Urban landscape of Okazaki in Kyoto

!" Biwa Canal in Okazaki. © Olimpia Niglio 2015 !"#$%&"' ()#*$)+#"')+,-.'%$)+,- '/-0$12"#*1#%$*- 3*12)','45-+)6- 7%8#+")+9","#5 !',%:*-; !# $%&'($)' !"#$%&'$%()*$+,&-.&/0$1$02&2%&34-5- !"#$%#&'(#)"#*+,'(*-#.*'/0*123 +'4-&51&62'789**"'*:';1$&0'&05'<0=#-*0$206&"'7615#2>,'?@*6*'A0#=2->#6@ 3'!62$*0'4&.1#0'A0#=2->#6@,'!>&.& Kyo o has been he capi al o Japan om 794 un il when he capi al has mo ed in 1868 o Tokyo wi h he end o Tokugawa Shoguns and he beginning o he Meiji Res o a ion. The loss o he sea o go e nmen was a shock o ci izens o Kyo o as he ci y had been he Impe ial and Cul u al cen e o he na ion o o e 1.000 yea s. The combina ion o he cou and he g ea emples had enli ened and en iched he li e o he ci y. A he beginning o he ounding o he capi al, in he Heian pe iod (794- 1185) o eas o Kyo o, was buil a noble and eligious place. T1his a ea is Okazaki. He e he Empe o Kammu (736-805) had c ea ed he ci y o Heian-kyo (Kyo o) in 794. This a ea was ull o Temples and Sh ines. Only in he Edo pe iod (1603-1867) Okazaki a ea assumed he ole o subu ban ag icul u al zone which p o ided he ood p oduc ion o he u ban habi an s. Bu a e he Meiji Res o a ion (1868- 1912), he ole o Okazaki a ea changes comple ely. In 1885, Kyo o p e ec u e s a ed he g ea public canaliza ion p ojec as he wa e supply be ween Kyo o and O su o Shiga p e ec u e. Kyo o p e ec u e also planed he indus ial dis ic cons uc ion in Okazaki a ea. F om he la e nine een h cen u y Okazaki a ea became a symbol o he mode niza ion o Kyo o ci y. This con ibu ion in ends o analyze he u ban landscape composed o he di e en s yles o a chi ec u e especially cons uc ed a e he Meiji pe iod (1868-1912). Tangible and in angible signs emained as mode n ga dens, signi ican museums and cul u al ins i u ions among he ancien emples p o ide oppo uni ies o e lec on he impo an ole o subu ban a ea o he his o ic ci y. These s udies a e suppo ed by a chi al documen s and by cu en measu es and policies o landscape conse a ion by Kyo o Municipali y. *+,-.(/& Kyo o, Okazaki, U ban Landscape, U ban egene a ion, His o ical He i age, Mode niza ion h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2015.4472 !0 !12 3.'+&2$%.4'2'5+2).3&+(6$'7.32 8.97),2.:2;$8$3 A he end o he 19 h cen u y, he d as ic ans o ma ion o he u ban landscape in Japan has encou aged he planning sys em o di ec o he conse a ion. This sec ion in oduces he his o y o he conse a ion policy o na u al and u ban landscapes. Yukio Nishimu a di ides he his o y o he conse a ion policy in o i e pe iods in his essay “Toshi Hozen Keikaku” (Nishimu a 2004, 西村幸 夫2004). The i s pe iod (18681-18972) is ha o he na ional cons uc ion. In his pe iod he go e nmen o Empe o Meiji had enhanced new indus y, des oying he his o ic monumen s o p e ious e as. The go e nmen exp op ia ed emples and sh ines owned o es , lea ing only inside a eas. Many emples we e con e ed in o u ban pa ks in wes e n s yle. The Home Minis y p omulga ed he ule o he p o ec ion o he u ban en i onmen composed by emples and sh ines in 1880. In he second pe iod (1897- 1945) he de elopmen o legal sys ems o he conse a ion o landscapes was p omo ed. The Law o P o ec ion o His o ical Si es, A cheological Si es and Scenic Beau y was es ablished in 19193. In he same yea he Ci y Planning Ac was p omulga ed which has in oduced wo ools o conse a ion o u ban landscapes: p o ec ion o ine sigh a ea (Bikan ciku4) and p o ec ion o