Public participation in defining landscape planning scenarios and landscape quality objectives (LQO): Landscape Guidelines for Galicia (NW Spain) case study

Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 1 “This is an Accep ed Manusc ip o an a icle published by Else ie in Land Use Policy on 2020, a ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104559” Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy Abs ac Since he adop ion o he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion (ELC) in 2000, g ea e impo ance has been gi en o ci izen pa icipa ion in landscape policies and, speci ically, in de ining landscape quali y objec i es (LQO). Al hough he ask o iden i ying and de ining LQO is unde aken by p o essionals, he ELC p o ides o a compulso y public consul a ion. In mos cases, no clea ela ionship be ween he esul s o public pa icipa ion and he esul ing de ini ion o LQO and planning scena ios has been ound. The objec i e o he p esen s udy is he e o e o p opose a me hodology o designing landscape planning scena ios and de ining LQO by he sys ema ic, objec i e and quan i ied analysis o he esul s o a public pa icipa ion p ocess and aking ad an age o he capaci y o a Public Pa icipa ion GIS (PPGIS) o cap u e public pe cep ion o landscape. The esul s o a pic u e-based su ey and o he assessmen o mo e han wo housand landscape scenes h ough he PPGIS allowed us o calcula e indices o sa is ac ion and o he le el o in e en ion equi ed o each landscape ype and a ea. F om he alues o hese indices, ou ypes o landscape planning scena ios we e iden i ied (p o ec ion, planning and managemen ocused on p o ec ion and on planning), and he LQO o each landscape ype and a ea we e de e mined acco ding o he esul ing scena io. Applica ion o he p oposed me hodology o he Landscape Guidelines o Galicia e ealed in o ma ion abou he public pe cep ion o each landscape ype and he p e e ed measu es o landscape imp o emen in ol ing p o ec ion, managemen and planning. Keywo ds: landscape pe cep ion; landscape assessmen ; PPGIS; Eu opean Landscape Con en ion Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 2 1. In oduc ion Since he adop ion o he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion (ELC) in 2000, membe coun ies o he EU ha e inco po a ed landscape p o ec ion, managemen and planning in hei legisla ion. The ELC, speci ically a icles 5 and 6, in oduce public in ol emen and pa icipa ion as a key ac o in de eloping hese landscape policies. The i s s ep owa ds implemen ing he ELC is he iden i ica ion, cha ac e iza ion and assessmen o cu en landscapes, which subsequen ly leads o he o mula ion o landscape quali y objec i es (LQO) o he landscapes iden i ied. The nex s ep in ol es de e mining guidelines o he achie emen o LQO, by speci ying he pa icula ac ions equi ed o he p o ec ion, managemen and planning o each landscape ype. The ELC s a es ha , once he di e en landscape ypes ha e been iden i ied and assessed, usually h ough ins umen s such as landscape a lases o in en o ies (Miklós, 2002; San é e al., 2018; Ma a Olmo & Sanz He áiz, 2003; S ahl e al., 2011; Van Ee elde & An op, 2011), he LQO o each landscape ype mus be de ined a e a public consul a ion p ocess. The ELC de ines LQO as “ he o mula ion by he compe en public au ho i ies o he aspi a ions o he public wi h ega d o he landscape ea u es o hei su oundings”. These aspi a ions a e usually unde s ood as expec a ions abou wha he landscape could o e o he public (Se enan & An op, 2010). Al hough LQO we e o mula ed by public au ho i ies in he pas and we e gene ally es ic ed o ou s anding o pic u esque landscapes, he ELC ma ked a pa adigm shi in landscape conside a ion, by opening i up o he whole e i o y and including he public in he decision-making p ocess. Thus, LQO can no longe be es ablished using me hods applied when landscape was es ic ed o ou s anding landscapes, bu mus be de ined wi hin he con ex o he Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 3 exe cise o democ acy (Luginbühl, 2006). Cu en ly, LQO mus ake in o accoun he di e en alues a ibu ed by di e se g oups o people o he same landscape. Analysis o he de elopmen o he ELC in Eu ope, especially in F ance, Belgium, he Uni ed Kingdom, Swi ze land, I aly, Po ugal and No way, shows ha mos o he concep s ela ed o public pa icipa ion a e in e p e ed and execu ed in di e en ways in each na ional, egional o local e i o y (Jones & S enseke, 2011; De Mon is, 2014). Despi e he lack o a clea de ini ion o public pa icipa ion in landscape planning, g ea e impo ance has been gi en o ci izen pa icipa ion in landscape policies, and speci ically in he de ini ion o LQO. Al hough he ask o de ining LQO is unde aken by p o essionals, he con en ion p o ides o a compulso y public consul a ion (Jones & S enseke, 2011). The e is he e o e inc easingly mo e in o ma ion a ailable abou how LQO a e de ined om he esul s o public pa icipa ion p ocesses. Howe e , he e is no o icial o s anda d p ocedu e o de ining LQO (P ieu & Du ousseau, 2006), and no de ined, sys ema ic me hodology o es ablishing a ela ionship be ween public landscape e alua ion, LQO and landscape planning scena ios has been epo ed. In mos o he public pa icipa ion p ocesses, he e is no clea ela ionship be ween he ques ions he public a e asked and he de ini ion o LQO and landscape planning measu emen s. P ocedu es mus he e o e be de eloped o inco po a e public pe cep ions in landscape planning (Con ad e al., 2011) and o de ine LQO. This pape p oposes a me hodology o designing landscape planning scena ios and de ining LQO by he sys ema ic, objec i e and quan i ied analysis o he esul s o a public pa icipa ion p ocess. 1.1.S a e o he a on LQO de ini ion Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 4 The e is a clea lack o o mal esea ch on he de ini ion o LQO. This can be p o ed by he e y ew pape s o Web o Science (all da abases) ha include he sea ch ph ase “landscape quali y objec i es” in he sea ch ields “ i le” (4 pape s) o “ opic” (13 pape s) in he pe iod 1900- 2020. LQO a e usually de ined di ec ly by public au ho i ies, in he bes o cases a e a public consul a ion, bu in mos cases asking only o opinion o public adminis a ions o ep esen a i es o ce ain selec ed s akeholde s. Van Ee elde and An op (2011) desc ibed wo case s udies in Flande s; in he i s one, LQO a e o mula ed exclusi ely by he Flemish adminis a i e au ho i ies and by an independen commi ee o expe s, and in he second one, by he adminis a ion and he landowne s. O he me hods o de ining LQO, such as ha p oposed by Chmielewski and Sowinska (2010), ecognize he impo ance o conside ing he expec a ions o local communi ies conce ning he LQO, bu do no explici ly explain how he public opinion is aken in o accoun . Mos landscape planning ins umen s use su eys o de ine LQO; o example, Bu gui e al. (2017) de ined LQO h ough pe sonal in e iews and quali a i e analysis, and Se enan and An op (2010) used a ques ionnai e including ques ions abou landscape p e e ence. In mos p e ious expe iences, no clea uni ying h ead has been iden i ied in ela ion o he ci izen pa icipa ion p ocess and he esul ing de ini ion o LQO, ha is, he way in which he esul s o hese social esea ch echniques a e ansla ed in o LQO is no e iden . The only objec i e and quan i ied me hodologies p e iously used o he de ini ion o LQO include he use o landscape scena ios and calcula ion o landscape indices and me ics. On one hand, Loupa Ramos (2010) p oposed he de elopmen o “explo a o y landscape scena ios” as a ool o iden i ying u u e landscapes om which o igge discussions wi h he public in Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 5 o de o de ine he LQO. On he o he hand, Sowinska-Swie kosz and Chmielewski (2016) o mula ed LQO as a se o indica o s ha link social and expe opinion. Many o he s udies can be ound ha calcula e landscape indices ela ed o social aspec s and landscape pe cep ion bu do no in ol e hem in LQO de ini ion (D ams ad e al., 2006; Walz e al., 2007; Uuemaa e al., 2009). 