Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
1
“This is an Accep ed Manusc ip o an a icle published by Else ie in Land Use Policy on 2020, a ailable a :
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104559”
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape
quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case
s udy
Abs ac
Since he adop ion o he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion (ELC) in 2000, g ea e impo ance
has been gi en o ci izen pa icipa ion in landscape policies and, speci ically, in de ining
landscape quali y objec i es (LQO). Al hough he ask o iden i ying and de ining LQO is
unde aken by p o essionals, he ELC p o ides o a compulso y public consul a ion. In mos
cases, no clea ela ionship be ween he esul s o public pa icipa ion and he esul ing de ini ion
o LQO and planning scena ios has been ound. The objec i e o he p esen s udy is he e o e o
p opose a me hodology o designing landscape planning scena ios and de ining LQO by he
sys ema ic, objec i e and quan i ied analysis o he esul s o a public pa icipa ion p ocess and
aking ad an age o he capaci y o a Public Pa icipa ion GIS (PPGIS) o cap u e public
pe cep ion o landscape. The esul s o a pic u e-based su ey and o he assessmen o mo e han
wo housand landscape scenes h ough he PPGIS allowed us o calcula e indices o sa is ac ion
and o he le el o in e en ion equi ed o each landscape ype and a ea. F om he alues o
hese indices, ou ypes o landscape planning scena ios we e iden i ied (p o ec ion, planning
and managemen ocused on p o ec ion and on planning), and he LQO o each landscape ype
and a ea we e de e mined acco ding o he esul ing scena io. Applica ion o he p oposed
me hodology o he Landscape Guidelines o Galicia e ealed in o ma ion abou he public
pe cep ion o each landscape ype and he p e e ed measu es o landscape imp o emen
in ol ing p o ec ion, managemen and planning.
Keywo ds: landscape pe cep ion; landscape assessmen ; PPGIS; Eu opean Landscape
Con en ion
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
2
1. In oduc ion
Since he adop ion o he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion (ELC) in 2000, membe
coun ies o he EU ha e inco po a ed landscape p o ec ion, managemen and planning in hei
legisla ion. The ELC, speci ically a icles 5 and 6, in oduce public in ol emen and pa icipa ion
as a key ac o in de eloping hese landscape policies. The i s s ep owa ds implemen ing he
ELC is he iden i ica ion, cha ac e iza ion and assessmen o cu en landscapes, which
subsequen ly leads o he o mula ion o landscape quali y objec i es (LQO) o he landscapes
iden i ied. The nex s ep in ol es de e mining guidelines o he achie emen o LQO, by
speci ying he pa icula ac ions equi ed o he p o ec ion, managemen and planning o each
landscape ype.
The ELC s a es ha , once he di e en landscape ypes ha e been iden i ied and assessed,
usually h ough ins umen s such as landscape a lases o in en o ies (Miklós, 2002; San é e al.,
2018; Ma a Olmo & Sanz He áiz, 2003; S ahl e al., 2011; Van Ee elde & An op, 2011), he
LQO o each landscape ype mus be de ined a e a public consul a ion p ocess. The ELC
de ines LQO as “ he o mula ion by he compe en public au ho i ies o he aspi a ions o he
public wi h ega d o he landscape ea u es o hei su oundings”. These aspi a ions a e usually
unde s ood as expec a ions abou wha he landscape could o e o he public (Se enan &
An op, 2010). Al hough LQO we e o mula ed by public au ho i ies in he pas and we e
gene ally es ic ed o ou s anding o pic u esque landscapes, he ELC ma ked a pa adigm shi in
landscape conside a ion, by opening i up o he whole e i o y and including he public in he
decision-making p ocess. Thus, LQO can no longe be es ablished using me hods applied when
landscape was es ic ed o ou s anding landscapes, bu mus be de ined wi hin he con ex o he
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
3
exe cise o democ acy (Luginbühl, 2006). Cu en ly, LQO mus ake in o accoun he di e en
alues a ibu ed by di e se g oups o people o he same landscape.
Analysis o he de elopmen o he ELC in Eu ope, especially in F ance, Belgium, he
Uni ed Kingdom, Swi ze land, I aly, Po ugal and No way, shows ha mos o he concep s
ela ed o public pa icipa ion a e in e p e ed and execu ed in di e en ways in each na ional,
egional o local e i o y (Jones & S enseke, 2011; De Mon is, 2014). Despi e he lack o a clea
de ini ion o public pa icipa ion in landscape planning, g ea e impo ance has been gi en o
ci izen pa icipa ion in landscape policies, and speci ically in he de ini ion o LQO.
Al hough he ask o de ining LQO is unde aken by p o essionals, he con en ion
p o ides o a compulso y public consul a ion (Jones & S enseke, 2011). The e is he e o e
inc easingly mo e in o ma ion a ailable abou how LQO a e de ined om he esul s o public
pa icipa ion p ocesses. Howe e , he e is no o icial o s anda d p ocedu e o de ining LQO
(P ieu & Du ousseau, 2006), and no de ined, sys ema ic me hodology o es ablishing a
ela ionship be ween public landscape e alua ion, LQO and landscape planning scena ios has
been epo ed. In mos o he public pa icipa ion p ocesses, he e is no clea ela ionship be ween
he ques ions he public a e asked and he de ini ion o LQO and landscape planning
measu emen s. P ocedu es mus he e o e be de eloped o inco po a e public pe cep ions in
landscape planning (Con ad e al., 2011) and o de ine LQO. This pape p oposes a me hodology
o designing landscape planning scena ios and de ining LQO by he sys ema ic, objec i e and
quan i ied analysis o he esul s o a public pa icipa ion p ocess.
1.1.S a e o he a on LQO de ini ion
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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The e is a clea lack o o mal esea ch on he de ini ion o LQO. This can be p o ed by
he e y ew pape s o Web o Science (all da abases) ha include he sea ch ph ase “landscape
quali y objec i es” in he sea ch ields “ i le” (4 pape s) o “ opic” (13 pape s) in he pe iod 1900-
2020. LQO a e usually de ined di ec ly by public au ho i ies, in he bes o cases a e a public
consul a ion, bu in mos cases asking only o opinion o public adminis a ions o
ep esen a i es o ce ain selec ed s akeholde s. Van Ee elde and An op (2011) desc ibed wo
case s udies in Flande s; in he i s one, LQO a e o mula ed exclusi ely by he Flemish
adminis a i e au ho i ies and by an independen commi ee o expe s, and in he second one, by
he adminis a ion and he landowne s.
O he me hods o de ining LQO, such as ha p oposed by Chmielewski and Sowinska
(2010), ecognize he impo ance o conside ing he expec a ions o local communi ies
conce ning he LQO, bu do no explici ly explain how he public opinion is aken in o accoun .
Mos landscape planning ins umen s use su eys o de ine LQO; o example, Bu gui e al.
(2017) de ined LQO h ough pe sonal in e iews and quali a i e analysis, and Se enan and
An op (2010) used a ques ionnai e including ques ions abou landscape p e e ence. In mos
p e ious expe iences, no clea uni ying h ead has been iden i ied in ela ion o he ci izen
pa icipa ion p ocess and he esul ing de ini ion o LQO, ha is, he way in which he esul s o
hese social esea ch echniques a e ansla ed in o LQO is no e iden .
The only objec i e and quan i ied me hodologies p e iously used o he de ini ion o
LQO include he use o landscape scena ios and calcula ion o landscape indices and me ics. On
one hand, Loupa Ramos (2010) p oposed he de elopmen o “explo a o y landscape scena ios”
as a ool o iden i ying u u e landscapes om which o igge discussions wi h he public in
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
5
o de o de ine he LQO. On he o he hand, Sowinska-Swie kosz and Chmielewski (2016)
o mula ed LQO as a se o indica o s ha link social and expe opinion. Many o he s udies can
be ound ha calcula e landscape indices ela ed o social aspec s and landscape pe cep ion bu
do no in ol e hem in LQO de ini ion (D ams ad e al., 2006; Walz e al., 2007; Uuemaa e al.,
2009).
1.2. Theo e ical backg ound
The me hodology p oposed in he p esen pape in eg a es bo h o he abo e men ioned
app oaches -landscape scena ios and indica o s – by calcula ing quan i a i e indica o s ha
e lec he public pe cep ion o di e en landscape ypes, and he esul s o which a e combined
o de e mine he p e e ed landscape planning scena ios.