landscape a ea (Fuchi ciku5). In 1931 he Law o Na u e Pa ks was app o ed o he p o ec ion o na u al and ag icul u al landscapes. The hi d pe iod (1947-1975) co esponds o a e y impo an pe iod in which wo laws we e es ablished: he Law o he P o ec ion o Cul u al P ope ies (1950) and he Special Law o he Conse a ion o Fudo (clima e and en i onmen ) o he Old Ci y (1966).Yukio Nishimu a conside s his pe iod a miles one in he his o y o he conse a ion policy especially o his o ic ci ies as Na a and Kyo o. In he ou h pe iod (1975- 1995) he pa icipa ion o ci izens was a o ed in he conse a ion policy. The Machizuku i6 based on he a chi ec u al conse a ion mo emen o adi ional wooden buildings (machiya7) in Kyo o (Hein and Pelle ie 2006: 139) in ensi ied in his pe iod. The mo emen made he i s e o m o he Law o he P o ec ion o Cul u al P ope ies add a new ool o conse a ion dedica ed o “g oups o adi ional buildings.” Finally, he i h pe iod (a e 1995) p omo es he conse a ion o e i o y and local iden i y. Yukio Nishimu a emphasizes he inno a i e aspec s in oduced in he las pe iod: a. The es ablishmen o ci izen pa icipa ion in he planning p ocess; b. The posi i e p omo ion o he alo iza ion and he eu iliza ion in he exis ing buildings; c. The adminis a i e e o m o he implemen a ion o a sus ainable socie y; d. The p io i y o he en i onmen al ehabili a ion. The new Ci y Planning Ac o 1992 adop ed he comp ehensi e ins umen o he Mas e Plan o all municipali ies, by which he public au ho i ies could o mula e an in eg a ed policy no only on he economic de elopmen bu also on he conse a ion o cul u al and na u al he i age si ua ed in hei e i o ies. In 2004 he i s law o he landscape was app o ed, o which he landscape plan was in oduced in he conse a ion policy ha isbased on he ules es ablished by he Minis y o Land, In as uc u e and T anspo , he Minis y o Ag icul u e and he Minis y o En i onmen . The landscape plan is con olled by he local au ho i ies. Also in 2004 he Minis y o Cul u e added he "Impo an Cul u al Landscape" in o he cul u al p ope ies o na ional le el. I is de ined in he local landscape plan bu designa ed by he Minis y o Cul u e. The pu pose o he 2004 law is no only !"#$%&"' ()#*$)+#"')+,-.'%$)+,- '/-0$12"#*1#%$*- 3*12)','45-+)6- 7%8#+")+9","#5 !',%:*-; !< he conse a ion bu also he egene a ion and cons uc ion o landscapes. While decla ing ha a "good landscape" is he esul o he in e ac ion be ween na u e, his o y and cul u e, he law appea s as ins umen exclusi ely o he con ol o new buildings h ough he p o isions abou he ma e ials and he colo s, bu i is no aimed a he p o ec ion o all alues o he landscapes in ol ed. The a icle n.2 o he law a i ms: […] A icle 2 (Basic Philosophy) (1) In iew o he ac ha good landscapes a e essen ial o building a beau i ul and digni ied land and c ea ing an a ac i e and com o able li ing en i onmen , e e y e o shall be made o c ea e and conse e good landscapes so ha he p esen and u u e gene a ions o people can enjoy he bene i s o landscapes as he common p ope y o he people o Japan. (2)In iew o he ac ha a good landscape o an a ea is p oduced by he ha mony be ween he na u e, his o y and cul u e o he a ea and people’s li es yle and economic and o he ac i i ies e o shall be made o c ea e and conse e good landscapes so as o p omo e land uses ha help achie e such ha mony unde p ope es ain s.