1.2. Theo e ical backg ound The me hodology p oposed in he p esen pape in eg a es bo h o he abo e men ioned app oaches -landscape scena ios and indica o s – by calcula ing quan i a i e indica o s ha e lec he public pe cep ion o di e en landscape ypes, and he esul s o which a e combined o de e mine he p e e ed landscape planning scena ios. Scena ios a e a widely-used ool in landscape planning o encou age people o discuss abou u u e al e na i es (Soli a e al., 2008). Scena io-based s udies became equen in he se en ies (Shea e , 2005) in o de o s imula e c ea i e ways o hinking and acili a e he exchange o in o ma ion (Gan a & Golobic, 2015). Cu en ly, wo di e en app oaches can be dis inguished in ela ion o he use o scena ios o landscape planning. The mos equen one is he public assessmen o p ede ined scena ios, ha is, scena ios a e p oposed by he echnical eam o be used as he s a ing poin om which ci izens deba e he desi ed u u e landscape (Palang e al., 2000; T ess & T ess, 2003; Soli a e al., 2008; Lindemann-Ma hies e al., 2010; Loupa Ramos, 2010; La che e al., 2013). The o he op ion is a pa icipa o y scena io de elopmen p ocess, in which scena ios a e designed by s akeholde s. Ca lsson e al. (2015) used his app oach combining scien i ic and s akeholde knowledge o build obus scena ios. Di e en me hodologies can be applied o Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 6 building scena ios, among which GIS-based modelling is inc easingly being used. Smi h e al. (2009) p esen a scena io de elopmen ool using a GIS based app oach which allows s akeholde s and expe s o build landscape scena ios om di e en o es managemen s a egies. In Bohne e al. (2011) h ee landscape scena ios we e de i ed om a pa icipa o y esea ch suppo ed by a GIS-based oolki . Bo h scena io app oaches can be imp o ed by using isualiza ion me hods (Pe i e al., 2011) such as pho o ealis ic design echniques (T ess & T ess, 2003), GIS modelling (Tobias e al., 2016) o a combina ion o bo h (G ê -Regamey e al., 2007), since mos a en ion has ocused on he isual aes he ic o landscape (Sco , 2011). The p esen pape de elops a new app oach based on he pa icipa o y de ini ion o heo e ical scena ios om he public assessmen o eal landscapes. Di e en me hods can be used o landscape assessmen , and each has ce ain ad an ages and disad an ages. A iaza e al. (2004) dis inguishes be ween di ec and indi ec me hods: while di ec me hods seek o compa e public p e e ences o landscapes (de V ies e al., 2013; Dunkel, 2015), indi ec me hods conside he p esence and/o in ensi y o designa ed ea u es (Bulu & Yilmaz, 2008; Schi pke e al., 2013). Al hough landscape assessmen by agg ega ion o elemen s (indi ec me hod) makes comp ehensi e landscape e alua ion easie han in di ec me hods, i does no cap u e he in e ac ions be ween such elemen s (Hayden e al., 2015). The me hods used in he p esen s udy o cap u ing landscape p e e ences in eg a e bo h ypes o app oaches: di ec and indi ec me hods. O he common echnique o landscape assessmen is he use o landscape indices (Uuema e al., 2009), which can e lec di e en landscape alues (e.g. na u al, cul u al, Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 7 p oduc i e and aes he ic), including social aspec s and landscape pe cep ion. Focusing on indica o s o me ics o public landscape assessmen o pe cep ion, a good example a e he 14 indica o s iden i ied by Hedblom e al. (2019) as p oxies o he pe cep ion o he landscape alues. This ype o indices can be calcula ed om he esul s o public su eys (e.g. indices o pe cep ual p io i y and cogni i e p e e ence designed by Xu e al., 2019) o om physical landscape a ibu es (e.g. Landscape Pe cep ion Deg ee p oposed by Li e al., 2012). Mo e ecen ly, social media pho os a e inc easingly being used o quan i y he landscape p e e ences (Se esinhe e al., 2018; Tieskens e al., 2018; Bubalo e al., 2019). In his pape , a new p ocedu e based on he combina ion o he pa icipa o y scena io de elopmen app oach and o landscape indices is de eloped, in which he public p e e ences a e analysed h ough quan i a i e landscape indices, om which he scena ios desi ed by he public a e de e mined. I is he e o e he ci izens hemsel es who design he desi ed scena io. 1.3. Public Pa icipa ion Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (PPGIS) o landscape planning As public pa icipa ion p ocesses a e highly demanding o esou ces and ime, he designed me hodology makes use o ICT wi h he join objec i es o ensu ing ha he en i e popula ion can pa icipa e in he p ocess and o ob aining as much in o ma ion as possible in an e icien way. Wi h his aim, a Public Pa icipa ion Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em (PPGIS), ha is a GIS-based sys em o suppo public pa icipa ion, was de eloped. P e ious s udies ha e shown ha he use o a PPGIS enhances he abili y o ci izens o exp ess hei opinions and pe spec i es abou landscape (B own & Ky ä, 2014, 2018; San é e al., 2018; Siebe , 2006). Mos o he PPGIS speci ically designed o landscape planning a e aimed a assessing landscape alues (e.g. Be e ly, 2008; B own & B abyn, 2012; B own & Raymond, 2007; B own e al., Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 8 2014; Zhu e al., 2010). Mo e ecen ly, Ce eny e al. (2017) ha e used a PPGIS o landscape alue mapping and o e alua e sen imen s and expe iences associa ed wi h ce ain loca ions. San é e al. (2018) ha e used a PPGIS o allow people o loca e places o special landscape in e es , landscape alues and deg aded a eas and de V ies e al. (2013) o iden i y highly alued places. The PPGIS desc ibed in his pape was designed o he speci ic pu pose o de ining LQO. 1.4 Objec i e This pape ocuses on he de elopmen o a new me hodology ha acili a es and objec i ies he de ini ion o LQO om he esul s o a public pa icipa ion p ocess in a anspa en and quan i ied way. This me hodology is based on he combina ion o he wo mos equen app oaches o LQO de ini ion – landscape scena ios and indica o s – and akes ad an age o he capaci y o a PPGIS app oach o cap u e public pe cep ion o landscape. The p oposed me hodology, which includes di ec and indi ec me hods o cap u e public opinion and he echnique de eloped o designing landscape planning scena ios, is desc ibed. Use o his me hodology o es ablishing landscape scena ios and LQO in he Landscape Guidelines o Galicia is explained, and he main esul s and conclusions a e p esen ed. 2. Me hodology 2.1. S udy a ea The au onomous egion o Galicia (NW Spain) comp ises an a ea o 29 000 km2 and has a popula ion o almos h ee million people (Fig. 1). The ELC was signed by Spain in 2007, and a yea la e he Galician Go e nmen passed Law no. 7/2008 conce ning Landscape P o ec ion, which included landscape in en o ies and guidelines, among o he ins umen s, o landscape Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 9 p o ec ion, managemen and planning. The Landscape In en o y o Galicia (San é e al., 2018) di ided Galicia in o 12 big landscape a eas and 50 landscape egions (Fig. 1) and iden i ied 258 di e en landscape ypes, as a combina ion o 5 geomo phology ca ego ies, 5 clima e ca ego ies and 12 land use pa e ns, esul ing in 28 350 landscape uni s (Fig. 2), which a e de ined as homogeneous egions in e ms o landscape ype. Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 16 ac ions we e conside ed o each componen , co esponding o a p o ec ion, managemen o planning measu e, acco ding o he de ini ions o hese concep s es ablished in he a icle 1 o he ELC (Fig. 4). Conside ing ha planning measu es en ail a highe deg ee o in e en ion in he landscape han managemen measu es, and ha he la e imply a highe deg ee o in e en ion han he p o ec ion measu es, an index o equi ed in e en ion in he landscape was calcula ed om he selec ed measu es. Table 1. Landscape componen s selec able o each landscape scene Land use Landscape elemen C opland Beaches and dunes Meadow and pas u e (ex ensi e ag osys em) Ag icul u al e aces, adi ional ences and hedges Ag o o es y mosaic Ma e ial cul u al he i age (a chaeologic, his o ical and e hnog aphic elemen s) A o es a ion In angible cul u al he i age (legends, celeb a ions and adi ions) Indigenous o es (e.g. oak o ches nu o es ) S . James way, adi ional ways and hiking ou es Vineya d T adi ional u al se lemen s Sh ub, ock o cli Lookou s and iewpoin s U ban a ea Indus ial s a e Ru ban a ea The mal powe o hyd oelec ic plan s Cul u al he i age a ea Wind a ms Mining Big in as uc u es and anspo a ion ne wo ks Wa e ( i e s and lakes) Pea land Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 17 Figu e 4. Public Pa icipa o y GIS In addi ion o assessing he p ede ined scenes, he use s we e able o p opose, loca e and assess new landscape scenes. Viewe na iga ion ools we e used o his pu pose, o iden i y he desi ed loca ion on he map and c ea e a poin o a new landscape scene, which was hen assessed in he same way as he p ede ined scenes. 