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Biwa Canal in Okazaki. © Olimpia Niglio 2015
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Kyo o has been he capi al o Japan om 794 un il when he capi al has mo ed in 1868 o Tokyo wi h
he end o Tokugawa Shoguns and he beginning o he Meiji Res o a ion. The loss o he sea o
go e nmen was a shock o ci izens o Kyo o as he ci y had been he Impe ial and Cul u al cen e o
he na ion o o e 1.000 yea s. The combina ion o he cou and he g ea emples had enli ened and
en iched he li e o he ci y. A he beginning o he ounding o he capi al, in he Heian pe iod (794-
1185) o eas o Kyo o, was buil a noble and eligious place. T1his a ea is Okazaki. He e he
Empe o Kammu (736-805) had c ea ed he ci y o Heian-kyo (Kyo o) in 794. This a ea was ull o
Temples and Sh ines. Only in he Edo pe iod (1603-1867) Okazaki a ea assumed he ole o
subu ban ag icul u al zone which p o ided he ood p oduc ion o he u ban habi an s. Bu a e he
Meiji Res o a ion (1868- 1912), he ole o Okazaki a ea changes comple ely. In 1885, Kyo o p e ec u e
s a ed he g ea public canaliza ion p ojec as he wa e supply be ween Kyo o and O su o Shiga
p e ec u e. Kyo o p e ec u e also planed he indus ial dis ic cons uc ion in Okazaki a ea. F om he
la e nine een h cen u y Okazaki a ea became a symbol o he mode niza ion o Kyo o ci y. This
con ibu ion in ends o analyze he u ban landscape composed o he di e en s yles o a chi ec u e
especially cons uc ed a e he Meiji pe iod (1868-1912). Tangible and in angible signs emained as
mode n ga dens, signi ican museums and cul u al ins i u ions among he ancien emples p o ide
oppo uni ies o e lec on he impo an ole o subu ban a ea o he his o ic ci y. These s udies a e
suppo ed by a chi al documen s and by cu en measu es and policies o landscape conse a ion
by Kyo o Municipali y.
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Kyo o, Okazaki, U ban Landscape, U ban egene a ion, His o ical He i age, Mode niza ion
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2015.4472
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A he end o he 19 h cen u y, he d as ic
ans o ma ion o he u ban landscape in Japan
has encou aged he planning sys em o di ec
o he conse a ion. This sec ion in oduces he
his o y o he conse a ion policy o na u al and
u ban landscapes.
Yukio Nishimu a di ides he his o y o he
conse a ion policy in o i e pe iods in his essay
“Toshi Hozen Keikaku” (Nishimu a 2004, 西村幸
夫2004). The i s pe iod (18681-18972) is ha
o he na ional cons uc ion. In his pe iod he
go e nmen o Empe o Meiji had enhanced
new indus y, des oying he his o ic monumen s
o p e ious e as. The go e nmen exp op ia ed
emples and sh ines owned o es , lea ing only
inside a eas. Many emples we e con e ed in o
u ban pa ks in wes e n s yle. The Home Minis y
p omulga ed he ule o he p o ec ion o he
u ban en i onmen composed by emples and
sh ines in 1880. In he second pe iod (1897-
1945) he de elopmen o legal sys ems o he
conse a ion o landscapes was p omo ed. The
Law o P o ec ion o His o ical Si es, A cheological
Si es and Scenic Beau y was es ablished in
19193. In he same yea he Ci y Planning Ac was
p omulga ed which has in oduced wo ools o
conse a ion o u ban landscapes: p o ec ion
o ine sigh a ea (Bikan ciku4) and p o ec ion o
landscape a ea (Fuchi ciku5). In 1931 he Law o
Na u e Pa ks was app o ed o he p o ec ion
o na u al and ag icul u al landscapes. The
hi d pe iod (1947-1975) co esponds o a
e y impo an pe iod in which wo laws we e
es ablished: he Law o he P o ec ion o Cul u al
P ope ies (1950) and he Special Law o he
Conse a ion o Fudo (clima e and en i onmen )
