A comparison of regional development in the European Union and the United States, 1960-2000

SERIES OF E-BOOKS “ECONOMIC STUDIES” ASSOCIATION HISPALINK GALICIA WITH COOPERATION OF THE EURO-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES EE11 h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ebooks.h m h ps://www.usc/gal/econome /eaa .h m 2023 Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 1 Coo dina o : Ma ía-Ca men Guisan. P o esso o Econome ics, Edi o o he se ies EE. Au o s ins i u ion: Facul y o Economics o he Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela (Spain) and Eu o-Ame ican Associa ion o Economic De elopmen S udies. Web o he esea ch eam: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /eaa .h m Web o he coo dina o : h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /guisan2.h m Book EE11 o he Se ies “Es udios Económicos/Economic S udies” o he Associa ion Hispalink Galicia (AHG) [email protected] Wi h he collabo a ion o he Eu o-Ame ican Associa ion o Economic De elopmen S udies A ailable a h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ebooks.h m and a Ideas-Repec ISSN 2952-0738 Elec onic edi ion, yea 2023: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ahg11.h m Webmas e : Pila Exposi o. Lec u e o Econome ics, USC Facul y de Economics. Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela (USC), Spain. Co e design: Mabel Aguayo Blogs o Wo ld De elopmen : h ps://eu oame icanassocia ion.blogspo .com (English) h ps://economiaydesa olloin e nacional.blogspo .com (Spanish) Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 2 EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 1960-2000: ECONOMIC STUDIES OF OECD COUNTRIES, LATIN AMERICA, EUROPE, AFRICA AND ASIA GUISAN, Ma ía-Ca men AGUAYO, E a EXPOSITO, Pila Abs ac : This book, EE11, p esen s a summa y o se e al in e na ional s udies published by he au ho s on in e na ional de elopmen o he pe iod 1960-2000.. EE11 includes 5 chap e s: 1) E olu ion o G oss Domes ic P oduc and Popula ion in he Wo ld o he 20 h cen u y and indica o s o Educa ion and P oduc ion pe capi a by sec o in 21 a eas o Ame ica, Eu ope, Eu asia, A ica, Asia and Paci ic. in yea s 1980 and 1999. The chap e slso includes a summa y o se e al in e na ional models o Wo ld de elopmen es ima ed by ou esea ch eam o he pe iod 1960-2000. 2) In e na ional panel models OECD coun ies o he 20 h cen u y: P oduc ion, Employmen , Wage and Consump ion. 3) P oduc ion by sec o in OECD coun ies: Ag icul u e, Indus y, Building and Se ices. 4) S udies ela ed wi h economic de elopmen o La in Ame ican coun ies (Educa ion, T ade and P oduc ion pe capi a) o he pe iod 1960-2000. The analyzes highligh he posi i e impac o Educa ion on in e na ional de elopmen . 5) A compa ison o egional de elopmen in Eu ope and he Uni ed S a es o 1960-2000. This book is scheduled o be ollowed by ano he book, EE12, wi h con en s o ou esea ch on in e na ional de elopmen o he pe iod 2001-2023 JEL codes: C51, O5, O51, O52, O57 Keywo ds: G ow h and De elopmen , OECD coun ies in he 20 h cen u y, Eu opean Regions, P oduc ion and Employmen by Sec o , La in Ame ica in he 20 h cen u y, A ica, Asia, S udies o he pe iod 1960-2000. * Au ho s a e eache s and esea che s o Econome ics a he Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion o he Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, Spain. E- mail: mca [email p o ec ed] Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 3 INDEX P ologue Chap e 1. Wo ld De elopmen in he 20 h cen u y: E olu ion and Econome ic Models, Guisan, Ma ia-Ca men 1.1. Wo ld de elopmen , 1900-2000: GDP, Popula ion and GDP pe capi a 1.2. Educa ion and P oduc ion by sec o in 21 A eas o he Wo ld, 1980-1999 1.3. Wo ld models o Educa ion and De elopmen , 1960-2000 1.4. O he in e na ional models 1960-2000: Eu ope, Ame ica, A ica and Asia 1.5. Bibliog aphy Chap e 2. De elopmen in he OECD, 1960-2000: Econome ic Models and Indica o s. Guisan, Ma ia-Ca men 2.1. E olu ion o OECD Coun ies 1900-1997: P oduc ion and Employmen 2.2. In e na ional Models o OECD coun ies: Pionee s udies un il yea 1985 2.3. Wages, Employmen and GDP in he OECD, 1960-2000 2.4. Consump ion and P oduc ion in he OECD, 1960-2000 2.5. Bibliog aphy Chap e 3. P oduc ion by sec o in OECD Coun ies, 1960-2000. Guisan, Ma ia- Ca men; Exposi o, Pila . 