Scena ios a e a widely-used ool in landscape planning o encou age people o discuss
abou u u e al e na i es (Soli a e al., 2008). Scena io-based s udies became equen in he
se en ies (Shea e , 2005) in o de o s imula e c ea i e ways o hinking and acili a e he
exchange o in o ma ion (Gan a & Golobic, 2015). Cu en ly, wo di e en app oaches can be
dis inguished in ela ion o he use o scena ios o landscape planning. The mos equen one is
he public assessmen o p ede ined scena ios, ha is, scena ios a e p oposed by he echnical
eam o be used as he s a ing poin om which ci izens deba e he desi ed u u e landscape
(Palang e al., 2000; T ess & T ess, 2003; Soli a e al., 2008; Lindemann-Ma hies e al., 2010;
Loupa Ramos, 2010; La che e al., 2013).
The o he op ion is a pa icipa o y scena io de elopmen p ocess, in which scena ios a e
designed by s akeholde s. Ca lsson e al. (2015) used his app oach combining scien i ic and
s akeholde knowledge o build obus scena ios. Di e en me hodologies can be applied o

Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
6
building scena ios, among which GIS-based modelling is inc easingly being used. Smi h e al.
(2009) p esen a scena io de elopmen ool using a GIS based app oach which allows
s akeholde s and expe s o build landscape scena ios om di e en o es managemen
s a egies. In Bohne e al. (2011) h ee landscape scena ios we e de i ed om a pa icipa o y
esea ch suppo ed by a GIS-based oolki .
Bo h scena io app oaches can be imp o ed by using isualiza ion me hods (Pe i e al.,
2011) such as pho o ealis ic design echniques (T ess & T ess, 2003), GIS modelling (Tobias e
al., 2016) o a combina ion o bo h (G ê -Regamey e al., 2007), since mos a en ion has ocused
on he isual aes he ic o landscape (Sco , 2011).
The p esen pape de elops a new app oach based on he pa icipa o y de ini ion o
heo e ical scena ios om he public assessmen o eal landscapes. Di e en me hods can be
used o landscape assessmen , and each has ce ain ad an ages and disad an ages. A iaza e al.
(2004) dis inguishes be ween di ec and indi ec me hods: while di ec me hods seek o compa e
public p e e ences o landscapes (de V ies e al., 2013; Dunkel, 2015), indi ec me hods conside
he p esence and/o in ensi y o designa ed ea u es (Bulu & Yilmaz, 2008; Schi pke e al.,
2013). Al hough landscape assessmen by agg ega ion o elemen s (indi ec me hod) makes
comp ehensi e landscape e alua ion easie han in di ec me hods, i does no cap u e he
in e ac ions be ween such elemen s (Hayden e al., 2015). The me hods used in he p esen s udy
o cap u ing landscape p e e ences in eg a e bo h ypes o app oaches: di ec and indi ec
me hods.
O he common echnique o landscape assessmen is he use o landscape indices
(Uuema e al., 2009), which can e lec di e en landscape alues (e.g. na u al, cul u al,
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
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p oduc i e and aes he ic), including social aspec s and landscape pe cep ion. Focusing on
indica o s o me ics o public landscape assessmen o pe cep ion, a good example a e he 14
indica o s iden i ied by Hedblom e al. (2019) as p oxies o he pe cep ion o he landscape
alues. This ype o indices can be calcula ed om he esul s o public su eys (e.g. indices o
pe cep ual p io i y and cogni i e p e e ence designed by Xu e al., 2019) o om physical
landscape a ibu es (e.g. Landscape Pe cep ion Deg ee p oposed by Li e al., 2012). Mo e
ecen ly, social media pho os a e inc easingly being used o quan i y he landscape p e e ences
(Se esinhe e al., 2018; Tieskens e al., 2018; Bubalo e al., 2019).
In his pape , a new p ocedu e based on he combina ion o he pa icipa o y scena io
de elopmen app oach and o landscape indices is de eloped, in which he public p e e ences a e
analysed h ough quan i a i e landscape indices, om which he scena ios desi ed by he public
a e de e mined. I is he e o e he ci izens hemsel es who design he desi ed scena io.
1.3. Public Pa icipa ion Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (PPGIS) o landscape planning
As public pa icipa ion p ocesses a e highly demanding o esou ces and ime, he
designed me hodology makes use o ICT wi h he join objec i es o ensu ing ha he en i e
popula ion can pa icipa e in he p ocess and o ob aining as much in o ma ion as possible in an
e icien way. Wi h his aim, a Public Pa icipa ion Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em (PPGIS), ha
is a GIS-based sys em o suppo public pa icipa ion, was de eloped. P e ious s udies ha e
shown ha he use o a PPGIS enhances he abili y o ci izens o exp ess hei opinions and
pe spec i es abou landscape (B own & Ky ä, 2014, 2018; San é e al., 2018; Siebe , 2006).
Mos o he PPGIS speci ically designed o landscape planning a e aimed a assessing landscape
alues (e.g. Be e ly, 2008; B own & B abyn, 2012; B own & Raymond, 2007; B own e al.,
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
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2014; Zhu e al., 2010). Mo e ecen ly, Ce eny e al. (2017) ha e used a PPGIS o landscape
alue mapping and o e alua e sen imen s and expe iences associa ed wi h ce ain loca ions.
San é e al. (2018) ha e used a PPGIS o allow people o loca e places o special landscape
in e es , landscape alues and deg aded a eas and de V ies e al. (2013) o iden i y highly alued
places. The PPGIS desc ibed in his pape was designed o he speci ic pu pose o de ining
LQO.
1.4 Objec i e
This pape ocuses on he de elopmen o a new me hodology ha acili a es and
objec i ies he de ini ion o LQO om he esul s o a public pa icipa ion p ocess in a anspa en
and quan i ied way. This me hodology is based on he combina ion o he wo mos equen
app oaches o LQO de ini ion – landscape scena ios and indica o s – and akes ad an age o he
capaci y o a PPGIS app oach o cap u e public pe cep ion o landscape. The p oposed
me hodology, which includes di ec and indi ec me hods o cap u e public opinion and he
echnique de eloped o designing landscape planning scena ios, is desc ibed. Use o his
me hodology o es ablishing landscape scena ios and LQO in he Landscape Guidelines o
Galicia is explained, and he main esul s and conclusions a e p esen ed.
2. Me hodology
2.1. S udy a ea
The au onomous egion o Galicia (NW Spain) comp ises an a ea o 29 000 km2 and has a
popula ion o almos h ee million people (Fig. 1). The ELC was signed by Spain in 2007, and a
yea la e he Galician Go e nmen passed Law no. 7/2008 conce ning Landscape P o ec ion,
which included landscape in en o ies and guidelines, among o he ins umen s, o landscape
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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p o ec ion, managemen and planning. The Landscape In en o y o Galicia (San é e al., 2018)
di ided Galicia in o 12 big landscape a eas and 50 landscape egions (Fig. 1) and iden i ied 258
di e en landscape ypes, as a combina ion o 5 geomo phology ca ego ies, 5 clima e ca ego ies
and 12 land use pa e ns, esul ing in 28 350 landscape uni s (Fig. 2), which a e de ined as
homogeneous egions in e ms o landscape ype.
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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ac ions we e conside ed o each componen , co esponding o a p o ec ion, managemen o
planning measu e, acco ding o he de ini ions o hese concep s es ablished in he a icle 1 o he
ELC (Fig. 4). Conside ing ha planning measu es en ail a highe deg ee o in e en ion in he
landscape han managemen measu es, and ha he la e imply a highe deg ee o in e en ion
han he p o ec ion measu es, an index o equi ed in e en ion in he landscape was calcula ed
om he selec ed measu es.
Table 1. Landscape componen s selec able o each landscape scene
Land use
Landscape elemen
C opland
Beaches and dunes
Meadow and pas u e (ex ensi e ag osys em)
Ag icul u al e aces, adi ional ences and hedges
Ag o o es y mosaic
Ma e ial cul u al he i age (a chaeologic, his o ical
and e hnog aphic elemen s)
A o es a ion
In angible cul u al he i age (legends, celeb a ions and adi ions)
Indigenous o es (e.g. oak o ches nu o es )
S . James way, adi ional ways and hiking ou es
Vineya d
T adi ional u al se lemen s
Sh ub, ock o cli
Lookou s and iewpoin s
U ban a ea
Indus ial s a e
Ru ban a ea
The mal powe o hyd oelec ic plan s
Cul u al he i age a ea
Wind a ms
Mining
Big in as uc u es and anspo a ion ne wo ks
Wa e ( i e s and lakes)
Pea land

Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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Figu e 4. Public Pa icipa o y GIS
In addi ion o assessing he p ede ined scenes, he use s we e able o p opose, loca e and
assess new landscape scenes. Viewe na iga ion ools we e used o his pu pose, o iden i y he
desi ed loca ion on he map and c ea e a poin o a new landscape scene, which was hen
assessed in he same way as he p ede ined scenes.
2.3. Landscape indices
The in o ma ion ob ained by public pa icipa ion ia he web pla o m was used o
es ima e he deg ee o public sa is ac ion wi h landscape, as well as he deg ee o equi ed
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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in e en ion in he landscape. The me hodology used o he calcula ion o hese indices is
de eloped below.
