24
Visual assessmen o he chimney damages, modi ica ion: cu and sa u a ion
F aying o he e minal pa o he ope, and olding o he ibe s on he s one ashla , so as o o m a species o he pin head, and
subsequen sealing o ayed ibe s on he block o a e ine, wi h hixo opic mo a , modi ica ion: cu
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ABSTRACT
1 Uni e si y o Sale no, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing
In ecen decades in he cons uc ion indus y, he need o expe ience consolida ion echniques wi h non-
co oding ma e ials is being de eloped. S udies and es s ha e been led abou in eg a ion o basal ibe s
in conc e e s uc u es: hey ha e shown imp o emen s bo h in e ms o mechanical s eng h and in e ms o
in e en ion o consolida ion du abili y (Óla sson, Tho hallsson, 2009). The basal ock can be used o p oduce
no only basal ba s, bu also ab ics, paddings, con inuous ilamen s and basal ne wo k. Some applica ions
o hese basal -composi es ma e ials conce n he consolida ion o ci il cons uc ion s uc u es, he mal and
acous ic insula ion, secu i y clo hing, e c. Some yea s ago he I alian company ENEA (Na ional Agency o New
Technologies, Ene gy and Sus ainable Economic De elopmen ) has signed an ag eemen wi h HG GBF (one o
he wo ld's leading companies in he p oduc ion o basal ibe s), o he e i ica ion o possible applica ions
o his ma e ial in he cons uc ion ield bu also in he nau ical and au omo i e ones. The use o basal ibe in
cons uc ion could p esen a se ies o ad an ages: na u al o igin, a cycle o p oduc ion o lowe ene gy impac
compa ed o o he ibe s, a high chemical ine ia and hus a high deg ee o du abili y, low he mal conduc i i y,
good mechanical and he mo-acous ic p ope ies, high i e esis ance, a compe i i e cos and, in gene al, mo e
en i onmen al compa ibili y and sus ainabili y han o he syn he ic ibe s.
KEYWORDS
basal ibe , sus ainable es o a ion, his o ic buildings
Basal ibe s: he g een ma e ial o he XXI-cen u y,
o a sus ainable es o a ion o his o ical buildings
Giacomo Di Ruocco1
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2016.6984
26
1. THE BASALT FIBER: PRODUCTION
PROCESS, PRODUCTS AND
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
1.1 THE PRODUCTION PROCESS
Basal is a kind o olcanic ock, mainly known o i s
high empe a u e esis ance, s eng h and du abili y,
widely sp ead h oughou he wo ld, composed
o silicon dioxide (SiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2
O3), oxide e ic (Fe2 O3), calcium oxide (CaO) and
manganese oxide (MgO). Fo his eason, basal s a e
classi ied acco ding o he alkaline SiO2 con en (up o
42% SiO2), sligh ly acidic ( om 43 o 46% SiO2) and
acid basal s (mo e han 46% SiO2). Only acid basal s
mee he condi ions o he p epa a ion o ibe s.
The p oduc i e echnology o basal ibe is simila
o he glass ibe ’s one, bu i equi es less ene gy.
This aspec , oge he wi h a g ea e a ailabili y o he
aw ma e ial, jus i ies he lowe inal cos o basal
ibe s p oduc ion compa ed o glass ibe s’. Basal
ibe s de i e om a na u al usion p ocess o he
basal ock, wi hou applica ion o any addi i es.
The gene al scheme o he manu ac u ing p ocess
can be summa ized as illus a ed in igu e 11. Once
emo ed om he qua y, he basal is i s c ushed,
hen washed and, subsequen ly, ans e ed in o gas
u naces, o mel ing a a empe a u e o 1.450 o
1.500 ° C. The mol en basal lea es he o en h ough
a pla inum- hodium bushing wi h 200, 400, 800 o
mo e holes, om which he ibe s a e ex ac ed by
means o hyd os a ic p essu e. In ou pu , he su ace
o he ibe s is imp egna ed wi h a p ime , o gi e
i cohesion, lub ica ion, and compa ibili y wi h he
esin. Finally, he mel is w apped in la ge spools o
con inuous ilamen basal . Some cha ac e is ics o he
p oduc ion p ocess, as he o en empe a u e le els,
a e conside ably impo an o he inal mechanical
p ope ies o he ma e ial. Fo example, in p esence
o an equal chemical composi ion, an inc ease in he
ibe d awing empe a u e o 160 °C ( om 1,220 °C o
1,380 °C) inc eases hei esis ance om 1.3 o 2.23
GPa and he elas ici y modulus om 78 o 90GPa.