o he Old Ci y (1966).Yukio Nishimu a conside s
his pe iod a miles one in he his o y o he
conse a ion policy especially o his o ic ci ies
as Na a and Kyo o. In he ou h pe iod (1975-
1995) he pa icipa ion o ci izens was a o ed in
he conse a ion policy. The Machizuku i6 based
on he a chi ec u al conse a ion mo emen o
adi ional wooden buildings (machiya7) in Kyo o
(Hein and Pelle ie 2006: 139) in ensi ied in his
pe iod. The mo emen made he i s e o m o
he Law o he P o ec ion o Cul u al P ope ies
add a new ool o conse a ion dedica ed o
“g oups o adi ional buildings.” Finally, he i h
pe iod (a e 1995) p omo es he conse a ion
o e i o y and local iden i y. Yukio Nishimu a
emphasizes he inno a i e aspec s in oduced
in he las pe iod: a. The es ablishmen o ci izen
pa icipa ion in he planning p ocess; b. The
posi i e p omo ion o he alo iza ion and he
eu iliza ion in he exis ing buildings; c. The
adminis a i e e o m o he implemen a ion
o a sus ainable socie y; d. The p io i y o he
en i onmen al ehabili a ion.
The new Ci y Planning Ac o 1992 adop ed he
comp ehensi e ins umen o he Mas e Plan o
all municipali ies, by which he public au ho i ies
could o mula e an in eg a ed policy no only
on he economic de elopmen bu also on he
conse a ion o cul u al and na u al he i age
si ua ed in hei e i o ies.
In 2004 he i s law o he landscape was app o ed,
o which he landscape plan was in oduced in
he conse a ion policy ha isbased on he ules
es ablished by he Minis y o Land, In as uc u e
and T anspo , he Minis y o Ag icul u e and
he Minis y o En i onmen . The landscape plan
is con olled by he local au ho i ies. Also in 2004
he Minis y o Cul u e added he "Impo an
Cul u al Landscape" in o he cul u al p ope ies
o na ional le el. I is de ined in he local
landscape plan bu designa ed by he Minis y o
Cul u e. The pu pose o he 2004 law is no only
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he conse a ion bu also he egene a ion and
cons uc ion o landscapes. While decla ing ha
a "good landscape" is he esul o he in e ac ion
be ween na u e, his o y and cul u e, he law
appea s as ins umen exclusi ely o he con ol
o new buildings h ough he p o isions abou
he ma e ials and he colo s, bu i is no aimed
a he p o ec ion o all alues o he landscapes
in ol ed.
The a icle n.2 o he law a i ms:
[…] A icle 2 (Basic Philosophy) (1) In iew o
he ac ha good landscapes a e essen ial
o building a beau i ul and digni ied land and
c ea ing an a ac i e and com o able li ing
en i onmen , e e y e o shall be made o c ea e
and conse e good landscapes so ha he p esen
and u u e gene a ions o people can enjoy he
bene i s o landscapes as he common p ope y
o he people o Japan. (2)In iew o he ac ha
a good landscape o an a ea is p oduced by he
ha mony be ween he na u e, his o y and cul u e
o he a ea and people’s li es yle and economic
and o he ac i i ies e o shall be made o c ea e
and conse e good landscapes so as o p omo e
land uses ha help achie e such ha mony unde
p ope es ain s.(3) In iew o he ac ha
good landscape o an a ea is closely ela ed o
peculia cha ac e is ics o he a ea, e o shall
be made o de elop di e se landscapes so
ha he pe sonali y and cha ac e is ics o each
a ea enhanced, aking in o conside a ion he
opinions o he local esiden s.(4) In iew o he
ac ha good landscapes play a signi ican ole
in p omo ing ou ism and o he in e egional
exchange, a conce ed e o shall be made by
local go e nmen s, business and local esiden s
o enhance egional i ali y. (5) E o o de elop
good landscapes shall be made wi h he aim o
no only conse ing exis ing good landscapes
bu also c ea ing good landscapes.
