© PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. ISSN 1695-7121
Vol. 10 Nº 2. Special Issue. Pp. 77-84. 2012
www.pasosonline.o g
The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia
o inno a ion in hospi ali y sec o : he case o Mugla
Ummuhan Göko alı i
Mehme A cı ii
Muğla Uni e si y (Tu key)
i Mugla Uni e si y Depa men o Economics, Ko ekli, Mugla, Tu key, [email p o ec ed].
ii Mugla Uni e si y Depa men o Economics, Ko ekli, Mugla, Tu key, [email p o ec ed].
Abs ac : The ele ance o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia o inno a ion in he
hospi ali y sec o has ne e been denied, bu he empi ical e idence o his link is inadequa e as a
as Tu key is conce ned. This pape in ends o con ibu e o he knowledge in his a ea by employing
sel gene a ed su ey da a o he p o ince o Mugla, which is one o he mos a ac i e holiday
des ina ions in Tu key. The aim o his pape is o in es iga e he e ec s o human capi al and co-
llabo a ion wi h academia on inno a ion pe o mance o hospi ali y i ms. The esul s o he su ey
da a and empi ical in es iga ion o logi and p obi econome ic models indica e ha hese ac o s a e
indeed conduci e ac o s o he inno a ion pe o mance o hospi ali y i ms.
Keywo ds: Inno a ion in Tou ism; De e minan ac o s o inno a ion; Human capi al; Collabo a-
ion wi h academia.
Tí ulo: El papel del capi al humano y la colabo ación con las uni e sidades en la inno ación del
sec o de hos ele ía: el caso de Mugla
Resumen: La li e a u a no niega la ele ancia del capi al humano y la colabo ación con las uni e si-
dades en is as a la inno ación en el sec o de hos ele ía, pe o la e idencia empí ica de es e enlace es
insu i cien e po lo que se e i e e a Tu quía. Es e abajo p e ende con ibui al conocimien o en es a
á ea median e el empleo de da os gene ados a a és de una encues a hecha en la p o incia de Mugla,
uno de los des inos u ís icos más a ac i os de Tu quía. El obje i o de es e abajo es in es iga los
e ec os del capi al humano y la colabo ación con ins i uciones académicas en el ni el de inno ación
de las emp esas de hos ele ía. Los esul ados de los da os del es udio y la in es igación empí ica de
los modelos logi y p obi economé icos indican que es os ac o es son ealmen e los que p opician
la inno ación en las emp esas de hos ele ía.
Palab as cla e: Inno ación en u ismo; Fac o es de e minan es de la inno ación; Capi al humano;
Colabo ación con la academia.
h ps://doi.o g/10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.029
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The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ...
ISSN 1695-7121
In oduc ion
As in manu ac u ing sec o s, economic pe o -
mance, su i al and compe i i eness o hospi ali y
i ms depend on hei inno a ion capabili ies and
how quickly hey adop new echnologies in hei
managemen and o ganiza ional s uc u e, and in
hei accommoda ion and se ices acili ies. The
ecognized impo ance o inno a ion led o he su ge
o esea ch and his opic was in es iga ed in en-
si ely om di e en pe spec i es. While, he as
majo i y o s udies ocus on manu ac u ing indus-
ies, he e is small amoun o esea ch ela ed o
inno a ion in he se ice sec o and e en less in he
hospi ali y sec o .
Al hough inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o
la ely a ac s schola s in e ms o he ype o in-
no a ion, he de e minan ac o s and he ou come
e ec s o inno a ion, he e a e ew s udies ha spe-
ci i cally ake in o accoun he in es men in o hu-
man capi al and collabo a ion wi h he uni e si y as
de e minan ac o s o inno a i e ac i i ies o hospi-
ali y i ms. These s udies a e limi ed a ound he
wo ld and e y sca ce in Tu key. As a as we know,
he e is no s udy which speci i cally deals wi h he
ela ionship be ween inno a ion capabili ies and in-
es men in o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h
he uni e si y o hospi ali y i ms in Tu key.