(3) In iew o he ac ha good landscape o an a ea is closely ela ed o peculia cha ac e is ics o he a ea, e o shall be made o de elop di e se landscapes so ha he pe sonali y and cha ac e is ics o each a ea enhanced, aking in o conside a ion he opinions o he local esiden s.(4) In iew o he ac ha good landscapes play a signi ican ole in p omo ing ou ism and o he in e egional exchange, a conce ed e o shall be made by local go e nmen s, business and local esiden s o enhance egional i ali y. (5) E o o de elop good landscapes shall be made wi h he aim o no only conse ing exis ing good landscapes bu also c ea ing good landscapes. The 2004 law p omo es he o ma ion o speci ic local adminis a i e au ho i ies called "Landscape Adminis a i e O ganiza ion". In 2010 496 adminis a i e au ho i ies we e o ganized. The landscape plan mus adhe e o na ional u ban p ojec s. When he "landscape Adminis a i e O ganiza ions" will modi y hei own landscape plan, hey mus seek ad ice o public en i ies and municipal and p o incial planning commission. The "Landscape Adminis a i e O ganiza ions" can de ine en i e a ea o ci y in he landscape plan (landscape planning a ea) o can selec an impo an pa o he e i o y o he conse a ion o he landscape. In o de o imp o e he landscape, "landscape Adminis a i e O ganiza ions" can moni o he ac i i ies o cons uc ion, econs uc ion, addi ion, mo ing, eco e y, change he acades o buildings as indica ed in A icle 16 o he law. […] A icle 16 (No i ica ion, ecommenda ion, e c) (I) Any pe son who in ends o commi any o he ollowing ac s in a landscape planning a ea shall in ad ance no i y he head o he landscape adminis a i e o ganiza ion conce ned o he ype o ac , place, design o cons uc ion me hod, he schedule da e o commencemen , and o he ma e s speci ied in an o dinance o he Minis y o Land, In as uc u e and T anspo pu suan o an o dinance o In as uc u e and T anspo (o , in he case o any o he ac s lis ed (IV) , an o dinance o a landscape adminis a i e o ganiza ion; he same shall apply he ea e in his a icle). (I) The cons uc ion, addi ion, econs uc ion o eloca ion o a building, epai o emodeling ha al e s he appea ance o a building, o colo al e a ion (he eina e e e ed o as “building, e c.”) (II) The cons uc ion, addi ion, econs uc ion o eloca ion o a s uc u e, epai != o emodeling ha al e s he appea ance o a s uc u e, o colo al e a ion(he eina e e e ed o as “cons uc ion, e c.”) (III) Any o he ac s o de elopmen e e ed o in A icle 4 pa ag aph 12 o he Ci y Planning Ac and o he ac s speci ied in a Cabine O de . (IV) Any o he ac s o he han hose lis ed in he h ee p oceeding i ems ha a e speci ied in an o dinance o a landscape adminis a i e o ganiza ion in acco dance wi h a landscape plan as ac s ha could ad e sely a ec he de elopmen o a good landscape. “Impo an Cul u al Landscape” is he landscape p ope y composed o he in e ela ionship be ween na u e and communi y ac i i ies. I mus be de ined in he a ea con olled by he landscape plan (landscape planning a ea) and i s alue mus be con i med by academic in es iga ion. These cul u al landscapes a e p o ec ed by p o incial o municipal o dinances as p o ided in A icle 3 o he law o he landscape. Cu en ly in Japan o y- ou a eas ha e been designa ed as “Impo an Cul u al Landscape”. Now he Minis y o Cul u e has designa ed only wo u ban landscapes as “Impo an Cul u al Landscape” in his decade. In he speci ic case o Kyo o’s ci y and in pa icula he a ea o Okazaki, he a ea is p o ec ed by he landscape plan. And he municipali y is now p epa ing he documen o he Minis y o Cul u e o be candidacy Okazaki as “Impo an Cul u al Landscape”. The ollowing pa ag aphs desc ibe he cha ac e is ics o he a ea o Okazaki in Kyo o. >12 .