Figu e 1.
P oduc ion cycle o he
con inuous basal ya n: 1.Tank
o sizing; 2.Fu nace; 3.Bushing;
4.Sizing applica o ; 5.ga he ing
shoe; 6.T ay o used sizing
collec ion; 7.Winde ; 8.Cake;
9.Tank o used sizing
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1.2 PRODUCTS
Basal is a kind o olcanic ock, mainly known o i s
high empe a u e esis ance, s eng h and du abili y,
widely sp ead h oughou he wo ld, Once p oduced,
basal ibe s a e p ocessed in o a ious ex u es and
wa ping, depending on he uses. Some o which a e:
sȩ con inuous ibe (Figu e 2.a), cons i u ed by a
bundle o pa allel s ands, wi hou wis ; he
hickness o a ibe usually anges om 7 o 24
mic ons. I is he base ma e ial, di ec ly p oduced
by he p ocess o usion o olcanic ock, om
which i is hen possible o ob ain o he p oduc s
wi h di e en manu ac u ing me hods;
sȩ ab ic o s uc u al consolida ion by con inemen
(E lendsson e al., 2013), as well as o i e
e a dan and elec ical insula ion - Figu e 2.b
(Landucci e al., 2009);
sȩ mesh o ein o cing wall elemen s- Figu e 2.c
sȩ sel -suppo ing panels o i e e a dan , he mal
and acous ic insula ion - Figu e 2.d (Bu a ia e al.
2015);
sȩ ba s o composi e ibe s (Figu e 2.e) o
ein o cemen o cemen -conc e e (BFRC),
eplacing he s eel ba s (E lendsson e al. 2009);
a pa icula ly sui able solu ion o s uc u es
exposed in co odible en i onmen s and o he
consolida ion o s one s uc u es (Monni e al.,
2014);
sȩ b oken ibe s (Figu e 2. ), p oduced by he cu ing
o con inuous basal ibe , used o ein o ce
conc e e and mo a s (Ramesh Kuma e al.,
2015);
sȩ unidi ec ional basal ibe connec o o s uc u al
ein o cemen s (Figu e 2.g).
1.3 PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY
As known, s eel ends o co ode i no p ope ly
p o ec ed. The e a e di e en sys ems o limi i s
oxida ion, among which inc easing he conc e e
laye ha co e s he a ma u e o using s ainless s eel
(mo e expensi e solu ion) o ba s o glass ibe . The
Figu e 2.
Main p oduc s based on basal ibe : (a) con inuous ibe ; (b)
ex iles; (c) mesh; (d) Panel; (e) ba s composi e; ( ) choppe
wi es; (g) connec o s- Sou ce: HG GBF
la e solu ion is limi ed due o he lowe esis ance
in alkaline en i onmen , associa ed o he conc e e,
in addi ion o ha ing a di e en coe icien o he mal
expansion, compa ed o he la e . The ba s in he
basal ibe s a e mo e esis an han glass ibe (Deák
e al., 2009), in an alkaline en i onmen . Thei use,
he e o e, gi es he inal solu ion mul iple ad an ages,
Figu e 2.a Figu e 2.b
Figu e 2.c Figu e 2.d
Figu e 2.e
Figu e 2. Figu e 2.g
28
compa ed o a con en ional s uc u e in conc e e/
s eel, as o example: a ligh e s uc u e, bo h o he
lowe a ma u e weigh (1/3 he weigh , compa ed
o s eel, o equal he s eng h cha ac e is ics), and
o he educ ion o he ex e nal conc e e hickness,
necessa y o p o ec he s eel om oxida ion. Basal
p ope ies, in addi ion, make i p e e able o s eel in
ein o ced conc e e (Ramak ishnan e al., 2005) o
g ea e esis ance o agg essi e en i onmen s (bo h
alkaline and acidic en i onmen s) and, he e o e,
highe co osion esis ance. While he s eel o
classic a mo s can co ode h ough c acks, which
may occu when he s uc u al elemen is subjec ed
o bending and wa e , oxygen, chlo ides, ca bon
dioxide anspo phenomena, basal ensu es good
du abili y bo h because i ’s esis an o cemen i ious