Index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ype (S )
The sa is ac ion index e lec s he pleasan eeling ha people ge s om he landscape
pe cep ion and was ob ained om he esul s o he pic u e-based su ey. The esponses o he
ques ion “how much do you like his landscape ype in you landscape egion?” e lec he deg ee
o sa is ac ion o pa icipan s wi h he landscape ypes ha occupy he g ea es ex ension o
cha ac e ize he egion, calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion:
𝑆𝑡= ∑ (𝑉𝑣𝑡 𝑥 𝑁𝑣𝑡)/ 𝑁𝑡 (1)
whe e S is he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ype , N is he numbe o imes ha he
sco e is assigned o he landscape ype , N is he numbe o o al answe s o he landscape
ype and V is he sco e assigned o he landscape ype : V is 1 i he esponse is “ e y much”,
0.5 i i is “mode a ely” and 0 i i is “no a all”. The esul ing alue (S ) e lec s he deg ee o
sa is ac ion wi h each landscape ype.
Index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scene (Ss)
The egional landscape assessmen can be add essed by he global e alua ion o he mos
ep esen a i e landscape ypes bu also by he indi ec e alua ion o landscape componen s and o
smalle a eas wi h pa icula o ou s anding cha ac e is ics. Fo his, assessmen o landscape
scenes was he e o e included in he landscape e alua ion o a speci ic egion. F om he
esponses o he ques ion “Do you like his landscape scene?” implemen ed in he PPGIS, he
index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scene was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion:
𝑆𝑠= ∑ (𝑉𝑣𝑠 𝑥 𝑁𝑣𝑠)/ 𝑁𝑠 (2)
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
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19
whe e Ss is he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scene s, N s is he numbe o imes ha he
sco e is assigned o he scene s, Ns is he numbe o o al answe s o he scene s and V s is he
sco e assigned o he scene s: V is 1 o he esponse “ e y much”, 0.5 o he esponse
“mode a ely” and 0 o he esponse “no a all”.
Index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape a ea (SLA)
This index was ob ained as he a e age o he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape
ypes o a speci ic landscape a ea (S LA) and he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scenes o
a landscape a ea (SsLA):
SLA= (S LA + SsLA) /2 (3)
whe e SLA is he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape a ea, S LA = ∑S /T, in which T is he
numbe o landscape ypes assessed in ha landscape a ea, SsLA = ∑Ss /S, and S is he numbe o
landscape scenes assessed in ha landscape a ea. This index e lec s he deg ee o global
sa is ac ion wi h he landscape in a speci ic landscape a ea.
Index o in e en ion o landscape ype (I )
This index is ob ained om he measu es selec ed in he PPGIS o each landscape ype in
he landscape scenes (see example o Fig. 4). Each o he h ee ypes o measu es is assigned a
nume ical sco e ha indica es he co esponding deg ee o in e en ion in he landscape in e ms
o he equi ed amoun o esou ces and he le el o landscape ans o ma ion in ol ed. In his
way, he index o equi ed in e en ion (I ) was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion:
I =∑( V x N )/N (4)
whe e I is he index o in e en ion o landscape ype , N is he numbe o p oposed measu es
o he landscape ype ha imply a deg ee o in e en ion , N is he o al numbe o measu es
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selec ed o he landscape ype , and V is he sco e assigned acco ding o he deg ee o
in e en ion o he p oposed measu e o he landscape ype : V is 1 i he p oposed measu e is
a planning measu e (high deg ee o in e en ion), 0.5 i i is a managemen measu e (in e media e
deg ee o in e en ion) and 0 i i is a p o ec ion measu e (low deg ee o in e en ion).
Index o in e en ion o elemen (Ie)
A simila index o equi ed in e en ion was calcula ed o he elemen s cha ac e izing he
landscape scenes om he measu es selec ed in he PPGIS o each elemen . This index is
calcula ed by he ollowing exp ession:
Ie =∑( V e x N e )/Ne
whe e Ie is he index o equi ed in e en ion o he elemen e, N e is he numbe o p oposed
measu es o he elemen e ha implies a deg ee o in e en ion , Ne is he o al numbe o
measu es selec ed o he elemen e, and V e is he sco e assigned acco ding o he deg ee o
in e en ion o he p oposed measu e o he elemen e: V is 1 i he p oposed measu e is a
planning measu e (high deg ee o in e en ion), 0.5 i i is a managemen measu e (in e media e
deg ee o in e en ion) and 0 i i is a p o ec ion measu e (low deg ee o in e en ion).
Index o in e en ion o landscape a ea (ILA)
The index o equi ed in e en ion o a speci ic landscape a ea was calcula ed as he
a e age o he indices o in e en ion o landscape ypes and elemen s assessed in ha a ea, by
using he ollowing exp ession:
ILA=( I LA+ IeLA )/2
whe e ILA is he index o in e en ion o landscape a ea, I LA = ∑I /T, in which T ep esen s he
numbe o landscape ypes assessed in ha landscape a ea, and IeLA =∑Ie/E , in which E
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ep esen s he numbe o elemen s assessed in ha landscape a ea. This index e lec s he deg ee
o global in e en ion equi ed by popula ion o he landscape o ha speci ic a ea.
2.4. Landscape planning scena ios
A new p ocedu e o pa icipa o y scena io de elopmen is p oposed, in which he public
opinion o each landscape ype is i s analyzed h ough quan i a i e indices and he planning
scena ios a e hen designed om he esul s o hese indices. Ca esian axes a e used in designing
hese scena ios, in which he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ype (S ) and he index o
in e en ion o he landscape ype (I ) a e ep esen ed. The in e sec ion o he alues o bo h
indices enables iden i ica ion o he di e en si ua ions o accep ance and desi e o modi ica ion
o he cu en landscape, om which he landscape planning scena io is de e mined (Fig. 5). The
ou conside ed scena ios co espond o he de ini ion o landscape p o ec ion, managemen and
planning es ablished in he a icle 1 o he ELC and men ioned in he a icle 6.E as he h ee ypes
o aims o landscape ins umen s:
Scena io 1: Managemen (p o ec ion); high le el o sa is ac ion and in e en ion equi ed.
Scena io 2: Planning; low le el o sa is ac ion and high le el o in e en ion equi ed.
Scena io 3: P o ec ion; high le el o sa is ac ion and low le el o in e en ion equi ed.
Scena io 4: Managemen (planning); low le el o sa is ac ion and in e en ion equi ed.

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Figu e 5. Landscape planning scena ios
These ypes o scena ios a e also simila o he guidelines o main enance, imp o emen
o es o a ion o landscape quali y de ined by Sowinska-Swie kosz and Chmielewski (2016).
Scena io 2 in ol es he demand o planning measu es, as a low le el o sa is ac ion wi h he
landscape makes people eel ha i is necessa y o in es esou ces and ca y ou ac ions o
es o e, imp o e o ans o m ha landscape. Scena io 3 implies p o ec ion, i.e. he deg ee o
sa is ac ion wi h he landscape is high so he e is no need o in e ene o modi y he landscape
beyond conse ing he cu en cha ac e is ics and quali y. Scena ios 1 and 4 mainly co espond o
managemen measu es, al hough wi h di e en bias, as in he i s he e is a high le el o
sa is ac ion wi h he landscape and in he second he le el o sa is ac ion is low, so ha he
endencies a e owa ds espec i ely p o ec ion and planning. Scena io 1 co esponds o well-
alued landscapes bu in which he e is a ecognised need o ac i e in e en ion o ensu e
main enance o ha s a us. By con as , in scena io 4, despi e he low le el o sa is ac ion wi h
he landscape, he public did no eel he need o landscape in e en ion o imp o emen .
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In addi ion, he planning scena ios o each landscape a ea a e de ined om he indices o
sa is ac ion and in e en ion o landscape a ea. The LQO o each landscape ype and a ea we e
es ablished acco ding o he esul ing scena io o each landscape ype o a ea, aimed a
conse ing he cu en landscape cha ac e is ics, imp o ing hem o ensu ing hei app op ia e
managemen . The elabo a ion o LQO was also suppo ed by he measu es p oposed by ci izens
h ough use o he PPGIS.
3. Resul s
3.1. Resul s o he public pa icipa ion p ocess
Almos ou housand people we e in i ed and inally a o al o 776 people pa icipa ed in
he wo kshops. A he end o he public pa icipa ion p ocess, 882 use s had egis e ed in o he
web, co esponding bo h o pa icipan s in wo kshops and o o he people who accessed he web
independen ly. Some o he use s egis e ed in he wo kshops we e used o in oduce he opinions
o se e al pe sons in o de o acili a e pa icipa ion o people wi hou compu e skills, so one
only use could comple e se e al su eys. Finally, 988 pic u e-based su eys we e comple ed,
948 p ede ined scenes we e assessed and ano he 1254 new scenes we e loca ed and e alua ed. A
o al o 2202 scenes we e assessed, o which 25 626 p o ec ion, managemen o planning
measu es we e selec ed, and 1399 new measu es we e p oposed by use o he PPGIS.