*$?$*72:(.@2!>'52)+3'4(,2'.2 !='52)+3'4(, Kyo o is he ancien capi al o Japan in he Heian pe iod (794-1185). The o igin o he ci y s uc u e had he g id-plan. The p esen s ee pa e n o Kyo o ci y is s ill s ic ly acco dance wi h his old o m (Takahashi, Yoshida, Miyamo o, I o 1999). Okazaki a ea as he subjec o his s udy is loca ed in he eas e n hill dis ic o Kyo o ci y. A he end o he Hian pe iod he empe o Shi akawa o de ed he cons uc ion o an impo an Buddhism emple called Hossho-ji in Okazaki a ea. Recen ly he Kyo o Ci y A cheological Ins i u ions disco e ed a pa o he building ounda ion which seemed o be ha Kyo o is he ancien capi al o Japan in he Heian pe iod (794-1185). The o igin o he ci y s uc u e had he g id-plan. The p esen s ee pa e n o Kyo o ci y is s ill s ic ly acco dance wi h his old o m (Takahashi, Yoshida, Miyamo o, I o 1999). Okazaki a ea as he subjec o his s udy is loca ed in he eas e n hill dis ic o Kyo o ci y. A he end o he Hian pe iod he empe o Shi akawa o de ed he cons uc ion o an impo an Buddhism emple called Hossho- ji in Okazaki a ea. Recen ly he Kyo o Ci y A cheological Ins i u ions disco e ed a pa o he building ounda ion which seemed o be ha o he nine s o y pagoda in he po ion o he si e o Zoological ga den (Kyo o Ci y A cheological Resea ch Ins i u e Inco po a ion 2010). Because o he ea hquake in 1185, he buil en i onmen in Okazaki a ea was des oyed. We can now only ind some emains o illages h ough exca a ion in he laye a e ha . We can suppose ha he landscape o Okazaki a ea in he end o he 16 h cen u y could be composed o se lemen s wi h a m lands, enclosed by ossa, which is e y simila o wha Rakuchu Rakugai-zu ep esen s oday. In he Edo pe iod (1603-1867), Okazaki a ea assumed he ole o subu ban ag icul u al zone which p o ided he ood p oduc ion o he u ban habi an s (Mizumo o 2002). I also could be he place o scenic beau y in which he in ellec uals commonly li ed. We can imagine !"#$%&"' ()#*$)+#"')+,-.'%$)+,- '/-0$12"#*1#%$*- 3*12)','45-+)6- 7%8#+")+9","#5 !',%:*-; !A he cul u al ci cums ances o Okazaki a ea based on he his o ic documen s (Fig.1). B12 '5+2 @./+(37?$'7.32 .:2 *,.'.2 $3/2'5+27@8.('$3'2(.9+2.:2.*$?$*72 $(+$ Okazaki a ea always used o be a he limi be ween he u ban and he u al a ea o Kyo o ci y. Howe e , a e he Meiji Res o a ion, he ole o Okazaki a ea comple ely changed. In he Meiji pe iod (1868-1912), he same si ua ion as in o he coun ies occu ed which was he mode niza ion o Japan. Kyo o ci y had been he capi al o Japan du ing he cen u ies and p ese ed i s poli ical and eligious alue, bu , in he mid-nine een h cen u y, a p ocess o eno a ion began, which was he unde lying ac o o he indus ializa ion o he ci y. In his pe iod a i s impo an p ojec o he ci y was ini ia ed: he cons uc ion o he Figu e 1. Old map o Kyo o (Okazaki a ea), Edo Pe iod (17 h cen u y). © Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y and A chi es. Lake Biwa Canal (Mizumo o 2002, Japan Railway Cons uc ion Public Co po a ion, In es iga ion Commi ees o Ci il Enginee ing He i age 1997). In 1885, Kyo o p e ec u e as an ou pos agency o he cen al go e nmen unde ook a wo k p og am on he g ea public canaliza ion p ojec be ween Kyo o and O su, he p esen capi al ci y o Shiga p e ec u e whe e he Lake Biwa is loca ed. The canals a i ed in Okazaki a