Technical and economic study of striking and clearing operations in buildings under construction. Case study in Bogotá, Colombia

© The au ho ; licensee Uni e sidad Nacional de Colombia. DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. Medellín. ISSN 0012-7353 P in ed, ISSN 2346-2183 Online DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.15446/dyna. 83n199.56086 Technical and economic s udy o s iking and clea ing ope a ions in buildings unde cons uc ion. Case s udy in Bogo á, Colombia • Yezid A. Al a ado a, Ma ía Isabel Pé ez-Gómez a, John Alexis Cas ellanos-Reyes a & Isabel Gasch b a Facul ad de Ingenie ía Ci il, Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana, Bogo á, Colombia, al a ado.y@ja e iana.edu.co, m.pe ezg@ja e iana.edu.co, john.cas ellanos@ja e iana.edu.co b ICITECH, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Valencia, España, [email protected] .es Recei ed: Ma ch 07 h, de 2016. Recei ed in e ised o m: Augus 22 h, 2016. Accep ed: Sep embe 116 h, 2016 Abs ac This pape e alua es he economic bene i s o sho e cons uc ion imes ha can be a ained by applying he New Simpli ied P ocedu e (NSP) in mul i-s o ey buildings. The e e ence building was a mul i-s o ey esiden ial ein o ced conc e e amewo k s uc u e wi h one- way slabs loca ed in Bogo á, Colombia. The s udy was di ided in o di e en phases including he cha ac e iza ion o he componen s, a s udy o he di e en me hods o de e mine load ansmissions be ween slabs and sho es, and a e iew o he cos o en ing sho ing and o mwo k ma e ials and labo cos s o he building unde s udy. A e applying he p ocedu e, an economic assessmen was ca ied ou on he execu ion imes ob ained in each o he ope a ions s udied. The analysis o he cons uc ion p ocess o he building s uc u e using he NSP showed ha conside able sa ings can be achie ed in cons uc ion imes wi hou any isk o he in eg i y o he s uc u e. Keywo ds: New Simpli ied P ocedu e; sho es; ime es ima ions; load es ima ions; es ima ion o pe sonnel and equipmen cos s. Es udio écnico económico de los p ocesos de cimb ado y descimb ado en edi icaciones. Es udio de caso en Bogo á, Colombia Resumen El p esen e a ículo e alúa el bene icio económico de la aplicación del Nue o P ocedimien o Simpli icado (NPS), e lejado en los plazos de cons ucción en edi icaciones de en episos sucesi os. El edi icio de e e encia co esponde a un edi icio esidencial esuel o con pó icos y en episos en una di ección, de conc e o e o zado ubicado en la ciudad de Bogo á. Las ases desa olladas en cumplimien o del obje i o plan eado, cons a on de una ca ac e ización de los componen es, el es udio de dis in as al e na i as pa a de e mina la ansmisión de ca gas en e en episos y pun ales, y una e isión de los p ecios de alquile de equipo auxilia y pe sonal del edi icio de e e encia. Aplicando dicho p ocedimien o se ealizó una e aluación económica de los plazos ob enidos en cada una de las ope aciones es udiadas. Se des aca que el análisis del p oceso cons uc i o de la es uc u a de la edi icación empleando el NPS pe mi e log a aho os conside ables en la ejecución de la edi icación sin pone en iesgo la in eg idad de la es uc u a. Palab as cla e: Nue o P ocedimien o Simpli icado; pun ales; es imación de iempos; es imación de ca gas; es imación cos os pe sonal y equipo. 