en i onmen , and because i is no subjec o
co osion phenomena by con aminan s. The basal
ibe is also a sus ainable ma e ial (Qua ociocchi e
al., 2015), since i s p oduc ion cycle needs a lowe
use o p ima y ene gy. Fo each kilo o basal ibe
used ins ead o he co esponding amoun o s eel,
you can ob ain an ene gy sa ing o o e 9 kWh o
p ima y ene gy. Mo eo e , he basal ibe ’s he mal
and acous ic insula ion, hea s abili y, du abili y and
esis ance o ib a ion p ope ies, a e subs an ially
highe han bo h he s eel and all known ein o ced
plas ics. The basal ibe is a biocompa ible ma e ial:
i has no ecycling p oblems when i is disposed
o , since i is a na u al elemen which educes he
w appe weigh , and equi es a smalle amoun
o ene gy o i s p ocessing compa ed o he one
which no mally se es o s eel. This ma e ial’s echo-
compa ibili y, hus, enables i o be comple ely
ecycled oge he wi h he conc e e; he basal
ibe ein o cemen s, unlike s eel, does no equi e
a p elimina y sepa a ion o he s uc u al pa om
he cemen be o e disposal o land ill. Then, sa ings
and cos e ec i eness lie in he ac ha sepa a ion
acili ies designa ed o he spin-o o conc e e om
s eel o he ma e ial eco e y wouldn’ be necessa y
anymo e, bu e e y hing could be in ended o a
single ea men wi h no u he disposal p ocesses.
F om hese conside a ions we can unde s and how
he use o basal in cons uc ion could be bene icial.
I we assumed i o eplace he s eel al eady wi h only
5% o he s eel cu en ly used wi hin a yea - equi alen
o 25 million ons a yea - we would sa e as much
ene gy as he one used in a plan p oducing 500 MW,
being ac i e o 8000 hou s pe yea (wi h sa ings
o abou 4,000,000 MWh/yea ). In addi ion, he
educ ion in o e all ene gy consump ion co esponds
o a educ ion o CO2 emissions equi alen o
700,000 ons pe yea , which would b ing us close o
he objec i es o he clima e package - EU ene gy (De
Fazio, 2011).
1.4 CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Basal ibe s a e cha ac e ized by a good esis ance
o bo h low and high empe a u es and ha e be e
pe o mances, compa ed o o he ibe s, in e ms
o he mal s abili y, acous ic insula ion, ib a ion
esis ance and du abili y. F om he poin o iew
o pe o mance, he basal ibe s ands be ween
he ca bon ibe and he glass ibe , e en i , among
o he s, i has a g ea ad an age: i has an excellen
compa ibili y wi h he ca bon ibe . This ea u e allows
he c ea ion o a high-e iciency hyb id ma e ial by
adding small amoun s o ca bon ibe s o basal ones
(Czigány, 2005). The wi e ob ained, which has an
insigni ican di e ence in e ms o cos s (because o
he small con en o ca bon ibe , mo e expensi e),
shows conside ably be e elas ic p ope ies han
he 'only ibe ' basal (no e ha he elas ic modulus
o he basal ibe is abou 11,000 kg/mm2, while he
ca bon ibe is 22.000-56.000 kg/mm2). Howe e , he
glass ibe (Wallenbe ge e . al., 2001), o i s shape
and chemical composi ion, can be conside ed as
a e e ence ma e ial o a be e unde s anding o
basal ibe s’ p ope ies. Bo h o hem a e ino ganic
bu hey a e p oduced by di e en p ocesses. Glass
ibe s a e p oduced by mol en cha ge, composed
o qua z sand, soda, lime, luxing agen s, e c. Basal
ibe s a e ob ained, as al eady men ioned, by mel ing
basal ocks wi hou addi i es. Table 12 shows he
compa ison be ween he a e age alues o some main
indica o s o basal ibe and glass ibe .