ea om he Lake Biwa and lowed in ano he canal connec ed o he ci y cen e . In o he wo ds, Okazaki a ea became he c ucial junc ion o he canal sys em. The p e ec u e expec ed he indus ial de elopmen o Okazaki a ea ha nessing he wa e engine mo e e icien ly. The e o e hey p omo ed ano he p ojec o he cons uc ion o he i s hyd oelec ic powe s a ion o business use o Kyo o. The wa e wheels we e eady o he indus ial ac i i ies in some pa s along he canals. As a esul , a he sou hwes pa o Okazaki s a ed o become an indus ial dis ic . Unde he policy o inc easing weal h and mili a y >C powe , in 1895 he Meiji cen al go e nmen and he Kyo o p e ec u e ealized he 4 h Inne Na ional Exhibi ion in Okazaki a ea and many pa ilions we e cons uc ed. Also he i s am sys em o Japan using he elec ici y supplied om he plan s a ed. And hey ca ied hough wi h he big na ional p ojec o he cons uc ion o Heian-Jingū Sh ine as he symbol o he millennial anni e sa y o he ounda ion o Heian- kyo ( he capi al ci y o he Heian pe iod). I was he ypical mode n p ojec o Japan ela ed o he na ionalism mo emen (Nishi K. y Hozumi K. 2012, Young and Kimu a 2004). We can con i m he opological ans o ma ion o Okazaki a ea compa ing wo his o ical maps (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The p e ec u e decided o euse he acan lo and buildings which he exhibi ion pa ilions used o be as he acili ies o he cul u al pa k. They planned and ealized cul u al public cons uc ions in he pa k; Zoological ga den, Lib a y, Museum and Ci ic Hall. They also o wa ded he eso illa de eloping p ojec s in he eas e n pa o he cul u al pa k a ound Nanzen-ji emple. The amous planne Ogawa Jihee p oposed he illa design plan in which he ealized he ga den wa e ne wo k sys em on he basis o he wa e om he canal (Amasaki 2013; Kyo o Uni e si y o A and Design Resea ch Cen e o His o ical He i age 2012). Many poli icians and businessmen o de ed hei own illas and ga dens unde his di ec ion. He a anged he ga dens in an eas -wes axis. Owing o his composi ion, he owne s o he The wooden a chi ec u al s yle wi h he wide and polished ga den can be called mode n “Sukiya s yle” in Japan wi h which he mos amous example o in he 17 h cen u y s yle is he Villa Ka su a. The owne o he illas o ganized ea ce emonies o poli ical and business pu pose. The epea ed e en s conce ning he Tea cul u e ga e Okazaki a ea he c ea i e and high cul u al image (Cheshi e 2009). The Kyo o municipali y as he local public body was es ablished in 1898 and he i s Mayo exp essed he conse a ion policy in he ci y council. And be ween 1930 and 1932, Kyo o Municipali y designa ed almos 8000 hec a es o scenic zone in he U ban Planning, which was he la ges p ese a ion a ea indica ed in he Japanese plans ins i u ed in hose days (Nishimu a 2004) Okazaki a ea was included in ha zone. Figu e 2. Old map o Okazaki A ea by Fuku omi Seisui (1876) © Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y and A chi es !"#$%&"' ()#*$)+#"')+,-.'