SERIES OF E-BOOKS “ECONOMIC STUDIES”
ASSOCIATION HISPALINK GALICIA
WITH COOPERATION OF THE EURO-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
EE11
h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ebooks.h m
h ps://www.usc/gal/econome /eaa .h m
2023
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
1
Coo dina o : Ma ía-Ca men Guisan. P o esso o Econome ics, Edi o o he
se ies EE.
Au o s ins i u ion: Facul y o Economics o he Uni e si y o San iago de
Compos ela (Spain) and Eu o-Ame ican Associa ion o Economic
De elopmen S udies.
Web o he esea ch eam: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /eaa .h m
Web o he coo dina o : h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /guisan2.h m
Book EE11 o he Se ies “Es udios Económicos/Economic S udies” o he
Associa ion Hispalink Galicia (AHG) [email protected]
Wi h he collabo a ion o he Eu o-Ame ican Associa ion o Economic
De elopmen S udies
A ailable a h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ebooks.h m and a Ideas-Repec
ISSN 2952-0738
Elec onic edi ion, yea 2023: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ahg11.h m
Webmas e : Pila Exposi o. Lec u e o Econome ics, USC
Facul y de Economics. Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela (USC), Spain.
Co e design: Mabel Aguayo
Blogs o Wo ld De elopmen :
h ps://eu oame icanassocia ion.blogspo .com (English)
h ps://economiaydesa olloin e nacional.blogspo .com (Spanish)
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
2
EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 1960-2000:
ECONOMIC STUDIES OF OECD COUNTRIES, LATIN AMERICA,
EUROPE, AFRICA AND ASIA
GUISAN, Ma ía-Ca men
AGUAYO, E a
EXPOSITO, Pila
Abs ac : This book, EE11, p esen s a summa y o se e al in e na ional
s udies published by he au ho s on in e na ional de elopmen o he pe iod
1960-2000.. EE11 includes 5 chap e s: 1) E olu ion o G oss Domes ic
P oduc and Popula ion in he Wo ld o he 20 h cen u y and indica o s o
Educa ion and P oduc ion pe capi a by sec o in 21 a eas o Ame ica, Eu ope,
Eu asia, A ica, Asia and Paci ic. in yea s 1980 and 1999. The chap e slso
includes a summa y o se e al in e na ional models o Wo ld de elopmen
es ima ed by ou esea ch eam o he pe iod 1960-2000. 2) In e na ional
panel models OECD coun ies o he 20 h cen u y: P oduc ion, Employmen ,
Wage and Consump ion. 3) P oduc ion by sec o in OECD coun ies:
Ag icul u e, Indus y, Building and Se ices. 4) S udies ela ed wi h economic
de elopmen o La in Ame ican coun ies (Educa ion, T ade and P oduc ion
pe capi a) o he pe iod 1960-2000. The analyzes highligh he posi i e
impac o Educa ion on in e na ional de elopmen . 5) A compa ison o
egional de elopmen in Eu ope and he Uni ed S a es o 1960-2000. This
book is scheduled o be ollowed by ano he book, EE12, wi h con en s o ou
esea ch on in e na ional de elopmen o he pe iod 2001-2023
JEL codes: C51, O5, O51, O52, O57
Keywo ds: G ow h and De elopmen , OECD coun ies in he 20 h cen u y,
Eu opean Regions, P oduc ion and Employmen by Sec o , La in Ame ica in
he 20 h cen u y, A ica, Asia, S udies o he pe iod 1960-2000.
* Au ho s a e eache s and esea che s o Econome ics a he Facul y o Economics
and Business Adminis a ion o he Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, Spain. E-
mail: mca [email p o ec ed]
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
3
INDEX
P ologue
Chap e 1. Wo ld De elopmen in he 20 h cen u y: E olu ion and Econome ic
Models, Guisan, Ma ia-Ca men
1.1. Wo ld de elopmen , 1900-2000: GDP, Popula ion and GDP pe capi a
1.2. Educa ion and P oduc ion by sec o in 21 A eas o he Wo ld, 1980-1999
1.3. Wo ld models o Educa ion and De elopmen , 1960-2000
1.4. O he in e na ional models 1960-2000: Eu ope, Ame ica, A ica and Asia
1.5. Bibliog aphy
Chap e 2. De elopmen in he OECD, 1960-2000: Econome ic Models and
Indica o s. Guisan, Ma ia-Ca men
2.1. E olu ion o OECD Coun ies 1900-1997: P oduc ion and Employmen
2.2. In e na ional Models o OECD coun ies: Pionee s udies un il yea 1985
2.3. Wages, Employmen and GDP in he OECD, 1960-2000
2.4. Consump ion and P oduc ion in he OECD, 1960-2000
2.5. Bibliog aphy
Chap e 3. P oduc ion by sec o in OECD Coun ies, 1960-2000. Guisan, Ma ia-
Ca men; Exposi o, Pila .
