BETWEEN LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE: ENVISIONING CAPPADOCIAN RUPESTRIAN MONASTERY THROUGH COLORFUL CONTOUR LINES

P oceedings o he 8 h In e na ional Cong ess on A chaeology, Compu e G aphics, Cul u al He i age and Inno a ion ‘ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0’ in Valencia (Spain), Sep . 5 – 7, 2016 * Co esponding Au ho : Fabio Colonnese, [email p o ec ed] This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) EDITORIAL UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA BETWEEN LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE: ENVISIONING CAPPADOCIAN RUPESTRIAN MONASTERY THROUGH COLORFUL CONTOUR LINES Fabio Colonnese*, Ma co Ca piceci, Ca lo Inglese Depa men o His o y, D awing and Res o a ion o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y Sapienza o Rome, Piazza Bo ghese 8, 00186 Rome, I aly. [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed] Abs ac : A chi ec u al he i age p ese a ion bases on a deep, laye ed and in e disciplina y knowledge o he si es, especially when hey a e on he edge be ween na u al and a i icial, like upes ian a chi ec u e o en is. Su ey and ep esen a ion o ock-cu a chi ec u e a e be ween he mos p oblema ic issues o a numbe o p oblems conce ning he geome ical complexi y o he in e io and ex e io en eloping su aces. Lase -scanne is an app op ia e ool conce ning he egis a ion o geome ic and spa ial p ope ies o hose a i icial ca es in con inui y wi h he ex e nal opog aphy, bu au oma ic ep esen a ions a e o en unable o con ey hei hidden geome ic and spa ial ela ionships. In he con ex o a wo k me hodology cus omized on he upes ian habi a o Cappadocia, he au ho s de eloped an o iginal en isioning model in which an associa e use o con ou lines and ch oma ic codes ans o ms adi ional o hogonal p ojec ions a e he nume ic model in o d awings able o o e a syn hesis and ansmi he complex o ms and ela ionships o upes ian se lemen s. Key wo ds: Cappadocia, Ka anlik Monas e y, Rock-cu a chi ec u e, Cul u al He i age, In og aphic ep esen a ion 1. In oduc ion In he adi ional p ac ice o a chi ec u e su ey, a e a i s phase o acquisi ion o he basic measu es, a geome ical model is buil , i s men ally and hen ei he g aphically o digi ally. This model ep esen s he a chi ec u al subjec h ough elemen a y geome ic elemen s, such as pa allelepipeds, cylinde s, and sphe es, which app oxima e he ac ual pa s o he building. This geome ical model can be sec ioned and p ojec ed in o de o ob ain plans, ele a ions and sec ions in an app op ia e educ ion scale and acco ding o a me ic ole ance ha is p opo ional o he scale adop ed. The in oduc ion o lase scanning and digi al pho og amme y (B iese and P ei e 2007) has changed his p ocess, which was cogni i e and ep esen a ional a he same ime. The cloud o poin s gene a ed by lase scanne p ocedu e is he isual ou come o he p ocess o measu es acquisi ion. I ep oduces he a chi ec u al body silhoue e bu despi e he appea ance o a de ined nume ical model (poin s model), i s ill equi es a long p ocessing s age o ep esen he mo phological and ch oma ic ea u es o he a e ac in a consis en and uni ocal way o esul in a scien i ic documen o eali y. 2. Rock-cu a chi ec u e in Cappadocia The knowledge and p ese a ion o a chi ec u al he i age a e based on a deep, laye ed and in e disciplina y knowledge o he si es, especially when he a chi ec u al monumen s a e on he edge be ween na u al and a i icial as well as be ween a chaeology and landscape, like upes ian a chi ec u e o en is. As a su ey eam o a na ional esea ch, in he las yea s he au ho s ha e ocused on he su ey and ep esen a ion o Cappadocia ock-cu a chi ec u e (Ca piceci 2013), also expe imen ing a wo k p ocedu e o mee he needs o bo h me ic p ecision and co ec ness o he inal g aphic ou comes. Rupes ian a chi ec u e has i s cons uc i e speci ici y in being cu ou o na u al ock o ma ions: his means ha in e io space is ealized by sub ac ing ma e a he han adding and assembling pa s. As a consequence o his way o p oducing space, he e is no di ec ela ionship be ween in e io and ex e io su aces. The ex e nal look o a upes ian chu ch is made o he na u al su ace o a cli while ancien builde s shaped in e io s by gene ally eplica ing ooms and o ms a e adi ional a chi ec u es o he same ages, which can be easily educed o hei geome ic models. 