The 2004 law p omo es he o ma ion o speci ic
local adminis a i e au ho i ies called "Landscape
Adminis a i e O ganiza ion". In 2010 496
adminis a i e au ho i ies we e o ganized. The
landscape plan mus adhe e o na ional u ban
p ojec s. When he "landscape Adminis a i e
O ganiza ions" will modi y hei own landscape
plan, hey mus seek ad ice o public en i ies and
municipal and p o incial planning commission.
The "Landscape Adminis a i e O ganiza ions"
can de ine en i e a ea o ci y in he landscape
plan (landscape planning a ea) o can selec an
impo an pa o he e i o y o he conse a ion
o he landscape. In o de o imp o e he
landscape, "landscape Adminis a i e
O ganiza ions" can moni o he ac i i ies o
cons uc ion, econs uc ion, addi ion, mo ing,
eco e y, change he acades o buildings as
indica ed in A icle 16 o he law. […]
A icle 16 (No i ica ion, ecommenda ion, e c)
(I) Any pe son who in ends o commi any o
he ollowing ac s in a landscape planning a ea
shall in ad ance no i y he head o he landscape
adminis a i e o ganiza ion conce ned o
he ype o ac , place, design o cons uc ion
me hod, he schedule da e o commencemen ,
and o he ma e s speci ied in an o dinance o
he Minis y o Land, In as uc u e and T anspo
pu suan o an o dinance o In as uc u e and
T anspo (o , in he case o any o he ac s lis ed
(IV) , an o dinance o a landscape adminis a i e
o ganiza ion; he same shall apply he ea e
in his a icle). (I) The cons uc ion, addi ion,
econs uc ion o eloca ion o a building, epai
o emodeling ha al e s he appea ance o a
building, o colo al e a ion (he eina e e e ed
o as “building, e c.”) (II) The cons uc ion, addi ion,
econs uc ion o eloca ion o a s uc u e, epai
!=
o emodeling ha al e s he appea ance o a
s uc u e, o colo al e a ion(he eina e e e ed
o as “cons uc ion, e c.”) (III) Any o he ac s o
de elopmen e e ed o in A icle 4 pa ag aph 12
o he Ci y Planning Ac and o he ac s speci ied
in a Cabine O de . (IV) Any o he ac s o he
han hose lis ed in he h ee p oceeding i ems
ha a e speci ied in an o dinance o a landscape
adminis a i e o ganiza ion in acco dance wi h
a landscape plan as ac s ha could ad e sely
a ec he de elopmen o a good landscape.
“Impo an Cul u al Landscape” is he landscape
p ope y composed o he in e ela ionship
be ween na u e and communi y ac i i ies. I mus
be de ined in he a ea con olled by he landscape
plan (landscape planning a ea) and i s alue
mus be con i med by academic in es iga ion.
These cul u al landscapes a e p o ec ed by
p o incial o municipal o dinances as p o ided
in A icle 3 o he law o he landscape. Cu en ly
in Japan o y- ou a eas ha e been designa ed
as “Impo an Cul u al Landscape”. Now he
Minis y o Cul u e has designa ed only wo u ban
landscapes as “Impo an Cul u al Landscape” in
his decade.
In he speci ic case o Kyo o’s ci y and in pa icula
he a ea o Okazaki, he a ea is p o ec ed by he
landscape plan. And he municipali y is now
p epa ing he documen o he Minis y o
Cul u e o be candidacy Okazaki as “Impo an
Cul u al Landscape”. The ollowing pa ag aphs
desc ibe he cha ac e is ics o he a ea o Okazaki
in Kyo o.
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Kyo o is he ancien capi al o Japan in he Heian
pe iod (794-1185). The o igin o he ci y s uc u e
had he g id-plan. The p esen s ee pa e n o
Kyo o ci y is s ill s ic ly acco dance wi h his old
o m (Takahashi, Yoshida, Miyamo o, I o 1999).
