The role of human capital and collaboration with academia for innovation in hospitality sector: the case of Mugla

© PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. ISSN 1695-7121 Vol. 10 Nº 2. Special Issue. Pp. 77-84. 2012 www.pasosonline.o g The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia o inno a ion in hospi ali y sec o : he case o Mugla Ummuhan Göko alı i Mehme A cı ii Muğla Uni e si y (Tu key) i Mugla Uni e si y Depa men o Economics, Ko ekli, Mugla, Tu key, [email p o ec ed]. ii Mugla Uni e si y Depa men o Economics, Ko ekli, Mugla, Tu key, [email p o ec ed]. Abs ac : The ele ance o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia o inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o has ne e been denied, bu he empi ical e idence o his link is inadequa e as a as Tu key is conce ned. This pape in ends o con ibu e o he knowledge in his a ea by employing sel gene a ed su ey da a o he p o ince o Mugla, which is one o he mos a ac i e holiday des ina ions in Tu key. The aim o his pape is o in es iga e he e ec s o human capi al and co- llabo a ion wi h academia on inno a ion pe o mance o hospi ali y i ms. The esul s o he su ey da a and empi ical in es iga ion o logi and p obi econome ic models indica e ha hese ac o s a e indeed conduci e ac o s o he inno a ion pe o mance o hospi ali y i ms. Keywo ds: Inno a ion in Tou ism; De e minan ac o s o inno a ion; Human capi al; Collabo a- ion wi h academia. Tí ulo: El papel del capi al humano y la colabo ación con las uni e sidades en la inno ación del sec o de hos ele ía: el caso de Mugla Resumen: La li e a u a no niega la ele ancia del capi al humano y la colabo ación con las uni e si- dades en is as a la inno ación en el sec o de hos ele ía, pe o la e idencia empí ica de es e enlace es insu i cien e po lo que se e i e e a Tu quía. Es e abajo p e ende con ibui al conocimien o en es a á ea median e el empleo de da os gene ados a a és de una encues a hecha en la p o incia de Mugla, uno de los des inos u ís icos más a ac i os de Tu quía. El obje i o de es e abajo es in es iga los e ec os del capi al humano y la colabo ación con ins i uciones académicas en el ni el de inno ación de las emp esas de hos ele ía. Los esul ados de los da os del es udio y la in es igación empí ica de los modelos logi y p obi economé icos indican que es os ac o es son ealmen e los que p opician la inno ación en las emp esas de hos ele ía. Palab as cla e: Inno ación en u ismo; Fac o es de e minan es de la inno ación; Capi al humano; Colabo ación con la academia. h ps://doi.o g/10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.029 78 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ... ISSN 1695-7121 In oduc ion As in manu ac u ing sec o s, economic pe o - mance, su i al and compe i i eness o hospi ali y i ms depend on hei inno a ion capabili ies and how quickly hey adop new echnologies in hei managemen and o ganiza ional s uc u e, and in hei accommoda ion and se ices acili ies. The ecognized impo ance o inno a ion led o he su ge o esea ch and his opic was in es iga ed in en- si ely om di e en pe spec i es. While, he as majo i y o s udies ocus on manu ac u ing indus- ies, he e is small amoun o esea ch ela ed o inno a ion in he se ice sec o and e en less in he hospi ali y sec o . Al hough inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o la ely a ac s schola s in e ms o he ype o in- no a ion, he de e minan ac o s and he ou come e ec s o inno a ion, he e a e ew s udies ha spe- ci i cally ake in o accoun he in es