P oceedings o he 8 h
In e na ional Cong ess
on A chaeology,
Compu e G aphics,
Cul u al He i age and
Inno a ion
‘ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0’
in Valencia (Spain),
Sep . 5 – 7, 2016
* Co esponding Au ho : Fabio Colonnese, [email p o ec ed]
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EDITORIAL UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA
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Fabio Colonnese*, Ma co Ca piceci, Ca lo Inglese
Depa men o His o y, D awing and Res o a ion o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y Sapienza o Rome, Piazza Bo ghese 8, 00186 Rome, I aly.
[email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
A chi ec u al he i age p ese a ion bases on a deep, laye ed and in e disciplina y knowledge o he si es, especially
when hey a e on he edge be ween na u al and a i icial, like upes ian a chi ec u e o en is. Su ey and ep esen a ion
o ock-cu a chi ec u e a e be ween he mos p oblema ic issues o a numbe o p oblems conce ning he geome ical
complexi y o he in e io and ex e io en eloping su aces. Lase -scanne is an app op ia e ool conce ning he
egis a ion o geome ic and spa ial p ope ies o hose a i icial ca es in con inui y wi h he ex e nal opog aphy, bu
au oma ic ep esen a ions a e o en unable o con ey hei hidden geome ic and spa ial ela ionships. In he con ex o a
wo k me hodology cus omized on he upes ian habi a o Cappadocia, he au ho s de eloped an o iginal en isioning
model in which an associa e use o con ou lines and ch oma ic codes ans o ms adi ional o hogonal p ojec ions a e
he nume ic model in o d awings able o o e a syn hesis and ansmi he complex o ms and ela ionships o upes ian
se lemen s.
Key wo ds: Cappadocia, Ka anlik Monas e y, Rock-cu a chi ec u e, Cul u al He i age, In og aphic ep esen a ion
1. In oduc ion
In he adi ional p ac ice o a chi ec u e su ey, a e a
i s phase o acquisi ion o he basic measu es, a
geome ical model is buil , i s men ally and hen ei he
g aphically o digi ally. This model ep esen s he
a chi ec u al subjec h ough elemen a y geome ic
elemen s, such as pa allelepipeds, cylinde s, and
sphe es, which app oxima e he ac ual pa s o he
building. This geome ical model can be sec ioned and
p ojec ed in o de o ob ain plans, ele a ions and
sec ions in an app op ia e educ ion scale and acco ding
o a me ic ole ance ha is p opo ional o he scale
adop ed. The in oduc ion o lase scanning and digi al
pho og amme y (B iese and P ei e 2007) has changed
his p ocess, which was cogni i e and ep esen a ional
a he same ime. The cloud o poin s gene a ed by
lase scanne p ocedu e is he isual ou come o he
p ocess o measu es acquisi ion. I ep oduces he
a chi ec u al body silhoue e bu despi e he appea ance
o a de ined nume ical model (poin s model), i s ill
equi es a long p ocessing s age o ep esen he
mo phological and ch oma ic ea u es o he a e ac in a
consis en and uni ocal way o esul in a scien i ic
documen o eali y.
2. Rock-cu a chi ec u e in Cappadocia
The knowledge and p ese a ion o a chi ec u al
he i age a e based on a deep, laye ed and
in e disciplina y knowledge o he si es, especially when
he a chi ec u al monumen s a e on he edge be ween
na u al and a i icial as well as be ween a chaeology and
landscape, like upes ian a chi ec u e o en is. As a
su ey eam o a na ional esea ch, in he las yea s he
au ho s ha e ocused on he su ey and ep esen a ion
o Cappadocia ock-cu a chi ec u e (Ca piceci 2013),
also expe imen ing a wo k p ocedu e o mee he needs
o bo h me ic p ecision and co ec ness o he inal
g aphic ou comes. Rupes ian a chi ec u e has i s
cons uc i e speci ici y in being cu ou o na u al ock
o ma ions: his means ha in e io space is ealized by
sub ac ing ma e a he han adding and assembling
pa s. As a consequence o his way o p oducing space,
he e is no di ec ela ionship be ween in e io and
ex e io su aces. The ex e nal look o a upes ian
chu ch is made o he na u al su ace o a cli while
ancien builde s shaped in e io s by gene ally eplica ing
ooms and o ms a e adi ional a chi ec u es o he
same ages, which can be easily educed o hei
geome ic models.
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Colonnese, Ca piceci, Inglese, 2016.
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3. Su ey c i e ia
The h ee le els o ooms o he so-called Monas e y o
Ka anlik ( he Da k Chu ch) in Go eme Open Ai Museum
(Fig. 1) ha e been su eyed ho ugh a small and ligh
lase scanne FARO Focus3D X130. Sphe ical a ge
shapes ha e been ex ensi ely used du ing he eco ding
o indi idual clouds. The ex e nal su aces o Ka anlik
Monas e y ha e been scanned a sunse while he
in e nal su aces o i s ooms ha e been scanned in he
da k o he nigh , o h ee consecu i e days. This
p ocedu e esponds o he p oblem o he c owd o
ou is s walking in his monumen all day long. Su eying
he pain ed su aces wi hin many o he ooms has
equi ed a special conside a ion (Ca piceci and
Colonnese 2014; Ca piceci 2013, Ca piceci e al. 2015).
Wi h he exis ing a i icial ligh ing, RGB scanne
eco ding p ocedu e p oduces bad pic u es ha do no
eco d he ch oma ic da a o he su aces. A p ope
egis a ion h ough high de ini ion came as and wi h a
con olled uni o m ligh on all o pain ed su aces would
ha e equi ed oo much ime. An accep able
comp omise has been ound in eco ding a black and
whi e cloud by he e lec ance in a comple e da kness.