Gi en he lack o academic empi ical esea ch
o he link be ween inno a i e beha io s and in-
es men in o human capi al and collabo a ion
wi h he uni e si y o hospi ali y i ms in Tu key,
his pape in ends o con ibu e o he knowledge in
his a ea by employing sel -gene a ed su ey da a
o he dis ic o Mugla, which is he second la ges
ou is des ina ion (bo h o na ional and in e na-
ional ou is s) in Tu key. The main pu pose o his
s udy is o lay ou inno a i e capabili ies o hospi-
ali y sec o in he dis ic o Mugla and empi ically
compa e and con as simila i ies and di e ences
among hospi ali y i ms in e ms o inno a ion ca-
pabili ies and in es men in o human capi al and
coope a ion wi h he academia. Fo his pu pose,
he second sec ion su eys he li e a u e on he ole
o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia
o hospi ali y i ms, while sec ion h ee summa-
izes he main i ndings o he ques ionnai e. Sec ion
ou employs logi and p obi econome ics models
o de e mine he ac o s ha a ec inno a ion ca-
pabili ies o hospi ali y i ms. The las sec ion is e-
se ed o concluding ema ks.
Li e a u e su ey
Inno a ion s udies go back o Schumpe e ’s
(1934) analysis. Since hen, bo h heo e ical and
empi ical con ibu ions ha e been done in o inno-
a ion s udies. Al hough Schumpe e ’s analysis
was mainly applied o he manu ac u ing sec o ,
and inno a ion s udies a e s ill la gely domina ed
by manu ac u ing bo h in e ms o he heo y and
empi ical analysis, inno a ion s udies in he se ice
sec o ha e also been de eloped (among o he s see,
Ba as, 1986; Sundbo, 1997; Si illi and E angelis a,
1998; Hughes and Wood, 2000; D eje 2004; Tamu a
e al., 2005). Hence he inno a ion app oach de el-
oped o iginally o he manu ac u ing sec o can
s ill be used o analyze se ices (Sundbo, 1997;
Si illi and E angelis a, 1998; Hughes and Wood,
2000). Howe e , se ice and manu ac u ing i ms
di e om each o he in e ms o i-) he u iliza ion
o in ellec ual p ope y igh s and exis ence o e-
sea ch and de elopmen depa men (Sundbo, 1997,
Tamu a e al., 2005), ii-) he ypes o inno a ion
(Sundbo, 1998), iii-) di e ences in esponsi eness o
ma ke s, low echnology con en o he se ice ( ou -
ism) sec o (Hjalage , 2002; Decelle, 2006) and i -)
non-exis ence o uni e si y-business collabo a ions
in he se ice ( ou ism) sec o (Hjalage , 2002).
Inno a ion analysis in he ou ism sec o can
be analyzed simila ly o ha o he se ice sec o .
The e a e se e al classi i ca ions o inno a ions in
he ou ism sec o ( o mo e de ailed in o ma ion see
among o he s Decelle, 2006; Hjalage , 1997; 2002;
Jacob and G oiza d, 2007). Inno a ions in ou ism
can be beha io al and echnological o a mix u e o
hem. Weie mai (2006) dis inguishes h ee ac o s
behind he inno a ion in ou ism. These a e supply
o supply- ela ed de e minan s ( o example new
echnologies equi ing de elopmen o new skills,
se ices o o m o o ganiza ions in ou ism such
as he de elopmen o e- ou ism, and e-ma ke ing
in ou ism), demand d i e s (social and economic
ac o s such as l exible wo king ime, mo e income
and inc eased alue o holidays) and he le el and
pace o compe i ion (globaliza ion and de egula ion
inc eased compe i ion and lead o p ocess inno a-
ion) (p. 60).
Hjalage (2010) dis inguishes h ee heo e ical
schools in explaining he de e minan s and d i -
ing o ces o inno a ion in ou ism. The i s one is
he Schumpe e ian school whe e en ep eneu ship
is iewed as a d i ing o ce in inno a ion beha io .