men in o hu- man capi al and collabo a ion wi h he uni e si y as de e minan ac o s o inno a i e ac i i ies o hospi- ali y i ms. These s udies a e limi ed a ound he wo ld and e y sca ce in Tu key. As a as we know, he e is no s udy which speci i cally deals wi h he ela ionship be ween inno a ion capabili ies and in- es men in o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h he uni e si y o hospi ali y i ms in Tu key. Gi en he lack o academic empi ical esea ch o he link be ween inno a i e beha io s and in- es men in o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h he uni e si y o hospi ali y i ms in Tu key, his pape in ends o con ibu e o he knowledge in his a ea by employing sel -gene a ed su ey da a o he dis ic o Mugla, which is he second la ges ou is des ina ion (bo h o na ional and in e na- ional ou is s) in Tu key. The main pu pose o his s udy is o lay ou inno a i e capabili ies o hospi- ali y sec o in he dis ic o Mugla and empi ically compa e and con as simila i ies and di e ences among hospi ali y i ms in e ms o inno a ion ca- pabili ies and in es men in o human capi al and coope a ion wi h he academia. Fo his pu pose, he second sec ion su eys he li e a u e on he ole o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia o hospi ali y i ms, while sec ion h ee summa- izes he main i ndings o he ques ionnai e. Sec ion ou employs logi and p obi econome ics models o de e mine he ac o s ha a ec inno a ion ca- pabili ies o hospi ali y i ms. The las sec ion is e- se ed o concluding ema ks. Li e a u e su ey Inno a ion s udies go back o Schumpe e ’s (1934) analysis. Since hen, bo h heo e ical and empi ical con ibu ions ha e been done in o inno- a ion s udies. Al hough Schumpe e ’s analysis was mainly applied o he manu ac u ing sec o , and inno a ion s udies a e s ill la gely domina ed by manu ac u ing bo h in e ms o he heo y and empi ical analysis, inno a ion s udies in he se ice sec o ha e also been de eloped (among o he s see, Ba as, 1986; Sundbo, 1997; Si illi and E angelis a, 1998; Hughes and Wood, 2000; D eje 2004; Tamu a e al., 2005). Hence he inno a ion app oach de el- oped o iginally o he manu ac u ing sec o can s ill be used o analyze se ices (Sundbo, 1997; Si illi and E angelis a, 1998; Hughes and Wood, 2000). Howe e , se ice and manu ac u ing i ms di e om each o he in e ms o i-) he u iliza ion o in ellec ual p ope y igh s and exis ence o e- sea ch and de elopmen depa men (Sundbo, 1997, Tamu a e al., 2005), ii-) he ypes o inno a ion (Sundbo, 1998), iii-) di e ences in esponsi eness o ma ke s, low echnology con en o he se ice ( ou - ism) sec o (Hjalage , 2002; Decelle, 2006) and i -) non-exis ence o uni e si y-business collabo a ions in he se ice ( ou ism) sec o (Hjalage , 2002). Inno a ion analysis in he ou ism sec o can be analyzed simila ly o ha o he se ice sec o . The e a e se e al classi i ca ions o inno a ions in he ou ism sec o ( o mo e de ailed in o ma ion see among o he s Decelle, 2006; Hjalage , 1997; 2002; Jacob and G oiza d, 2007). Inno a ions in ou ism can be beha io al and echnological o a mix u e o hem. Weie mai (2006) dis inguishes h ee ac o s behind he inno a ion in ou ism. These a e supply o supply- ela ed de e minan s ( o example new echnologies equi ing de elopmen o new skills, se ices o o m o o ganiza ions in ou ism such as he de elopmen o e- ou ism, and e-ma ke ing in ou ism), demand d i e s (social and economic ac o s such as l exible wo king ime, mo e income and inc eased alue o holidays) and he le el and pace o compe i ion (globaliza