3.1. P oduc ion by sec o in 23 OECD coun ies 1999
3.2. Ag icul u e in 4 OECD coun ies, 1965-1999
3.3. Indus y in 4 OECD coun ies, 1960-2000
3.4. Building and Se ices in 4 OECD coun ies, 1965-1999
3.5. Bibliog aphy
Chap e 4. Econome ic models o La in Ame ica. S udies o he pe iod 1984-
2000. Guisan, Ma ia-Ca men; Aguayo, E a.
4.1. P oduc ion and T ade in La in Ame ica: 1979-1995
4.2. S udies by Nei a e al(1997,1998), on Educa ion in La in Ame ica
4.3. Models by Guisan and Aguayo (2002,2005) on Ame ica, 1980-2000
4.4. S udies on Regional De elopmen o La in Ame ica, 1990-2000
4.5. Bibliog aphy
Chap e 5. A Compa ison o Regional De elopmen in he Eu opean Union and
he Uni ed S a es, 1960-2000, Ma ia-Ca men Guisan
5.1. In e egional models o Eu opean and OECD coun ies, 1960-2000
5.2. Popula ion e olu ion in EU5 and La ge US Regions. 1960-2000
5.3. Regional de elopmen in EU5 and he Uni ed S a es,1960-2000
5.4. Bibliog aphy
Websi e: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ahg11.h m
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
4
P ologue
EE11 is a book o he Se ies EE, published by he AHG wi h he
coope a ion o he Eu o-Ame ican Associa ion o Economic De elopmen
S udies (EAAEDS). I includes e e ences o econome ic s udies, published
by ou esea ch eam o 1975-2005, wi h samples o he pe iod 1960-2000.
Chap e 1 analyses he e olu ion o Wo ld P oduc ion, Popula ion and
P oduc ion pe capi a o he 20 h cen u y and indica o s o Educa ion and
P oduc ion by sec o in 21 a eas o he Wo ld in yea s 1980 and 1999. I also
ci es se e al in e na ional models, published by ou esea ch eam, ela ing
Educa ion and De elopmen o he second hal o ha cen u y.
Chap e 2 p esen s he es ima ion o se e al equa ion o G oss Domes ic
P oduc pe capi a, eal Wage and Employmen wi h a panel o 6 OECD
coun ies (F ance, Ge many, I aly, Spain, UK and USA) o he pe iod 1960-
2000, and he analysis o causali y be ween Consump ion and P oduc ion pe
capi a, wi h a sample o 625 obse a ios o 25 OECD coun ies in 25 yea s.
Chap e 3 includes e e ences o s udies o p oduc ion and employmen by
sec o in OECD coun ies: Ag icul u e, Indus y, Building and Se ices.
Chap e 4 analyzes he esul s o se e al s udies o Educa ion and
De elopmen in La in Ame ican coun ies: model by Guisan(1984), p esen ed
a he EADI Con e ence a Mad id, he s udy by Guisan, Aguayo and
Nei a(1997), a he EADI Con e ence a Pa is, he model by Guisand e
al(1997) on Cen oame ica, and he s udies by Nei a e al(1997) and (1998).
We also ci e 3 s udies on egional de elopmen in La in Ame ican coun ies.
Chap e 5 includes con en s ela ed wi h egional de elopmen in Eu ope
and he USA o he pe iod 1960-2000.
Since yea 2001 we ha e published many elec onic and p in ed jou nals,
books, epo s and documen s, on in e na ional de elopmen , which a e
a ailable a Ideas.Repec and a : h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /eaa .h m
EE12 is a book scheduled o appea in yea 2023 including in e na ional
s udies, o econome ic models o de elelopmen , published by ou esea ch
eam wi h samples o he pe iod 2001-2023.
Ma ia-Ca men Guisan
P o esso o Econome ics a he USC (Spain) o 1987-2017
and Hono a y P o esso o 2017-2022
San iago de Compos ela. 15h May o 2023.
h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ahg.h m
h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /guisan2.h m

Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
95
CHAPTER 5
A COMPARISON OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE
EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES, 1960-2000,
MARIA-CARMEN GUISAN
5.1. In e egional models o Eu opean and OECD coun ies, 1960-2000
Guisan and Aguayo(2001), in Chap e 1 o he book EE5 o his se ies,
p esen an o e iew o 11 Regional Models o he Uni ed S a es, o he pe iod
1960-200, including con ibu ions by Klein, Glickman , Balla d and o he
au ho s. Besides we include a lis o 9 in e egional models wi h samples o
se e al Eu opean coun ies, and in e egional model o only one Eu opean
coun y, as well as a lis o Doc o al Disse a ions on Regional De elopmen .
