Basalt fibers: the green material of the XXI-century, for a sustainable restoration of historical buildings

24 Visual assessmen o he chimney damages, modi ica ion: cu and sa u a ion F aying o he e minal pa o he ope, and olding o he ibe s on he s one ashla , so as o o m a species o he pin head, and subsequen sealing o ayed ibe s on he block o a e ine, wi h hixo opic mo a , modi ica ion: cu Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 25 ABSTRACT 1 Uni e si y o Sale no, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing In ecen decades in he cons uc ion indus y, he need o expe ience consolida ion echniques wi h non- co oding ma e ials is being de eloped. S udies and es s ha e been led abou in eg a ion o basal ibe s in conc e e s uc u es: hey ha e shown imp o emen s bo h in e ms o mechanical s eng h and in e ms o in e en ion o consolida ion du abili y (Óla sson, Tho hallsson, 2009). The basal ock can be used o p oduce no only basal ba s, bu also ab ics, paddings, con inuous ilamen s and basal ne wo k. Some applica ions o hese basal -composi es ma e ials conce n he consolida ion o ci il cons uc ion s uc u es, he mal and acous ic insula ion, secu i y clo hing, e c. Some yea s ago he I alian company ENEA (Na ional Agency o New Technologies, Ene gy and Sus ainable Economic De elopmen ) has signed an ag eemen wi h HG GBF (one o he wo ld's leading companies in he p oduc ion o basal ibe s), o he e i ica ion o possible applica ions o his ma e ial in he cons uc ion ield bu also in he nau ical and au omo i e ones. The use o basal ibe in cons uc ion could p esen a se ies o ad an ages: na u al o igin, a cycle o p oduc ion o lowe ene gy impac compa ed o o he ibe s, a high chemical ine ia and hus a high deg ee o du abili y, low he mal conduc i i y, good mechanical and he mo-acous ic p ope ies, high i e esis ance, a compe i i e cos and, in gene al, mo e en i onmen al compa ibili y and sus ainabili y han o he syn he ic ibe s. KEYWORDS basal ibe , sus ainable es o a ion, his o ic buildings Basal ibe s: he g een ma e ial o he XXI-cen u y, o a sus ainable es o a ion o his o ical buildings Giacomo Di Ruocco1 h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2016.6984 26 1. THE BASALT FIBER: PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 THE PRODUCTION PROCESS Basal is a kind o olcanic ock, mainly known o i s high empe a u e esis ance, s eng h and du abili y, widely sp ead h oughou he wo ld, composed o silicon dioxide (SiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2 O3), oxide e ic (Fe2 O3), calcium oxide (CaO) and manganese oxide (MgO). Fo his eason, basal s a e classi ied acco ding o he alkaline SiO2 con en (up o 42% SiO2), sligh ly acidic ( om 43 o 46% SiO2) and acid basal s (mo e han 46% SiO2). Only acid basal s mee he condi ions o he p epa a ion o ibe s. The p oduc i e echnology o basal ibe is simila o he glass ibe ’s one, bu i equi es less ene gy. This aspec , oge he wi h a g ea e a ailabili y o he aw ma e ial, jus i ies he lowe inal cos o basal ibe s p oduc ion compa ed o glass ibe s’. Basal ibe s de i e om a na u al usion p ocess o he basal ock, wi hou applica ion o any addi i es. The gene al scheme o he manu ac u ing p ocess can be summa ized as illus a ed in igu e 11. Once emo ed om he qua y, he basal is i s c ushed, hen washed and, subsequen ly, ans e ed in o gas u naces, o mel ing a a empe a u e o 1.450 o 1.500 ° C. The mol en basal lea es he o en h ough a pla inum- hodium bushing wi h 200, 400, 800 o mo e holes, om which he ibe s a e ex ac ed by means o hyd os a ic p essu e. In ou pu , he su ace o he ibe s is imp egna ed wi h a p ime , o gi e i cohesion, lub ica ion, and compa ibili y wi h he esin. Finally, he mel is w apped in la ge spools o con inuous ilamen basal . Some cha ac e is ics o