du an e la cons ucción de edi icios de
ho migón in si u median e p ocesos de cimb ado, cla eado y
descimb ado de plan as consecu i es, PhD Tesis, Uni e si a
Poli ècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, 2012. [En línea]. Disponible
en: h p://hdl.handle.ne /10251/15407
[12] Gasch, I., Al a ado, Y.A., Calde ón, P.A. y To es, B., T ansmisión
de ca gas en e o jados y pun ales en un edi icio de o jado e icula
de case ón pe dido u ilizando cla eado, In o mes de la Cons ucción,
65(530), pp. 195-202, 2013. DOI: 10.3989/ic.12.046
[13] Gasch, I., Al a ado, Y.A., Calde ón, P.A. and I o a, S., Cons uc ion
loads using a sho ing-clea ing-s iking p ocess, P oceedings o ICE
S uc u es and Buildings, 167(SB4), pp. 217-229, 2014. DOI:
10.1680/s bu.12.00006
[14] Scanlon, A. and Mu ay, D.B., P ac ical calcula ion o wo-way slab
de lec ion, Conc e e in e na ional, 4(11), pp. 43-50, 1982.
[15] Minis e io de Ambien e, Vi ienda y Desa ollo, Reglamen o
colombiano de cons ucción sismo esis en e NSR-10, Bogo á D.C.,
Colombia, 2010.
[16] ACI Commi ee 347. ACI 347.2R-05: Guide o sho ing/ esho ing o
conc e e mul is o y buildings. Ame ican Conc e e Ins i u e,
Fa ming on Hills, MI, USA, 2005.
[17] Cala e a, J. and Fe nández, J., Cuade no Nº 3: C i e ios pa a el
descimb ado de es uc u as de ho migón, Mad id: INTEMAC, 1991.
[18] Al a ado, Y.A., Es udio expe imen al y numé ico de la cons ucción
de o jados ho migonados in si u median e p ocesos de cimb ado,
cla eado y descimb ado de plan as consecu i es, PhD Tesis,
Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Valencia, España, 2009. [En
línea]. Disponible en: h p://hdl.handle.ne /10251/7285
Y.A. Al a ado, is Full P o esso in he Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing a he
Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana Bogo á, Colombia. Is PhD om he Depa men
o Cons uc ion Enginee ing o he UPV. He eaches, mainly, in he Deg ee o Ci il
Enginee ing and in he Mas e o Ci il Enginee ing o he Pon i icia Uni e sidad
Ja e iana. He has also pa icipa ed in se e al eaching inno a ion p ojec s,
publishing a icles a con e ences in his ield. The esea ch ac i i y is ca ied ou
a he Ci il Enginee ing Depa men o Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana wi hin he
esea ch o “Conc e e” and “Building cons uc ion sys ems”.
ORCID: 0000-0002-1260-8211.
M.I. Pé ez-Gómez, is Consul an in INGETEC. BSC. Ci il Enginee wi h
a MSc. deg ee in Cons uc ion om he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana
Bogo á, Colombia.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7657-8162.
J.A. Cas ellanos-Reyes, is Consul an . Ci il Enginee wi h a MSc. deg ee
in Cons uc ion om he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana Bogo á Colombia.
ORCID: 0000-0002-3899-3920.
I. Gasch, is Full P o esso in he Depa men o Con inuous Medium Mechanics
and Theo y o S uc u es a he Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València (UPV), Spain.
PhD om he Depa men o Cons uc ion Enginee ing o he UPV. She eaches,
mainly, in he Deg ee o Mechanical Enginee ing since 2007. She has also
pa icipa ed in se e al eaching inno a ion p ojec s, publishing a icles a
con e ences in his ield. She is also co-au ho o ou eaching books. The esea ch
ac i i y is ca ied ou a he Ins i u e o Science and Technology o Conc e e
(ICITECH) o he UPV wi hin he esea ch "Building Cons uc ion sys ems".
Cu en ly, she is also esea ching wi h he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana in
Bogo á, whe e she has pa icipa ed, among o he s, in he p ojec "Expe imen al and
nume ical s udy o he load ansmission be ween sho es and slabs du ing he
cons uc ion o buildings wi h indus ial sys ems".
ORCID: 0000-0001-7036-4481.
Á ea Cu icula de Ingenie ía Ci il
O e a de Posg ados
Especialización en Vías y T anspo es
Especialización en Es uc u as
Maes ía en Ingenie ía - In aes uc u a y Sis emas
de T anspo e
Maes ía en Ingenie ía – Geo ecnia
Doc o ado en Ingenie ía - Ingenie ía Ci il
Mayo in o mación:
E-mail: [email protected]
Telé ono: (57-4) 425 5172