2.3. Landscape indices The in o ma ion ob ained by public pa icipa ion ia he web pla o m was used o es ima e he deg ee o public sa is ac ion wi h landscape, as well as he deg ee o equi ed Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 18 in e en ion in he landscape. The me hodology used o he calcula ion o hese indices is de eloped below. Index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ype (S ) The sa is ac ion index e lec s he pleasan eeling ha people ge s om he landscape pe cep ion and was ob ained om he esul s o he pic u e-based su ey. The esponses o he ques ion “how much do you like his landscape ype in you landscape egion?” e lec he deg ee o sa is ac ion o pa icipan s wi h he landscape ypes ha occupy he g ea es ex ension o cha ac e ize he egion, calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion: 𝑆𝑡= ∑ (𝑉𝑣𝑡 𝑥 𝑁𝑣𝑡)/ 𝑁𝑡 (1) whe e S is he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ype , N is he numbe o imes ha he sco e is assigned o he landscape ype , N is he numbe o o al answe s o he landscape ype and V is he sco e assigned o he landscape ype : V is 1 i he esponse is “ e y much”, 0.5 i i is “mode a ely” and 0 i i is “no a all”. The esul ing alue (S ) e lec s he deg ee o sa is ac ion wi h each landscape ype. Index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scene (Ss) The egional landscape assessmen can be add essed by he global e alua ion o he mos ep esen a i e landscape ypes bu also by he indi ec e alua ion o landscape componen s and o smalle a eas wi h pa icula o ou s anding cha ac e is ics. Fo his, assessmen o landscape scenes was he e o e included in he landscape e alua ion o a speci ic egion. F om he esponses o he ques ion “Do you like his landscape scene?” implemen ed in he PPGIS, he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scene was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion: 𝑆𝑠= ∑ (𝑉𝑣𝑠 𝑥 𝑁𝑣𝑠)/ 𝑁𝑠 (2) Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 19 whe e Ss is he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scene s, N s is he numbe o imes ha he sco e is assigned o he scene s, Ns is he numbe o o al answe s o he scene s and V s is he sco e assigned o he scene s: V is 1 o he esponse “ e y much”, 0.5 o he esponse “mode a ely” and 0 o he esponse “no a all”. Index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape a ea (SLA) This index was ob ained as he a e age o he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ypes o a speci ic landscape a ea (S LA) and he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape scenes o a landscape a ea (SsLA): SLA= (S LA + SsLA) /2 (3) whe e SLA is he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape a ea, S LA = ∑S /T, in which T is he numbe o landscape ypes assessed in ha landscape a ea, SsLA = ∑Ss /S, and S is he numbe o landscape scenes assessed in ha landscape a ea. This index e lec s he deg ee o global sa is ac ion wi h he landscape in a speci ic landscape a ea. Index o in e en ion o landscape ype (I ) This index is ob ained om he measu es selec ed in he PPGIS o each landscape ype in he landscape scenes (see example o Fig. 4). Each o he h ee ypes o measu es is assigned a nume ical sco e ha indica es he co esponding deg ee o in e en ion in he landscape in e ms o he equi ed amoun o esou ces and he le el o landscape ans o ma ion in ol ed. In his way, he index o equi ed in e en ion (I ) was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion: I =∑( V x N )/N (4) whe e I is he index o in e en ion o landscape ype , N is he numbe o p oposed measu es o he landscape ype ha imply a deg ee o in e en ion , N is he o al numbe o measu es Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 20 selec ed o he landscape ype , and V is he sco e assigned acco ding o he deg ee o in e en ion o he p oposed measu e o he landscape ype : V is 1 i he p oposed measu e is a planning measu e (high deg ee o in e en ion), 0.5 i i is a managemen measu e (in e media e deg ee o in e en ion) and 0 i i is a p o ec ion measu e (low deg ee o in e en ion). Index o in e en ion o elemen (Ie) A simila index o equi ed in e en ion was calcula ed o he elemen s cha ac e izing he landscape scenes om he measu es selec ed in he PPGIS o each elemen . This index is calcula ed by he ollowing exp ession: Ie =∑( V e x N e )/Ne whe e Ie is he index o equi ed in e en ion o he elemen e, N e is he numbe o p oposed measu es o he elemen e ha implies a deg ee o in e en ion , Ne is he o al numbe o measu es selec ed o he elemen e, and V e is he sco e assigned acco ding o he deg ee o in e en ion o he p oposed measu e o he elemen e: V is 1 i he p oposed measu e is a planning measu e (high deg ee o in e en ion), 0.5 i i is a managemen measu e (in e media e deg ee o in e en ion) and 0 i i is a p o ec ion measu e (low deg ee o in e en ion). Index o in e en ion o landscape a ea (ILA) The index o equi ed in e en ion o a speci ic landscape a ea was calcula ed as he a e age o he indices o in e en ion o landscape ypes and elemen s assessed in ha a ea, by using he ollowing exp ession: ILA=( I LA+ IeLA )/2 whe e ILA is he index o in e en ion o landscape a ea, I LA = ∑I /T, in which T ep esen s he numbe o landscape ypes assessed in ha landscape a ea, and IeLA =∑Ie/E , in which E Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 21 ep esen s he numbe o elemen s assessed in ha landscape a ea. This index e lec s he deg ee o global in e en ion equi ed by popula ion o he landscape o ha speci ic a ea. 2.4. Landscape planning scena ios A new p ocedu e o pa icipa o y scena io de elopmen is p oposed, in which he public opinion o each landscape ype is i s analyzed h ough quan i a i e indices and he planning scena ios a e hen designed om he esul s o hese indices. Ca esian axes a e used in designing hese scena ios, in which he index o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape ype (S ) and he index o in e en ion o he landscape ype (I ) a e ep esen ed. The in e sec ion o he alues o bo h indices enables iden i ica ion o he di e en si ua ions o accep ance and desi e o modi ica ion o he cu en landscape, om which he landscape planning scena io is de e mined (Fig. 5). The ou conside ed scena ios co espond o he de ini ion o landscape p o ec ion, managemen and planning es ablished in he a icle 1 o he ELC and men ioned in he a icle 6.E as he h ee ypes o aims o landscape ins umen s: Scena io 1: Managemen (p o ec ion); high le el o sa is ac ion and in e en ion equi ed. Scena io 2: Planning; low le el o sa is ac ion and high le el o in e en ion equi ed. Scena io 3: P o ec ion; high le el o sa is ac ion and low le el o in e en ion equi ed. Scena io 4: Managemen (planning); low le el o sa is ac ion and in e en ion equi ed. Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 22 Figu e 5. Landscape planning scena ios These ypes o scena ios a e also simila o he guidelines o main enance, imp o emen o es o a ion o landscape quali y de ined by Sowinska-Swie kosz and Chmielewski (2016). Scena io 2 in ol es he demand o planning measu es, as a low le el o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape makes people eel ha i is necessa y o in es esou ces and ca y ou ac ions o es o e, imp o e o ans o m ha landscape. Scena io 3 implies p o ec ion, i.e. he deg ee o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape is high so he e is no need o in e ene o modi y he landscape beyond conse ing he cu en cha ac e is ics and quali y. Scena ios 1 and 4 mainly co espond o managemen measu es, al hough wi h di e en bias, as in he i s he e is a high le el o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape and in he second he le el o sa is ac ion is low, so ha he endencies a e owa ds espec i ely p o ec ion and planning. Scena io 1 co esponds o well- alued landscapes bu in which he e is a ecognised need o ac i e in e en ion o ensu e main enance o ha s a us. By con as , in scena io 4, despi e he low le el o sa is ac ion wi h he landscape, he public did no eel he need o landscape in e en ion o imp o emen . Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 23 In addi ion, he planning scena ios o each landscape a ea a e de ined om he indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion o landscape a ea. The LQO o each landscape ype and a ea we e es ablished acco ding o he esul ing scena io o each landscape ype o a ea, aimed a conse ing he cu en landscape cha ac e is ics, imp o ing hem o ensu ing hei app op ia e managemen . The elabo a ion o LQO was also suppo ed by he measu es p oposed by ci izens h ough use o he PPGIS. 