Guisan and Aguayo(2022), in Chap e 2 o he book EE9, ci e se e al
in e egional models o Eu ope, and o he a eas, published by Guisan and
F ias, Guisan and Cancelo, Guisan and Aguayo, and o he au ho s many o
hem co esponding o he pe iod 1980-2000, They include an Annex wi h
links o 24 in e egional models o Eu ope and o he a eas. Ou s udies analyze
eal p oduc ion, employmen , wages, human capi al (including Educa ion and
Resea ch) and quali y o li e. The g ea de elopmen o se e al coun ies and
egions o he OECD is explained by hei high le els o educa ion, indus ial
de elopmen and quali y o social o ganiza ion.
Guisan(2023), in RSES, includes an analysis o o de elopmen and
popula ion in la ge egions o he Uni ed S a es o 1960-2021 and p esen s
some compa isons wi h Eu opean coun ies and egions. He e we highligh
some o he main conclussions o ha compa ison, o he pe iod 1960-2000.
O he in e es ing s udies on OECD coun ies a e he s udy gy Belo and
Ede een(20212) on cul u al ba ie s o mig a ion mo emen s among OECD
coun ies, and he pape by Ca ale i, Luu and Caus(2021), published by he
OECD, which p esen he esul s o in e egional g a i y models o each o
14 OECD coun ies, wi h di e en pe iods o each o hem: in he Uni ed
S a es o 1997-2018, bu in some coun ies only o yea s a e 2002 o 2008.
In Guisan(2023) we expec o include e e ences o o he s udies o ou
esea ch eam on egional de elopmen o Eu opean and Ame ican coun ies
o he pe iod 2001-2023.
-----
Ma ia-Ca men Guisan, P o esso o Econome ics o 1987-2017 and Hono a y
P o esso o 2017-2022. Websi e: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /guisan.h m
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
96
5.2. Popula ion e olu ion in EU5 and La ge US Regions o 1960-2000
Popula ion o a g oup o 5 majo Eu opean coun ies (EU5): F ance,
Ge many, I aly, Spain and he Uni ed Kingdom) , inc eased by 46 million o
he pe iod 1960-2000, which ep esen s a 18.3% Popula ion g ow h.
The sum o Ne immig a ion o he EU5 coun ies, ha ing in o accoun da a
published by Guisan(2005), amoun ed app oxima ely o 12.5 o 1960-2000
(including in e nal mig a ion among coun ies o UE5), e y close o he
igu e om Wo ld Bank o 12.493 million.
The o al inc ease o Popula ion in EU5 was 46 million and he inc ease
due o na u al g ow h o popula ion was a ound 33.5 million. Ne immig a ion
amoun ed app oxima ely o a 27% o he o al inc ease o Popula ion o EU5.
Table 5.1 shows da a o EU5 coun ies and able 5.2 o Regions o he US.
Table 5.1. Popula ion o EU5, o he pe iod 1960-2000 ( housand people)
Popula
ion
1960
Popula
ion
2000
Inc
ease
% o
Inc ease
Ne
mig a ion
Densi y
2000
Ge many
72674
82212
9538
13
7544
236
Spain
30583
40500
9917
32
1186
95
F ance
45684
60913
15229
33
3244
111
I aly
50200
56942
6742
13
318
201
UK
52373
58893
6520
12
201
243
EU5
251514
297640
46126
18
12493
152
Sou ce: Elabo a ed by au ho om OECD and Wo ld Bank s a is ics.
The highes inc ease, among EU5 coun ies o 1960-2000. co esponded
o F ance, Spain and Ge many, and he lowes o he UK and I aly. The
highes pe cen ages o popula ion g ow h o he pe iod co esponded in
F ance was 33% and in Spain 22%.
The a e age pe cen age o Popula ion g ow h, in he a ea EU5, was 18%.
Densi y o Populal ion in EU5 inc eased om 123 inhabi an s pe squa e Km
in yea 1960 o 145 in yea 2000. Popula ion Densi y pe squa e km in yea
2000 was highe in EU5 (151) han in he Uni ed S a es (29) and in he Wo ld
(46).
Table 5.2 includes da a o Popula ion in he 8 Regions o he Bu eau o
Economic Analysis (BEA) in yea 2000, he land su ace o each Region and
he densi y o Popula ion pe km2 in yea 2020.