The esul s o he ques ionnai e o sa is ac ion showed ha wo kshops we e “well” o
“ e y well” assessed by 86% o pa icipan s and 93% indica ed as “ e y impo an ” o
“impo an ” his ype o public pa icipa ion p ocesses. Rega ding he web-pla o m and PPGIS,
hey we e use ul o 94% o he pa icipan s and easy o use o 75%. The nega i e aspec s mos
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equen ly indica ed we e he speed o he geog aphical iewe , he ease o use and he lack o
lexibili y in he answe s.
3.2. Resul s o landscape indices and de ini ion o landscape planning scena ios
3.2.1 Assessmen o landscape ypes
3.2.1.1 Sa is ac ion wi h landscape ypes
Landscape ypes cha ac e ized by na u al alues, such as indigenous o es , coas al
landscape and some canyon landscapes (wa e , indigenous o es and ineya ds) a e among he
mos app ecia ed (Table 2). The emaining aqua ic landscapes and he ex ensi e ag osys ems
came in second place, al hough e y close o he p e ious ypes. The inal landscape ypes wi h
posi i e assessmen s co espond o ag icul u al - c opland o ineya ds in plains o alleys - and
o sh ub landscapes in moun ainous a eas.
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Table 2. Index o sa is ac ion wi h each landscape ype in Galicia and in he 12 big landscape
a eas (BLA)
Landscape ype
Index o sa is ac ion
Galicia
BLA
1
BLA
2
BLA
3
BLA
4
BLA
5
BLA
6
BLA
7
BLA
8
BLA
9
BLA
10
BLA
11
BLA
12
Shee o wa e in canyon
0.93*
0.92
0.93
1.00
0.88
Shee o wa e in plain o
alley
0.90
0.99
0.75
0.92
0.93
0.92
0.93
0.92
0.86
0.91
Shee o wa e in moun ain
0.84
0.79
0.88
Sh ub o ock in canyon
0.64
0.64
Sh ub o ock in plain o
alley
0.65
0.67
0.63
0.75
0.66
0.62
0.60
0.82
0.43
Sh ub o ock in moun ain
0.80
0.78
0.94
0.64
0.80
0.86
0.86
0.79
0.79
0.81
0.71
0.80
Indigenous o es in canyon
0.94
0.91
0.98
Indigenous o es in plain o
alley
0.87
0.75
0.92
0.91
0.75
1.00
0.96
1.00
0.71
Indigenous o es in
moun ain
0.97
0.93
1.00
0.95
1.00
0.95
In ensi e ag osys em
(c opland) in plain o alley
0.80
0.71
0.88
0.94
0.78
0.68
In ensi e ag osys em
(c opland) in moun ain
0.62
0.51
0.67
0.79
0.50
In ensi e ag osys em
(a o es a ion) in canyon
0.25
0.25
In ensi e ag osys em
(a o es a ion) in plain o
alley
0.26
0.16
0.13
0.40
0.33
0.26
0.25
0.34
0.14
0.33
0.23
In ensi e ag osys em
(a o es a ion) in moun ain
0.38
0.29
0.47
0.39
0.15
0.38
0.50
0.47
0.42
In ensi e ag osys em
(ag o o es y mosaic) in
canyon
0.25
0.25
In ensi e ag osys em
(ag o o es y mosaic) in
plain o alley
0.26
0.16
0.13
0.4
0.33
0.26
0.25
0.34
0.14
0.33
0.23
In ensi e ag osys em
(ag o o es y mosaic) in
moun ain
0.42
0.29
0.47
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.5
0.47
0.42
Ex ensi e ag osys em in
plain o alley
0.90
0.80
0.89
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.91
0.93
0.83
Ex ensi e ag osys em in
moun ain
0.85
0.86
0.84
0.81
0.93
0.74
0.90
Vineya d in canyon
0.96
0.93
1.00
Vineya d in plain o alley
0.78
0.88
0.86
0.63
0.74
U ban in plain o alley
0.34
0.32
0.50
0.21
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.30
Cul u al he i age a ea in
plain o alley
0.34
0.32
0.50
0.21
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.3
Ru ban in plain o alley
0.74
0.69
0.67
0.94
0.60
0.87
0.72
0.72
0.68
0.73
0.76
Ru ban in moun ain
0.51
0.51
Mining in plain o alley
0.20
0.13
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.33
Mining in moun ain
0.16
0.10
0.21
0.21
0.12
Coas al alley
0.95
1.00
0.97
0.95
0.99
0.82
0.95
* Highes sco es in bold, lowes in i alics
On he opposing side a e he landscape ypes wi h a e y low index o sa is ac ion,
including he mining landscapes, ollowed closely by a o es ed landscapes, al hough in his case
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Figu e 6. Landscape planning scena ios o di e en landscape ypes
3.2.2 Assessmen o landscape a eas
Fo all o he landscape a eas, excep one, a global scena io o landscape managemen is
ob ained (Fig.7), due o he high deg ee o public sa is ac ion wi h he cu en landscape bu also
o consciousness- aising abou he need o landscape planning and managemen (Table 4). The
highes index o sa is ac ion co esponded o landscape a ea 5, in acco dance wi h he excep ional
landscape cha ac e is ics in his a ea (Fig. 8). A eas 1, 2 and 4 also sco ed abo e a e age because
o hei g ea na u al alues. The poo es alued landscape a eas we e a eas 9, 10 and 11, which
ha e la ge ex ensions o a o es a ion and ex ensi e ag osys ems, gi ing ise o landscapes
cha ac e ized by low di e si y and a sho age o mo e highly alued landscapes, wi h he
excep ion o he coas al zone in a ea 10, cha ac e ised by a high deg ee o u ban de elopmen
ha is also low alued.
Table 4. Global indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion in Galicia and in he big landscape a eas
Landscape a ea
Index o sa is ac ion
Index o in e en ion
1. Se as O ien ais
0.82*
0.55
2. Se as Su o ien ais
0.80
0.48
3. Chai as e Fosas Luguesas
0.75
0.55
4. Chai as, Se as e Fosas Ou ensás
0.82
0.48
5. Ribei as Encaixadas do Miño e do Sil
0.85
0.55
6. Cos a Su -Baixo Miño
0.71
0.50
7. Galicia Cen al
0.77
0.51
8. Rías Baixas
0.78
0.51
9. Chai as e Fosas Occiden ais
0.63
0.51
10. Gol o Á ab o
0.73
0.56
11. Galicia Se en ional
0.73
0.52
12. A Ma iña-Baixo Eo
0.76
0.56
Galicia
0.75
0.52
* Highes sco es in bold, lowes in i alics
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Figu e 7. Landscape planning scena io in each landscape a ea and in Galicia
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Figu e 8. Maps o indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion
3.3. De ini ion o landscape quali y objec i es
Gene al LQO o each landscape a ea and speci ic LQO o each landscape ype in each
a ea we e de ined om he esul ing pa icipa o y scena ios in o de o accomplish he ELC’s
equi emen s. LQO we e w i en by planne s, es ablishing o each landscape ype (land use and
geomo phology) he gene al objec i e o he landscape planning scena io (p o ec ion,
managemen o planning) and ela ing his objec i e o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he
landscape ype. Fo example, o he landscape ype o ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ain a eas
he ollowing LQO we e de ined:
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P o ec ion; an ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ains wi h p oduc i e and aes he ic alues
ha mus be p ese ed, in which s uc u al cul u al elemen s -such as ences and hedges- should
be kep and auna and lo a espec ed, hus p e en ing o e use o he land and o es i es.
Managemen ; a ha monic combina ion o he ex ensi e ag osys em landscape in
moun ains wi h sh ub, ock and o es a eas should be main ained, p e en ing he des uc ion o
cul u al he i age elemen s and he p oli e a ion o sh ub o esidual o es gene a ed by
abandonmen p ocesses and ensu ing an ecological cycle ha p o ides na u al g azing.
Planning; landscape o ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ains in which a eas ha unde go
abandonmen p ocesses should be pu in o p oduc ion o used o imp o e he hyd ological cycle,
whe e adi ional ences and hedges should be es o ed and new, sui able ences cons uc ed.
In o al, 71 LQO we e de ined o he one o ou landscape planning scena ios
(p o ec ion, planning, managemen -p o ec ion and managemen -planning) ob ained o 28
di e en landscape ypes (see Appendix A).