ion and de egula ion inc eased compe i ion and lead o p ocess inno a- ion) (p. 60). Hjalage (2010) dis inguishes h ee heo e ical schools in explaining he de e minan s and d i - ing o ces o inno a ion in ou ism. The i s one is he Schumpe e ian school whe e en ep eneu ship is iewed as a d i ing o ce in inno a ion beha io . The second one is he echnology-push/demand-pull Ummuhan Göko alı and Mehme A cı ISSN 1695-7121 79 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 pa adigm in which bo h concep s ha e some e ec s on he inno a ion pe o mance o ou ism i ms. The hi d one is he Ma shalian inno a ion sys ems o inno a ion clus e app oach. Howe e , Hjalage (2010) concludes ha “ he e is a lack o comp ehen- si e empi ical e idence o documen he na u e o d i ing o ces in inno a ion sys ems” (p. 5). The e a e a small numbe o s udies which spe- ci i cally deal wi h he inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o . These s udies a e mos ly concen a ed on he ype o inno a ion wi hin he hospi ali y sec o . In hese s udies p ocess inno a ions a e ound o be mo e impo an han p oduc inno a ions (Jacob e al., 2003; Blake e al., 2006; Jacob and G oiza d, 2007). P oduc inno a ions a e limi ed in he ou - ism sec o because ou ism mainly depends on he na u al and manmade a ac ions o he des ina- ion, hence limi ing he po en ial o p oduc inno- a ions (Kelle , 2006). In e ms o he echnological a ea whe e echno- logical inno a ions ake place, he ICT a ea ollowed by en i onmen al inno a ions and he secu i y a ea cons i u e he la ges pa in he La in Ame ican (Mexico and Dominican Republic) chain (Balea ic) ho els (Jacob and G oiza d, 2007). This pic u e is simila o hose ound o he Balea ic Islands (O - i la-Sin es e al., 2005) excep ha a mo e inno a- i e beha io is ound in ki chen and es au an equipmen a e he ICT a ea. The use o echnolo- gies usually embodied in new machine y, equipmen and so wa e is he dominan inno a ion o m in he hospi ali y sec o in he Balea ic Islands (O i la- Sin es e al., 2005). The e a e se e al ac o s ha a ec inno a ion beha io o hospi ali y i ms, such as p oximi y and clus e ing, hus acili a ing knowledge spillo e s. Clus e ing wi h e u ns o scale ac o s can make a egion compe i i e in e ms o p o ision o well educa ed and ained pe sonnel and in as uc u e (Decelle, 2006). The o he impo an ac o is he u iliza ion o in o ma ion and communica ion ech- nologies in ou ism (Kelle , 2006). Adap a ion o in- o ma ion and communica ion echnology and e i - cien usage o hese echnologies a e e y impo an ac o s o he de elopmen o he ou ism sec o as well as o he sus ainabili y o medium and small sized i ms. Some o he s in es iga ed he e ec s o inno a ion on ho el pe o mance and ound a posi i e ela ion- ship (Blake e al., 2006; O i la-Sin es and Ma sson, 2009), while o he s in es iga ed he de e minan ac o s o inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o . The ho els which use p o essional managemen ins u- men s and in o ma ion echnologies (Sundbo e al, 2007) and hose which de elop g oup and p ojec managemen skills, and lea ning cul u e (Kuma e al., 2008) a e mo e inno a i e compa ed o o h- e s. Mo eo e , ho els which belong o chain, unde managemen con ac and managed in lease p ope - ies a e mo e inno a i e han ho els ope a ing inde- penden ly o managed by he owne s (O i la-Sin es e al., 2005; Sundbo e al., 2007). Ho els a e ound o be mo e inno a i e as he ou ope a o s’ impo - ance in booking (O i la-Sin es e al., 2005; Sundbo e al., 2007) and he occupancy a e inc ease (O i la- Sin es e al., 2005). Fu he , mo e han hal o non- inno a ing i ms a e con ac ed unde a hal -boa d egime, while he cus ome s o 53.5% o inno a o s use ull boa d o all-inclusi e sys ems (O i la-Sin es e al., 2005). Fi m size and inno a ion beha io a e he o he esea ched a eas wi hin inno a ion s udies in he accommoda ion sec o . Fi ms end o be mo e inno- a i e as hei size and/o scale o ange o ac i i ies inc ease (Hjalage , 2002; Jacob e al., 2003; Jacob and G oiza d, 2007; Sundbo e al., 2007). 