he p oduc ion p ocess, as he o en empe a u e le els, a e conside ably impo an o he inal mechanical p ope ies o he ma e ial. Fo example, in p esence o an equal chemical composi ion, an inc ease in he ibe d awing empe a u e o 160 °C ( om 1,220 °C o 1,380 °C) inc eases hei esis ance om 1.3 o 2.23 GPa and he elas ici y modulus om 78 o 90GPa. Figu e 1. P oduc ion cycle o he con inuous basal ya n: 1.Tank o sizing; 2.Fu nace; 3.Bushing; 4.Sizing applica o ; 5.ga he ing shoe; 6.T ay o used sizing collec ion; 7.Winde ; 8.Cake; 9.Tank o used sizing Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 27 1.2 PRODUCTS Basal is a kind o olcanic ock, mainly known o i s high empe a u e esis ance, s eng h and du abili y, widely sp ead h oughou he wo ld, Once p oduced, basal ibe s a e p ocessed in o a ious ex u es and wa ping, depending on he uses. Some o which a e: sȩ con inuous ibe (Figu e 2.a), cons i u ed by a bundle o pa allel s ands, wi hou wis ; he hickness o a ibe usually anges om 7 o 24 mic ons. I is he base ma e ial, di ec ly p oduced by he p ocess o usion o olcanic ock, om which i is hen possible o ob ain o he p oduc s wi h di e en manu ac u ing me hods; sȩ ab ic o s uc u al consolida ion by con inemen (E lendsson e al., 2013), as well as o i e e a dan and elec ical insula ion - Figu e 2.b (Landucci e al., 2009); sȩ mesh o ein o cing wall elemen s- Figu e 2.c sȩ sel -suppo ing panels o i e e a dan , he mal and acous ic insula ion - Figu e 2.d (Bu a ia e al. 2015); sȩ ba s o composi e ibe s (Figu e 2.e) o ein o cemen o cemen -conc e e (BFRC), eplacing he s eel ba s (E lendsson e al. 2009); a pa icula ly sui able solu ion o s uc u es exposed in co odible en i onmen s and o he consolida ion o s one s uc u es (Monni e al., 2014); sȩ b oken ibe s (Figu e 2. ), p oduced by he cu ing o con inuous basal ibe , used o ein o ce conc e e and mo a s (Ramesh Kuma e al., 2015); sȩ unidi ec ional basal ibe connec o o s uc u al ein o cemen s (Figu e 2.g). 1.3 PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY As known, s eel ends o co ode i no p ope ly p o ec ed. The e a e di e en sys ems o limi i s oxida ion, among which inc easing he conc e e laye ha co e s he a ma u e o using s ainless s eel (mo e expensi e solu ion) o ba s o glass ibe . The Figu e 2. Main p oduc s based on basal ibe : (a) con inuous ibe ; (b) ex iles; (c) mesh; (d) Panel; (e) ba s composi e; ( ) choppe wi es; (g) connec o s- Sou ce: HG GBF la e solu ion is limi ed due o he lowe esis ance in alkaline en i onmen , associa ed o he conc e e, in addi ion o ha ing a di e en coe icien o he mal expansion, compa ed o he la e . The ba s in he basal ibe s a e mo e esis an han glass ibe (Deák e al., 2009), in an alkaline en i onmen . Thei use, he e o e, gi es he inal solu ion mul iple ad an ages, Figu e 2.a Figu e 2.b Figu e 2.c Figu e 2.d Figu e 2.e Figu e 2. Figu e 2.g 28 compa ed o a con en ional s uc u e in conc e e/ s eel, as o example: a ligh e s uc u e, bo h o he lowe a ma u e weigh (1/3 he weigh , compa ed o s eel, o equal he s eng h cha ac e is ics), and o he educ ion o he ex e nal conc e e hickness, necessa y o p o ec he s eel om oxida ion. Basal p ope ies, in addi ion, make i p e e able o s eel in ein o ced conc e e (Ramak ishnan e al., 2005) o g ea e esis ance o agg essi e en i onmen s (bo h alkaline and acidic en i onmen s) and, he e o e, highe co osion esis ance. While he s eel o classic a mo s can co ode h ough c acks, which may occu when he s uc u al elemen is subjec ed o bending and wa e , oxygen, chlo ides, ca bon dioxide anspo phenomena, basal ensu es good du abili y bo h because i ’s esis an o cemen i ious en i onmen , and because i is no subjec o co osion phenomena by con aminan s. The basal ibe is also a sus ainable ma e ial (Qua ociocchi e al., 2015), since