F om Table 1 we can obse e ha :

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sȩ he elas ici y modulus o basal ibe s is highe (a
leas 18%) han glass ibe s’, in pa icula E-glass
ibe s and, as known om he li e a u e, i e y
closely app oxima es he modulus o elas ici y
and he high esis ance o magnesium ibe s -
aluminosilica e glass (S-glass);
sȩ applica ion empe a u es o basal ibe s’ p oduc s
a e ma kedly highe ( om -260°C o 700°C) wi h
espec o he glass (-60°C o 250°C);
sȩ he ib a ion esis ance o he basal ibe is much
highe han he glass ibe ’s one. This is why he
BF is widely used in a la ge ange o s uc u es,
subjec ed o s ong ib a ions and acous ic loads:
anspo , enginee ing, e c. Fu he mo e, basal
ibe p oduc s a e used as an e ec i e sound-
p oo ing sys em, being esis an o he acous ic
ib a ion e ec , being so sui able o isola ion
applica ions in he ai c a s.
2.
THE ITALIAN RESEARCH: THE
SEAMS OF BASALT FIBERS FOR THE
CONSOLIDATION OF ANCIENT
MASONRY WALLS
Due o he seismic ac i i y, he mason y buildings
don’ show a clea o e all s uc u al beha iou ;
he e o e, a "mac oelemen s" analysis esul s mo e
ealis ic, ie po ions o mason y which in size and
shape au onomously eac o s esses (such as
seismic), iden i ied and ca ego ized on he basis
o pas expe iences. This app oach, p oposed by
a ious au ho s (Giu è, 1991; Doglioni, 1994), is
also well es ablished wi hin he legal amewo k ha
egula es he in e en ions on he exis ing mason y
cons uc ions in gene al. So, old b ick buildings’
answe o ea hquakes is he one o e ed by hei
mac oelemen s, whose mo ion de ines he so-called
"kinema ic collapse ac i a able". Th ough analysis
o hese mechanisms you can check he sa e y wi h
espec o seismic ac ion expec ed and, he e o e,
design and size app op ia e sa egua ds o p e en
hei ac i a ion. An essen ial hypo hesis, a he base o
he heo y o disc e iza ion o he building in mac o-
Table 1.
Compa a i e ea u es o
basal ibe and glass ibe .
Basal ibe Glass Fibe
The mo-phisical
p ope ies
wo king
empe a u e (Cº) -260ºC ~ 700ºC -60ºC ~ 250ºC
The mal con-
duc i i y 1100ºC 600ºC
Phisical p ope ies
Flamen
diame e (µm) 7~15 6~17
3) 2560 2500 ~2600
2) 10000 ~ 11000 Up o 7200
Tensile s engh
MPa 4150~4800 4150~4800
Residual Tensile
s eng h unde
hea ea men
(%)
20ª 100 20ª 100
200ª 95 200ª 92
400ª 82 400ª 52
600ª 76 600ª caking
Chemical
esis ance 2NHC1 2.2 2N Hc1 38.9
2N NaOH 6.0 2N NaOH
(loss o weigh )
(%) H2O 0.2 H2O 0.2
Wa e
abso p ion 0.02 107
IRUKRXUV
Vib o esis ance (loss o weigh ) (%)
A empe a u e
200ºC 0 12
450ºC 0.01 41
900ºC 0.35 100
Acous ic cha ac e is ics
sound
abso p ion
coe icien
0.95~0.99 0.8~0.92
30
elemen s, is o be able o conside hese pa s in he
building as monoli hic and, he e o e, ha he mason y
ha composes hem ha e a "good quali y". The
"quali y" le el o he his o ic building wo k is subjec o
essen ial cha ac e is ics ha deno e i s "wo kmanlike"
execu ion: he p esence o dia ones (ie c oss-cu ing
elemen s, a anged a igh angles o he wall s uc u e,
whose unc ion is he wo aces’ clamping), egula
ho izon al ows, s agge ed e ical join s, he use o
squa ed elemen s, linked wi h good quali y mo a .
In many cases, hese ea u es a e comple ely absen :
ha ’s he case o walls made o e a ic pebbles and
i egula s ones a anged diso de ly and chao ically,
wi h low-s eng h mo a , o he so-called "bag" walls,
wi h wo independen (ex e nal and in e nal) acings
and an inconsis en inne co e. The e o e, in hese
cases, be o e p oceeding wi h a s uc u al analysis
we need o con e he missing monoli hici y o he
bea ing wall panels. F om his assump ion i has been
de eloped he idea o pe ec ing a consolida ion
echnique capable o making monoli hic a mason y
which hasn’ been pe ec ly done. This app oach
is clea ly in line wi h he p inciples go e ning he
in e en ions on his o ical buildings, namely: minimal
in e en ion end, compa ibili y in es iga ion,
in e en ion e e sibili y, espec o au hen ici y,
p ese a ion o he o iginal ma e ial, isual impac
con ol and in e en ions ecogni ion. These c i e ia
a e no always espec ed i we ac wi h adi ional
consolida ion echniques ( ein o ced plas e ,
ein o ced pe o a ions, injec ions o binde , e c.) and
only pa ially wi h he mos inno a i e ones (bandages
wi h ibe - ein o cing composi es).