The second one is he echnology-push/demand-pull
Ummuhan Göko alı and Mehme A cı
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PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012
pa adigm in which bo h concep s ha e some e ec s
on he inno a ion pe o mance o ou ism i ms.
The hi d one is he Ma shalian inno a ion sys ems
o inno a ion clus e app oach. Howe e , Hjalage
(2010) concludes ha “ he e is a lack o comp ehen-
si e empi ical e idence o documen he na u e o
d i ing o ces in inno a ion sys ems” (p. 5).
The e a e a small numbe o s udies which spe-
ci i cally deal wi h he inno a ion in he hospi ali y
sec o . These s udies a e mos ly concen a ed on he
ype o inno a ion wi hin he hospi ali y sec o . In
hese s udies p ocess inno a ions a e ound o be
mo e impo an han p oduc inno a ions (Jacob
e al., 2003; Blake e al., 2006; Jacob and G oiza d,
2007). P oduc inno a ions a e limi ed in he ou -
ism sec o because ou ism mainly depends on he
na u al and manmade a ac ions o he des ina-
ion, hence limi ing he po en ial o p oduc inno-
a ions (Kelle , 2006).
In e ms o he echnological a ea whe e echno-
logical inno a ions ake place, he ICT a ea ollowed
by en i onmen al inno a ions and he secu i y a ea
cons i u e he la ges pa in he La in Ame ican
(Mexico and Dominican Republic) chain (Balea ic)
ho els (Jacob and G oiza d, 2007). This pic u e is
simila o hose ound o he Balea ic Islands (O -
i la-Sin es e al., 2005) excep ha a mo e inno a-
i e beha io is ound in ki chen and es au an
equipmen a e he ICT a ea. The use o echnolo-
gies usually embodied in new machine y, equipmen
and so wa e is he dominan inno a ion o m in he
hospi ali y sec o in he Balea ic Islands (O i la-
Sin es e al., 2005).
The e a e se e al ac o s ha a ec inno a ion
beha io o hospi ali y i ms, such as p oximi y and
clus e ing, hus acili a ing knowledge spillo e s.
Clus e ing wi h e u ns o scale ac o s can make
a egion compe i i e in e ms o p o ision o well
educa ed and ained pe sonnel and in as uc u e
(Decelle, 2006). The o he impo an ac o is he
u iliza ion o in o ma ion and communica ion ech-
nologies in ou ism (Kelle , 2006). Adap a ion o in-
o ma ion and communica ion echnology and e i -
cien usage o hese echnologies a e e y impo an
ac o s o he de elopmen o he ou ism sec o as
well as o he sus ainabili y o medium and small
sized i ms.
Some o he s in es iga ed he e ec s o inno a ion
on ho el pe o mance and ound a posi i e ela ion-
ship (Blake e al., 2006; O i la-Sin es and Ma sson,
2009), while o he s in es iga ed he de e minan
ac o s o inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o . The
ho els which use p o essional managemen ins u-
men s and in o ma ion echnologies (Sundbo e al,
2007) and hose which de elop g oup and p ojec
managemen skills, and lea ning cul u e (Kuma
e al., 2008) a e mo e inno a i e compa ed o o h-
e s. Mo eo e , ho els which belong o chain, unde
managemen con ac and managed in lease p ope -
ies a e mo e inno a i e han ho els ope a ing inde-
penden ly o managed by he owne s (O i la-Sin es
e al., 2005; Sundbo e al., 2007). Ho els a e ound
o be mo e inno a i e as he ou ope a o s’ impo -
ance in booking (O i la-Sin es e al., 2005; Sundbo
e al., 2007) and he occupancy a e inc ease (O i la-
Sin es e al., 2005). Fu he , mo e han hal o non-
inno a ing i ms a e con ac ed unde a hal -boa d
egime, while he cus ome s o 53.5% o inno a o s
use ull boa d o all-inclusi e sys ems (O i la-Sin es
e al., 2005).