i s p oduc ion cycle needs a lowe use o p ima y ene gy. Fo each kilo o basal ibe used ins ead o he co esponding amoun o s eel, you can ob ain an ene gy sa ing o o e 9 kWh o p ima y ene gy. Mo eo e , he basal ibe ’s he mal and acous ic insula ion, hea s abili y, du abili y and esis ance o ib a ion p ope ies, a e subs an ially highe han bo h he s eel and all known ein o ced plas ics. The basal ibe is a biocompa ible ma e ial: i has no ecycling p oblems when i is disposed o , since i is a na u al elemen which educes he w appe weigh , and equi es a smalle amoun o ene gy o i s p ocessing compa ed o he one which no mally se es o s eel. This ma e ial’s echo- compa ibili y, hus, enables i o be comple ely ecycled oge he wi h he conc e e; he basal ibe ein o cemen s, unlike s eel, does no equi e a p elimina y sepa a ion o he s uc u al pa om he cemen be o e disposal o land ill. Then, sa ings and cos e ec i eness lie in he ac ha sepa a ion acili ies designa ed o he spin-o o conc e e om s eel o he ma e ial eco e y wouldn’ be necessa y anymo e, bu e e y hing could be in ended o a single ea men wi h no u he disposal p ocesses. F om hese conside a ions we can unde s and how he use o basal in cons uc ion could be bene icial. I we assumed i o eplace he s eel al eady wi h only 5% o he s eel cu en ly used wi hin a yea - equi alen o 25 million ons a yea - we would sa e as much ene gy as he one used in a plan p oducing 500 MW, being ac i e o 8000 hou s pe yea (wi h sa ings o abou 4,000,000 MWh/yea ). In addi ion, he educ ion in o e all ene gy consump ion co esponds o a educ ion o CO2 emissions equi alen o 700,000 ons pe yea , which would b ing us close o he objec i es o he clima e package - EU ene gy (De Fazio, 2011). 1.4 CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Basal ibe s a e cha ac e ized by a good esis ance o bo h low and high empe a u es and ha e be e pe o mances, compa ed o o he ibe s, in e ms o he mal s abili y, acous ic insula ion, ib a ion esis ance and du abili y. F om he poin o iew o pe o mance, he basal ibe s ands be ween he ca bon ibe and he glass ibe , e en i , among o he s, i has a g ea ad an age: i has an excellen compa ibili y wi h he ca bon ibe . This ea u e allows he c ea ion o a high-e iciency hyb id ma e ial by adding small amoun s o ca bon ibe s o basal ones (Czigány, 2005). The wi e ob ained, which has an insigni ican di e ence in e ms o cos s (because o he small con en o ca bon ibe , mo e expensi e), shows conside ably be e elas ic p ope ies han he 'only ibe ' basal (no e ha he elas ic modulus o he basal ibe is abou 11,000 kg/mm2, while he ca bon ibe is 22.000-56.000 kg/mm2). Howe e , he glass ibe (Wallenbe ge e . al., 2001), o i s shape and chemical composi ion, can be conside ed as a e e ence ma e ial o a be e unde s anding o basal ibe s’ p ope ies. Bo h o hem a e ino ganic bu hey a e p oduced by di e en p ocesses. Glass ibe s a e p oduced by mol en cha ge, composed o qua z sand, soda, lime, luxing agen s, e c. Basal ibe s a e ob ained, as al eady men ioned, by mel ing basal ocks wi hou addi i es. Table 12 shows he compa ison be ween he a e age alues o some main indica o s o basal ibe and glass ibe . F om Table 1 we can obse e ha : Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 29 sȩ he elas ici y modulus o basal ibe s is highe (a leas 18%) han glass ibe s’, in pa icula E-glass ibe s and, as known om he li e a u e, i e y closely app oxima es he modulus o elas ici y and he high esis ance o magnesium ibe s - aluminosilica e glass (S-glass); sȩ applica ion empe a u es o basal ibe s’ p oduc s a e ma kedly highe ( om -260°C o 700°C) wi h espec o he glass (-60°C o 250°C); sȩ he ib a ion esis ance o he basal ibe is much highe han he glass ibe ’s one. This is why he BF is widely used in a la ge ange