3 and 4-5 s a ho els a e ound o be mo e inno a i e, and in- no a i e beha io o 1 and 2 s a ho els include he use o compu e acili ies and ha dwa e (O i la-Sin- es e al., 2005). The le el o human capi al and in es men in o human capi al is ano he key elemen in inno a ion capabili ies o i ms. Employee aining o he Tai- wanese ho el indus y (Chun-Yao e al, 2008) and o independen ho els in Ge many (O enbache e al., 2006) is ound o be one o he impo an de e - minan ac o s o inno a ion. Fi ms’ age can be ano he impo an ac o o he inno a ion pe o mance o companies. Howe e , i s e ec on inno a ion is ambiguous. While young i ms a e expec ed o be mo e inno a i e han hei olde coun e pa s due o less esis ance o inno a- i e ideas, one can also expec jus he opposi e ela- ion be ween he i ms’ age and inno a i e beha io . As i ms’ age inc eases he inno a ion capabili ies inc ease as well due o i ms’ lea ning-by doing, an es ablished name and epu a ion and con inuous imp o emen s in hei acili ies (Pi es e al., 2008). Inno a ion In Hospi ali y Fi ms In Mugla Dis- ic The e is no a ailable da a conce ning he inno- a i e ac i i ies o hospi ali y i ms o Tu key in 80 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ... ISSN 1695-7121 gene al and o Mugla in pa icula . In his s udy sel -gene a ed su ey da a is employed o in es i- ga e he ole o human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia on inno a ion capabili ies o hospi- ali y i ms. All ho els which ha e s a s om 1 o 5 and holiday illages ( i s and second class) a ound he Mugla dis ic a e he a ge popula ion and he su ey me hodology is pe sonnel in e iew a he ho els. The lis o ho els was accessed om he ou - ism o i ce o he Mugla dis ic . The e a e 331 ho els which a e ca ego ized by s a including holiday il- lages. O hese 200 ho els we e con ac ed and 137 o hem pa icipa ed in he in e iew and answe ed he ques ionnai e, which was p e iously es ed us- ing a pilo s udy and e ised acco ding o he eed- back ecei ed. Table 1 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics o he ques ionnai e esul s. Acco ding o he su ey esul s, 42.34% o ho els a e inno a i e, whe eas 57.66% o he ho els a e no inno a i e2. Wi hin he inno a ing i ms, a highe pe cen age o i ms hi es a p o essional manage , ha e some kind o ce i i ca ions ( hese ce i i ca ions include HACCP, En i onmen al Managemen S anda ds, Se ice Compliance Ce i i ca e, and o he ce i i ca ions), and ained hei employees. In e ms o a e age employee, in es men and occupancy a e, inno a - ing i ms ou pe o m he non-inno a ing i ms. Fu he , inno a ing i ms collabo a e wi h aca- demia mo e equen ly han non-inno a ing i ms. Small-sized i ms a e dominan in he hospi ali y sec o , ollowed by medium and big-sized i ms. Mos o he inno a ing i ms a e medium sized whe eas mos o he non-inno a ing i ms a e small-sized. Acco ding o he su ey esul s, inno a i e ac i i y seems o inc ease as i m size inc eases. As a as he age o he i m is conce ned, su ey esul s in- dica e ha he a e age age o inno a ing i ms