Okazaki a ea as he subjec o his s udy is loca ed
in he eas e n hill dis ic o Kyo o ci y. A he
end o he Hian pe iod he empe o Shi akawa
o de ed he cons uc ion o an impo an
Buddhism emple called Hossho-ji in Okazaki
a ea. Recen ly he Kyo o Ci y A cheological
Ins i u ions disco e ed a pa o he building
ounda ion which seemed o be ha Kyo o is
he ancien capi al o Japan in he Heian pe iod
(794-1185). The o igin o he ci y s uc u e had
he g id-plan. The p esen s ee pa e n o Kyo o
ci y is s ill s ic ly acco dance wi h his old o m
(Takahashi, Yoshida, Miyamo o, I o 1999).
Okazaki a ea as he subjec o his s udy is
loca ed in he eas e n hill dis ic o Kyo o ci y.
A he end o he Hian pe iod he empe o
Shi akawa o de ed he cons uc ion o an
impo an Buddhism emple called Hossho-
ji in Okazaki a ea. Recen ly he Kyo o Ci y
A cheological Ins i u ions disco e ed a pa o
he building ounda ion which seemed o be ha
o he nine s o y pagoda in he po ion o he si e
o Zoological ga den (Kyo o Ci y A cheological
Resea ch Ins i u e Inco po a ion 2010). Because
o he ea hquake in 1185, he buil en i onmen
in Okazaki a ea was des oyed. We can now only
ind some emains o illages h ough exca a ion
in he laye a e ha . We can suppose ha he
landscape o Okazaki a ea in he end o he 16 h
cen u y could be composed o se lemen s wi h
a m lands, enclosed by ossa, which is e y
simila o wha Rakuchu Rakugai-zu ep esen s
oday. In he Edo pe iod (1603-1867), Okazaki
a ea assumed he ole o subu ban ag icul u al
zone which p o ided he ood p oduc ion o
he u ban habi an s (Mizumo o 2002). I also
could be he place o scenic beau y in which he
in ellec uals commonly li ed. We can imagine

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he cul u al ci cums ances o Okazaki a ea based
on he his o ic documen s (Fig.1).
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Okazaki a ea always used o be a he limi
be ween he u ban and he u al a ea o Kyo o
ci y. Howe e , a e he Meiji Res o a ion, he ole
o Okazaki a ea comple ely changed. In he Meiji
pe iod (1868-1912), he same si ua ion as in o he
coun ies occu ed which was he mode niza ion
o Japan. Kyo o ci y had been he capi al o Japan
du ing he cen u ies and p ese ed i s poli ical
and eligious alue, bu , in he mid-nine een h
cen u y, a p ocess o eno a ion began, which
was he unde lying ac o o he indus ializa ion
o he ci y. In his pe iod a i s impo an p ojec
o he ci y was ini ia ed: he cons uc ion o he
Figu e 1.
Old map o Kyo o (Okazaki
a ea), Edo Pe iod (17 h
cen u y).
© Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y and
A chi es.
Lake Biwa Canal (Mizumo o 2002, Japan Railway
Cons uc ion Public Co po a ion, In es iga ion
Commi ees o Ci il Enginee ing He i age 1997).
In 1885, Kyo o p e ec u e as an ou pos agency
o he cen al go e nmen unde ook a wo k
p og am on he g ea public canaliza ion p ojec
be ween Kyo o and O su, he p esen capi al ci y
o Shiga p e ec u e whe e he Lake Biwa is loca ed.