o s uc u es, subjec ed o s ong ib a ions and acous ic loads: anspo , enginee ing, e c. Fu he mo e, basal ibe p oduc s a e used as an e ec i e sound- p oo ing sys em, being esis an o he acous ic ib a ion e ec , being so sui able o isola ion applica ions in he ai c a s. 2. THE ITALIAN RESEARCH: THE SEAMS OF BASALT FIBERS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF ANCIENT MASONRY WALLS Due o he seismic ac i i y, he mason y buildings don’ show a clea o e all s uc u al beha iou ; he e o e, a "mac oelemen s" analysis esul s mo e ealis ic, ie po ions o mason y which in size and shape au onomously eac o s esses (such as seismic), iden i ied and ca ego ized on he basis o pas expe iences. This app oach, p oposed by a ious au ho s (Giu è, 1991; Doglioni, 1994), is also well es ablished wi hin he legal amewo k ha egula es he in e en ions on he exis ing mason y cons uc ions in gene al. So, old b ick buildings’ answe o ea hquakes is he one o e ed by hei mac oelemen s, whose mo ion de ines he so-called "kinema ic collapse ac i a able". Th ough analysis o hese mechanisms you can check he sa e y wi h espec o seismic ac ion expec ed and, he e o e, design and size app op ia e sa egua ds o p e en hei ac i a ion. An essen ial hypo hesis, a he base o he heo y o disc e iza ion o he building in mac o- Table 1. Compa a i e ea u es o basal ibe and glass ibe . Basal ibe Glass Fibe The mo-phisical p ope ies wo king empe a u e (Cº) -260ºC ~ 700ºC -60ºC ~ 250ºC The mal con- duc i i y 1100ºC 600ºC Phisical p ope ies Flamen diame e (µm) 7~15 6~17 3) 2560 2500 ~2600 2) 10000 ~ 11000 Up o 7200 Tensile s engh MPa 4150~4800 4150~4800 Residual Tensile s eng h unde hea ea men (%) 20ª 100 20ª 100 200ª 95 200ª 92 400ª 82 400ª 52 600ª 76 600ª caking Chemical esis ance 2NHC1 2.2 2N Hc1 38.9 2N NaOH 6.0 2N NaOH (loss o weigh ) (%) H2O 0.2 H2O 0.2 Wa e abso p ion 0.02 107 IRUKRXUV Vib o esis ance (loss o weigh ) (%) A empe a u e 200ºC 0 12 450ºC 0.01 41 900ºC 0.35 100 Acous ic cha ac e is ics sound abso p ion coe icien 0.95~0.99 0.8~0.92 30 elemen s, is o be able o conside hese pa s in he building as monoli hic and, he e o e, ha he mason y ha composes hem ha e a "good quali y". The "quali y" le el o he his o ic building wo k is subjec o essen ial cha ac e is ics ha deno e i s "wo kmanlike" execu ion: he p esence o dia ones (ie c oss-cu ing elemen s, a anged a igh angles o he wall s uc u e, whose unc ion is he wo aces’ clamping), egula ho izon al ows, s agge ed e ical join s, he use o squa ed elemen s, linked wi h good quali y mo a . In many cases, hese ea u es a e comple ely absen : ha ’s he case o walls made o e a ic pebbles and i egula s ones a anged diso de ly and chao ically, wi h low-s eng h mo a , o he so-called "bag" walls, wi h wo independen (ex e nal and in e nal) acings and an inconsis en inne co e. The e o e, in hese cases, be o e p oceeding wi h a s uc u al analysis we need o con e he missing monoli hici y o he bea ing wall panels. F om his assump ion i has been de eloped he idea o pe ec ing a consolida ion echnique capable o making monoli hic a mason y which hasn’ been pe ec ly done. This app oach is clea ly in line wi h he p inciples go e ning he in e en ions on his o ical buildings, namely: minimal in e en ion end, compa ibili y in es iga ion, in e en ion e e sibili y, espec o au hen ici y, p ese a ion o he o iginal ma e ial, isual impac con ol and in e en ions ecogni ion. These c i e ia a e no always espec ed i we ac wi h adi ional consolida ion echniques ( ein o ced plas e , ein o ced pe o a ions, injec ions o binde , e c.) and only pa ially wi h he mos inno a i e ones (bandages wi h ibe - ein o cing composi es). 