is highe han ha o non-inno a ing i ms. Model and esul s Ou model is es ima ed by logi and p obi es i- ma ion me hods. Ou dependen a iable akes he alue o 1 i he i m inno a es and 0 o he wise. Fou se s o independen a iables a e o special in e es o his s udy. These a e collabo a ion wi h academia, i ms’ size, i ms’ capi al and labo cha ac e is ics. Collabo a ion wi h academia akes he alue 1 i he i m collabo a es wi h he academia, ze o o he wise. Size is measu ed by he numbe o employees ol- lowing Sundbo e al. (2007). To allow he non-linea size e ec s we also include he size squa e in ou es- ima ion. Capi al and labo cha ac e is ics include a iables such as in es men ( he sha e o in es - men in income), p o essional managemen (dummy a iable aking one i he ho el is managed by a p o essional manage and ze o o he wise), yea ly occupancy a e, non-ce i i ed (dummy a iable ak- ing one i he ho el does no ha e any ce i i ca ion and ze o o he wise), aining o employees (dummy a iable aking one i aining p og am is u ilized Table 1. Ques ionnai e Resul s, Desc ip i e S a is ics Inno a ing Fi ms (58 - % 42.34) Non- Inno a ing Fi ms (79 - % 57.66) Numbe % Numbe % P o essional Manage 54 93.10 6 7,60 Owne 46.90 7392,40 Owne o Ce i ica ion 55 94.82 28 35,44 T aining 55 94.82 16 20.25 Collabo a ion wi h academia 18 31.04 1 1.27 Fi m Size Small (0-49 employee) 8 10.52 68 89.48 Medium (50-249) 42 79.25 11 20.75 Big (250 and mo e) 8 100 - - To al 58 42.34 79 57.66 A e age Employee 147.01 30.50 A e age In es men (Pe cen age Sha e in Annual Re enue) 21.69 13.26 A e age Yea ly Occupancy Ra e 81.63 68.73 A e age age 12.47 9.87 Ummuhan Göko alı and Mehme A cı ISSN 1695-7121 81 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 and ze o o he wise) and con inuous a iable o age o he i m. All a iables a e expec ed o ha e a posi- i e impac on he p obabili y o inno a ion o he i m, excep o a iables o non-ce i i ed and age o he i m. The coe i cien on non-ce i i ed is expec ed o be nega i e indica ing ha i he i m does no ha e any kind o ce i i ca ion, hen i s p obabili y o inno a e dec eases. A p io i, he e ec o he age o he i m on inno a ion is no known as a gued abo e. Table 2 p esen s he es ima ion esul s. Es ima ion esul s a e consis en wi h he expec- a ions and all coe i cien s a e signi i can a con en- ional le els. Wald es s indica e ha bo h eg es- sions a e signi i can as a whole and Pseudo R2 is espec i ely high indica ing ha ou models ha e a good p edic i e powe . We also pe o med a es o de e mine whe he he e is any misspeci i ca ion in ou model and he Link es indica es ha he e is none. The es ima ion esul s indica e ha as he i ms’ in es men and i s capaci y u iliza ion inc ease, he p obabili y o inno a ion inc eases as well. Fi ms who alloca e budge o new in es men s (such as new echnologies and equipmen , o upda e old ech- nologies and equipmen ) ha e highe p obabili y o inno a e. Fu he , as occupancy a e inc eases, he p obabili y o inno a e inc eases as well. This i nd- ing is simila o ha o O i la-Sin es e al. (2005). Fi ms which hi e a p o essional manage a e mo e inclined o inno a e. P o essional managemen is e y impo an in he in oduc ion o inno a ion as sugges ed by ou s udy and o he s (Sundbo e al. 2007; Kuma e al., 2008). I he i m does no ha e any ce i i ca ion, i s p obabili y o inno a ing dec eases compa ed o o he i ms which ha e any kind o ce i i ca ion. Ho els wi h any ce i i ca ions a e mo e inclined o inno a e since hey ha e o in es and adop new Figu es in pa en hesis a e obus s anda