Fi m size and inno a ion beha io a e he o he
esea ched a eas wi hin inno a ion s udies in he
accommoda ion sec o . Fi ms end o be mo e inno-
a i e as hei size and/o scale o ange o ac i i ies
inc ease (Hjalage , 2002; Jacob e al., 2003; Jacob
and G oiza d, 2007; Sundbo e al., 2007). 3 and 4-5
s a ho els a e ound o be mo e inno a i e, and in-
no a i e beha io o 1 and 2 s a ho els include he
use o compu e acili ies and ha dwa e (O i la-Sin-
es e al., 2005).
The le el o human capi al and in es men in o
human capi al is ano he key elemen in inno a ion
capabili ies o i ms. Employee aining o he Tai-
wanese ho el indus y (Chun-Yao e al, 2008) and
o independen ho els in Ge many (O enbache e
al., 2006) is ound o be one o he impo an de e -
minan ac o s o inno a ion.
Fi ms’ age can be ano he impo an ac o o
he inno a ion pe o mance o companies. Howe e ,
i s e ec on inno a ion is ambiguous. While young
i ms a e expec ed o be mo e inno a i e han hei
olde coun e pa s due o less esis ance o inno a-
i e ideas, one can also expec jus he opposi e ela-
ion be ween he i ms’ age and inno a i e beha io .
As i ms’ age inc eases he inno a ion capabili ies
inc ease as well due o i ms’ lea ning-by doing, an
es ablished name and epu a ion and con inuous
imp o emen s in hei acili ies (Pi es e al., 2008).
Inno a ion In Hospi ali y Fi ms In Mugla Dis-
ic
The e is no a ailable da a conce ning he inno-
a i e ac i i ies o hospi ali y i ms o Tu key in
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PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012
The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ...
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gene al and o Mugla in pa icula . In his s udy
sel -gene a ed su ey da a is employed o in es i-
ga e he ole o human capi al and collabo a ion
wi h academia on inno a ion capabili ies o hospi-
ali y i ms. All ho els which ha e s a s om 1 o 5
and holiday illages ( i s and second class) a ound
he Mugla dis ic a e he a ge popula ion and he
su ey me hodology is pe sonnel in e iew a he
ho els. The lis o ho els was accessed om he ou -
ism o i ce o he Mugla dis ic . The e a e 331 ho els
which a e ca ego ized by s a including holiday il-
lages. O hese 200 ho els we e con ac ed and 137
o hem pa icipa ed in he in e iew and answe ed
he ques ionnai e, which was p e iously es ed us-
ing a pilo s udy and e ised acco ding o he eed-
back ecei ed.
Table 1 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics o
he ques ionnai e esul s. Acco ding o he su ey
esul s, 42.34% o ho els a e inno a i e, whe eas
57.66% o he ho els a e no inno a i e2. Wi hin
he inno a ing i ms, a highe pe cen age o i ms
hi es a p o essional manage , ha e some kind o
ce i i ca ions ( hese ce i i ca ions include HACCP,
En i onmen al Managemen S anda ds, Se ice
Compliance Ce i i ca e, and o he ce i i ca ions),
and ained hei employees. In e ms o a e age
employee, in es men and occupancy a e, inno a -
ing i ms ou pe o m he non-inno a ing i ms.
Fu he , inno a ing i ms collabo a e wi h aca-
demia mo e equen ly han non-inno a ing i ms.
Small-sized i ms a e dominan in he hospi ali y
sec o , ollowed by medium and big-sized i ms. Mos
o he inno a ing i ms a e medium sized whe eas
mos o he non-inno a ing i ms a e small-sized.
Acco ding o he su ey esul s, inno a i e ac i i y
seems o inc ease as i m size inc eases. As a as
he age o he i m is conce ned, su ey esul s in-
dica e ha he a e age age o inno a ing i ms is
highe han ha o non-inno a ing i ms.
Model and esul s
Ou model is es ima ed by logi and p obi es i-
ma ion me hods. Ou dependen a iable akes he
alue o 1 i he i m inno a es and 0 o he wise. Fou
se s o independen a iables a e o special in e es
o his s udy. These a e collabo a ion wi h academia,
i ms’ size, i ms’ capi al and labo cha ac e is ics.