3. Resul s 3.1. Resul s o he public pa icipa ion p ocess Almos ou housand people we e in i ed and inally a o al o 776 people pa icipa ed in he wo kshops. A he end o he public pa icipa ion p ocess, 882 use s had egis e ed in o he web, co esponding bo h o pa icipan s in wo kshops and o o he people who accessed he web independen ly. Some o he use s egis e ed in he wo kshops we e used o in oduce he opinions o se e al pe sons in o de o acili a e pa icipa ion o people wi hou compu e skills, so one only use could comple e se e al su eys. Finally, 988 pic u e-based su eys we e comple ed, 948 p ede ined scenes we e assessed and ano he 1254 new scenes we e loca ed and e alua ed. A o al o 2202 scenes we e assessed, o which 25 626 p o ec ion, managemen o planning measu es we e selec ed, and 1399 new measu es we e p oposed by use o he PPGIS. The esul s o he ques ionnai e o sa is ac ion showed ha wo kshops we e “well” o “ e y well” assessed by 86% o pa icipan s and 93% indica ed as “ e y impo an ” o “impo an ” his ype o public pa icipa ion p ocesses. Rega ding he web-pla o m and PPGIS, hey we e use ul o 94% o he pa icipan s and easy o use o 75%. The nega i e aspec s mos Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 24 equen ly indica ed we e he speed o he geog aphical iewe , he ease o use and he lack o lexibili y in he answe s. 3.2. Resul s o landscape indices and de ini ion o landscape planning scena ios 3.2.1 Assessmen o landscape ypes 3.2.1.1 Sa is ac ion wi h landscape ypes Landscape ypes cha ac e ized by na u al alues, such as indigenous o es , coas al landscape and some canyon landscapes (wa e , indigenous o es and ineya ds) a e among he mos app ecia ed (Table 2). The emaining aqua ic landscapes and he ex ensi e ag osys ems came in second place, al hough e y close o he p e ious ypes. The inal landscape ypes wi h posi i e assessmen s co espond o ag icul u al - c opland o ineya ds in plains o alleys - and o sh ub landscapes in moun ainous a eas. Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 25 Table 2. Index o sa is ac ion wi h each landscape ype in Galicia and in he 12 big landscape a eas (BLA) Landscape ype Index o sa is ac ion Galicia BLA 1 BLA 2 BLA 3 BLA 4 BLA 5 BLA 6 BLA 7 BLA 8 BLA 9 BLA 10 BLA 11 BLA 12 Shee o wa e in canyon 0.93* 0.92 0.93 1.00 0.88 Shee o wa e in plain o alley 0.90 0.99 0.75 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.86 0.91 Shee o wa e in moun ain 0.84 0.79 0.88 Sh ub o ock in canyon 0.64 0.64 Sh ub o ock in plain o alley 0.65 0.67 0.63 0.75 0.66 0.62 0.60 0.82 0.43 Sh ub o ock in moun ain 0.80 0.78 0.94 0.64 0.80 0.86 0.86 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.71 0.80 Indigenous o es in canyon 0.94 0.91 0.98 Indigenous o es in plain o alley 0.87 0.75 0.92 0.91 0.75 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.71 Indigenous o es in moun ain 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.95 In ensi e ag osys em (c opland) in plain o alley 0.80 0.71 0.88 0.94 0.78 0.68 In ensi e ag osys em (c opland) in moun ain 0.62 0.51 0.67 0.79 0.50 In ensi e ag osys em (a o es a ion) in canyon 0.25 0.25 In ensi e ag osys em (a o es a ion) in plain o alley 0.26 0.16 0.13 0.40 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.34 0.14 0.33 0.23 In ensi e ag osys em (a o es a ion) in moun ain 0.38 0.29 0.47 0.39 0.15 0.38 0.50 0.47 0.42 In ensi e ag osys em (ag o o es y mosaic) in canyon 0.25 0.25 In ensi e ag osys em (ag o o es y mosaic) in plain o alley 0.26 0.16 0.13 0.4 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.34 0.14 0.33 0.23 In ensi e ag osys em (ag o o es y mosaic) in moun ain 0.42 0.29 0.47 0.39 0.4 0.38 0.5 0.47 0.42 Ex ensi e ag osys em in plain o alley 0.90 0.80 0.89 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.83 Ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ain 0.85 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.93 0.74 0.90 Vineya d in canyon 0.96 0.93 1.00 Vineya d in plain o alley 0.78 0.88 0.86 0.63 0.74 U ban in plain o alley 0.34 0.32 0.50 0.21 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 Cul u al he i age a ea in plain o alley 0.34 0.32 0.50 0.21 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.3 Ru ban in plain o alley 0.74 0.69 0.67 0.94 0.60 0.87 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.73 0.76 Ru ban in moun ain 0.51 0.51 Mining in plain o alley 0.20 0.13 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.33 Mining in moun ain 0.16 0.10 0.21 0.21 0.12 Coas al alley 0.95 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.99 0.82 0.95 * Highes sco es in bold, lowes in i alics On he opposing side a e he landscape ypes wi h a e y low index o sa is ac ion, including he mining landscapes, ollowed closely by a o es ed landscapes, al hough in his case Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 32 Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 33 Figu e 6. Landscape planning scena ios o di e en landscape ypes 3.2.2 Assessmen o landscape a eas Fo all o he landscape a eas, excep one, a global scena io o landscape managemen is ob ained (Fig.7), due o he high deg ee o public sa is ac ion wi h he cu en landscape bu also o consciousness- aising abou he need o landscape planning and managemen (Table 4). The highes index o sa is ac ion co esponded o landscape a ea 5, in acco dance wi h he excep ional landscape cha ac e is ics in his a ea (Fig. 8). A eas 1, 2 and 4 also sco ed abo e a e age because o hei g ea na u al alues. The poo es alued landscape a eas we e a eas 9, 10 and 11, which ha e la ge ex ensions o a o es a ion and ex ensi e ag osys ems, gi ing ise o landscapes cha ac e ized by low di e si y and a sho age o mo e highly alued landscapes, wi h he excep ion o he coas al zone in a ea 10, cha ac e ised by a high deg ee o u ban de elopmen ha is also low alued. Table 4. Global indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion in Galicia and in he big landscape a eas Landscape a ea Index o sa is ac ion Index o in e en ion 1. Se as O ien ais 0.82* 0.55 2. Se as Su o ien ais 0.80 0.48 3. Chai as e Fosas Luguesas 0.75 0.55 4. Chai as, Se as e Fosas Ou ensás 0.82 0.48 5. Ribei as Encaixadas do Miño e do Sil 0.85 0.55 6. Cos a Su -Baixo Miño 0.71 0.50 7. Galicia Cen al 0.77 0.51 8. Rías Baixas 0.78 0.51 9. Chai as e Fosas Occiden ais 0.63 0.51 10. Gol o Á ab o 0.73 0.56 11. Galicia Se en ional 0.73 0.52 12. A Ma iña-Baixo Eo 0.76 0.56 Galicia 0.75 0.52 * Highes sco es in bold, lowes in i alics Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 34 Figu e 7. Landscape planning scena io in each landscape a ea and in Galicia Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 35 Figu e 8. Maps o indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion 3.3. De ini ion o landscape quali y objec i es Gene al LQO o each landscape a ea and speci ic LQO o each landscape ype in each a ea we e de ined om he esul ing pa icipa o y scena ios in o de o accomplish he ELC’s equi emen s. LQO we e w i en by planne s, es ablishing o each landscape ype (land use and geomo phology) he gene al objec i e o he landscape planning scena io (p o ec ion, managemen o planning) and ela ing his objec i e o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he landscape ype. Fo example, o he landscape ype o ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ain a eas he ollowing LQO we e de ined: Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 36 P o ec ion; an ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ains wi h p oduc i e and aes he ic alues ha mus be p ese ed, in which s uc u al cul u al elemen s -such as ences and hedges- should be kep and auna and lo a espec ed, hus p e en ing o e use o he land and o es i es. Managemen ; a ha monic combina ion o he ex ensi e ag osys em landscape in moun ains wi h sh ub, ock and o es a eas should be main ained, p e en ing he des uc ion o cul u al he i age elemen s and he p oli e a ion o sh ub o esidual o es gene a ed by abandonmen p ocesses and ensu ing an ecological cycle ha p o ides na u al g azing. Planning; landscape o ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ains in which a eas ha unde go abandonmen p ocesses should be pu in o p oduc ion o used o imp o e he hyd ological cycle, whe e adi ional ences and hedges should be es o ed and new, sui able ences cons uc ed. In o al, 71 LQO we e de ined o he one o ou landscape planning scena ios (p o ec ion, planning, managemen -p o ec ion and managemen -planning) ob ained o 28 di e en landscape ypes (see Appendix A). 