1. In oduc ion A he p esen ime, building ope a ions in Colombia ela ed o he sho ing and s iking p ocesses used in conc e e ame s uc u es a e mainly based on he de elope ’s indi idual expe ience and li le a en ion is gi en o echnical How o ci e: Al a ado, Y. A., Pé ez-Gómez, M. I., Cas ellanos-Reyes, J. A., & Gasch, I. Technical and economic s udy o s iking and clea ing ope a ions in buildings unde cons uc ion. Case s udy in Bogo á, Colombia. DYNA 83 (199) pp. 102-107, 2016 analyses. This si ua ion is mainly due o he gene al lack o accu a e in o ma ion on his ype o building ope a ion and i o en gi es ise o building imes ha a e longe and, consequen ly, mo e expensi e han necessa y. Acco ding o a s udy ca ied ou by he Cáma a Colombia de la Cons ucción (CAMACOL), be ween 2008 and 2012, he Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. 103 adi ional amewo k sys em wi h one-way slabs is he mos widely used sys em in he indus y being he one p e e ed by mos Colombian de elope s [1]. Among he mos impo an easons o his p e e ence is he op imiza ion o in e nal spaces, he ease o a chi ec u al design, o he possibili y o ca ying ou eno a ions wi hou endange ing s uc u al s abili y, among o he s. In o he CAMACOL s udies, he s uc u e is conside ed o be among he cos lies wo k s ages o he p ojec [2]; he e o e, he p ocess used in i s cons uc ion will ha e a big in luence on he p ojec budge . Fo his eason, i is necessa y o ind a me hod ha allows keeping he cos s associa ed wi h he cons uc ion o he s uc u e a a minimum. When e iewing he cu en building s anda ds o sho ing and s iking p ocesses in conc e e s uc u es, hey a e ound o be gene al in na u e and do no s a e any speci ic me hod o complying wi h he equi emen s o each s anda d, no do hey gi e clea ecommenda ions o calcula ing s iking imes o abou how o calcula e he loads be ween sho es and slabs du ing he cons uc ion p ocess. In acco dance wi h he abo e, and bea ing in mind ha he sa e y o he s uc u e unde cons uc ion is one o he mos impo an ac o s in de e mining building imes, i is essen ial o know how he loads a e ansmi ed be ween sho es and slabs du ing hese p ocesses, since his will gua an ee he sa e y bo h o he s uc u e i sel and o hose wo king on i . Va ious heo e ical and expe imen al s udies ha e been ca ied ou in o de o sol e his p oblem wi h he pu pose o de e mining how loads a e ansmi ed be ween sho es and slabs. In 1963, G undy & Kabaila [3] p oposed a simpli ied me hod o de e mining hese loads which is s ill in use. This me hod is easy o apply and in mos cases e s on he side o sa e y [4]. In la e s udies [5-9], a ious au ho s ag eed in inding ha G undy & Kabaila’s simpli ied me hod [3] o e es ima es he loads on sho es and slabs. The mos ecen o hese s udies, by Calde ón e . al [10], p oposed a new p ocedu e based on a simpli ied me hod ha allows es ima ing sho e/slab loads du ing di e en cons uc ion p ocesses. This new simpli ied me hod was alida ed expe imen ally and h ough nume ical models [11-13]; i is cu en ly ega ded as he bes me hod o es ima ing sho e/slab loads. This pape desc ibes a s udy o di e en al e na i es o cons uc ion p ocesses o a conc e e ame sys em wi h one- way slabs; i s pu pose is o de ine a iable cons uc ion p ocess as ega ds building imes and cos s. Calde ón e al New Simpli ied P ocess [10] was used o calcula e he loads on slabs. 