Collabo a ion wi h academia akes he alue 1 i he
i m collabo a es wi h he academia, ze o o he wise.
Size is measu ed by he numbe o employees ol-
lowing Sundbo e al. (2007). To allow he non-linea
size e ec s we also include he size squa e in ou es-
ima ion. Capi al and labo cha ac e is ics include
a iables such as in es men ( he sha e o in es -
men in income), p o essional managemen (dummy
a iable aking one i he ho el is managed by a
p o essional manage and ze o o he wise), yea ly
occupancy a e, non-ce i i ed (dummy a iable ak-
ing one i he ho el does no ha e any ce i i ca ion
and ze o o he wise), aining o employees (dummy
a iable aking one i aining p og am is u ilized
Table 1. Ques ionnai e Resul s, Desc ip i e S a is ics
Inno a ing Fi ms
(58 - % 42.34)
Non- Inno a ing Fi ms
(79 - % 57.66)
Numbe % Numbe %
P o essional
Manage 54 93.10 6 7,60
Owne
46.90 7392,40
Owne
o Ce i ica ion 55 94.82 28 35,44
T aining
55 94.82 16 20.25
Collabo a ion
wi h academia 18 31.04 1 1.27
Fi m
Size
Small
(0-49 employee) 8 10.52 68 89.48
Medium
(50-249) 42 79.25 11 20.75
Big
(250 and mo e) 8 100 - -
To al
58 42.34 79 57.66
A e age
Employee 147.01 30.50
A e age
In es men (Pe cen age Sha e
in
Annual
Re enue)
21.69 13.26
A e age
Yea ly Occupancy Ra e 81.63 68.73
A e age
age 12.47 9.87
Ummuhan Göko alı and Mehme A cı
ISSN 1695-7121
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PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012
and ze o o he wise) and con inuous a iable o age
o he i m. All a iables a e expec ed o ha e a posi-
i e impac on he p obabili y o inno a ion o he
i m, excep o a iables o non-ce i i ed and age o
he i m. The coe i cien on non-ce i i ed is expec ed
o be nega i e indica ing ha i he i m does no
ha e any kind o ce i i ca ion, hen i s p obabili y
o inno a e dec eases. A p io i, he e ec o he age
o he i m on inno a ion is no known as a gued
abo e. Table 2 p esen s he es ima ion esul s.
Es ima ion esul s a e consis en wi h he expec-
a ions and all coe i cien s a e signi i can a con en-
ional le els. Wald es s indica e ha bo h eg es-
sions a e signi i can as a whole and Pseudo R2 is
espec i ely high indica ing ha ou models ha e a
good p edic i e powe . We also pe o med a es o
de e mine whe he he e is any misspeci i ca ion in
ou model and he Link es indica es ha he e is
none.
The es ima ion esul s indica e ha as he i ms’
in es men and i s capaci y u iliza ion inc ease, he
p obabili y o inno a ion inc eases as well. Fi ms
who alloca e budge o new in es men s (such as
new echnologies and equipmen , o upda e old ech-
nologies and equipmen ) ha e highe p obabili y o
inno a e. Fu he , as occupancy a e inc eases, he
p obabili y o inno a e inc eases as well. This i nd-
ing is simila o ha o O i la-Sin es e al. (2005).
Fi ms which hi e a p o essional manage a e mo e
inclined o inno a e. P o essional managemen is
e y impo an in he in oduc ion o inno a ion as
sugges ed by ou s udy and o he s (Sundbo e al.
2007; Kuma e al., 2008).
I he i m does no ha e any ce i i ca ion, i s
p obabili y o inno a ing dec eases compa ed o
o he i ms which ha e any kind o ce i i ca ion.
Ho els wi h any ce i i ca ions a e mo e inclined o
inno a e since hey ha e o in es and adop new
Figu es in pa en hesis a e obus s anda d e o s. *,**,*** e e signi i cance le el a 10%, 5%, and 1% espec-
i ely.