3.1. P oduc ion by sec o in 23 OECD coun ies 1999 3.2. Ag icul u e in 4 OECD coun ies, 1965-1999 3.3. Indus y in 4 OECD coun ies, 1960-2000 3.4. Building and Se ices in 4 OECD coun ies, 1965-1999 3.5. Bibliog aphy Chap e 4. Econome ic models o La in Ame ica. S udies o he pe iod 1984- 2000. Guisan, Ma ia-Ca men; Aguayo, E a. 4.1. P oduc ion and T ade in La in Ame ica: 1979-1995 4.2. S udies by Nei a e al(1997,1998), on Educa ion in La in Ame ica 4.3. Models by Guisan and Aguayo (2002,2005) on Ame ica, 1980-2000 4.4. S udies on Regional De elopmen o La in Ame ica, 1990-2000 4.5. Bibliog aphy Chap e 5. A Compa ison o Regional De elopmen in he Eu opean Union and he Uni ed S a es, 1960-2000, Ma ia-Ca men Guisan 5.1. In e egional models o Eu opean and OECD coun ies, 1960-2000 5.2. Popula ion e olu ion in EU5 and La ge US Regions. 1960-2000 5.3. Regional de elopmen in EU5 and he Uni ed S a es,1960-2000 5.4. Bibliog aphy Websi e: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ahg11.h m Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 4 P ologue EE11 is a book o he Se ies EE, published by he AHG wi h he coope a ion o he Eu o-Ame ican Associa ion o Economic De elopmen S udies (EAAEDS). I includes e e ences o econome ic s udies, published by ou esea ch eam o 1975-2005, wi h samples o he pe iod 1960-2000. Chap e 1 analyses he e olu ion o Wo ld P oduc ion, Popula ion and P oduc ion pe capi a o he 20 h cen u y and indica o s o Educa ion and P oduc ion by sec o in 21 a eas o he Wo ld in yea s 1980 and 1999. I also ci es se e al in e na ional models, published by ou esea ch eam, ela ing Educa ion and De elopmen o he second hal o ha cen u y. Chap e 2 p esen s he es ima ion o se e al equa ion o G oss Domes ic P oduc pe capi a, eal Wage and Employmen wi h a panel o 6 OECD coun ies (F ance, Ge many, I aly, Spain, UK and USA) o he pe iod 1960- 2000, and he analysis o causali y be ween Consump ion and P oduc ion pe capi a, wi h a sample o 625 obse a ios o 25 OECD coun ies in 25 yea s. Chap e 3 includes e e ences o s udies o p oduc ion and employmen by sec o in OECD coun ies: Ag icul u e, Indus y, Building and Se ices. Chap e 4 analyzes he esul s o se e al s udies o Educa ion and De elopmen in La in Ame ican coun ies: model by Guisan(1984), p esen ed a he EADI Con e ence a Mad id, he s udy by Guisan, Aguayo and Nei a(1997), a he EADI Con e ence a Pa is, he model by Guisand e al(1997) on Cen oame ica, and he s udies by Nei a e al(1997) and (1998). We also ci e 3 s udies on egional de elopmen in La in Ame ican coun ies. Chap e 5 includes con en s ela ed wi h egional de elopmen in Eu ope and he USA o he pe iod 1960-2000. Since yea 2001 we ha e published many elec onic and p in ed jou nals, books, epo s and documen s, on in e na ional de elopmen , which a e a ailable a Ideas.Repec and a : h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /eaa .h m EE12 is a book scheduled o appea in yea 2023 including in e na ional s udies, o econome ic models o de elelopmen , published by ou esea ch eam wi h samples o he pe iod 2001-2023. Ma ia-Ca men Guisan P o esso o Econome ics a he USC (Spain) o 1987-2017 and Hono a y P o esso o 2017-2022 San iago de Compos ela. 15h May o 2023. h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /ahg.h m h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /guisan2.h m Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 95 CHAPTER 5 A COMPARISON OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES, 1960-2000, MARIA-CARMEN GUISAN 5.1. In e egional models o Eu opean and OECD coun ies, 1960-2000 Guisan and Aguayo(2001), in Chap e 1 o he book EE5 o his se ies, p esen an o e iew o 11 Regional Models o he Uni ed S a es, o he pe iod 1960-200, including con ibu ions by Klein, Glickman , Balla d and o he