The canals a i ed in Okazaki a ea om he Lake
Biwa and lowed in ano he canal connec ed
o he ci y cen e . In o he wo ds, Okazaki
a ea became he c ucial junc ion o he canal
sys em. The p e ec u e expec ed he indus ial
de elopmen o Okazaki a ea ha nessing he
wa e engine mo e e icien ly. The e o e hey
p omo ed ano he p ojec o he cons uc ion o
he i s hyd oelec ic powe s a ion o business
use o Kyo o. The wa e wheels we e eady o
he indus ial ac i i ies in some pa s along
he canals. As a esul , a he sou hwes pa o
Okazaki s a ed o become an indus ial dis ic .
Unde he policy o inc easing weal h and mili a y
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powe , in 1895 he Meiji cen al go e nmen
and he Kyo o p e ec u e ealized he 4 h Inne
Na ional Exhibi ion in Okazaki a ea and many
pa ilions we e cons uc ed. Also he i s am
sys em o Japan using he elec ici y supplied
om he plan s a ed. And hey ca ied hough
wi h he big na ional p ojec o he cons uc ion
o Heian-Jingū Sh ine as he symbol o he
millennial anni e sa y o he ounda ion o Heian-
kyo ( he capi al ci y o he Heian pe iod). I was
he ypical mode n p ojec o Japan ela ed o
he na ionalism mo emen (Nishi K. y Hozumi K.
2012, Young and Kimu a 2004). We can con i m
he opological ans o ma ion o Okazaki a ea
compa ing wo his o ical maps (Fig. 2 and Fig.
3).
The p e ec u e decided o euse he acan lo
and buildings which he exhibi ion pa ilions
used o be as he acili ies o he cul u al pa k.
They planned and ealized cul u al public
cons uc ions in he pa k; Zoological ga den,
Lib a y, Museum and Ci ic Hall. They also
o wa ded he eso illa de eloping p ojec s
in he eas e n pa o he cul u al pa k a ound
Nanzen-ji emple. The amous planne Ogawa
Jihee p oposed he illa design plan in which
he ealized he ga den wa e ne wo k sys em on
he basis o he wa e om he canal (Amasaki
2013; Kyo o Uni e si y o A and Design
Resea ch Cen e o His o ical He i age 2012).
Many poli icians and businessmen o de ed
hei own illas and ga dens unde his di ec ion.
He a anged he ga dens in an eas -wes axis.
Owing o his composi ion, he owne s o he
The wooden a chi ec u al s yle wi h he wide and
polished ga den can be called mode n “Sukiya
s yle” in Japan wi h which he mos amous
example o in he 17 h cen u y s yle is he Villa
Ka su a. The owne o he illas o ganized ea
ce emonies o poli ical and business pu pose.
The epea ed e en s conce ning he Tea cul u e
ga e Okazaki a ea he c ea i e and high cul u al
image (Cheshi e 2009).
The Kyo o municipali y as he local public body
was es ablished in 1898 and he i s Mayo
exp essed he conse a ion policy in he ci y
council. And be ween 1930 and 1932, Kyo o
Municipali y designa ed almos 8000 hec a es
o scenic zone in he U ban Planning, which
was he la ges p ese a ion a ea indica ed
in he Japanese plans ins i u ed in hose days
(Nishimu a 2004) Okazaki a ea was included in
ha zone.
Figu e 2.
Old map o Okazaki A ea by
Fuku omi Seisui (1876) © Kyo o
P e ec u al Lib a y and A chi es
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he same pe iod Tanabe Saku o, an enginee
o he Academy o Tokyo who s udied ci il
enginee ing in Ame ica, was engaged as he chie
ci il enginee . In Ap il 1890 he cons uc ion o
he Lake Biwa Canal was o icially comple ed and
also in he same yea , a Nanzen-ji Temple (i s
o igin da es back o he 1200s) he cons uc ion
o he i s aqueduc b idge was cons uc ed. I
was planned by Tanabe Saku o and designed by
Masu omo Oha a (Fig.4).
Tanabe used a e e ence o he neoclassical
cul u e ha became p e alen in Ame ica
in he la e 19 h cen u y. In ac Tanabe had
eloca ed he Ame ican expe iences o Japan.