Table 2. Logi and P obi Es ima ion Resul s
Va iables Logi Coe icien s P obi Coe icien s
In es men
0.68***
(0.21)
0.38***
(0.09)
Occupancy
Ra e 0.83***
(0.21)
0.46***
(0.11)
Non
-Ce i ied -9.61***
(2.25)
-5.49***
(1.31)
Numbe
o Employees -0.15***
(0.05)
-0.09***
(0.03)
(Numbe
o Employees)20.0003***
(0.0001)
0.0002***
(0.0001)
T aining
15.67***
(3.48)
9.04***
(2.09)
P o essional
Managemen 11.85***
(2.79)
6.66***
(1.57)
Collabo a ion
wi h Academia 4.3***
(1.39)
2.34***
(0.79)
The
age o i m -0.58**
(0.27)
-0.29***
(0.09)
Cons an
-82.18
(21.15)
-45.71
(10.92)
Numbe
o Obse a ions 134 134
Wald
chi2(9) 23.65 31.2
P ob
>chi
20.0049 0.0003
Pseudo
R20.8984 0.8972
Link
Tes -0.007 -0.011

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p ocedu es and equi emen s and while doing his,
hei p obabili y o inno a e inc eases. In he li e a-
u e ha we we e able o each, we could no i nd
any s udy ha speci i cally ake ce i i ca ion in o ac-
coun while in es iga ing he inno a i e beha io s
o he accommoda ion sec o . So i is no possible o
compa e ou esul s wi h any o he s udy.
The coe i cien on aining is posi i e and signi i -
can . Fi ms who ained hei employees a e mo e
likely o inno a e han o he s. Ou i nding is simi-
la o ha o O i la-Sin es and Ma son (2009) and
Chun-Yao e al (2008). Collabo a ion wi h academia
is ound o ha e a posi i e impac on he inno a-
ion p obabili ies o i ms. We could no compa e
ou esul s wi h any o he s udy since we could no
i nd any empi ical in es iga ion which speci i cally
akes in o accoun he e ec o collabo a ion wi h
academia on inno a ion pe o mance o i ms.
We i nd signi i can coe i cien s on size and size
squa ed. As size inc eases, he p obabili y o in-
no a e dec eases; howe e , once he h eshold is
achie ed hen an inc ease in size inc eases he p ob-
abili y o inno a ion. The sign on coe i cien s on size
squa e indica es ha he p obabili y o inno a e
inc eases once he economies o scale a e achie ed.
The e is an indica ion ha economies o scale migh
exis in he accommoda ion sec o . Ou i ndings in-
dica e ha he e is a U-shape ela ionship be ween
inno a ion p obabili y and i m size.
As a as we know he e is no s udy in he ou -
ism li e a u e ha speci i cally akes in o accoun
non-linea i y in inno a ion wi h espec o size;
hence we could no compa e ou esul s wi h any
o he s udy in he ou ism li e a u e. Howe e , in
o he s udies i is ound ha la ge i ms a e mo e
inno a i e han he small ones (Hjalage , 2002; Ja-
cob e al., 2003; Jacob and G oiza d, 2007; Sundbo
e al., 2007).
Ou empi ical i ndings indica e ha as i ms ge
olde , he p obabili y o inno a e dec eases. This
esul is con i med by bo h models. This i nding
sugges s ha aged i ms may show esis ance o in-
no a ion o be unable o change hei manage ial
posi ions o enew acili ies acco ding o a mo e de-
manding en i onmen . Mo e esea ch is needed in
his a ea.
Concluding ema ks
This s udy in es iga ed he ole o human capi-
al and collabo a ion wi h academia on inno a ion
pe o mance o hospi ali y i ms by employing sel -
gene a ed su ey da a ob ained om he dis ic o
Mugla which is he second la ges ou is a ac ion
in Tu key. The econome ic logi and p obi model
is es ima ed by u ilizing he su ey da a. Es ima-
ion esul s indica e ha besides con en ional ac-
o s o inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o such as
in es men , managemen ype and occupancy a e,
human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia a e
impo an de e minan ac o s o inno a ion pe o -
mance o i ms as well.