d e o s. *,**,*** e e signi i cance le el a 10%, 5%, and 1% espec- i ely. Table 2. Logi and P obi Es ima ion Resul s Va iables Logi Coe icien s P obi Coe icien s In es men 0.68*** (0.21) 0.38*** (0.09) Occupancy Ra e 0.83*** (0.21) 0.46*** (0.11) Non -Ce i ied -9.61*** (2.25) -5.49*** (1.31) Numbe o Employees -0.15*** (0.05) -0.09*** (0.03) (Numbe o Employees)20.0003*** (0.0001) 0.0002*** (0.0001) T aining 15.67*** (3.48) 9.04*** (2.09) P o essional Managemen 11.85*** (2.79) 6.66*** (1.57) Collabo a ion wi h Academia 4.3*** (1.39) 2.34*** (0.79) The age o i m -0.58** (0.27) -0.29*** (0.09) Cons an -82.18 (21.15) -45.71 (10.92) Numbe o Obse a ions 134 134 Wald chi2(9) 23.65 31.2 P ob >chi 20.0049 0.0003 Pseudo R20.8984 0.8972 Link Tes -0.007 -0.011 82 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ... ISSN 1695-7121 p ocedu es and equi emen s and while doing his, hei p obabili y o inno a e inc eases. In he li e a- u e ha we we e able o each, we could no i nd any s udy ha speci i cally ake ce i i ca ion in o ac- coun while in es iga ing he inno a i e beha io s o he accommoda ion sec o . So i is no possible o compa e ou esul s wi h any o he s udy. The coe i cien on aining is posi i e and signi i - can . Fi ms who ained hei employees a e mo e likely o inno a e han o he s. Ou i nding is simi- la o ha o O i la-Sin es and Ma son (2009) and Chun-Yao e al (2008). Collabo a ion wi h academia is ound o ha e a posi i e impac on he inno a- ion p obabili ies o i ms. We could no compa e ou esul s wi h any o he s udy since we could no i nd any empi ical in es iga ion which speci i cally akes in o accoun he e ec o collabo a ion wi h academia on inno a ion pe o mance o i ms. We i nd signi i can coe i cien s on size and size squa ed. As size inc eases, he p obabili y o in- no a e dec eases; howe e , once he h eshold is achie ed hen an inc ease in size inc eases he p ob- abili y o inno a ion. The sign on coe i cien s on size squa e indica es ha he p obabili y o inno a e inc eases once he economies o scale a e achie ed. The e is an indica ion ha economies o scale migh exis in he accommoda ion sec o . Ou i ndings in- dica e ha he e is a U-shape ela ionship be ween inno a ion p obabili y and i m size. As a as we know he e is no s udy in he ou - ism li e a u e ha speci i cally akes in o accoun non-linea i y in inno a ion wi h espec o size; hence we could no compa e ou esul s wi h any o he s udy in he ou ism li e a u e. Howe e , in o he s udies i is ound ha la ge i ms a e mo e inno a i e han he small ones (Hjalage , 2002; Ja- cob e al., 2003; Jacob and G oiza d, 2007; Sundbo e al., 2007). Ou empi ical i ndings indica e ha as i ms ge olde , he p obabili y o inno a e dec eases. This esul is con i med by bo h models. This i nding sugges s ha aged i ms may show esis ance o in- no a ion o be unable o change hei manage ial posi ions o enew acili ies acco ding o a mo e de- manding en i onmen . Mo e esea ch is needed in his a ea. Concluding ema ks This s udy in es iga ed he ole o human capi- al and collabo a ion wi h academia on inno a ion pe o mance o hospi ali y i ms by employing sel - gene a ed su ey da a ob ained om he dis ic o Mugla which is he second la ges ou is a ac ion in Tu key. The econome ic logi and p obi model is es ima ed by u ilizing he su ey da a. Es ima- ion esul s indica e ha besides con en ional ac- o s o inno a ion in he hospi ali y sec o such as in es men , managemen ype and occupancy a e, human capi al and collabo a ion wi h academia a e impo an de e minan ac o s o inno a ion