2.1
TICORAPSIMO® SYSTEM
The Tico apsimo sys em4 ( om g eek, li e ally "sewing
wi h s one"), is a p ojec made by eache s S.Lenci and
E.Quaglia ini (Quaglia ini, Bondioli e al., 2016), om
Poly echnic Uni e si y o Ma che. I mo es om he
need o es o e he mason y monoli hic cha ac e is ics,
h ough a cle e we and wa p game in which lexible
elemen s (plo ) in basal s one hold oge he he
a ious segmen s (wa p). The p oposed echnique
( es ed h ough labo a o y es ing, in si u and
subsequen nume ical analysis) aims o consolida e
he wallboa ds, using con inemen , and a he same
ime by connec ing he wo sides h ough con inuous
lexible seams. In p ac ice, a 'wi e' ha con inuously
su ounds he mason y on bo h sides a e a e sing
i s hickness in se e al poin s, as a eal "seam." The
main ad an ages o his sys em, compa ed o he
known echniques and he ones used up o now, can
be b ie ly summa ized as ollows:
sȩ e e sibili y: he in e en ion can be pe o med
"d y"; he basal opes a e manually inse ed
h ough he h ough holes and do no equi e
ancho ages wi h esins o o he sealan s
(Quaglia ini, Scalbi e al., 2016);
sȩ ma e ial p ese a ion: i complemen s, bu does
no eplace o ans o m he o iginal ma e ial;
sȩ bio-compa ibili y and sus ainabili y: he
in e en ion does no in ol e he use o oxic o
ha m ul subs ances o heal h, i does no equi e
special p ecau ions o he esidues disposal
a e p ocessing o o dumping a he end o i s
Table 2.
Compa a i e economic- echnical analysis3
Fibe ype Tensile s engh , MÇPa Moduls, MPa Cos ,$/kg
OCF 450Yield Type 30
E-glass 2586 74.4 1.5
BFC 15-2500 KV12 Basal
ibe 3100 89 3.2
G a 34-700 12K Ca bon
ibe 4881 231 28
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li e cycle. I is he e o e a he o e on bo h o
i s en i onmen al sus ainabili y and o wo ke s
sa e y;
sȩ compa ibili y wi h he mason y suppo : an
elemen made o s one ma e ial ( he basal s ing)
sews s one s uc u es;
sȩ non-in asi eness (c i e ion o minimum
in e en ion): he in e en ion can also be
localized in he mo a join s (wi hou damaging
he s one blocks); i is easible, he e o e, also on
mason y wi h a " ace- o- iew" pa ame e ;
sȩ cos -e ec i eness: e en i applied on une en
walls, i expec s educed p ocessing s eps
and applica ion imes compa ed o al e na i e
echniques;
sȩ du abili y: some ea u es o basal ibe (such as
high esis ance o i e) gua an ee a g ea e du a ion
o he in e en ion compa ed o d essings made
o FRP in which he esin is he weak poin agains
high empe a u es (Landucci e al., 2009).
Mo e in de ail, he ope a ing sequence is de ined by
he ollowing ope a ions:
sȩ Realiza ion o h ough holes o a small diame e ,
on he mason y o be consolida ed. The holes’
loca ion is es ablished a e ca e ul examina ion o
he wall s uc u e;
sȩ The 'wi e' o con inuous ein o cemen (basal
ibe ope) is passed on he wo aces and in he
hickness o he wall panel, as a eal "seam." The
applica ion is pe o med wi h a minimum p e-
ension, exe ed by hand by he ope a o ;
sȩ The ope a ion can also be epea ed in se e al
di ec ions, always using he same holes, wi h he
esul o con ining he mason y wi h a con inuous
wi e mesh, wi hou in e up ions.