4. Discussion The global esul s o he public assessmen o landscape ypes show cons an alues o bo h indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion h oughou he di e en landscape a eas, al hough some pa icula i ies we e no ed, mainly e lec ing e i o ial cha ac e is ics o p oblems ypical o a speci ic a ea. One example o hese pa icula i ies is he high alue asc ibed o he sh ub and ocky moun ainous landscape in a ea 1, which includes p o ec ed na u al spaces o g ea landscape alue in which he moun ainous landscape wi h sh ub o b ushwood p edomina es (Fig. 9). The gene al cohe ence and ma ch be ween sco es o each landscape ype h oughou he di e en a eas alida es he public pa icipa ion p ocess. This cohe ence p o es ha ac o s Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 37 in luencing landscape p e e ences, such as amilia i y wi h he landscape o social backg ound (D ams ad e al., 2006; an Zan en e al., 2014), we e conside ed in he public pa icipa ion p ocess. Figu e 9. Na u al Pa k “O In e nadei o” landscape a ea 1 In gene al, he landscape ypes wi h he highes indices o sa is ac ion a e hose wi h he bes na u al alues, which is consis en wi h he esul s o mul iple s udies (e.g., Bulu & Yilmaz, 2008; Lindemann-Ma hies e al., 2010; De V ies e al., 2013; Schi pke e al., 2013; Tieskens e al., 2018) . On he con a y, he lowes indices o sa is ac ion co espond o mining and a o es ed landscapes as shown in p e ious s udies (Tah anainen e al., 1996; G ê -Regamey e al., 2007; S obodo a e al., 2012). Rega ding a o es ed landscapes, low sa is ac ion is jus i ied by he nega i e pe cep ion o low species- ichness (Lindemann-Ma hies e al., 2010) and homogeneous (Schi pke e al., 2013) landscapes. Di e ences on sco es o a o es ed landscapes in plains o alleys and in moun ain zones sugges he public aspi a ion o loca e hese landscapes in he a eas adi ionally alloca ed o his land use, which coincides wi h he esul s o Ka jalainen & Komulainen (1998), who ound ha loca ion was he mos impo an ac o a ec ing a o es a ion Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 38 p e e ences. Howe e , he e is no a clea ela ionship be ween he public pe cep ion o a o es ed landscapes and hei equency in he landscape a ea, whe eas cul i a ed land is bes alued in a eas 4 and 7, whe e is one o he mos ex ensi e landscapes and he ag icul u al ac i i y is mo e impo an in he a ea. The ela ionship be ween he sco es o sa is ac ion and in e en ion indices is di ec and in e se only o he case o mining landscapes bu no o he emaining ypes. This s udy’s esul s show ha some landscapes ypes wi h high indices o sa is ac ion p esen also a high demand o in e en ion. This is he case o u uban landscape, which supposes a modi ica ion o he adi ional se lemen model ha is well- alued by popula ion (Bulu & Yilmaz, 2008). In he same way, o he landscape ypes much app ecia ed by local people also show high demand o in e en ion, such as cul i a ed land in a ea 3, a i e canyon in a ea 10 ha p ese es he bes A lan ic o es o Galicia o indigenous o es s and ineya ds in a ea 5. People ecognizes he need o in e en ion due o a equi emen o ac i e managemen o landscapes (e.g. ineya ds cul i a ed in small s eep e aces in a ea 5) o o ce ain aspec s o landscapes ha can be imp o ed (e.g. he A lan ic o es o a ea 10 is h ea ened by he expansion o he a o es a ion wi h alloch honous species). The combina ion o indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion p o ided landscape scena ios acco ding o he h ee s a egies de ined in he ELC: p o ec ion, managemen and planning. Mos highly alued landscapes led o p o ec ion scena ios ha e lec he public desi e o main ain he cu en cha ac e is ics, wi h he excep ion o ineya ds, o which managemen scena ios whe e ob ained because o he equi emen o an in ensi e managemen , speci ically in a ea 5, whe e his need is pa icula ly impo an because ineya d is ca ied ou in na ow s eeply sloping Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 39 e aces ( an de Sluis e al., 2014). P o ec ion o managemen scena ios a e also ob ained by ag icul u al landscapes, which a e g ea ly app ecia ed by public, who also ecognize he need o human in e en ion o hei co ec managemen . The scena ios o he emaining highly alued landscapes a e p o ec ion (sh ub) o managemen ( u ban) acco ding o he deg ee o in e en ion equi ed o hei adequa e main enance and e olu ion. Planning o managemen (planning) scena ios a e always alloca ed o low alued landscapes such as mining, con i ming he posi i e in luence o mining es o a ion (S obodo a e al., 2012), and u ban lands. The managemen (planning) scena ios o a o es ed landscapes a e a special case in which he high deg ee o public dissa is ac ion wi h hese landscape ypes ( he second lowes alued ype) con as s wi h he low demand o in e en ion, which indica es di e en pe cep ions o his landscape, as epo ed by Ande son e al. (2013), p obably due o he p oduc i e and economic alue o his land use. Howe e , his can also be in e p e ed as he public belie ing ha in e en ion would no imp o e he pe cep ion o hese landscapes, on he con a y o he esul s o Ka jalainen & Komulainen (1998), who ound ha an app op ia e loca ion and shape o he a o es a ion can imp o e i . The analysis o global esul s by landscape a ea e eals ha , in e es ingly, he deg ee o sa is ac ion was no p opo ionally in e sely ela ed o he equi ed deg ee o in e en ion, bu e en some o he a eas wi h a high deg ee o sa is ac ion a e also hose ha demand a highe deg ee o in e en ion. This may be because, among o he ac o s, he economic ac i i ies ( ou ism, i icul u e, e c.) in hese a eas a e closely ela ed o landscape. In his way, he landscape scena ios we e de ined di ec ly om he public assessmen s and he LQO we e w i en o e lec he esul ing scena ios as p ecisely as possible, so ha he Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 40 ELC’s equi emen abou de ining LQO a e public consul a ion is accomplished in a anspa en and jus i ied way. A sys ema ic me hodology is p oposed, in which he ela ionship be ween public opinion and LQO is clea and e iden , and con ibu es o b idging he gap be ween he public pa icipa ion p ocesses and he inal de ini ion o LQO (P ieu & Du ousseau, 2006). The ansla ion o public opinion in o landscape planning scena ios by using quan i a i e indices o e s a mo e objec i e echnique han he di ec in e p e a ion o s akeholde s’ opinions (Van Ee elde & An op, 2011) o o he esul s o pe sonal in e iews o ques ionnai es (Bu gui e al., 2017; Se enan & An op, 2010). The p oposed me hodology akes ad an age o quan i ica ion and objec i i y p o ided by landscape indices, which a e simila o hose p e iously used in many s udies (D ams ad e al., 2006; Walz e al., 2007; Sowinska-Swie kosz & Chmielewski, 2016), o go a s ep u he in sys ema izing he de ini ion o landscape scena ios (Loupa Ramos, 2010). Howe e , he s age o de ini ion o LQO om he esul ing landscape scena ios s ill in ol es subjec i e decisions by planne s, who mus w i e he inal wo ding o LQO. Despi e his, he planne s’ decisions mus always be subjec o he global objec i e o p o ec ion, managemen o planning iden i ied by popula ion. The scena ios ob ained in he case s udy a e cohe en and consis en wi h p e ious s udies abou landscape p e e ences, which p o es he me hodological consis ency. 5. Conclusions This pape epo s a p oposed new me hodology ha enables compliance wi h he ELC’s s a emen ha he LQO mus e lec he “aspi a ions o he public” in a anspa en and jus i ied manne , by objec i ely analysing he in o ma ion p o ided by he public and using i o de elop landscape planning scena ios and o iden i y he desi ed LQO. The de elopmen o landscape Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 41 scena ios om quan i a i e indices calcula ed om public opinion allowed ci izens hemsel es o design he desi ed scena ios. In his app oach, mo e in o ma ion han in he assessmen o p ede ined scena ios is ob ained because he p ocess is open and pa icipan s a e no condi ioned by a se ies o p