Figu e 1: Meshed model a e lase scanning, iew om he
eas : a) Basic iew o in e nal olums; b) A mosphe e ea ed
iew o enhance appa en deepness; c) Colo ea ed iew o
main ooms ela ed o he g ouped con ou -line ep esen a ions.
Ka anlik Monas e y
A e he egis a ion, he nume ical model (pe poin s)
has been p ocessed and ansla ed in o a meshed model
(pe su aces). This model has been used o unde s and
he o ganiza ion o he in e io s and decide he s a egy
o he ollowing ep esen a ions. The model o he
in e io olumes has been ea ed o op ically enhance
he deepness e ec (Fig.1c), acco ding o he p inciple o
he a mosphe ical densi y o “p ospe i a ae ea” as
de ined by Leona do da Vinci. Howe e , his kind o
images o e s only a pa ial comp ehension o he
complex o ganiza ion o he ca ed se lemen .
4. Rep esen a ion c i e ia
The sculp u al na u e o ock-cu a chi ec u e makes i
impossible o en ision ooms unambiguously h ough
appa en con ou s o edges. E en ad anced
ep esen a ions o upes ian monumen s a e lase
scanning a e elabo a ed almos exclusi ely h ough
pho omapping and gene ally ocus on in e nal spa ial
sys ems (Andalo o e al. 2013). The e o e, he au ho s
op ed o a con ou line ep esen a ion, like in
opog aphic cha s. This was also sugges ed by he
mo phological con inui y be ween in e io s and ex e io s.
A numbe o signi ican sec ion plans ha e been
iden i ied acco ding o hei abili y o desc ibe he
complex mo phology o he se lemen : ho izon al o he
plans and e ical plans o ele a ions and sec ions. In
he ca og aphic p ac ice, he equidis ance (i.e. he
cons an gap be ween successi e con ou lines) is
con en ionally se a 1/1000 o he denomina o o he
scale o ep esen a ion in me e s. An equidis ance o 5
cm is usually se o a canonical 1:50 a chi ec u al
ep esen a ion, bu es s unde aken by he au ho s wi h
his s ep ha e no gi en a eadable esul . The au ho s
ha e consequen ly decided o adop an equidis ance o
10 cm ha allows con ou lines o desc ibe he
a chi ec u al shapes wi hou becoming a so o
con using backg ound noise p oduced by excessi e
isual da a. This en isioning model poin s ou he
ela ionships among he se e al ock-cu ooms and
be ween hem and he na u al ex e nal su ace o he
ocky cli . To make sense o he ho izon al and e ical
complexi y o he whole se lemen as well as he 3D
ela ionships be ween he ooms, an expe imen al
ep esen a ion has been de eloped by mul i-colo ed
con ou lines (Fig. 2).
The nex s ep is he choice o he e e ence plans o
p oduce he e ical sec ions. While a plan canno bu
e e o a ho izon al sec ion plan, he e ical sec ions
equi e a ca e ul choice o desc ibe mos o he
a chi ec u al cha ac e is ics o he ock-cu ooms whose
con igu a ion is so changing. In he case o Ka anlik
Monas e y, au ho s ha e o ien ed he e ical sec ions in
a pe pendicula way o he longi udinal axes o he la ge
deco a ed ooms. By p oducing a numbe o sec ions
d i en by he posi ion o he signi ican sec ion plans
adop ed wi h egula in e als, his g aphical s a egy
allows an e icien isualiza ion o he u a wall su aces
(Fig. 3).
255
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Figu e 2: Gene al plan, de ail: lowe le el in blue; middle le el
in g een; uppe le el in ed. Ka anlik Monas e y
5. Conclusions
Un il a ew yea s ago, he d awings o Cappadocia
upes ian a chi ec u e we e ob ained wi h adi ional
p ocedu es and showed plans and sec ions wi h
ec angula ooms, de ini ely egula ized i no in en ed.
They we e a di ec ep esen a ion o ha geome ical
model ha e e y su eyo builds in his o he mind o
s udy and g adually mas e an a chi ec u e con igu a ion.
Howe e , his so o agg ega ion o pa allelepipeds and
cylinde s should be only a s age o he p ocess and no
he inal g aphical esul . The au ho s belie e ha a
neu al and ai h ul ep esen a ion o ac ual o ms by
con ou lines can:
 desc ibe he s ong con inui y be ween ex e nal
na u al su aces and in e nal ca ed ooms;
 sugges meanings and in en beyond he cliché
o he “ ough imi a ion o adi ional Byzan ine
a chi ec u e”;
 cas a new ligh on cons uc i e in en s;
 emphasize he isual pe cep i e ole o pa hs,
openings and cu ed su aces.
Mo eo e he use o polych oma ic d awings o en ision
he ela ionships be ween dis an ooms may con ibu e
o o m new hypo hesis on bo h hei uses and hei
ans o ma ion s ages. Fo example, hey a e able o
e eal unp edic able geome ical ela ionships be ween
dis an ooms, as in he case o he chu ch and he
ooms o monas e y, despi e he iangula shape o
cou and he o a ed en y hall.
Figu e 3: Longi udinal sec ion pe con ou lines h ough he
chu ch. Ka anlik Kilise.
Acknowledgemen s
This pape is a collec i e wo k o he h ee au ho s and
pa o a la ge s udy on upes ian habi a om he
I alian na ional esea ch called “A e e habi a upes e in
Cappadocia (Tu chia) e nell'I alia cen ome idionale.
Roccia, a chi e u a sca a a, pi u a: a conoscenza,
conse azione, alo izzazione”, whose Na ional
Coo dina o is Ma ia C oci issa Andalo o, and Scien i ic
Di ec o o Sapienza Uni e si y uni y is Ma co Ca piceci.
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