pe o - mance o i ms as well. Wi h he inc easing compe i ion a ound he globe, inno a ion becomes he cen e o a en ion. Fi ms and en e p ises should be awa e o he po- en ials o inno a ion, such as new business mod- els, addi ional in es men o no only enewal o he exis ing equipmen bu also new equipmen and ins alla ions. Weie mai (2006) claims ha he challenge o he u u e in he ou ism sec o is “ o p o ide inc eased alue o money ei he h ough inno a ion-d i en changes in p oduc ion and ma - ke ing p ocesses ha educe cos s o p oduc changes ha o e mo e a ied ou ism expe iences o qual- i y conscious cus ome s”. Inno a ion-o ien ed ou ism policy is needed o ha e sus ainable g ow h o he economy as a whole and o he ou ism i ms. These policies in he hos- pi ali y sec o should aim o p omo e i s he qual- i y o educa ion. The p oblem in he ou ism sec o is ha i usually a ac s s a wi h li le o no in- dus y- ele an aining wi h a high labo u no e a a low sala ies and non-s anda d wo king condi- ions. The e is no widesp ead dedica ed ca ee sys- em in he adi ional sense in he ou ism sec o (Hjalage , 2002). To o e come hese p oblems, in- es men in human capi al in he ou ism sec o is se e ely needed. As Blake e al. (2006) sugges , go - e nmen policy o aining can o e come he p ob- lem o unde in es men o human capi al by busi- nesses. Second, collabo a ion wi h academia should be p omo ed. Ou empi ical e idence suppo s he iew ha uni e si y-sec o ela ion is impo an o inno a ion pe o mance, and hus o he o e all pe o mance o i ms in ou ism. Sundbo e al. (2007) claim ha la ge i ms a e able o employ people wi h mo e educa ion, hus in- c easing he possibili y o inno a ion. They sugges ha policy make s should gi e mo e impo ance o educa ion and manage ial p o essionalism in he ou ism indus y and p omo e he use o IT in he ou is indus y. They claim ha “des ina ion build- ing based on la ge-scale ou ism i ms may sus ain inno a i e and hus compe i i e ou is des ina- Ummuhan Göko alı and Mehme A cı ISSN 1695-7121 83 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 ions.” (p. 104). Ou i ndings sugges ha inc easing inno a- i e ac i i y o i ms can in ol e se e al policy ac- ions. These a e; i) in es men in bo h human and physical capi al, ii) p omo ion o collabo a ion wi h academia, p o essional managemen and owne ship o ce i i ca ion by i ms, iii) aking measu es o in- c ease capaci y u iliza ion o i ms and i ) p omo- ion o la ge i ms so ha economies o scale can be achie ed. All hese can be achie ed by he s imula - ing, coo dina ing and p omo ing ole o he s a e. Re e ences Ba as, R. 1986 Towa ds a heo y o inno a ion in se ices. Re- sea ch Policy, 15(4): 161-173. Blake, A., Sinclai , M. T. and So ia, J. A. C. 2006 Tou ism p oduc i i y: E idence om he Uni - ed Kingdom. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch, 33(4): 1099-1120. Chun-Yao, T., Hui-Yueh, K. and Shou-Shiung, C. 2008 Con i gu a ion o inno a ion and pe o mance in he se ice indus y: E idence om he Tai- wanese ho el indus y. The Se ice Indus ies Jou nal, 28(7): 1015-1028. Decelle , X. 2006 A dynamic concep ual app oach o inno a ion in ou ism. In: Inno a ion and G ow h in Tou - ism (pp. 85-106). Pa is: OECD. D eje , I. 2004 Iden i ying inno a ion in su eys o se ices: A Schumpe e ian pe spec i e. Resea ch Policy, 33: 551-562. Hjalage , A. M. 1997 Inno a ion pa e ns in sus ainable ou ism: An analy ical ypology. Tou ism Managemen , 18 (1): 35-41. Hjalage , A. M. 2002 Repai ing inno a ion de ec i eness in ou ism. Tou ism Managemen , 23: 