4. Discussion
The global esul s o he public assessmen o landscape ypes show cons an alues o
bo h indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion h oughou he di e en landscape a eas, al hough
some pa icula i ies we e no ed, mainly e lec ing e i o ial cha ac e is ics o p oblems ypical o
a speci ic a ea. One example o hese pa icula i ies is he high alue asc ibed o he sh ub and
ocky moun ainous landscape in a ea 1, which includes p o ec ed na u al spaces o g ea
landscape alue in which he moun ainous landscape wi h sh ub o b ushwood p edomina es
(Fig. 9). The gene al cohe ence and ma ch be ween sco es o each landscape ype h oughou he
di e en a eas alida es he public pa icipa ion p ocess. This cohe ence p o es ha ac o s
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in luencing landscape p e e ences, such as amilia i y wi h he landscape o social backg ound
(D ams ad e al., 2006; an Zan en e al., 2014), we e conside ed in he public pa icipa ion
p ocess.
Figu e 9. Na u al Pa k “O In e nadei o” landscape a ea 1
In gene al, he landscape ypes wi h he highes indices o sa is ac ion a e hose wi h he
bes na u al alues, which is consis en wi h he esul s o mul iple s udies (e.g., Bulu & Yilmaz,
2008; Lindemann-Ma hies e al., 2010; De V ies e al., 2013; Schi pke e al., 2013; Tieskens e
al., 2018) . On he con a y, he lowes indices o sa is ac ion co espond o mining and a o es ed
landscapes as shown in p e ious s udies (Tah anainen e al., 1996; G ê -Regamey e al., 2007;
S obodo a e al., 2012). Rega ding a o es ed landscapes, low sa is ac ion is jus i ied by he
nega i e pe cep ion o low species- ichness (Lindemann-Ma hies e al., 2010) and homogeneous
(Schi pke e al., 2013) landscapes. Di e ences on sco es o a o es ed landscapes in plains o
alleys and in moun ain zones sugges he public aspi a ion o loca e hese landscapes in he a eas
adi ionally alloca ed o his land use, which coincides wi h he esul s o Ka jalainen &
Komulainen (1998), who ound ha loca ion was he mos impo an ac o a ec ing a o es a ion

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p e e ences. Howe e , he e is no a clea ela ionship be ween he public pe cep ion o a o es ed
landscapes and hei equency in he landscape a ea, whe eas cul i a ed land is bes alued in
a eas 4 and 7, whe e is one o he mos ex ensi e landscapes and he ag icul u al ac i i y is mo e
impo an in he a ea.
The ela ionship be ween he sco es o sa is ac ion and in e en ion indices is di ec and
in e se only o he case o mining landscapes bu no o he emaining ypes. This s udy’s
esul s show ha some landscapes ypes wi h high indices o sa is ac ion p esen also a high
demand o in e en ion. This is he case o u uban landscape, which supposes a modi ica ion o
he adi ional se lemen model ha is well- alued by popula ion (Bulu & Yilmaz, 2008). In he
same way, o he landscape ypes much app ecia ed by local people also show high demand o
in e en ion, such as cul i a ed land in a ea 3, a i e canyon in a ea 10 ha p ese es he bes
A lan ic o es o Galicia o indigenous o es s and ineya ds in a ea 5. People ecognizes he
need o in e en ion due o a equi emen o ac i e managemen o landscapes (e.g. ineya ds
cul i a ed in small s eep e aces in a ea 5) o o ce ain aspec s o landscapes ha can be
imp o ed (e.g. he A lan ic o es o a ea 10 is h ea ened by he expansion o he a o es a ion
wi h alloch honous species).
The combina ion o indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion p o ided landscape scena ios
acco ding o he h ee s a egies de ined in he ELC: p o ec ion, managemen and planning. Mos
highly alued landscapes led o p o ec ion scena ios ha e lec he public desi e o main ain he
cu en cha ac e is ics, wi h he excep ion o ineya ds, o which managemen scena ios whe e
ob ained because o he equi emen o an in ensi e managemen , speci ically in a ea 5, whe e
his need is pa icula ly impo an because ineya d is ca ied ou in na ow s eeply sloping
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e aces ( an de Sluis e al., 2014). P o ec ion o managemen scena ios a e also ob ained by
ag icul u al landscapes, which a e g ea ly app ecia ed by public, who also ecognize he need o
human in e en ion o hei co ec managemen . The scena ios o he emaining highly alued
landscapes a e p o ec ion (sh ub) o managemen ( u ban) acco ding o he deg ee o in e en ion
equi ed o hei adequa e main enance and e olu ion.
Planning o managemen (planning) scena ios a e always alloca ed o low alued
landscapes such as mining, con i ming he posi i e in luence o mining es o a ion (S obodo a e
al., 2012), and u ban lands. The managemen (planning) scena ios o a o es ed landscapes a e a
special case in which he high deg ee o public dissa is ac ion wi h hese landscape ypes ( he
second lowes alued ype) con as s wi h he low demand o in e en ion, which indica es
di e en pe cep ions o his landscape, as epo ed by Ande son e al. (2013), p obably due o
he p oduc i e and economic alue o his land use. Howe e , his can also be in e p e ed as he
public belie ing ha in e en ion would no imp o e he pe cep ion o hese landscapes, on he
con a y o he esul s o Ka jalainen & Komulainen (1998), who ound ha an app op ia e
loca ion and shape o he a o es a ion can imp o e i .
The analysis o global esul s by landscape a ea e eals ha , in e es ingly, he deg ee o
sa is ac ion was no p opo ionally in e sely ela ed o he equi ed deg ee o in e en ion, bu
e en some o he a eas wi h a high deg ee o sa is ac ion a e also hose ha demand a highe
deg ee o in e en ion. This may be because, among o he ac o s, he economic ac i i ies
( ou ism, i icul u e, e c.) in hese a eas a e closely ela ed o landscape.
In his way, he landscape scena ios we e de ined di ec ly om he public assessmen s
and he LQO we e w i en o e lec he esul ing scena ios as p ecisely as possible, so ha he
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
40
ELC’s equi emen abou de ining LQO a e public consul a ion is accomplished in a anspa en
and jus i ied way. A sys ema ic me hodology is p oposed, in which he ela ionship be ween
public opinion and LQO is clea and e iden , and con ibu es o b idging he gap be ween he
public pa icipa ion p ocesses and he inal de ini ion o LQO (P ieu & Du ousseau, 2006). The
ansla ion o public opinion in o landscape planning scena ios by using quan i a i e indices
o e s a mo e objec i e echnique han he di ec in e p e a ion o s akeholde s’ opinions (Van
Ee elde & An op, 2011) o o he esul s o pe sonal in e iews o ques ionnai es (Bu gui e al.,
2017; Se enan & An op, 2010). The p oposed me hodology akes ad an age o quan i ica ion
and objec i i y p o ided by landscape indices, which a e simila o hose p e iously used in many
s udies (D ams ad e al., 2006; Walz e al., 2007; Sowinska-Swie kosz & Chmielewski, 2016), o
go a s ep u he in sys ema izing he de ini ion o landscape scena ios (Loupa Ramos, 2010).
Howe e , he s age o de ini ion o LQO om he esul ing landscape scena ios s ill in ol es
subjec i e decisions by planne s, who mus w i e he inal wo ding o LQO. Despi e his, he
planne s’ decisions mus always be subjec o he global objec i e o p o ec ion, managemen o
planning iden i ied by popula ion. The scena ios ob ained in he case s udy a e cohe en and
consis en wi h p e ious s udies abou landscape p e e ences, which p o es he me hodological
consis ency.
5. Conclusions
This pape epo s a p oposed new me hodology ha enables compliance wi h he ELC’s
s a emen ha he LQO mus e lec he “aspi a ions o he public” in a anspa en and jus i ied
manne , by objec i ely analysing he in o ma ion p o ided by he public and using i o de elop
landscape planning scena ios and o iden i y he desi ed LQO. The de elopmen o landscape
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
41
scena ios om quan i a i e indices calcula ed om public opinion allowed ci izens hemsel es o
design he desi ed scena ios. In his app oach, mo e in o ma ion han in he assessmen o
p ede ined scena ios is ob ained because he p ocess is open and pa icipan s a e no condi ioned
by a se ies o p ede ined op ions, and he desi ed landscape is designed using hei own speci ic
decisions and choices. This me hodology made possible he use o he scena ios app oach in he
case s udy because he eno mous landscape di e si y o he egion p e en ed a p io i design o
all possible landscape scena ios. In addi ion, use o his me hodology o de elop he Landscape
Guidelines o Galicia enabled mo e de ailed in es iga ion o he public pe cep ion o each
landscape ype and o he p e e ed measu es o landscape imp o emen ia p o ec ion,
managemen o planning.