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
97
Table 5.2 Popula ion ( housand), Land A ea and Densi y pe km2, yea 2000
BEA Regions
Popula
ion
1960
Popula
ion
2000
% Inc ea
se
km2
land a ea
densi y pe
km2
2000
New England
10532
13923
26
162363
86
Mideas
38597
46324
20
629114
74
G ea Lakes
36290
45155
24
162363
278
Plains
15424
19238
25
1314730
15
Sou heas
38885
69282
78
1364599
51
Sou hwes
14235
31252
120
1462615
21
Rocky Moun ain
4350
9224
112
1323726
7
Fa Wes
21659
47024
117
2603113
18
To al
179972
281422
56
9826675
29
Sou ce: Elabo a ed by au ho om Census Da a by S a e and FRED da a.
Figu e 5.1 includes he lis s o s a es o each BEA Region.
Figu e 5.1. S a es by each o he 8 BEA Regions
BEA Region
S a es
1.New England
Connec icu , Main, Massachuse s, New Hampshi e, Rhode
Island, Ve mon (CD1)
2. Mideas
New Je sey, New Yo k, Pennsyl ania (CD2)
Delawa e, Dis ic o Columbia, Ma yland (CD4)
3. G ea Lakes
Illionis, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin (CD3)
4. Plains
Iowa, Kansas, Minneso a, Missou i, Neb aska, No h
Dako a, Sou h Dako a (CD4)
5. Sou heas
Alabama, Ken ucky, Mississippi, Tennessee (CD6)
A kansas, Louisiana (CD7); Flo ida, Geo gia, No h
Ca olina, Sou h Ca olina, Vi ginia, Wes Vi ginia (CD5)
6. Sou hwes
A izona, New Mexico (CD8): Oklahoma, Texas (CD7)
7.Rocky Moun ain
Colo ado, Idaho, Mon ana, U ah, Wyoming (CD8)
8. Fa Wes
Alaska, Cali o nia, Hawaii, O egon, Washin on (CD9)
Ne ada (CD8)
Sou ce: Elabo a ed om US-BEA and Census classi ica ion. I includes 50 S a es and
Dis ic o Columbia. No e: CD1 o CD9 a e he Census Di isions.
Popula ion o he BEA Regions inc eased by 101 million pepole, o he
pe iod 1960-2000, which ep esen s 56 % Popula ion g ow h. Ap oxima ely
41% o he inc ease (41 million= came om o eign coun ies (wi h igu es
Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000
98
o he Wo ld Bank o 1961-2000), and he 59% (60 million) co esponded o
domes ic inc ease o Popula ion.
Densi y o Popula ion in he Uni ed S a es e ol ed om 19 inhabi an s pe
squa e Km in yea 1960 o 29 in yea 2000., below Wo ld a e age (47).
The highes % o Popula ion g ow h co esponded o he Regions wi h he
low Densi y. F anklin(2003) analyzes he changes o he sha e o egions on
o al Popula ion.
5.3. Regional de elopmen in EU5 and he Uni ed S a es,1960-2000
Table 5.3 shows he inc ease o eal P oduc ion pe capi a, as an indica o
o Income pe capi a, in EU5 coun ies in yea s 1960 and 2000, and able 5.4
he alues o eal income pe capi a in BEA egions. Real income pe capi a
migh be a alue a ound 80% o eal GDP pe capi a in some cases o e en
lowe in o he cases.
Table 5.3. Real GDP pe capi a in EU5 o 1960-2000
(Dolla s a 2000 P ices and Exchange Ra es)
Ge many
Spain
F ance
I aly
UK
1960
8680
3360
7754
5936
10503
2000
22762
14338
22548
19188
25091
Inc ease
14082
10978
14794
13252
14588
% Inc ease
62
227
91
124
39
Sou ce: Elabo a ed by M.C. Guisan om OECD s a is ics.
Table 5.4. Real Income pe capi a in BEA Regions (Dolla s a 2000 p ices)
Code
BEA egions
1960
2000
Inc ease
% o
Inc ease
91000
New England
13027
37349
24322
187
92000
Mideas
13663
35160
21497
157
93000
G ea Lakes
12671
30305
17634
139
94000
Plains
11177
29040
17863
160
95000
Sou heas
8897
27337
18440
207
96000
Sou hwes
10463
27285
16822
161
97000
Rocky Moun ain
11668
29120
17452
150
98000
Fa Wes
14625
32775
18150
124
To al USA
11999
30672
18673
156
Sou ce: Elabo a e om BEA s a is ics, applying o cu en alue o yea 1960 he
index o Consump ion P ices o exp ess he alue a cons an p ices o yea 2000.