ede ined op ions, and he desi ed landscape is designed using hei own speci ic decisions and choices. This me hodology made possible he use o he scena ios app oach in he case s udy because he eno mous landscape di e si y o he egion p e en ed a p io i design o all possible landscape scena ios. In addi ion, use o his me hodology o de elop he Landscape Guidelines o Galicia enabled mo e de ailed in es iga ion o he public pe cep ion o each landscape ype and o he p e e ed measu es o landscape imp o emen ia p o ec ion, managemen o planning. The ou comes show ha i is possible o sys ema ically analyse public opinion abou landscape, e en hough he da a a e de i ed om di e en social esea ch echniques. In addi ion, he p oposed me hodology is comple ely applicable in any place because i does no equi e da a o echnics speci ic o a egion. The use o he PPGIS acili a ed he cap u e o a la ge amoun o in o ma ion abou public opinion and p e e ences, p o ided in a eadily analysable o ma , which made sys ema ic and objec i e da a analysis easie . The mos e iden conclusion o he analysis o esul s is ha he alues o he indices o sa is ac ion and in e en ion a e e y simila o he 12 landscape a eas, despi e being de i ed om di e en wo kshops ha ook place in dis inc loca ions and da es, and a ended by e y di e se people and associa ions. This alida es bo h he public pa icipa ion p ocess and he me hod used o analyse he in o ma ion ga he ed in his p ocess, as well as he esul s ob ained. Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 48 Uuema, E., An op, M., Roosaa e, J., Ma ja, R., & Mande , U.(2009) Landscape Me ics and indices: An o e iew o Thei Use in Landscape Resea ch. Li ing Re iew in Landscape Resea ch,3(1).h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12942/l l -2009-1 Van Ee elde, V., & An op, M.(2011). F om Landscape A las o Flemish He i age Landscapes. Using landscape in en o ies o o mula e landscape quali y objec i es in a pa icipa i e p ocess. In: Te ason, D. (Ed.), Landscapes o E e yday Li e. C ossed pe spec i es on esea ch and ac ion. PDD In e na ional Con e ence 16-18 Ma ch 2011, Pe pignan & Ge ona. h ps://biblio.ugen .be/publica ion/2133774/ ile/2133804.pd an de Sluis, T., Kizos, T., & Pecholi, B. (2014). Landscape change in medi e anean a mlands: impac s o land abandonmen on cul i a ion e aces in Po o ino (I aly) and Les os (G eece). Jou nal o Landscape Ecology, 7(1), 23-44. h ps:10.2478/jlecol-2014-0008 an Zan en, B.T.,Ve bu g, P.H., Koe se, M.J., & an Beuke ing, P.J.H.(2014). P e e ence o Eu opean ag a ian landscapes: A me a-analysis o case s udies. Landscape and U ban Planning,132,89-101. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landu bplan.2014.08.012 Walz, A., La delli, C., Beh end , H., G e -Regamey, A., Lunds öm, C., Ky zia, S., & Bebi, P.(2007). Pa icipa o y scena io analysis o in eg a ed egional modelling. Landscape and U ban Planning,81,114-131.h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landu bplan.2006.11.001 Zaleskiene, E., G azule iciu e-Vileniske, I.(2014). Landscape aes he ics heo ies in modelling he image o he u ban landscape. Jou nal o Sus ainable A chi ec u e and Ci il Enginee ing, 7(2),10-21.h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5755/j01.sace.7.2.6731 Zhu, X., P uelle , S., Whi elaw, P., & Win e , C.(2010). Spa ial di e en ia ion o landscape alues in he Mu ay Ri e egion o Vic o ia, Aus alia. En i onmen al Managemen , 45(5),896–911.h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s00267-010-9462-X Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 49 Appendix A. Landscape Quali y Objec i es (LQO) LQO Code Landscape ype Scena io*** Landscape quali y objec i e (LQO) Land use* Geomo phology** 1A_3_1 1 A 3 Shee s o wa e in canyons, i e side o es s and hei en i onmen mus be p ese ed and cons i u e na u al co ido s ha suppo he ecological and landscape connec i i y among di e en a eas. These landscapes mus be a eas wi h p o ec ed ecological and aes he ic alues compa ible wi h p oduc i e ac i i ies, spo s and ec ea ion h ough he es ablishmen o measu es ha conside speci ic opog aphical condi ions o canyons 1A_3_2 1 A 3 Ri e s and lakes ha e a g ea alue de i ed om hei singula , aes he ic and na u al cha ac e is ics, which mus be p o ec ed by measu es and ac ions subjec o sus ainabili y c i e ia 1B_3_1 1 B 3 Ri e s and lakes in plain o alleys and hei i e side o es s mus be p o ec ed because o hei ecological alue and landscape in e es . Ri e s mus be espec ed, hus keeping hei pa h and he cul u al he i age associa ed o i e s 1B_3_2 1 B 3 Ri e s and lakes ha un h ough u ban a eas mus be conside ed as ele an landscape elemen s in u ban planning by es ablishing ansi ion a eas in o de o so en he impac o he ci y and o allow a highe isibili y be ween he wa e landscape and he u ban public spaces 1C_3_1 1 C 3 Ri e s and lakes in moun ains, as well hei en i onmen , mus be p o ec ed because o hei ecological alue and landscape in e es . Ri e s and hei associa ed cul u al he i age mus be kep in good condi ion and wi hou impac s 1C_3_2 1 C 3 The en i onmen o shee s o wa e in moun ains mus be conse ed because o hei ecological alue and landscape in e es and main ain he opog aphical cha ac e is ics o moun ain a eas, a oiding e osion p ocesses and espec ing i e side o es s 2A_3_1 2 A 3 Sh ub, ock and pea land in canyons mus con ibu e o keep he geomo phology, he ege al composi ion and he soil o he a ea, hus p ese ing he cha ac e is ic image o canyons om agg essi e in e en ion 2B_3_1 2 B 3 Sh ub, ock and pea land mus be p ese ed by means o an ag icul u al ac i i y ha main ain li e and esilien spaces, hus p o ec ing hem om abandonmen p ocesses and in ading species p oli e a ion. P oduc i e and ecologically iable c i e ia mus be conside ed o con ibu ing o a landscape wi h na u al quali y 2B_4_1 2 B 4 Sh ub, ock and pea land in plains o alleys loca ed on spaces be ween c oplands and indigenous o es s should be ansi ion a eas ha ensu e he landscape and ecological connec i i y. Thus, hese landscapes should be managed wi h sus ainabili y c i e ia ha a oid hei deg ada ion Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 50 2C_3_1 2 C 3 Sh ub, ock and pea land in moun ains should be ecologically s uc u ed, esilien and wi hou e osi e p ocesses. These landscapes mus p ese e he ypical mo phology and ege a ion, wi hou in ading and alloch honous species. The ecological unc ion o hese na u al spaces mus be compa ible wi h p oduc i e uses and esis an o he main h ea s (abandonmen , i es, e osion and in ading species) 2C_3_2 2 C 3 The app op ia e in eg a ion be ween sh ubland o pea land and o he land uses aimed a o es , ene gy o ag icul u al p oduc ion mus be ensu ed 3A_3_1 3 A 3 Indigenous o es in canyons mus p ese e hei na u al ichness and indigenous species mus domina e, hus main aining biodi e si y and ecological connec i i y h ough he canyon, as well as he mo phological cha ac e is ics o he canyon. These issues mus be compa ible wi h sus ainable p oduc i e ac i i ies ypical o hese spaces in o de o main ain he ecological, aes he ic and p oduc i e alues 3B_3_1 3 B 3 Indigenous o es s should p ese e na i e auna and lo a, dealing wi h he expansion o alloch honous species. The co ec in eg a ion be ween hese na u al spaces and ag icul u al, li es ock and o es land uses mus be ensu ed 3B_3_2 3 B 3 Indigenous o es s in plains o alleys mus be pa o ecological co ido s and main ain landscape connec i i y and s uc u e. Indigenous o es in i e sides mus be in eg a ed wi h meadows and pas u es ypical o alleys and con ibu e o a oid e osi e p ocesses o i e s 3C_3_1 3 C 3 Indigenous o es s in moun ains mus p ese e a high ecological di e si y by means o he conse a ion and/o expansion o he a ea occupied by na i e species, in a compa ible way wi h sus ainable and complemen a y p oduc i e ac i i ies 4B_1_1 4 B 1 The p oduc i e model o c oplands in plains o alleys should be managed wi h sus ainabili y c i e ia in o de o make landscape and na u al alues compa ible wi h land uses ypical o alleys. An e ec i e managemen mus combine he achie emen o economic bene i s wi h a a ied and he e ogenous landscape ma ix. The ag icul u al landscape should be managed o ob ain di e en alues om ag icul u al ac i i y 4B_1_2 4 B 1 The ag icul u al landscapes should be managed in a comp ehensi e way by including he di e se elemen s ha shape hem: cadas al s uc u e, adi