2. Desc ip ion o he building used as a case s udy The building used o he s udy is pa o a la ge p ojec composed o eigh adi ionally buil esiden ial apa men blocks wi h a conc e e ame s uc u e and one-way slabs si ua ed be ween 64 h and 66 h S ee s in he Modelo Popula dis ic o Bogo á, Colombia. The owe block is Nº 5 wi h 16 loo s (13 abo e g ound and 3 in he unde g ound loo s). All he slabs we e composed o a 0.50 cm hick ligh ened slab wi h a 0.05 cm uppe laye . The heigh be ween loo s is 2.45 m and he unde g ound loo - o-ceiling heigh is 2.35 m. The cen al and co ne spans, measu ing 6.17 x 5.5 m and 3.8 x 5.63 m, espec i ely, we e selec ed o s udying he slab/sho e loads since hese we e subjec o he highes o ces. 2.1. Sho e cha ac e is ics In o de o de e mine he s eel sho es elas ic beha io , comp ession es s we e ca ied ou on wo sho es i ed wi h s ain gauges supplied by he building equipmen en al company con ac ed o he cons uc ion o he building unde s udy. The esul s o he es s on bo h sho es a e gi en in Table 1. 2.2. Conc e e p ope ies 28 MPa conc e e was used o slabs and ounda ions and 35 MPa o columns. The in o ma ion on he e olu ion o he conc e e supplied by he manu ac u e s was checked h ough es s on he conc e e used in he p ojec . Table 2 shows he esul s o he lab es s pe o med a 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. 3. S udy o load ansmission in a ious cons uc ion p ocesses A s udy on al e na i e cons uc ion p ocesses o he p ojec unde s udy was made in o de o de ine a iable cons uc ion p ocess as ega ds building imes and cos s. The New Simpli ied P ocess [10] was used o calcula e he loads on slabs unde cons uc ion. This me hod is eminen ly sui able, as loads can be es ima ed on any o he sho es unde a slab, meaning ha i is possible o de e mine de o ma ions and mean loads on sho es and slabs. Table 1. Modulus o elas ici y o he s eel sho es. Sho e Maximum load applied (N) S ain (%) Modulus o elas ici y (MPa) 1 20064.54 0.019 196855 2 20046.00 0.016 208947 Sou ce: The au ho s. Table 2. Resul s o e olu ion and conc e e p ope ies. Tes Day S eng h (MPa) Simple Comp ession (ASTMC39) 3 7 14 28 20.39 25.23 26.95 31.64 Modulus o Elas ici y (ASTMC469) 3 7 14 28 17609 19589 20247 21937 Spli ing Tensile S eng h (ASTMC496) 3 7 14 28 2.17 2.28 2.44 3.06 Flexu al S eng h (ASTMC78) 3 7 14 28 3.02 3.30 3.32 4.19 Sou ce: The au ho s. Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. 104 The ollowing we e he hypo heses conside ed when ca ying ou he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10]: • Va ia ions in he elas ici y modulus wi h ime o conc e e elemen s. • In ini ely s i ounda ion. • Inc emen al model – conside ing he accumula ion o loads and displacemen s. • Sho es a e elemen s wi h elas ic beha io and ini e s i ness. • Uni o mly dis ibu ed loads be ween sho es and slabs. • The de o ma ion o he slab a any poin coincides wi h ha o he sho e a ha poin ; hus, mean slab de o ma ion coincides wi h mean de o ma ion o sho es placed unde he slab. • Di e en slab bounda y condi ions; de o mabili y measu ed by Scanlon & Mu ay’s me hod [14]. • Negligible sh inkage and c eep e ec s. 3.1. S iking c i e ia The cu en Colombian and in e na ional building codes sha e he same gene al c i e ia o he s iking p ocess. Howe e , no me hods a e p oposed o calcula ing sho e/slab loads du ing he cons uc ion o buildings. 