2.1 TICORAPSIMO® SYSTEM The Tico apsimo sys em4 ( om g eek, li e ally "sewing wi h s one"), is a p ojec made by eache s S.Lenci and E.Quaglia ini (Quaglia ini, Bondioli e al., 2016), om Poly echnic Uni e si y o Ma che. I mo es om he need o es o e he mason y monoli hic cha ac e is ics, h ough a cle e we and wa p game in which lexible elemen s (plo ) in basal s one hold oge he he a ious segmen s (wa p). The p oposed echnique ( es ed h ough labo a o y es ing, in si u and subsequen nume ical analysis) aims o consolida e he wallboa ds, using con inemen , and a he same ime by connec ing he wo sides h ough con inuous lexible seams. In p ac ice, a 'wi e' ha con inuously su ounds he mason y on bo h sides a e a e sing i s hickness in se e al poin s, as a eal "seam." The main ad an ages o his sys em, compa ed o he known echniques and he ones used up o now, can be b ie ly summa ized as ollows: sȩ e e sibili y: he in e en ion can be pe o med "d y"; he basal opes a e manually inse ed h ough he h ough holes and do no equi e ancho ages wi h esins o o he sealan s (Quaglia ini, Scalbi e al., 2016); sȩ ma e ial p ese a ion: i complemen s, bu does no eplace o ans o m he o iginal ma e ial; sȩ bio-compa ibili y and sus ainabili y: he in e en ion does no in ol e he use o oxic o ha m ul subs ances o heal h, i does no equi e special p ecau ions o he esidues disposal a e p ocessing o o dumping a he end o i s Table 2. Compa a i e economic- echnical analysis3 Fibe ype Tensile s engh , MÇPa Moduls, MPa Cos ,$/kg OCF 450Yield Type 30 E-glass 2586 74.4 1.5 BFC 15-2500 KV12 Basal ibe 3100 89 3.2 G a 34-700 12K Ca bon ibe 4881 231 28 Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 31 li e cycle. I is he e o e a he o e on bo h o i s en i onmen al sus ainabili y and o wo ke s sa e y; sȩ compa ibili y wi h he mason y suppo : an elemen made o s one ma e ial ( he basal s ing) sews s one s uc u es; sȩ non-in asi eness (c i e ion o minimum in e en ion): he in e en ion can also be localized in he mo a join s (wi hou damaging he s one blocks); i is easible, he e o e, also on mason y wi h a " ace- o- iew" pa ame e ; sȩ cos -e ec i eness: e en i applied on une en walls, i expec s educed p ocessing s eps and applica ion imes compa ed o al e na i e echniques; sȩ du abili y: some ea u es o basal ibe (such as high esis ance o i e) gua an ee a g ea e du a ion o he in e en ion compa ed o d essings made o FRP in which he esin is he weak poin agains high empe a u es (Landucci e al., 2009). Mo e in de ail, he ope a ing sequence is de ined by he ollowing ope a ions: sȩ Realiza ion o h ough holes o a small diame e , on he mason y o be consolida ed. The holes’ loca ion is es ablished a e ca e ul examina ion o he wall s uc u e; sȩ The 'wi e' o con inuous ein o cemen (basal ibe ope) is passed on he wo aces and in he hickness o he wall panel, as a eal "seam." The applica ion is pe o med wi h a minimum p e- ension, exe ed by hand by he ope a o ; sȩ The ope a ion can also be epea ed in se e al di ec ions, always using he same holes, wi h he esul o con ining he mason y wi h a con inuous wi e mesh, wi hou in e up ions. I necessa y, he ein o cemen can be hidden om iew, inside he mo a join s, o p ese ing i s o iginal aspec . The sys em can also be employed o es o e he con inui y o a mason y in he p esence o lesions, o s eng hen he connec ion among no well clamped mason y pa s o o imp o ing he s uc u al connec ions among walls, loo s and oo s. Mo eo e , Figu e 3. Applica ion phases o TICORAPSIMO® sys em 32 hanks o i s speed and e sa ili y, i can also be used o a possible sa e y implemen a ion in eme gency cases, as an eme gency co e age o a e local collapses o he e olu ion o wall po ions’ collapse mechanisms. 