Wi h he inc easing compe i ion a ound he
globe, inno a ion becomes he cen e o a en ion.
Fi ms and en e p ises should be awa e o he po-
en ials o inno a ion, such as new business mod-
els, addi ional in es men o no only enewal o
he exis ing equipmen bu also new equipmen
and ins alla ions. Weie mai (2006) claims ha he
challenge o he u u e in he ou ism sec o is “ o
p o ide inc eased alue o money ei he h ough
inno a ion-d i en changes in p oduc ion and ma -
ke ing p ocesses ha educe cos s o p oduc changes
ha o e mo e a ied ou ism expe iences o qual-
i y conscious cus ome s”.
Inno a ion-o ien ed ou ism policy is needed o
ha e sus ainable g ow h o he economy as a whole
and o he ou ism i ms. These policies in he hos-
pi ali y sec o should aim o p omo e i s he qual-
i y o educa ion. The p oblem in he ou ism sec o
is ha i usually a ac s s a wi h li le o no in-
dus y- ele an aining wi h a high labo u no e
a a low sala ies and non-s anda d wo king condi-
ions. The e is no widesp ead dedica ed ca ee sys-
em in he adi ional sense in he ou ism sec o
(Hjalage , 2002). To o e come hese p oblems, in-
es men in human capi al in he ou ism sec o is
se e ely needed. As Blake e al. (2006) sugges , go -
e nmen policy o aining can o e come he p ob-
lem o unde in es men o human capi al by busi-
nesses. Second, collabo a ion wi h academia should
be p omo ed. Ou empi ical e idence suppo s he
iew ha uni e si y-sec o ela ion is impo an o
inno a ion pe o mance, and hus o he o e all
pe o mance o i ms in ou ism.
Sundbo e al. (2007) claim ha la ge i ms a e
able o employ people wi h mo e educa ion, hus in-
c easing he possibili y o inno a ion. They sugges
ha policy make s should gi e mo e impo ance o
educa ion and manage ial p o essionalism in he
ou ism indus y and p omo e he use o IT in he
ou is indus y. They claim ha “des ina ion build-
ing based on la ge-scale ou ism i ms may sus ain
inno a i e and hus compe i i e ou is des ina-
Ummuhan Göko alı and Mehme A cı
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83
PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012
ions.” (p. 104).
Ou i ndings sugges ha inc easing inno a-
i e ac i i y o i ms can in ol e se e al policy ac-
ions. These a e; i) in es men in bo h human and
physical capi al, ii) p omo ion o collabo a ion wi h
academia, p o essional managemen and owne ship
o ce i i ca ion by i ms, iii) aking measu es o in-
c ease capaci y u iliza ion o i ms and i ) p omo-
ion o la ge i ms so ha economies o scale can be
achie ed. All hese can be achie ed by he s imula -
ing, coo dina ing and p omo ing ole o he s a e.
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The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ...
ISSN 1695-7121
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No es
1 The e a e 5 pa s and 44 ques ions in he ques ionnai e.
The i s pa aimed o iden i y basic in o ma ion abou
ho els. The second pa was designed o add ess he lis
and desc ip ion o no el ies o imp o emen s. The hi d
pa aimed o iden i y cha ac e iza ion o inno a ion
ac i i ies. The ou h and i h pa includes ques ions
conce ning human capi al cha ac e is ics o i ms and
collabo a ion wi h academia.
2 Following he li e a u e and de i ni ion o in-no a ion
in se ice sec o o OECD, we de i ned echnological im-
p o emen and inno a ion and ask whe he i m is en-
gaged wi h any kind o hese ac i i ies. I he answe is
yes hen we ca ego ize hese i ms as inno a ing i ms.
Recibido: 15/02/2011
Reen iado: 30/09/2011
Acep ado: 31/10/2011
Some ido a e aluación po pa es anónimos