465-474. Hjalage , A. M. 2010 A e iew o inno a ion esea ch in ou ism. Tou ism Managemen , 31: 1-12. Hughes, A. and Wood, E. 2000 Re hinking inno a ion compa isons be ween manu ac u ing and se ices: The expe ience o he CBR SME Su eys in he UK. In J. S. Me - cal e, I. Miles (eds.), Inno a ion Sys ems in he Se ice Economy Measu emen and Case S udy Analysis (pp. 105-124). Bos on: Kluwe Academic Publishe s. Jacob, M., Tin o e, J., Aguilo, E., B a o, A. and Mu- le , J. 2003 Inno a ion in he ou ism sec o : Resul s om a pilo s udy in he Balea ic Islands. Tou ism Economics, 9(3): 279-295. Jacob, M. and G oiza d, J. L. 2007 Technology ans e and mul ina ionals: The case o Balea ic ho el chains’ in es men s in wo de eloping economies. Tou ism Manage- men , 28: 976-992. Kelle , P. 2006 Inno a ion and ou ism policy. In: Inno a ion and G ow h in Tou ism (pp.17-40), OECD: Pa - is. Kuma , U., Kuma , V. and G osbois, D. 2008 De elopmen o echnological capabili y by Cuban hospi ali y o ganiza ions. Jou nal o Hospi ali y Managemen , 27(1): 12-22. O i la-Sin es, F., C espi-Clade a, R. and Ma inez- Ros, E. 2005 Inno a ion ac i i y in he ho el indus y: E i- dence om Balea ic Islands. Tou ism Manage- men , 26: 851-865. O i la-Sin es, F. and Ma sson, J. 2009 Inno a ion beha io in he ho el indus y. Omega, 37: 380-394. O enbache , M., Shaw, V. and Lockwood, A. 2006 An in es iga ion o he ac o s a ec ing inno- a ion pe o mance in chain and independen ho els. Jou nal o Quali y Assu ance in Hospi- ali y and Tou ism, 6(3/4): 113-128. Pi es, C., P., Sa ke , S. and Ca alho, L. 2008 Inno a ion in se ices-how di e en om manu ac u ing? The Se ice Jou nal, 28(10): 1339-1356. Schumpe e , J. A. 1934 The Theo y o Economic De elopmen : An In- qui y in o P o i s, Capi al, C edi , In e es and he Business Cycle. Camb idge, MA: Ha a d Uni e si y P ess. Si illi, G. and E angelis a R. 1998 Technological inno a ion in se ices and man- u ac u ing: Resul s om I alian su eys. Re- sea ch Policy, 27: 882-899. Sundbo, J. 1997 Managemen o inno a ion in se ices. The Se ice Indus ies Jou nal, 17(3): 432-455. Sundbo, J. 1998 The O ganiza ion o Inno a ion in Se ices. Al- de sho : Edwa d Elga . Sundbo, J., O i la-Sin es, F. and So ensen, F. 2007 The inno a i e beha io o ou ism i ms- 84 PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al, 10(2). Special Issue. 2012 The ole o human capi al and collabo a ion ... ISSN 1695-7121 compa a i e s udies o Denma k and Spain. Resea ch Policy, 36: 88-106. Tamu a, S., Sheehan, J., Ma inez, C. and Ke - g oach, S. 2005 P omo ing inno a ion in se ices. In Enhanc- ing he Pe o mance o he Se ice Sec o . OECD/RIETI, 133-177. Weie mai , K. 2006 P oduc imp o emen o inno a ion: Wha is he key o success in ou ism? In Inno a ion and G ow h in Tou ism. OECD. No es 1 The e a e 5 pa s and 44 ques ions in he ques ionnai e. The i s pa aimed o iden i y basic in o ma ion abou ho els. The second pa was designed o add ess he lis and desc ip ion o no el ies o imp o emen s. The hi d pa aimed o iden i y cha ac e iza ion o inno a ion ac i i ies. The ou h and i h pa includes ques ions conce ning human capi al cha ac e is ics o i ms and collabo a ion wi h academia. 2 Following he li e a u e and de i ni ion o in-no a ion in se ice sec o o OECD, we de i ned echnological im- p o emen and inno a ion and ask whe he i m is en- gaged wi h any kind o hese ac i i ies. I he answe is yes hen we ca ego ize hese i ms as inno a ing i ms. Recibido: 15/02/2011 Reen iado: 30/09/2011 Acep ado: 31/10/2011 Some ido a e aluación po pa es anónimos