254 Colonnese, Ca piceci, Inglese, 2016. This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) EDITORIAL UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA 3. Su ey c i e ia The h ee le els o ooms o he so-called Monas e y o Ka anlik ( he Da k Chu ch) in Go eme Open Ai Museum (Fig. 1) ha e been su eyed ho ugh a small and ligh lase scanne FARO Focus3D X130. Sphe ical a ge shapes ha e been ex ensi ely used du ing he eco ding o indi idual clouds. The ex e nal su aces o Ka anlik Monas e y ha e been scanned a sunse while he in e nal su aces o i s ooms ha e been scanned in he da k o he nigh , o h ee consecu i e days. This p ocedu e esponds o he p oblem o he c owd o ou is s walking in his monumen all day long. Su eying he pain ed su aces wi hin many o he ooms has equi ed a special conside a ion (Ca piceci and Colonnese 2014; Ca piceci 2013, Ca piceci e al. 2015). Wi h he exis ing a i icial ligh ing, RGB scanne eco ding p ocedu e p oduces bad pic u es ha do no eco d he ch oma ic da a o he su aces. A p ope egis a ion h ough high de ini ion came as and wi h a con olled uni o m ligh on all o pain ed su aces would ha e equi ed oo much ime. An accep able comp omise has been ound in eco ding a black and whi e cloud by he e lec ance in a comple e da kness. Figu e 1: Meshed model a e lase scanning, iew om he eas : a) Basic iew o in e nal olums; b) A mosphe e ea ed iew o enhance appa en deepness; c) Colo ea ed iew o main ooms ela ed o he g ouped con ou -line ep esen a ions. Ka anlik Monas e y A e he egis a ion, he nume ical model (pe poin s) has been p ocessed and ansla ed in o a meshed model (pe su aces). This model has been used o unde s and he o ganiza ion o he in e io s and decide he s a egy o he ollowing ep esen a ions. The model o he in e io olumes has been ea ed o op ically enhance he deepness e ec (Fig.1c), acco ding o he p inciple o he a mosphe ical densi y o “p ospe i a ae ea” as de ined by Leona do da Vinci. Howe e , his kind o images o e s only a pa ial comp ehension o he complex o ganiza ion o he ca ed se lemen . 4. Rep esen a ion c i e ia The sculp u al na u e o ock-cu a chi ec u e makes i impossible o en ision ooms unambiguously h ough appa en con ou s o edges. E en ad anced ep esen a ions o upes ian monumen s a e lase scanning a e elabo a ed almos exclusi ely h ough pho omapping and gene ally ocus on in e nal spa ial sys ems (Andalo o e al. 2013). The e o e, he au ho s op ed o a con ou line ep esen a ion, like in opog aphic cha s. This was also sugges ed by he mo phological con inui y be ween in e io s and ex e io s. A numbe o signi ican sec ion plans ha e been iden i ied acco ding o hei abili y o desc ibe he complex mo phology o he se lemen : ho izon al o he plans and e ical plans o ele a ions and sec ions. In he ca og aphic p ac ice, he equidis ance (i.e. he cons an gap be ween successi e con ou lines) is con en ionally se a 1/1000 o he denomina o o he scale o ep esen a ion in me e s. An equidis ance o 5 cm is usually se o a canonical 1:50 a chi ec u al ep esen a ion, bu es s unde aken by he au ho s wi h his s ep ha e no gi en a eadable esul . The au ho s ha e consequen ly decided o adop an equidis ance o 10 cm ha allows con ou lines o desc ibe he a chi ec u al shapes wi hou becoming a so o con using backg ound noise p oduced by excessi e isual da a. This en isioning model poin s ou he ela ionships among he se e al ock-cu ooms and be ween hem and he na u al ex e nal su ace o he ocky cli . To make sense o he ho izon al and e ical complexi y o he whole se lemen as well as he 3D ela ionships be ween he ooms, an expe imen al ep esen a ion has been de eloped by mul i-colo ed con ou lines (Fig. 2). The nex