The ou comes show ha i is possible o sys ema ically analyse public opinion abou
landscape, e en hough he da a a e de i ed om di e en social esea ch echniques. In addi ion,
he p oposed me hodology is comple ely applicable in any place because i does no equi e da a
o echnics speci ic o a egion. The use o he PPGIS acili a ed he cap u e o a la ge amoun o
in o ma ion abou public opinion and p e e ences, p o ided in a eadily analysable o ma , which
made sys ema ic and objec i e da a analysis easie .
The mos e iden conclusion o he analysis o esul s is ha he alues o he indices o
sa is ac ion and in e en ion a e e y simila o he 12 landscape a eas, despi e being de i ed
om di e en wo kshops ha ook place in dis inc loca ions and da es, and a ended by e y
di e se people and associa ions. This alida es bo h he public pa icipa ion p ocess and he
me hod used o analyse he in o ma ion ga he ed in his p ocess, as well as he esul s ob ained.
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
48
Uuema, E., An op, M., Roosaa e, J., Ma ja, R., & Mande , U.(2009) Landscape Me ics and
indices: An o e iew o Thei Use in Landscape Resea ch. Li ing Re iew in Landscape
Resea ch,3(1).h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12942/l l -2009-1
Van Ee elde, V., & An op, M.(2011). F om Landscape A las o Flemish He i age Landscapes.
Using landscape in en o ies o o mula e landscape quali y objec i es in a pa icipa i e
p ocess. In: Te ason, D. (Ed.), Landscapes o E e yday Li e. C ossed pe spec i es on
esea ch and ac ion. PDD In e na ional Con e ence 16-18 Ma ch 2011, Pe pignan & Ge ona.
h ps://biblio.ugen .be/publica ion/2133774/ ile/2133804.pd
an de Sluis, T., Kizos, T., & Pecholi, B. (2014). Landscape change in medi e anean a mlands:
impac s o land abandonmen on cul i a ion e aces in Po o ino (I aly) and Les os (G eece).
Jou nal o Landscape Ecology, 7(1), 23-44. h ps:10.2478/jlecol-2014-0008
an Zan en, B.T.,Ve bu g, P.H., Koe se, M.J., & an Beuke ing, P.J.H.(2014). P e e ence o
Eu opean ag a ian landscapes: A me a-analysis o case s udies. Landscape and U ban
Planning,132,89-101. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landu bplan.2014.08.012
Walz, A., La delli, C., Beh end , H., G e -Regamey, A., Lunds öm, C., Ky zia, S., & Bebi,
P.(2007). Pa icipa o y scena io analysis o in eg a ed egional modelling. Landscape and
U ban Planning,81,114-131.h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landu bplan.2006.11.001
Zaleskiene, E., G azule iciu e-Vileniske, I.(2014). Landscape aes he ics heo ies in modelling he
image o he u ban landscape. Jou nal o Sus ainable A chi ec u e and Ci il Enginee ing,
7(2),10-21.h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5755/j01.sace.7.2.6731
Zhu, X., P uelle , S., Whi elaw, P., & Win e , C.(2010). Spa ial di e en ia ion o landscape
alues in he Mu ay Ri e egion o Vic o ia, Aus alia. En i onmen al Managemen ,
45(5),896–911.h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s00267-010-9462-X

Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
49
Appendix A. Landscape Quali y Objec i es (LQO)
LQO
Code
Landscape ype
Scena io***
Landscape quali y objec i e (LQO)
Land
use*
Geomo phology**
1A_3_1
1
A
3
Shee s o wa e in canyons, i e side o es s and hei
en i onmen mus be p ese ed and cons i u e na u al co ido s
ha suppo he ecological and landscape connec i i y among
di e en a eas. These landscapes mus be a eas wi h p o ec ed
ecological and aes he ic alues compa ible wi h p oduc i e
ac i i ies, spo s and ec ea ion h ough he es ablishmen o
measu es ha conside speci ic opog aphical condi ions o
canyons
1A_3_2
1
A
3
Ri e s and lakes ha e a g ea alue de i ed om hei singula ,
aes he ic and na u al cha ac e is ics, which mus be p o ec ed by
measu es and ac ions subjec o sus ainabili y c i e ia
1B_3_1
1
B
3
Ri e s and lakes in plain o alleys and hei i e side o es s
mus be p o ec ed because o hei ecological alue and
landscape in e es . Ri e s mus be espec ed, hus keeping hei
pa h and he cul u al he i age associa ed o i e s
1B_3_2
1
B
3
Ri e s and lakes ha un h ough u ban a eas mus be
conside ed as ele an landscape elemen s in u ban planning by
es ablishing ansi ion a eas in o de o so en he impac o he
ci y and o allow a highe isibili y be ween he wa e landscape
and he u ban public spaces
1C_3_1
1
C
3
Ri e s and lakes in moun ains, as well hei en i onmen , mus
be p o ec ed because o hei ecological alue and landscape
in e es . Ri e s and hei associa ed cul u al he i age mus be
kep in good condi ion and wi hou impac s
1C_3_2
1
C
3
The en i onmen o shee s o wa e in moun ains mus be
conse ed because o hei ecological alue and landscape
in e es and main ain he opog aphical cha ac e is ics o
moun ain a eas, a oiding e osion p ocesses and espec ing
i e side o es s
2A_3_1
2
A
3
Sh ub, ock and pea land in canyons mus con ibu e o keep he
geomo phology, he ege al composi ion and he soil o he
a ea, hus p ese ing he cha ac e is ic image o canyons om
agg essi e in e en ion
2B_3_1
2
B
3
Sh ub, ock and pea land mus be p ese ed by means o an
ag icul u al ac i i y ha main ain li e and esilien spaces, hus
p o ec ing hem om abandonmen p ocesses and in ading
species p oli e a ion. P oduc i e and ecologically iable c i e ia
mus be conside ed o con ibu ing o a landscape wi h na u al
quali y
2B_4_1
2
B
4
Sh ub, ock and pea land in plains o alleys loca ed on spaces
be ween c oplands and indigenous o es s should be ansi ion
a eas ha ensu e he landscape and ecological connec i i y.
Thus, hese landscapes should be managed wi h sus ainabili y
c i e ia ha a oid hei deg ada ion
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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50
2C_3_1
2
C
3
Sh ub, ock and pea land in moun ains should be ecologically
s uc u ed, esilien and wi hou e osi e p ocesses. These
landscapes mus p ese e he ypical mo phology and
ege a ion, wi hou in ading and alloch honous species. The
ecological unc ion o hese na u al spaces mus be compa ible
wi h p oduc i e uses and esis an o he main h ea s
(abandonmen , i es, e osion and in ading species)
2C_3_2
2
C
3
The app op ia e in eg a ion be ween sh ubland o pea land and
o he land uses aimed a o es , ene gy o ag icul u al
p oduc ion mus be ensu ed
3A_3_1
3
A
3
Indigenous o es in canyons mus p ese e hei na u al
ichness and indigenous species mus domina e, hus
main aining biodi e si y and ecological connec i i y h ough
he canyon, as well as he mo phological cha ac e is ics o he
canyon. These issues mus be compa ible wi h sus ainable
p oduc i e ac i i ies ypical o hese spaces in o de o main ain
he ecological, aes he ic and p oduc i e alues
3B_3_1
3
B
3
Indigenous o es s should p ese e na i e auna and lo a,
dealing wi h he expansion o alloch honous species. The
co ec in eg a ion be ween hese na u al spaces and
ag icul u al, li es ock and o es land uses mus be ensu ed
3B_3_2
3
B
3
Indigenous o es s in plains o alleys mus be pa o
ecological co ido s and main ain landscape connec i i y and
s uc u e. Indigenous o es in i e sides mus be in eg a ed wi h
meadows and pas u es ypical o alleys and con ibu e o a oid
e osi e p ocesses o i e s
3C_3_1
3
C
3
Indigenous o es s in moun ains mus p ese e a high ecological
di e si y by means o he conse a ion and/o expansion o he
a ea occupied by na i e species, in a compa ible way wi h
sus ainable and complemen a y p oduc i e ac i i ies
4B_1_1
4
B
1
The p oduc i e model o c oplands in plains o alleys should
be managed wi h sus ainabili y c i e ia in o de o make
landscape and na u al alues compa ible wi h land uses ypical
o alleys. An e ec i e managemen mus combine he
achie emen o economic bene i s wi h a a ied and
he e ogenous landscape ma ix. The ag icul u al landscape
should be managed o ob ain di e en alues om ag icul u al
ac i i y
4B_1_2
4
B
1
The ag icul u al landscapes should be managed in a
comp ehensi e way by including he di e se elemen s ha
shape hem: cadas al s uc u e, adi ional ences and hedges,
adi ional ag icul u al in as uc u es (i iga ion sys ems, oads,
…), adi ional ag icul u al buildings, e c.