3.1.1. Colombian Ea hquake-Resis an Building Code NSR-10 [15] The Colombian egula ions speci y he minimum wo ke and public sa e y equisi es o sho ing and o mwo k. Sho es and o mwo k o conc e e, including hei design, cons uc ion and emo al equi e he s ic es c i e ia and co ec planning o achie e sa e sho ing and o mwo k. Cons uc ion loads and possible de lec ions mus be aken in o conside a ion in o de o de e mine s iking ime. The NSR-10 emphasizes he ACI-347 speci ica ions. 3.1.2. Building Code ACI-347.2-R05 [16] ACI-347.2-R05 p oposes a a ional analysis ha conside s di e en ac o s o de e mine he numbe o sho ed slabs unde cons uc ion and o de e mine he loads ansmi ed be ween slabs and sho es. This analysis includes: • Analysis o he di e en loads and li e loads applied o he s uc u e. • Conside a ion o dead load o conc e e plus weigh o o mwo k. • Cons uc ion li e loads including any wo k done on he slab and he accumula ion o ma e ials. • Conc e e design s eng h. • Time cycle o he pou ing o successi e slabs. • Conc e e s eng h equi ed o suppo sho ing loads om abo e when pou ing successi e slabs. • Dis ibu ion o loads be ween loo s, sho es and esho es, o backsho es, a he ime o placing conc e e, s ipping o mwo k and emo ing backsho ing. • Slab spans o s uc u al membe s suppo ed by sho es. • Types o o mwo k and componen dimensions. • Dis ibu ion o loads on indi idual sho es. • Minimum age a which conc e e can esis cons uc ion and sho e loads when pou ing uppe slabs. As ega ds ca ying ou sho ing and s iking ope a ions, special emphasis is gi en o sa e y p ecau ions when sho ing and s iking he s uc u e and when sho ing and esho ing successi e loo s. 3.1.3. Me hod p oposed by Cala e a & Fe nández [17] Deciding he s iking age in ol es e i ying ha , unde he loads applied in his p ocess, he o ces c ea ed can be sa ely esis ed by he s eng h o he conc e e a his age (Cala e a 1981). Cala e a [17] p oposes ha i he load ac ing on a slab on s iking is 𝛼𝛼∙p; p being he o al p ojec cha ac e is ic load (sel -weigh plus dead loads plus li e loads), he sho es can be emo ed om he slab when he slab conc e e has a ensile s eng h ck ,j such ha : 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑗𝑗≥ 𝛼𝛼 ∙ 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,28 (1) ck ,28: Cha ac e is ic s eng h o conc e e a he age o 28 days. 𝛼𝛼=𝑞𝑞𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝∙𝛾𝛾′𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (2) Whe e qcons is he cons uc ion load, p is he p ojec ’s load, γ’ g is he ac o o sa e y o cons uc ion ac ions and γ g is he ac o o sa e y o p ojec ac ions. The alue o 𝛼𝛼 canno be highe han he uni ; o he wise, he loads suppo ed by a slab loo in he cons uc ion s age would be highe han hose designed, he eby making he cons uc ion p ocess un easible. Eq. (1) is he p incipal c i e ion used by a la ge numbe o au ho s o calcula e he imes o ca ying ou he di e en cons uc ion p ocesses. 3.2. Al e na i es s udied The e is a numbe o di e en cons uc ion p ocesses o consecu i e slab loo cons uc ion. Al a ado [18] gi es he mos impo an as: Sho ing and S iking (SS), Sho ing, Resho ing and S iking (SRS), and Sho ing, Clea ing and S iking (SCS). These h ee al e na i es (see below) we e conside ed o he equen ly used 1, 2, 3 and 4 consecu i ely sho ed loo s in o de o ind he execu ion imes. 3.2.1. Sho ing and S iking (SS) The e a e only wo clea ly de ined s ages in his p ocess: i) placing he sho es whe e he conc e e is pou ed and ii) i s la e emo al. The equi ed numbe o se s o sho es is used in his p ocess, and wo, h ee o mo e loo s may be consecu i ely sho ed in his way. Table 3 gi es he mean loads on slabs (QEmed) ob ained by he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] o he mos c i ical ope a ions in he di e en cases s udied. Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. 105 Table 3. Mean load on slabs in c i ical ope a ions (CO). Span Consecu i ely sho ed loo s C.Op. Floo Q Emed (kN/m 2 ) Cen al 1 Conc e e Placemen Floo 2 1 16.24 2 Conc e e Placemen Floo 4 2 17.13 3 Conc e e Placemen Floo 6 3 16.63 4 Conc e e Placemen Floo 6 2 16.81 Co ne 1 Conc e e Placemen Floo 2 1 16.24 2 Conc e e Placemen Floo 5 3 16.46 3 Conc e e Placemen Floo 6 3 17.53 4 Conc e e Placemen Floo 8 4 16.94 Sou ce: The au ho s. 3.2.2. Sho ing, Clea ing and S iking (SCS) o pa ial s iking, consis s o emo ing o mwo k and mo e han 50% o he sho es ha suppo he slab a ew days a e pou ing he conc e e so he ma e ial equi ed o sho ing and o mwo k is conside ably educed. This echnique educes building cos s and a ionalizes he cons uc ion p ocess. The mean loads on slabs (QEmed) o he mos c i ical ope a ions o he cases s udied ob ained by he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] a e shown in Table 4. 3.2.3. Sho ing, Resho ing and S iking (SRS) In his p ocess, he sho es a e emo ed om ce ain loo s, hus comple ely unloading he sho es so ha he loads a e edis ibu ed among he di e en loo s. The slabs a e hen esho ed, ensu ing con ac be ween sho es and slabs so ha he sho es will bea pa o he u u e load inc emen s. The slabs a e made o bea solely hei own sel -weigh when esho ed a an ea ly age h ough his me hod. Table 5 shows he mean loads on slabs (QEmed) ob ained by he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] o c i ical ope a ions in he di e en cases s udied. 4. Economic s udy o he di e en al e na i es 4.1. Re iew o he p ices and imes used in he building used as case s udy The in o ma ion ela i e o he p ojec budge , p ocesses and building imes was ob ained om he building company in ol ed. I e e s only o he s a ha ac ually ook pa in he cons uc ion p ocesses analyzed including: si e manage , o eman, building su eyo and cons uc ion wo ke s. The o ice s a consis ed o he p ojec supe iso , p ojec manage , sa e y manage , assis an sa e y manage , s o eman, assis an s o eman, sec e a y, and p i a e secu i y gua ds. The auxilia y equipmen was composed o : sho es, s aining pieces and o he equipmen necessa y o he cons uc ion o slabs wi h an Clea ing, a ea o 714 m2. Table 6 shows he daily cos o s a and equipmen o he case s udy in 2013. Table 4. Mean loads on slabs in c i ical ope a ions (SCS). Span Consecu i ely sho ed loo s C i .Op. Slab Q Emed (kN/m 2 ) Cen al 1 Conc e e Placemen Slab 2 1 16.24 2 Conc e e Placemen Slab 4 2 13.17 3 Conc e e Placemen Slab 5 2 11.95 4 Conc e e Placemen Slab 6 2 11.68 Co ne 1 Conc e e Placemen Slab 2 1 16.24 2 Conc e e Placemen Slab 5 3 13.87 3 Conc e e Placemen Slab 6 3 13.77 4 Conc e e Placemen Slab 8 4 13.21 Sou ce: The au ho s. Table 5. Mean loads on slabs in c i ical ope a ions (SRS). Span Consecu i ely sho ed loo s C i . Op. Slab Q Emed (kN/m 2 ) Cen al 1 Conc e e Placemen Slab 2 1 16.24 2 Conc e e Placemen Slab 3 2 13.39 3 Conc e e Placemen Slab 6 5 12.90 4 Conc e e Placemen Slab 3 2 12.84 Co ne 1 Conc e e Placemen Slab 2 1 16.24 2 Conc e e Placemen Slab 3 2 13.39 3 Conc e e Placemen Slab 4 3 13.04 4 Conc e e Placemen Slab 4 3 12.80 Sou ce: The au ho s. Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. 