s ep is he choice o he e e ence plans o p oduce he e ical sec ions. While a plan canno bu e e o a ho izon al sec ion plan, he e ical sec ions equi e a ca e ul choice o desc ibe mos o he a chi ec u al cha ac e is ics o he ock-cu ooms whose con igu a ion is so changing. In he case o Ka anlik Monas e y, au ho s ha e o ien ed he e ical sec ions in a pe pendicula way o he longi udinal axes o he la ge deco a ed ooms. By p oducing a numbe o sec ions d i en by he posi ion o he signi ican sec ion plans adop ed wi h egula in e als, his g aphical s a egy allows an e icien isualiza ion o he u a wall su aces (Fig. 3). 255 BETWEEN LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE: ENVISIONING CAPPADOCIAN RUPESTRIAN MONASTERY THROUGH COLORFUL CONTOUR LINES This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) EDITORIAL UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA Figu e 2: Gene al plan, de ail: lowe le el in blue; middle le el in g een; uppe le el in ed. Ka anlik Monas e y 5. Conclusions Un il a ew yea s ago, he d awings o Cappadocia upes ian a chi ec u e we e ob ained wi h adi ional p ocedu es and showed plans and sec ions wi h ec angula ooms, de ini ely egula ized i no in en ed. They we e a di ec ep esen a ion o ha geome ical model ha e e y su eyo builds in his o he mind o s udy and g adually mas e an a chi ec u e con igu a ion. Howe e , his so o agg ega ion o pa allelepipeds and cylinde s should be only a s age o he p ocess and no he inal g aphical esul . The au ho s belie e ha a neu al and ai h ul ep esen a ion o ac ual o ms by con ou lines can:  desc ibe he s ong con inui y be ween ex e nal na u al su aces and in e nal ca ed ooms;  sugges meanings and in en beyond he cliché o he “ ough imi a ion o adi ional Byzan ine a chi ec u e”;  cas a new ligh on cons uc i e in en s;  emphasize he isual pe cep i e ole o pa hs, openings and cu ed su aces. Mo eo e he use o polych oma ic d awings o en ision he ela ionships be ween dis an ooms may con ibu e o o m new hypo hesis on bo h hei uses and hei ans o ma ion s ages. Fo example, hey a e able o e eal unp edic able geome ical ela ionships be ween dis an ooms, as in he case o he chu ch and he ooms o monas e y, despi e he iangula shape o cou and he o a ed en y hall. Figu e 3: Longi udinal sec ion pe con ou lines h ough he chu ch. Ka anlik Kilise. Acknowledgemen s This pape is a collec i e wo k o he h ee au ho s and pa o a la ge s udy on upes ian habi a om he I alian na ional esea ch called “A e e habi a upes e in Cappadocia (Tu chia) e nell'I alia cen ome idionale. Roccia, a chi e u a sca a a, pi u a: a conoscenza, conse azione, alo izzazione”, whose Na ional Coo dina o is Ma ia C oci issa Andalo o, and Scien i ic Di ec o o Sapienza Uni e si y uni y is Ma co Ca piceci. Re e ences ANDALORO, M., BIXIO, R., and CRESCENZI, C., 2013. The complex o S. Eus achius in Gö eme, Cappadocia eading he ela ionship be ween he landscape and a e y a icula ed unde g ound se lemen . In W. Bö ne , and S. Uhli z (Eds.), 18 h In e na ional Con e ence on Cul u al He i age. Wien: Museen de S ad Wien. ISBN 9783200036765 BRIESE, C., and PFEIFER N., 2007. Lase Scanning. P inciples and Applica ions. In III In e na ional Scien i ic Con e ence, pp. 93 - 112. Geo-Sibi , Nowosibi sk. CARPICECI, M., 2013. Cappadocia Labo a o io-Rilie o (2007-2015). In M. FILIPPA and A. CONTE (Eds.), Pa imoni e Si i Unesco, memo ia, misu a e a monia, pp. 221-229. Roma: Gangemi. ISBN 978-88-492-2728-4 CARPICECI, M., and COLONNESE, F., 2014. Rilie o e documen azione del colo e in a chi e u a: un p oblema a uale e i isol o. In S. Be occi, S. Van Riel (Eds.), La cul u a del es au o e della alo izzazione, Vol.I, pp. 189-196. Fi enze: Alinea. ISBN 978-88-6055-829-9 CARPICECI, M., INGLESE, C., and COLONNESE, F., 2015. Po en ial and limi a ions o new echnologies o he su ey o mo phology and colou o upes ian habi a . In P oceedings o Hypogea2015 In e na ional Cong ess o Speleology in A i icial Ca i ies, pp. 399-407. U bino: AGE. ISBN 978-88-89731-79-6. 256