4B_3_1
4
B
3
C opland mus be p ese ed, dealing wi h abandonmen
p ocesses and main aining he na u al, cul u al and aes he ic
alues o adi ional ag icul u al landscapes (c op sys ems,
adi ional ag icul u al in as uc u es, e c.) in a compa ible way
wi h a sus ainable and economically p o i able model. A
sus ainable model mus make p oduc i e c ops, meadows and
pas u es compa ible wi h he p ese a ion o na i e ege a ion
in pa cel edges and o a di e se ag o o es y mosaic. The
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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51
p o ec ion o he ag icul u al landscape mus be aimed a
imp o ing he quali y o li e o u al popula ion
4B_3_2
4
B
3
C opland mus p ese e he landscape quali y and ha mony in
bo h he landscape inne s uc u e and he ela ionship wi h he
su ounding land uses, especially wi h o es s, ex ensi e
ag icul u e and u al se lemen s ypical o plains and alleys
4B_3_3
4
B
3
C opland mus p ese e he di e en elemen s ha shape i and
p o ide di e se na u al, aes he ic and cul u al alues. These
elemen s comp ise cadas al s uc u e, adi ional ences and
hedges, adi ional i iga ion sys ems, adi ional ag icul u al
buildings, adi ional oad ne wo ks and o he elemen s linked
o ag icul u al p ac ices
4C_1_1
4
C
1
C opland in moun ains should be managed acco ding o he
geomo phological and opog aphical condi ions in o de o
espec soil and wa e cha ac e is ics o he en i onmen and o
a oid e osi e p ocesses. The sus ainable managemen should
allow he economic e u n and he p ese a ion o he ypical
cha ac e o hese landscapes and o hei adi ional elemen s,
such as he cadas al s uc u e o he adi ional ences
4C_3_1
4
C
3
C opland in moun ains mus keep he s uc u al he e ogenei y o
landscape and he in eg a ion o c ops wi h su ounding
ex ensi e ag osys ems o o es s. The geomo phological and
opog aphical condi ions mus be p ese ed in o de o make
moun ain c ops compa ible wi h he p ese a ion o soil and
wa e cha ac e is ics and o a oid e osi e p ocesses
4C_3_2
4
C
3
C opland in moun ains mus p ese e he his o ical s uc u e o
landscape, by keeping he adi ional ela ionship be ween u al
se lemen s and u al land, a oiding la ge ex ensions o
c opland o o o he land uses
5A_2_1
5
A
2
Ag o o es y mosaic in canyons should be planned in o de o
s uc u e in e nally he di e en o es and ag icul u al uses by
conside ing he adap a ion o land uses o opog aphical
condi ions, he expansion o a eas occupied by indigenous
species and he es o a ion o spaces a ec ed by e osi e
p ocesses, i es o o he en i onmen al impac s
5B_1_1
5
B
1
Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be managed in
o de o achie e o es y and ag icul u al a ms sus ainable and
e icien . These a ms should main ain he aes he ic and ex u al
di e si y and p ese e adi ional ences and hedges, as well as
indigenous o es species ha p o ide he ag osys em wi h
ecological alues
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
52
5B_2_1
5
B
2
Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be planned
acco ding o a sus ainable p oduc i e model, which p ope ly
in eg a es ag icul u al uses and a o es a ion by conside ing
land sui abili y o each land use. Ag o o es y mosaic should
be bo h in e nally s uc u ed and in eg a ed wi h he
su ounding land uses in o de o achie e landscape ha mony
and o a oid sha p con as s among land uses o la ge
ex ensions o one speci ic land use
5B_2_2
5
B
2
Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be planned o
es o ing aes he ic and ex u al di e si y and ecological alues,
as well as o ensu ing ha monic ansi ions among land uses.
Planning o ag o o es y mosaic should eco e and consolida e
na i e ege a ion in pa cel edges ha p o ides ecological and
ex u al di e si y
5B_4_1
5
B
4
Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be managed in
o de o achie e o es y and ag icul u al a ms sus ainable and
e icien . These a ms should eco e he aes he ic and ex u al
di e si y and p ese e adi ional ences and hedges, as well as
indigenous o es species ha p o ide he ag osys em wi h
ecological alues
5C_2_1
5
C
2
The combina ion o ag icul u al and o es land uses ypical o
ag o o es y mosaic in moun ains should be planned acco ding
o he soil and opog aphical condi ions o moun ains by
conside ing he slope in di e en zones. Ag o o es y mosaic
should eco e he ypical inne s uc u e and he na u al and
aes he ic alues simul aneously wi h he main enance o he
p oduc i e capabili y
5C_4_1
5
C
4
Ag o o es y mosaic in moun ains should be managed o loca e
each land use in he mos sui able a eas by conside ing
sui abili y c i e ia and ensu ing a high-quali y ag icul u al
landscape. Managemen should in eg a e ha moniously di e en
land uses, auna and lo a, as well as main ain adi ional
s uc u ing elemen s
6A_2_1
6
A
2
A o es a ion in canyons should be planned in o de o eco e
na i e ege a ion by seeking he inc ease in he a ea occupied
by indigenous o es species, which eplace in ading o
alloch honous species o inc ease landscape and en i onmen al
esilience. Fo es plan a ions should be adap ed o he
opog aphical condi ions and allow he eco e ing o a eas
a ec ed by e osi e p ocesses, i es o o he en i onmen al
impac s
6A_4_1
6
A
4
A o es a ion in canyons should be managed o imp o e
ecological di e si y and landscape quali y, by conside ing
geomo phology and a oiding e osi e p ocesses and habi a
agmen a ion
6B_1_1
6
B
1
A o es a ion in plains o alleys should be managed o ensu e
e icien and sus ainable o es p oduc ion by conside ing
landscape c i e ia such as mix u e o species, inco po a ion o
indigenous species, plan a ions o di e en age, land use
di e si y, in eg a ion o a o es a ion edges, e c.
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
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licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
53
6B_2_1
6
B
2
A o es a ion in plains o alleys should be planned acco ding
o o es planning egula ions and plans, hus being loca ed on
he mos sui able a eas in a compa ible way wi h o he land
uses, using a a ie y o o es species and planning app op ia e
o es acks
6B_4_1
6
B
4
A o es a ion in plains o alleys should be managed o make
p o i able o es p oduc ion compa ible wi h a high-quali y
o es landscape (mix u e o species, plan a ions o di e en
age, in eg a ion o a o es a ion edges, e c.) and o adap
plan a ions o he opog aphical condi ions. The managemen o
o es spaces by means o p ope o es planning should ensu e
a sus ainable exploi a ion ha eco e he di e si y o land uses
and landscape alues
6C_2_1
6
C
2
A o es a ion in moun ains should be planned o achie e high
biodi e si y and o adap plan a ions o he opog aphical
condi ions o moun ainous a eas, hus a oiding e osi e
p ocesses and p ese ing soil, ecologic and p oduc i e
unc ions. Planning should eco e ee di e si y and shape and
ex u al i egula i y, which p o ide landscape he e ogenei y
6C_3_1
6
C
3
A o es a ion in moun ains mus be p o ec ed o keep a
p oduc i e and sus ainable o es land use, which allows he
in eg a ion o o he na u al o ag icul u al land uses and p e en
om h ea s ( i es, e osion, in ading species, …) by sui able
sil icul u al measu es and o es plans
6C_4_1
6
C
4
A o es a ion in moun ains should be managed o p o ide a
mix u e o di e en o es a eas which imp o e ex u al and
ecological di e si y, by means o p ope o es plans ha
conside landscape c i e ia. A o es a ion planning should
conside al i ude, na i e species, mul i unc ionali y and c ea ion
o mixed o es s wi h accompanying o es species
7B_1_1
7
B
1
Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys should be managed
in a sus ainable way in o de o keep a a ied and he e ogeneous
landscape ma ix wi h he ypical ex u al di e si y o
ag icul u al landscapes. Ex ensi e ag icul u al a eas should be
main ained in use, dealing wi h abandonmen o a o es a ion
p ocesses, espec ing he hyd ological sys em and being
p ope ly in eg a ed wi h su ounding land uses
7B_1_2
7
B
1
Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys should be managed
using a sus ainable model ha ensu es p ese a ion o
indigenous o es s. In new meadows o pas u es, new hedges,
ee alignmen s o o he adi ional ag icul u al ences should be
c ea ed in o de o s uc u e la ge li es ock a eas
7B_3_1
7
B
3
Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys mus p ese e hei
high ecological and landscape alues and o m he basis o a