ional ences and hedges, adi ional ag icul u al in as uc u es (i iga ion sys ems, oads, …), adi ional ag icul u al buildings, e c. 4B_3_1 4 B 3 C opland mus be p ese ed, dealing wi h abandonmen p ocesses and main aining he na u al, cul u al and aes he ic alues o adi ional ag icul u al landscapes (c op sys ems, adi ional ag icul u al in as uc u es, e c.) in a compa ible way wi h a sus ainable and economically p o i able model. A sus ainable model mus make p oduc i e c ops, meadows and pas u es compa ible wi h he p ese a ion o na i e ege a ion in pa cel edges and o a di e se ag o o es y mosaic. The Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 51 p o ec ion o he ag icul u al landscape mus be aimed a imp o ing he quali y o li e o u al popula ion 4B_3_2 4 B 3 C opland mus p ese e he landscape quali y and ha mony in bo h he landscape inne s uc u e and he ela ionship wi h he su ounding land uses, especially wi h o es s, ex ensi e ag icul u e and u al se lemen s ypical o plains and alleys 4B_3_3 4 B 3 C opland mus p ese e he di e en elemen s ha shape i and p o ide di e se na u al, aes he ic and cul u al alues. These elemen s comp ise cadas al s uc u e, adi ional ences and hedges, adi ional i iga ion sys ems, adi ional ag icul u al buildings, adi ional oad ne wo ks and o he elemen s linked o ag icul u al p ac ices 4C_1_1 4 C 1 C opland in moun ains should be managed acco ding o he geomo phological and opog aphical condi ions in o de o espec soil and wa e cha ac e is ics o he en i onmen and o a oid e osi e p ocesses. The sus ainable managemen should allow he economic e u n and he p ese a ion o he ypical cha ac e o hese landscapes and o hei adi ional elemen s, such as he cadas al s uc u e o he adi ional ences 4C_3_1 4 C 3 C opland in moun ains mus keep he s uc u al he e ogenei y o landscape and he in eg a ion o c ops wi h su ounding ex ensi e ag osys ems o o es s. The geomo phological and opog aphical condi ions mus be p ese ed in o de o make moun ain c ops compa ible wi h he p ese a ion o soil and wa e cha ac e is ics and o a oid e osi e p ocesses 4C_3_2 4 C 3 C opland in moun ains mus p ese e he his o ical s uc u e o landscape, by keeping he adi ional ela ionship be ween u al se lemen s and u al land, a oiding la ge ex ensions o c opland o o o he land uses 5A_2_1 5 A 2 Ag o o es y mosaic in canyons should be planned in o de o s uc u e in e nally he di e en o es and ag icul u al uses by conside ing he adap a ion o land uses o opog aphical condi ions, he expansion o a eas occupied by indigenous species and he es o a ion o spaces a ec ed by e osi e p ocesses, i es o o he en i onmen al impac s 5B_1_1 5 B 1 Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be managed in o de o achie e o es y and ag icul u al a ms sus ainable and e icien . These a ms should main ain he aes he ic and ex u al di e si y and p ese e adi ional ences and hedges, as well as indigenous o es species ha p o ide he ag osys em wi h ecological alues Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 52 5B_2_1 5 B 2 Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be planned acco ding o a sus ainable p oduc i e model, which p ope ly in eg a es ag icul u al uses and a o es a ion by conside ing land sui abili y o each land use. Ag o o es y mosaic should be bo h in e nally s uc u ed and in eg a ed wi h he su ounding land uses in o de o achie e landscape ha mony and o a oid sha p con as s among land uses o la ge ex ensions o one speci ic land use 5B_2_2 5 B 2 Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be planned o es o ing aes he ic and ex u al di e si y and ecological alues, as well as o ensu ing ha monic ansi ions among land uses. Planning o ag o o es y mosaic should eco e and consolida e na i e ege a ion in pa cel edges ha p o ides ecological and ex u al di e si y 5B_4_1 5 B 4 Ag o o es y mosaic in plains o alleys should be managed in o de o achie e o es y and ag icul u al a ms sus ainable and e icien . These a ms should eco e he aes he ic and ex u al di e si y and p ese e adi ional ences and hedges, as well as indigenous o es species ha p o ide he ag osys em wi h ecological alues 5C_2_1 5 C 2 The combina ion o ag icul u al and o es land uses ypical o ag o o es y mosaic in moun ains should be planned acco ding o he soil and opog aphical condi ions o moun ains by conside ing he slope in di e en zones. Ag o o es y mosaic should eco e he ypical inne s uc u e and he na u al and aes he ic alues simul aneously wi h he main enance o he p oduc i e capabili y 5C_4_1 5 C 4 Ag o o es y mosaic in moun ains should be managed o loca e each land use in he mos sui able a eas by conside ing sui abili y c i e ia and ensu ing a high-quali y ag icul u al landscape. Managemen should in eg a e ha moniously di e en land uses, auna and lo a, as well as main ain adi ional s uc u ing elemen s 6A_2_1 6 A 2 A o es a ion in canyons should be planned in o de o eco e na i e ege a ion by seeking he inc ease in he a ea occupied by indigenous o es species, which eplace in ading o alloch honous species o inc ease landscape and en i onmen al esilience. Fo es plan a ions should be adap ed o he opog aphical condi ions and allow he eco e ing o a eas a ec ed by e osi e p ocesses, i es o o he en i onmen al impac s 6A_4_1 6 A 4 A o es a ion in canyons should be managed o imp o e ecological di e si y and landscape quali y, by conside ing geomo phology and a oiding e osi e p ocesses and habi a agmen a ion 6B_1_1 6 B 1 A o es a ion in plains o alleys should be managed o ensu e e icien and sus ainable o es p oduc ion by conside ing landscape c i e ia such as mix u e o species, inco po a ion o indigenous species, plan a ions o di e en age, land use di e si y, in eg a ion o a o es a ion edges, e c. Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 53 6B_2_1 6 B 2 A o es a ion in plains o alleys should be planned acco ding o o es planning egula ions and plans, hus being loca ed on he mos sui able a eas in a compa ible way wi h o he land uses, using a a ie y o o es species and planning app op ia e o es acks 6B_4_1 6 B 4 A o es a ion in plains o alleys should be managed o make p o i able o es p oduc ion compa ible wi h a high-quali y o es landscape (mix u e o species, plan a ions o di e en age, in eg a ion o a o es a ion edges, e c.) and o adap plan a ions o he opog aphical condi ions. The managemen o o es spaces by means o p ope o es planning should ensu e a sus ainable exploi a ion ha eco e he di e si y o land uses and landscape alues 6C_2_1 6 C 2 A o es a ion in moun ains should be planned o achie e high biodi e si y and o adap plan a ions o he opog aphical condi ions o moun ainous a eas, hus a oiding e osi e p ocesses and p ese ing soil, ecologic and p oduc i e unc ions. Planning should eco e ee di e si y and shape and ex u al i egula i y, which p o ide landscape he e ogenei y 6C_3_1 6 C 3 A o es a ion in moun ains mus be p o ec ed o keep a p oduc i e and sus ainable o es land use, which allows he in eg a ion o o he na u al o ag icul u al land uses and p e en om h ea s ( i es, e osion, in ading species, …) by sui able sil icul u al measu es and o es plans 6C_4_1 6 C 4 A o es a ion in moun ains should be managed o p o ide a mix u e o di e en o es a eas which imp o e ex u al and ecological di e si y, by means o p ope o es plans ha conside landscape c i e ia. A o es a ion planning should conside al i ude, na i e species, mul i unc ionali y and c ea ion o mixed o es s wi h accompanying o es species 7B_1_1 7 B 1 Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys should be managed in a sus ainable way in o de o keep a a ied and he e ogeneous landscape ma ix wi h he ypical ex u al di e si y o ag icul u al landscapes. Ex ensi e ag icul u al a eas should be main ained in use, dealing wi h abandonmen o a o es a ion p ocesses, espec ing he hyd ological sys em and being p ope ly in eg a ed wi h su ounding land uses 7B_1_2 7 B 1 Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys should be managed using a sus ainable model ha ensu es p ese a ion o indigenous o es s. In new meadows o pas u es, new hedges, ee alignmen s o o he adi ional ag icul u al ences should be c ea ed in o de o s uc u e la ge li es ock a eas 7B_3_1 7 B 3 Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys mus p ese e hei high ecological and landscape alues and o m he basis o a a ied and he e ogeneous landscape ma ix, which is cha ac e ized