106 Table 6. Daily cos o s a and auxilia y equipmen . Desc ip ion Uni s Cos O ice S a Day $ 1,040,217 COP Building S a Day $ 311,127 COP Auxilia y equipmen Day $ 199,935 COP To al $ 1,551,278 COP COP = Colombian Pesos 1.00 USD = 2,615 COP (Augus , 2016) Sou ce: Cons uc o a Ma quis S.A. In addi ion o he abo e cos s, a owe c ane was hi ed a a o al cos o $12m COP pe mon h, including he ope a o . Fo he cons uc ion o he owe blocks in he case s udy, only wo se s o sho es we e used and he cons uc ion p ocess chosen was ha o Sho ing and S iking. The ime o laying he slab was se a se en days, including i e days o anspo ing and ins alling auxilia y equipmen and wo days o placing he conc e e. S iking ime was se a 10 days. Table 7. To al imes o he al e na i es s udied ( esul s in days). Consecu i ely sho ed slabs SS SCS SRS Cen al Span Co ne Span Cen al Span Co ne Span Cen al Span Co ne Span 1 225 225 225 225 225 225 2 87 83 56 56 62 60 3 72 67 61 54 61 61 4 66 66 65 59 66 66 Sou ce: The au ho s Table 8. Pe cen age sa ings o excess cos s o he economic a iables analyzed o each cons uc ion p ocess. Consecu i ely sho ed slabs Building S a O ice S a Auxilia y Equipmen Towe C ane SS SCS SRS SS SCS SRS SS SCS SRS SS SCS SRS 2 2% -9% -7% 6 -30% -23% 5% -48% -52% 6 -30% -23% 3 -3% -7% -7% -11% -24% -24% 22% -29% -43% -11% -24% -24% 4 -6% -6% -6% -18% -20% -18% 40% -12% -32% -18% -20% -18% Sou ce: The au ho s 4.2. S udy o imes The execu ion imes o he di e en al e na i es s udied we e ob ained om he analysis o he load ansmissions (Table 7) and hey ag ee wi h he s iking imes p oposed in Cala e a [17]. 4.3. S udy o cos s The esul s o he s iking ime calcula ions we e used o de e mine he execu ion cos s, which we e hen compa ed wi h he ac ual cos s in ol ed in he cons uc ion o he p ojec used o he case s udy. The di e en esul s o each cons uc ion p ocess and he economic a iables analyzed can be seen in Table 8. Nega i e alues signi y sa ings and posi i e alues signi y excess cos s. 5. Analysis o he esul s The beha io o loads on one-way slabs and sho es in a conc e e ame s uc u e was analyzed o a se ies o cons uc ion p ocesses. Also analyzed we e he imes equi ed o each o he cons uc ion p ocesses s udied and an assessmen was made o hei economic cos s using he ac ual cos s o building an eigh -s o ey block as a e e ence. The slab design load was no exceeded in any o he p ocesses showing ha all o hem a e iable. Acco ding o he subsequen analysis, he bes beha io was ob ained by he SCS p ocess. In his echnique, a e clea ing, only 50% o he sho ing was equi ed o suppo he loads be ween he slabs. Cons uc ion cycles play an impo an ole, as building imes can be educed when he sho ing assembly p ocess is op imized. F om he esul s ob ained in he building imes, i can be concluded ha as e execu ion imes a e no always achie ed by using mo e sho es. In ac , he bes esul s a e ob ained by an SCS p ocess wi h wo consecu i ely sho ed loo s. The esul s om using only one se o sho es indica e ha his sys em is no ad isable due o he long execu ion imes equi ed, which we e he same in all he cons uc ion p ocesses. As ega ds cos s, he bigges sa ings (app oxima ely 30%) a e ob ained by implemen ing SCS wi h wo se s o sho es, since as e imes a e ob ained wi h sa ings in bo h equipmen and labo cos s. 6. Conclusions Using he New Simpli ied P ocedu e [10] o calcula e sho e/slab loads p o ides de elope s wi h a ool ha gua an ees co ec building p ac ice wi hou exceeding he pe mi ed loads on slabs du ing his cons uc ion s age. Secondly, calcula ing s iking imes by Cala e a’s me hod, as alida ed by Fe nandez [17], aids in planning conc e e ame p ojec s wi hou any isks o sa e y. This sys em allows loads o be analyzed in o de o es ablish he minimum ime equi emen s o gua an ee he s abili y o he slabs. The cos analysis o hese wo me hods showed ha conside able sa ings can be made o e he adi ional me hods used o his ype o p ojec , achie ing sa ings be ween 6 and 33% in equipmen and labo cos s. Al a ado e al / DYNA 83 (199), pp. 102-107, Decembe 2016. 