a ied and he e ogeneous landscape ma ix, which is
cha ac e ized by ex u al di e si y and does no ha e la ge
monocul u e a eas. Ex ensi e ag icul u al a eas mus be
main ained in use, dealing wi h abandonmen and a o es a ion
p ocesses, espec ing he hyd ological sys em and being
p ope ly in eg a ed wi h su ounding land uses

Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
54
7B_3_2
7
B
3
Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys mus p ese e he
cu en sus ainable model and ensu es p ese a ion o
indigenous o es s. In meadows and pas u es, hedges, ee
alignmen s o o he adi ional ag icul u al ences mus be
p ese ed and c ea ed in o de o s uc u e la ge li es ock a eas
7C_1_1
7
C
1
A ha monic combina ion o he ex ensi e ag osys em landscape
in moun ains wi h sh ub, ock and o es a eas should be
main ained, p e en ing he des uc ion o cul u al he i age
elemen s and he p oli e a ion o sh ub o esidual o es
gene a ed by abandonmen p ocesses and ensu ing an ecological
cycle ha p o ides na u al g azing
7C_2_1
7
C
2
Landscape o ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ains in which a eas
ha unde go abandonmen p ocesses should be pu in o
p oduc ion o used o imp o e he hyd ological cycle, whe e
adi ional ences and hedges should be es o ed and new,
sui able ences cons uc ed
7C_3_1
7
C
3
Ex ensi e ag osys ems in moun ains ha mus be p ese ed, in
which s uc u al cul u al elemen s -such as ences and hedges-
should be kep and auna and lo a espec ed, hus p e en ing
o e use o he land and o es i es
7C_3_2
7
C
3
Na u al meadows and pas u es mus keep a ha moniously
in eg a ion wi h sh ubland, ock o o es a eas and a oid
abandonmen p ocesses. Hyd ological sys em o hese a eas
mus be specially p ese ed because o i s ecological and
p oduc i e alue
7C_3_3
7
C
3
Ex ensi e ag oys ems in moun ains mus p ese e pa cel edges
app op ia e o he en i onmen by a sui able main enance o
adi ional ences, hedges, ee alignmen s o o he ences
p ope ly in eg a ed in he landscape
8A_1_1
8
A
1
Vineya ds in canyons should be e icien ly managed in o de o
make p oduc i e alues compa ible wi h na u al, aes he ic and
cul u al alues ypical o adi ional elemen s such as
ag icul u al buildings, in as uc u es and p ac ices
8A_3_1
8
A
3
Vineya ds in canyons mus p ese e adi ional in as uc u es
such as ag icul u al e aces ypical o hese landscapes. The
cadas al s uc u e adap ed o canyon slopes mus be espec ed,
a oiding opog aphical modi ica ions ha may gene a e e osi e
p ocesses o la ge uni o m pa cels ha impac on aes he ic
alues o ineya ds
8A_3_2
8
A
3
In ineya ds, adi ional c op sys ems mus be gi en p io i y,
hus espec ing na u al alues ha a e cha ac e is ic o canyons.
8A_3_3
8
A
3
Vineya ds in canyons mus ensu e a high quali y image o
i icul u e in hese a eas acco ding o he di e se cha ac e is ics
o he di e en p o ec ed geog aphical indica ions
8B_1_1
8
B
1
Vineya ds in plains o alleys should be e icien ly managed in
o de o in eg a e en i onmen al, cul u al and p oduc i e alues,
as well as adi ions and cul u al p ac ices
8B_3_1
8
B
3
In ineya ds in plains o alleys, his o ic cha ac e and
adi ional building elemen s mus be p ese ed, and eco e y o
abandoned plan a ions mus be gi en p io i y o e new
plan a ions
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
55
9B_2_1
9
B
2
U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be planned in o de o
p omo e u ban compac ness, di e si y o compa ible land uses
and landscapes alues such as he cul u al he i age. New
buildings should be in eg a ed in o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o
each u ban se lemen and sui able ansi ion a eas be ween
u ban and ag icul u al and na u al a eas should be planned
9B_2_2
9
B
2
U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be planned in o de o be
loca ed in he mos sui able a eas and allow an adequa e g ow h.
U ban de elopmen should imply ac ions o landscape
in eg a ion and imp o emen
9B_3_1
9
B
3
U ban a eas in plains o alleys mus be p ope ly main ained
using landscape imp o emen c i e ia
9B_4_1
9
B
4
U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be managed by land use
plans aimed a inc easing u ban compac ness and di e si y o
compa ible land uses, as well as o in eg a e new buildings wi h
he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he u ban se lemen
9B_4_2
9
B
4
U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be managed in o de o
ensu e an adequa e g ow h and he use o landscape
imp o emen c i e ia
10B_3_1
10
B
3
Cul u al he i age a eas mus p ese e hei s uc u e and o iginal
elemen s. T adi ional buildings mus be ehabili a ed and mus
con ibu e o c ea e public spaces wi h public li e, high
landscape quali y and mix u e o uses
10B_4_1
10
B
4
Cul u al he i age a eas should be managed in o de o imp o e
hei s uc u e and o iginal elemen s, and gi e p io i y o he
ehabili a ion o exis ing buildings o e new buildings. These
a eas should con ibu e o c ea e public spaces wi h public li e,
high landscape quali y and mix u e o uses
11B_1_1
11
B
1
Ru ban a eas in plains o alleys should be managed in o de o
in eg a e buildings in he landscape, o p ese e he exis ing
land s uc u e and o de ine unc ionali ies o each zone, hus
con ibu ing o app op ia ely planned landscapes o popula ion
se lemen s and u al spaces
11B_1_2
11
B
1
T adi ional u al se lemen s should be managed acco ding o
hei speci ic g ow h equi emen s in o de o achie e compac
se lemen s wi h buildings in eg a ed in he landscape and
adap ed o he opog aphy and he oad ne wo k
11B_3_2
11
B
3
T adi ional u al se lemen s mus p ese e hei adi ional
cha ac e is ics and a p ope in eg a ion in he su ounding
en i onmen . T adi ional buildings mus be p ese ed and used
by keeping hei o iginal ma e ials, olume and shape
11C_1_1
11
C
1
U ban a eas in moun ains should be managed o in eg a e he
buil space wi h he u al su oundings. The equi ed u ban
de elopmen s should p ese e he adi ional, cul u al and
aes he ic alues by adap ing olumes, shapes, heigh s, ma e ials
and ypologies o he mo phological and opog aphical
cha ac e is ics o he a ea. T ansi ion a eas be ween u ban and
u al spaces should be well de ined and unc ionali ies o each
zone mus be clea
Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO):
Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is
licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
56
11C_3_1
11
C
3
T adi ional u al se lemen s in moun ains mus be p ese ed in
good condi ions, especially adi ional a chi ec u e and buil
elemen s. Mo phology o se lemen s mus be espec ed and
opog aphical condi ions mus be conside ed
12B_2_1
12
B
2
Mining a eas in plains o alleys should be planned in o de o
educe hei isual impac and conside hei cumula i e e ec
in he landscape
12B_2_2
12
B
2
Mining a eas in plains o alleys should be planned o be
in eg a ed in he su ounding landscape. Mines should be
es o ed simul aneously wi h hei exploi a ion and a e wa ds,
using na i e ege a ion whene e possible
12C_2_1
12
C
2
Mining a eas in moun ains should be planned in o de o
minimise hei isual impac and conside hei cumula i e
e ec in he landscape
12C_2_2
12
C
2
Mining a eas in moun ains should be planned o be in eg a ed in
he su ounding landscape. Mines should be es o ed
simul aneously wi h hei exploi a ion and a e wa ds. In
moun ainous a eas special a en ion mus be paid o landscape
in eg a ion o mines, espec ing o iginal landscape whene e
possible and c ea ing new high quali y landscapes a e he
exploi a ion
13_3_1
13
3
3
Coas al landscape mus p ese e hei na u al and ecological
(bo h bio ic and abio ic), hus na u al p ocesses o sand sys ems,
dunes and cli s (and associa ed habi a s) mus be espec ed.
Na u al, aes he ic and cul u al alues o coas mus be
compa ible wi h esiden ial o p oduc i e unc ions by
ollowing sus ainabili y c i e ia
13_3_2
13
3
3
Landscape quali y o coas al landscape mus be conse ed by
p ope ly planning buildings o in as uc u es, hus minimising
he impac o cons uc ions and in eg a ing hem in he
en i onmen
* Land use: 1 wa e ; 2 sh ub, ock o pea land; 3 indigenous o es ; 4 in ensi e ag osys em (c opland); 5 in ensi e
ag osys em (ag o o es y mosaic); 6 in ensi e ag osys em (a o es a ion); 7 ex ensi e ag osys em; 8 ineya d; 9 u ban;
10 cul u al he i age a ea; 11 u ban; 12 mining; 13 coas al
** Geomo phology: A canyon; B plain o alley; C moun ain
*** Scena io: 1 managemen (p o ec ion); 2 planning; 3 p o ec ion; 4 managemen (planning)