I necessa y, he ein o cemen can be hidden om
iew, inside he mo a join s, o p ese ing i s
o iginal aspec . The sys em can also be employed o
es o e he con inui y o a mason y in he p esence o
lesions, o s eng hen he connec ion among no well
clamped mason y pa s o o imp o ing he s uc u al
connec ions among walls, loo s and oo s. Mo eo e ,
Figu e 3.
Applica ion phases o
TICORAPSIMO® sys em
32
hanks o i s speed and e sa ili y, i can also be used o
a possible sa e y implemen a ion in eme gency cases,
as an eme gency co e age o a e local collapses o
he e olu ion o wall po ions’ collapse mechanisms.
2.2 CONSOLIDATION OF CAMORCANNA’S VAULTS
The I alian monumen al his o ical building is
cha ac e ized by chu ches, hea e s, noble palaces
e c, which ha e ligh aul s, called in “camo canna”
o alse aul s (Figu e 5), made o eeds and plas e
ma s hung o wooden ibs. To hei so i hey o en
ha e cycles o pain ings and deco a ions o g ea
a is ic alue. This sys em, al eady known in Roman
imes o plas e ing walls and ceilings o ba h ooms
wi h p edominan ly gypsum mo a s, was designed as
a ligh weigh and economical o mwo k, disposable,
consis ing o a co uga ed su ace on which mo a
being applied; a su ace also able o p e en
sh inkage c acks o de achmen o any disconnec ed
pa s (Fabb i, 2010).
In 2006, he Molise Region app o ed he p o ocol
o in e en ions on P i a e Es a e Planning o Pos -
Ea hquake Recons uc ion (Lemme e al., 2006),
a documen ha analyzes he main in e en ion
echniques deemed in asi e by cu en seismic
egula ions and possible al e na i e solu ions. In
se e al cases, he in e en ion ca ds p o ide he use o
p oduc s based on basal ibe s: o he consolida ion
o he mason y s uc u es, aul s, e c.
In his sea we’ll analyze, in pa icula , he in e en ion
o camo canna aul s. The camo canna aul s a e
composed o a wooden beam ame and on i s
in ados s aws imme sed in a laye o lime mo a
a e placed. This kind o aul s is pa icula ly sensi i e
o he ime ac ion: us in he nails, plucking he
wa le om he a e s, mold and c acks in he
wooden beams. These de ec s cause de o ma ions,
de achmen and c acking o a ious o ien a ion. The
in e en ion includes he consolida ion o he en i e
su ace in cannuccia o (jux aposed bamboo canes)
s uc u es by laying a ein o cemen sys em made
en i ely o na u al and bio-compa ible ma e ials and
modules and mechanical s eng h simila o hose o
Figu e 4.
Camo canna opsail ba el aul
he exis ing s uc u e.
Ex ados ein o cemen (Figu e 5) akes place
h ough balanced en i ely na u al ne s in lax- ibe ,
imp egna ed wi h ino ganic na u al hyd aulic lime
ma ix, and linked o he exis ing aul ed sys em using
basal ibe mic o-connec o s.
The p oposed in e en ion is summa ized in he
ollowing p ocesses:
sȩ an ibio ic ea men o all wooden su aces;
sȩ emo al o loose pa s;
sȩ consolida ion o he su ace o be ea ed by
applica ion o a coa o eady p oduc based on
e hyl silica e;
sȩ cons uc ion and ins alla ion o “Ω” Basal ibe
connec o s, en eloping he pu lin sec ion, wi h
d awing up a laye o wo-componen epoxy
esin;
sȩ cons uc ion and ins alla ion o double bowed
basal ibe mic o-connec o s made o a igid
esin po ed pa and a double bowed pa o be
connec ed o he suppo wi h na u al hyd aulic
lime mo a ; he goal consis s o linking he
ein o cemen sys em in linen and mo a ne wo k
in he in ados o he aul ’s bea ing s uc u e,
so o be in eg a ed wi h he connec ion sys em
cu en ly p esen ;
Vi u io
In e na ional
jou nal o
A chi ec u e
Technology and
Sus ainabili y
Volume 2
39
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and S uc u es, Toma , Po ugal, 19-21 Ma . 2014, Vol. 2
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ELSEVIER
Qua ociocchi G., Albé M., Ti illó J., Sa asini F., Valen e M.,
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R. Iye (2015), Flexu al s udies on basal ibe ein o ced composi e
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