2.2 CONSOLIDATION OF CAMORCANNA’S VAULTS The I alian monumen al his o ical building is cha ac e ized by chu ches, hea e s, noble palaces e c, which ha e ligh aul s, called in “camo canna” o alse aul s (Figu e 5), made o eeds and plas e ma s hung o wooden ibs. To hei so i hey o en ha e cycles o pain ings and deco a ions o g ea a is ic alue. This sys em, al eady known in Roman imes o plas e ing walls and ceilings o ba h ooms wi h p edominan ly gypsum mo a s, was designed as a ligh weigh and economical o mwo k, disposable, consis ing o a co uga ed su ace on which mo a being applied; a su ace also able o p e en sh inkage c acks o de achmen o any disconnec ed pa s (Fabb i, 2010). In 2006, he Molise Region app o ed he p o ocol o in e en ions on P i a e Es a e Planning o Pos - Ea hquake Recons uc ion (Lemme e al., 2006), a documen ha analyzes he main in e en ion echniques deemed in asi e by cu en seismic egula ions and possible al e na i e solu ions. In se e al cases, he in e en ion ca ds p o ide he use o p oduc s based on basal ibe s: o he consolida ion o he mason y s uc u es, aul s, e c. In his sea we’ll analyze, in pa icula , he in e en ion o camo canna aul s. The camo canna aul s a e composed o a wooden beam ame and on i s in ados s aws imme sed in a laye o lime mo a a e placed. This kind o aul s is pa icula ly sensi i e o he ime ac ion: us in he nails, plucking he wa le om he a e s, mold and c acks in he wooden beams. These de ec s cause de o ma ions, de achmen and c acking o a ious o ien a ion. The in e en ion includes he consolida ion o he en i e su ace in cannuccia o (jux aposed bamboo canes) s uc u es by laying a ein o cemen sys em made en i ely o na u al and bio-compa ible ma e ials and modules and mechanical s eng h simila o hose o Figu e 4. Camo canna opsail ba el aul he exis ing s uc u e. Ex ados ein o cemen (Figu e 5) akes place h ough balanced en i ely na u al ne s in lax- ibe , imp egna ed wi h ino ganic na u al hyd aulic lime ma ix, and linked o he exis ing aul ed sys em using basal ibe mic o-connec o s. The p oposed in e en ion is summa ized in he ollowing p ocesses: sȩ an ibio ic ea men o all wooden su aces; sȩ emo al o loose pa s; sȩ consolida ion o he su ace o be ea ed by applica ion o a coa o eady p oduc based on e hyl silica e; sȩ cons uc ion and ins alla ion o “Ω” Basal ibe connec o s, en eloping he pu lin sec ion, wi h d awing up a laye o wo-componen epoxy esin; sȩ cons uc ion and ins alla ion o double bowed basal ibe mic o-connec o s made o a igid esin po ed pa and a double bowed pa o be connec ed o he suppo wi h na u al hyd aulic lime mo a ; he goal consis s o linking he ein o cemen sys em in linen and mo a ne wo k in he in ados o he aul ’s bea ing s uc u e, so o be in eg a ed wi h he connec ion sys em cu en ly p esen ; Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 39 Manie i Elia G. (2002), In e en i di es au o di a cheologia omana: ecnologie e me odologie. Ph.D. hesis in Tecnologie dell’A chi e u a. 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(2009), S udy on s eng h ibe ods in he conc e e c oss-sec ion, Uni e si y o Reykja ik Quaglia ini E. e al. (2012), Tensile cha ac e iza ion o basal ibe ods and opes: A i s con ibu ion. Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials 34 Quaglia ini E. e al. (2013), La pie a che iene uni a la pie a: il Sis ema Tico apsimo® pe il consolidamen o di mu a u e s o iche. Pa e P ima: S uc u al 182 Quaglia ini E., Scalbi A., Monni F., Lenci S. (2016), A No el and Sus ainable Applica ion o Basal Fibe s o S eng hening Un ein o ced Mason y Walls, in Jou nal o Na u al Fibe s, pp.1-15 Quaglia ini E., Monni F., Bondioli F., Lenci S. (2016), Basal ibe opes and ods: Du abili y es s o hei use in building enginee ing, JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING, ol.5, pp.142-150, ELSEVIER Qua ociocchi G., Albé M., Ti illó J., Sa asini F., Valen e M., San a elli M.L. 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