107 As ega ds he cons uc ion p ocesses s udied, all o hese a e alid as long as he app op ia e analyses a e ca ied ou on loads and imes. The bes esul s a e achie ed by using he SCS sys em. These me hods should be ecommended in Building Codes in o de o gua an ee he sa e and e ec i e laying o slabs in ein o ced conc e e amewo k s uc u es. Re e ences [1] Es udios económicos CAMACOL, E olución de las no mas écnicas y la inclusión de nue os sis emas cons uc i os. Re is a Coo denada U bana. 44, Diciemb e, 2012. [2] Es udios Económicos CAMACOL, Tendencia ecien e de los cos os en cons ucción de i ienda en Colombia. Re is a Coo denada U bana. 31, Oc ub e 2011. [3] G undy, P. and Kabaila, A., Cons uc ion loads on slabs wi h sho ed o mwo k in mul is o y buildings, ACI S uc u al p oceedings, 60(12), pp. 1729-1738, 1963. [4] S i a os, P. and Hal o sen, G., Equi alen ame analysis o conc e e buildings du ing cons uc ion, Conc e e In e na ional, 13(8), pp. 57- 62, 1991. [5] Duan, M.Z. and Chen, W.F., Imp o ed simpli ied me hod o slab and sho e load analysis du ing cons uc ion. P ojec epo CE-STR-95- 24, Pu due Uni e si y, Wes La aye e, Ind., USA, 1995. [6] Mo agues, J.J., Ca alá, J. and Pellice , E., An analysis o conc e e amed s uc u es du ing he cons uc ion p ocess, Conc e e In e na ional, 18(11), pp. 44-48, 1996. [7] Rosowsky, D.V., Philb ick, T.W. and Hus on, D.R., Obse a ions om sho e load measu emen s du ing conc e e cons uc ion. Jou nal o Pe o mance o Cons uc ed Facili ies, 11(1), pp. 18-23, 1997. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1997)11:1(18) [8] Fang, D.P., Zhu, H.Y., Geng, C.D. and Liu, X.L., Floo load dis ibu ion in ein o ced conc e e buildings du ing cons uc ion. ACI S uc u al Jou nal, 98(2), pp. 149-156, 2001. DOI: 10.14359/10183 [9] Al a ado, Y.A., Calde ón, P.A., Gasch, I. and Adam, J.M., A nume ical s udy in o he e olu ion o loads on sho es and slabs du ing cons uc ion o mul is o ey buildings. Compa ison o pa ial s iking wi h o he echniques, Enginee ing S uc u es, 32(10), pp. 3093-3102, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.engs uc .2010.05.028 [10] Calde ón, P., Al a ado, Y.A. and Adam, J.M., A new simpli ied p ocedu e o es ima e loads on slabs and sho ing du ing he cons uc ion o mul is o ey buildings, Enginee ing S uc u es, 33(5), pp. 1565-1575, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.engs uc .2011.01.027 [11] Gasch, I., Es udio de la e olución de ca gas en o jados y es uc u as auxilia es de apun alamien o du an e la cons ucción de edi icios de ho migón in si u median e p ocesos de cimb ado, cla eado y descimb ado de plan as consecu i es, PhD Tesis, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, 2012. [En línea]. Disponible en: h p://hdl.handle.ne /10251/15407 [12] Gasch, I., Al a ado, Y.A., Calde ón, P.A. y To es, B., T ansmisión de ca gas en e o jados y pun ales en un edi icio de o jado e icula de case ón pe dido u ilizando cla eado, In o mes de la Cons ucción, 65(530), pp. 195-202, 2013. DOI: 10.3989/ic.12.046 [13] Gasch, I., Al a ado, Y.A., Calde