by ex u al di e si y and does no ha e la ge monocul u e a eas. Ex ensi e ag icul u al a eas mus be main ained in use, dealing wi h abandonmen and a o es a ion p ocesses, espec ing he hyd ological sys em and being p ope ly in eg a ed wi h su ounding land uses Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 54 7B_3_2 7 B 3 Ex ensi e ag osys ems in plains o alleys mus p ese e he cu en sus ainable model and ensu es p ese a ion o indigenous o es s. In meadows and pas u es, hedges, ee alignmen s o o he adi ional ag icul u al ences mus be p ese ed and c ea ed in o de o s uc u e la ge li es ock a eas 7C_1_1 7 C 1 A ha monic combina ion o he ex ensi e ag osys em landscape in moun ains wi h sh ub, ock and o es a eas should be main ained, p e en ing he des uc ion o cul u al he i age elemen s and he p oli e a ion o sh ub o esidual o es gene a ed by abandonmen p ocesses and ensu ing an ecological cycle ha p o ides na u al g azing 7C_2_1 7 C 2 Landscape o ex ensi e ag osys em in moun ains in which a eas ha unde go abandonmen p ocesses should be pu in o p oduc ion o used o imp o e he hyd ological cycle, whe e adi ional ences and hedges should be es o ed and new, sui able ences cons uc ed 7C_3_1 7 C 3 Ex ensi e ag osys ems in moun ains ha mus be p ese ed, in which s uc u al cul u al elemen s -such as ences and hedges- should be kep and auna and lo a espec ed, hus p e en ing o e use o he land and o es i es 7C_3_2 7 C 3 Na u al meadows and pas u es mus keep a ha moniously in eg a ion wi h sh ubland, ock o o es a eas and a oid abandonmen p ocesses. Hyd ological sys em o hese a eas mus be specially p ese ed because o i s ecological and p oduc i e alue 7C_3_3 7 C 3 Ex ensi e ag oys ems in moun ains mus p ese e pa cel edges app op ia e o he en i onmen by a sui able main enance o adi ional ences, hedges, ee alignmen s o o he ences p ope ly in eg a ed in he landscape 8A_1_1 8 A 1 Vineya ds in canyons should be e icien ly managed in o de o make p oduc i e alues compa ible wi h na u al, aes he ic and cul u al alues ypical o adi ional elemen s such as ag icul u al buildings, in as uc u es and p ac ices 8A_3_1 8 A 3 Vineya ds in canyons mus p ese e adi ional in as uc u es such as ag icul u al e aces ypical o hese landscapes. The cadas al s uc u e adap ed o canyon slopes mus be espec ed, a oiding opog aphical modi ica ions ha may gene a e e osi e p ocesses o la ge uni o m pa cels ha impac on aes he ic alues o ineya ds 8A_3_2 8 A 3 In ineya ds, adi ional c op sys ems mus be gi en p io i y, hus espec ing na u al alues ha a e cha ac e is ic o canyons. 8A_3_3 8 A 3 Vineya ds in canyons mus ensu e a high quali y image o i icul u e in hese a eas acco ding o he di e se cha ac e is ics o he di e en p o ec ed geog aphical indica ions 8B_1_1 8 B 1 Vineya ds in plains o alleys should be e icien ly managed in o de o in eg a e en i onmen al, cul u al and p oduc i e alues, as well as adi ions and cul u al p ac ices 8B_3_1 8 B 3 In ineya ds in plains o alleys, his o ic cha ac e and adi ional building elemen s mus be p ese ed, and eco e y o abandoned plan a ions mus be gi en p io i y o e new plan a ions Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 55 9B_2_1 9 B 2 U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be planned in o de o p omo e u ban compac ness, di e si y o compa ible land uses and landscapes alues such as he cul u al he i age. New buildings should be in eg a ed in o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o each u ban se lemen and sui able ansi ion a eas be ween u ban and ag icul u al and na u al a eas should be planned 9B_2_2 9 B 2 U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be planned in o de o be loca ed in he mos sui able a eas and allow an adequa e g ow h. U ban de elopmen should imply ac ions o landscape in eg a ion and imp o emen 9B_3_1 9 B 3 U ban a eas in plains o alleys mus be p ope ly main ained using landscape imp o emen c i e ia 9B_4_1 9 B 4 U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be managed by land use plans aimed a inc easing u ban compac ness and di e si y o compa ible land uses, as well as o in eg a e new buildings wi h he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he u ban se lemen 9B_4_2 9 B 4 U ban a eas in plains o alleys should be managed in o de o ensu e an adequa e g ow h and he use o landscape imp o emen c i e ia 10B_3_1 10 B 3 Cul u al he i age a eas mus p ese e hei s uc u e and o iginal elemen s. T adi ional buildings mus be ehabili a ed and mus con ibu e o c ea e public spaces wi h public li e, high landscape quali y and mix u e o uses 10B_4_1 10 B 4 Cul u al he i age a eas should be managed in o de o imp o e hei s uc u e and o iginal elemen s, and gi e p io i y o he ehabili a ion o exis ing buildings o e new buildings. These a eas should con ibu e o c ea e public spaces wi h public li e, high landscape quali y and mix u e o uses 11B_1_1 11 B 1 Ru ban a eas in plains o alleys should be managed in o de o in eg a e buildings in he landscape, o p ese e he exis ing land s uc u e and o de ine unc ionali ies o each zone, hus con ibu ing o app op ia ely planned landscapes o popula ion se lemen s and u al spaces 11B_1_2 11 B 1 T adi ional u al se lemen s should be managed acco ding o hei speci ic g ow h equi emen s in o de o achie e compac se lemen s wi h buildings in eg a ed in he landscape and adap ed o he opog aphy and he oad ne wo k 11B_3_2 11 B 3 T adi ional u al se lemen s mus p ese e hei adi ional cha ac e is ics and a p ope in eg a ion in he su ounding en i onmen . T adi ional buildings mus be p ese ed and used by keeping hei o iginal ma e ials, olume and shape 11C_1_1 11 C 1 U ban a eas in moun ains should be managed o in eg a e he buil space wi h he u al su oundings. The equi ed u ban de elopmen s should p ese e he adi ional, cul u al and aes he ic alues by adap ing olumes, shapes, heigh s, ma e ials and ypologies o he mo phological and opog aphical cha ac e is ics o he a ea. T ansi ion a eas be ween u ban and u al spaces should be well de ined and unc ionali ies o each zone mus be clea Public pa icipa ion in de ining landscape planning scena ios and landscape quali y objec i es (LQO): Landscape Guidelines o Galicia (NW Spain) case s udy © 2020 by San é, I., Tubío, J. M., Mi anda, D. is licensed unde CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 56 11C_3_1 11 C 3 T adi ional u al se lemen s in moun ains mus be p ese ed in good condi ions, especially adi ional a chi ec u e and buil elemen s. Mo phology o se lemen s mus be espec ed and opog aphical condi ions mus be conside ed 12B_2_1 12 B 2 Mining a eas in plains o alleys should be planned in o de o educe hei isual impac and conside hei cumula i e e ec in he landscape 12B_2_2 12 B 2 Mining a eas in plains o alleys should be planned o be in eg a ed in he su ounding landscape. Mines should be es o ed simul aneously wi h hei exploi a ion and a e wa ds, using na i e ege a ion whene e possible 12C_2_1 12 C 2 Mining a eas in moun ains should be planned in o de o minimise hei isual impac and conside hei cumula i e e ec in he landscape 12C_2_2 12 C 2 Mining a eas in moun ains should be planned o be in eg a ed in he su ounding landscape. Mines should be es o ed simul aneously wi h hei exploi a ion and a e wa ds. In moun ainous a eas special a en ion mus be paid o landscape in eg a ion o mines, espec ing o iginal landscape whene e possible and c ea ing new high quali y landscapes a e he exploi a ion 13_3_1 13 3 3 Coas al landscape mus p ese e hei na u al and ecological (bo h bio ic and abio ic), hus na u al p ocesses o sand sys ems, dunes and cli s (and associa ed habi a s) mus be espec ed. Na u al, aes he ic and cul u al alues o coas mus be compa ible wi h esiden ial o p oduc i e unc ions by ollowing sus ainabili y c i e ia 13_3_2 13 3 3 Landscape quali y o coas al landscape mus be conse ed by p ope ly planning buildings o in as uc u es, hus minimising he impac o cons uc ions and in eg a ing hem in he en i onmen * Land use: 1 wa e ; 2 sh ub, ock o pea land; 3 indigenous o es ; 4 in ensi e ag osys em (c opland); 5 in ensi e ag osys em (ag o o es y mosaic); 6 in ensi e ag osys em (a o es a ion); 7 ex ensi e ag osys em; 8 ineya d; 9 u ban; 10 cul u al he i age a ea; 11 u ban; 12 mining; 13 coas al ** Geomo phology: A canyon; B plain o alley; C moun ain *** Scena io: 1 managemen (p o ec ion); 2 planning; 3 p o ec ion; 4 managemen (planning)