Today he aqueduc b idge is an impo an
symbol o he cul u al mo emen in he Meiji
pe iod. Owing o he p ojec which changed
he u ban con igu a ion o Okazaki A ea (Fié é
2008), Kyo o began o p ospe once mo e. The
cha ac e is ic wa e way ha lows among he
museums, emples and Sh ines ep esen he
speci ic cha ac e o Okazaki a ea (Fig.5).
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In 1881 he hi d go e no o Kyo o P ec u e,
Ki agaki Kunimichi, was wo y abou he ci y’s
decline a e he ans e o he capi al o Tokyo
in 1868. Hoping o injec new li e in o he ci y
he commissioned he cons uc ion o he Lake
Biwa Canal. As a anspo a e y his wa e way
would b ing new weal h in o he ci y and he
wa e powe would s imula e new indus ies. In
Figu e 3.
Map o Kyo o and Okazaki A ea
(1913). © Kyo o P e ec u al
Lib a y and A chi es
Figu e 4.
Nanzen-ji Temple in Kyo o. The
i s aqueduc b idge designed
by Masu omo Oha a. © Olimpia
Niglio 2013
>>
In 1895, an imagina i e ep oduc ion o he
Heian Palace o he 1100 h anni e sa y o he
es ablishmen o Heian-kyō, he ac ual Heian-
Jingū Sh ine was buil in Okazaki a ea by he
Japanese a chi ec I ō Chū a (1867–1954).
Today he cons uc ion o his Sh ine allows us
o eel he cul u al a mosphe e and he s ylis ic
elegance o he Heian pe iod (794-1185) and
also o ecognize he ebi h o ancien adi ion
based on he es ablishmen o cul u al iden i y in
he 19 h cen u y (Shimizu 2013, 清水重敦 2013).
Na ionalism was a key concep in Eu ope in
pa icula in F ance, a e he F ench Re olu ion
(1789). I is ele an o men ion a e lec ion o
Madame de S ael (1766-1817) who in he book
De l’Allemagne w o e:
[…] Aucun édi ice ne peu ê e aussi pa io ique
qu’un emple; c’es le seul dans lequel ou es
les classes de la na ion se éunissen , le seul qui
appelle non seulemen les é énemen s publics,
mais les pensées sec è es, les a ec ions in imes
que les che s e les ci oyens on appo ées dans
son encein e. Le emple de la di ini é semble
p ésen comme elle aux siècle écoulés (Madame
de S ael 1968)8.
Figu e 5.
Biwa Canal in Okazaki. ©
Olimpia Niglio 2015
In Eu ope he he i age was concei ed as he
wides pano ama o human in ellec ; he e he
a chi ec u e and a s o he pas cen u ies,
especially o he Middle Ages used o ha e
clea ly an impo an posi ion. Howe e , in he
na ionalism o he 19 h cen u y, he s ong links
wi h he academic adi ion o Classicism was
dominan . In his con ex i is impo an o no e
ha he a chi ec I ō did no selec he s ylis ic
es o a ion bu u ilized he ancien me hods
based on he Japanese a chi ec u al cul u e
applied o cen u ies (Loche 2010). And also
in Japan, he classical s yle and me hod o
cons uc ion was selec ed o ep esen he
cul u al iden i y.
A he ea ly 20 h cen u y in Okazaki A ea we can
ind a s ong Wes e n a chi ec u al in luence in
wo building: Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y (Fig. 6), a
building designed by he a chi ec Takeda Goichi
(1872-1938) and Kyo o Municipal Museum o A
(Fig. 7) designed by he a chi ec Maeda Kenji o
(1892-1975).
In pa icula in he la e , he classicism is
obse ed clea ly in he s uc u al symme y, in
he colonnade, in he in e nal disposi ion and
o he mo phological solu ion o he acades,
whe e he design ecalls a G ecian emple
Figu e 6.
Kyo o (Okazaki A ea). Kyo o
P e ec u al Lib a y © Olimpia
Niglio 2015