ón, P.A. and I o a, S., Cons uc ion loads using a sho ing-clea ing-s iking p ocess, P oceedings o ICE S uc u es and Buildings, 167(SB4), pp. 217-229, 2014. DOI: 10.1680/s bu.12.00006 [14] Scanlon, A. and Mu ay, D.B., P ac ical calcula ion o wo-way slab de lec ion, Conc e e in e na ional, 4(11), pp. 43-50, 1982. [15] Minis e io de Ambien e, Vi ienda y Desa ollo, Reglamen o colombiano de cons ucción sismo esis en e NSR-10, Bogo á D.C., Colombia, 2010. [16] ACI Commi ee 347. ACI 347.2R-05: Guide o sho ing/ esho ing o conc e e mul is o y buildings. Ame ican Conc e e Ins i u e, Fa ming on Hills, MI, USA, 2005. [17] Cala e a, J. and Fe nández, J., Cuade no Nº 3: C i e ios pa a el descimb ado de es uc u as de ho migón, Mad id: INTEMAC, 1991. [18] Al a ado, Y.A., Es udio expe imen al y numé ico de la cons ucción de o jados ho migonados in si u median e p ocesos de cimb ado, cla eado y descimb ado de plan as consecu i es, PhD Tesis, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Valencia, España, 2009. [En línea]. Disponible en: h p://hdl.handle.ne /10251/7285 Y.A. Al a ado, is Full P o esso in he Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing a he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana Bogo á, Colombia. Is PhD om he Depa men o Cons uc ion Enginee ing o he UPV. He eaches, mainly, in he Deg ee o Ci il Enginee ing and in he Mas e o Ci il Enginee ing o he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana. He has also pa icipa ed in se e al eaching inno a ion p ojec s, publishing a icles a con e ences in his ield. The esea ch ac i i y is ca ied ou a he Ci il Enginee ing Depa men o Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana wi hin he esea ch o “Conc e e” and “Building cons uc ion sys ems”. ORCID: 0000-0002-1260-8211. M.I. Pé ez-Gómez, is Consul an in INGETEC. BSC. Ci il Enginee wi h a MSc. deg ee in Cons uc ion om he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana Bogo á, Colombia. ORCID: 0000-0002-7657-8162. J.A. Cas ellanos-Reyes, is Consul an . Ci il Enginee wi h a MSc. deg ee in Cons uc ion om he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana Bogo á Colombia. ORCID: 0000-0002-3899-3920. I. Gasch, is Full P o esso in he Depa men o Con inuous Medium Mechanics and Theo y o S uc u es a he Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València (UPV), Spain. PhD om he Depa men o Cons uc ion Enginee ing o he UPV. She eaches, mainly, in he Deg ee o Mechanical Enginee ing since 2007. She has also pa icipa ed in se e al eaching inno a ion p ojec s, publishing a icles a con e ences in his ield. She is also co-au ho o ou eaching books. The esea ch ac i i y is ca ied ou a he Ins i u e o Science and Technology o Conc e e (ICITECH) o he UPV wi hin he esea ch "Building Cons uc ion sys ems". Cu en ly, she is also esea ching wi h he Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ja e iana in Bogo á, whe e she has pa icipa ed, among o he s, in he p ojec "Expe imen al and nume ical s udy o he load ansmission be ween sho es and slabs du ing he cons uc ion o buildings wi h indus ial sys ems". ORCID: 0000-0001-7036-4481. Á ea Cu icula de Ingenie ía Ci il O e a de Posg ados Especialización en Vías y T anspo es Especialización en Es uc u as Maes ía en Ingenie ía - In aes uc u a y Sis emas de T anspo e Maes ía en Ingenie ía – Geo ecnia Doc o ado en Ingenie ía - Ingenie ía Ci il Mayo in o mación: E-mail: [email protected] Telé ono: (57-4) 425 5172