%$)+,- '/-0$12"#*1#%$*- 3*12)','45-+)6- 7%8#+")+9","#5 !',%:*-; >! he same pe iod Tanabe Saku o, an enginee o he Academy o Tokyo who s udied ci il enginee ing in Ame ica, was engaged as he chie ci il enginee . In Ap il 1890 he cons uc ion o he Lake Biwa Canal was o icially comple ed and also in he same yea , a Nanzen-ji Temple (i s o igin da es back o he 1200s) he cons uc ion o he i s aqueduc b idge was cons uc ed. I was planned by Tanabe Saku o and designed by Masu omo Oha a (Fig.4). Tanabe used a e e ence o he neoclassical cul u e ha became p e alen in Ame ica in he la e 19 h cen u y. In ac Tanabe had eloca ed he Ame ican expe iences o Japan. Today he aqueduc b idge is an impo an symbol o he cul u al mo emen in he Meiji pe iod. Owing o he p ojec which changed he u ban con igu a ion o Okazaki A ea (Fié é 2008), Kyo o began o p ospe once mo e. The cha ac e is ic wa e way ha lows among he museums, emples and Sh ines ep esen he speci ic cha ac e o Okazaki a ea (Fig.5). "12 '5+23+-2$()57'+)'4(+2.:2*$?$*72 732*,.'. In 1881 he hi d go e no o Kyo o P ec u e, Ki agaki Kunimichi, was wo y abou he ci y’s decline a e he ans e o he capi al o Tokyo in 1868. Hoping o injec new li e in o he ci y he commissioned he cons uc ion o he Lake Biwa Canal. As a anspo a e y his wa e way would b ing new weal h in o he ci y and he wa e powe would s imula e new indus ies. In Figu e 3. Map o Kyo o and Okazaki A ea (1913). © Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y and A chi es Figu e 4. Nanzen-ji Temple in Kyo o. The i s aqueduc b idge designed by Masu omo Oha a. © Olimpia Niglio 2013 >> In 1895, an imagina i e ep oduc ion o he Heian Palace o he 1100 h anni e sa y o he es ablishmen o Heian-kyō, he ac ual Heian- Jingū Sh ine was buil in Okazaki a ea by he Japanese a chi ec I ō Chū a (1867–1954). Today he cons uc ion o his Sh ine allows us o eel he cul u al a mosphe e and he s ylis ic elegance o he Heian pe iod (794-1185) and also o ecognize he ebi h o ancien adi ion based on he es ablishmen o cul u al iden i y in he 19 h cen u y (Shimizu 2013, 清水重敦 2013). Na ionalism was a key concep in Eu ope in pa icula in F ance, a e he F ench Re olu ion (1789). I is ele an o men ion a e lec ion o Madame de S ael (1766-1817) who in he book De l’Allemagne w o e: […] Aucun édi ice ne peu ê e aussi pa io ique qu’un emple; c’es le seul dans lequel ou es les classes de la na ion se éunissen , le seul qui appelle non seulemen les é énemen s publics, mais les pensées sec è es, les a ec ions in imes que les che s e les ci oyens on appo ées dans son encein e. Le emple de la di ini é semble p ésen comme elle aux siècle écoulés (Madame de S ael 1968)8. Figu e 5. Biwa Canal in Okazaki. © Olimpia Niglio 2015 In Eu ope he he i age was concei ed as he wides pano ama o human in ellec ; he e he a chi ec u e and a s o he pas cen u ies, especially o he Middle Ages used o ha e clea ly an impo an posi ion. Howe e , in he na ionalism o he 19 h cen u y, he s ong links wi h he academic adi ion o Classicism was dominan . In his con ex i is impo an o no e ha he a chi ec I ō did no selec he s ylis ic es o a ion bu u ilized he ancien me hods based on he Japanese a chi ec u al cul u e applied o cen u ies (Loche 2010). And also in Japan, he classical s yle and me hod o cons uc ion was selec ed o ep esen he cul u al iden i y. A he ea ly 20 h cen u y in Okazaki A ea we can ind a s ong Wes e n a chi ec u al in luence in wo building: Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y (Fig. 6), a building designed by he a chi ec Takeda Goichi (1872-1938) and Kyo o Municipal Museum o A (Fig. 7) designed by he a chi ec Maeda Kenji o (1892-1975). In pa icula in he la e , he classicism is obse ed clea ly in he s uc u al symme y, in he colonnade, in he in e nal disposi ion and o he mo phological solu ion o he acades, whe e he design ecalls a G ecian emple Figu e 6. Kyo o (Okazaki A ea). Kyo o P e ec u al Lib a y © Olimpia Niglio 2015