au ho s. Besides we include a lis o 9 in e egional models wi h samples o se e al Eu opean coun ies, and in e egional model o only one Eu opean coun y, as well as a lis o Doc o al Disse a ions on Regional De elopmen . Guisan and Aguayo(2022), in Chap e 2 o he book EE9, ci e se e al in e egional models o Eu ope, and o he a eas, published by Guisan and F ias, Guisan and Cancelo, Guisan and Aguayo, and o he au ho s many o hem co esponding o he pe iod 1980-2000, They include an Annex wi h links o 24 in e egional models o Eu ope and o he a eas. Ou s udies analyze eal p oduc ion, employmen , wages, human capi al (including Educa ion and Resea ch) and quali y o li e. The g ea de elopmen o se e al coun ies and egions o he OECD is explained by hei high le els o educa ion, indus ial de elopmen and quali y o social o ganiza ion. Guisan(2023), in RSES, includes an analysis o o de elopmen and popula ion in la ge egions o he Uni ed S a es o 1960-2021 and p esen s some compa isons wi h Eu opean coun ies and egions. He e we highligh some o he main conclussions o ha compa ison, o he pe iod 1960-2000. O he in e es ing s udies on OECD coun ies a e he s udy gy Belo and Ede een(20212) on cul u al ba ie s o mig a ion mo emen s among OECD coun ies, and he pape by Ca ale i, Luu and Caus(2021), published by he OECD, which p esen he esul s o in e egional g a i y models o each o 14 OECD coun ies, wi h di e en pe iods o each o hem: in he Uni ed S a es o 1997-2018, bu in some coun ies only o yea s a e 2002 o 2008. In Guisan(2023) we expec o include e e ences o o he s udies o ou esea ch eam on egional de elopmen o Eu opean and Ame ican coun ies o he pe iod 2001-2023. ----- Ma ia-Ca men Guisan, P o esso o Econome ics o 1987-2017 and Hono a y P o esso o 2017-2022. Websi e: h ps://www.usc.gal/econome /guisan.h m Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 96 5.2. Popula ion e olu ion in EU5 and La ge US Regions o 1960-2000 Popula ion o a g oup o 5 majo Eu opean coun ies (EU5): F ance, Ge many, I aly, Spain and he Uni ed Kingdom) , inc eased by 46 million o he pe iod 1960-2000, which ep esen s a 18.3% Popula ion g ow h. The sum o Ne immig a ion o he EU5 coun ies, ha ing in o accoun da a published by Guisan(2005), amoun ed app oxima ely o 12.5 o 1960-2000 (including in e nal mig a ion among coun ies o UE5), e y close o he igu e om Wo ld Bank o 12.493 million. The o al inc ease o Popula ion in EU5 was 46 million and he inc ease due o na u al g ow h o popula ion was a ound 33.5 million. Ne immig a ion amoun ed app oxima ely o a 27% o he o al inc ease o Popula ion o EU5. Table 5.1 shows da a o EU5 coun ies and able 5.2 o Regions o he US. Table 5.1. Popula ion o EU5, o he pe iod 1960-2000 ( housand people) Popula ion 1960 Popula ion 2000 Inc ease % o Inc ease Ne mig a ion Densi y 2000 Ge many 72674 82212 9538 13 7544 236 Spain 30583 40500 9917 32 1186 95 F ance 45684 60913 15229 33 3244 111 I aly 50200 56942 6742 13 318 201 UK 52373 58893 6520 12 201 243 EU5 251514 297640 46126 18 12493 152 Sou ce: Elabo a ed by au ho om OECD and Wo ld Bank s a is ics. The highes inc ease, among EU5 coun ies o 1960-2000. co esponded o F ance, Spain and Ge many, and he lowes o he UK and I aly. The highes pe cen ages o popula ion g ow h o he pe iod co esponded in F ance was 33% and in Spain 22%. The a e age pe cen age o Popula ion g ow h, in he a ea EU5, was 18%. Densi y o Populal ion in EU5 inc eased om 123 inhabi an s pe squa e Km in yea 1960 o 145 in yea 2000. Popula ion Densi y pe squa e km in yea 2000 was highe in EU5 (151) han in he Uni ed S a es (29) and in he Wo ld (46). Table 5.2 includes da a o Popula ion in he 8 Regions o he Bu eau o Economic Analysis (BEA) in yea 2000, he land su ace o each Region and he densi y o Popula ion pe km2 in yea 2020. Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 97 Table 5.2 Popula ion ( housand), Land A ea and Densi y pe km2, yea 2000 BEA Regions Popula ion 1960 Popula ion 2000 % Inc ea se km2 land a ea densi y pe km2 2000 New England 10532 13923 26 162363 86 Mideas 38597 46324 20 629114 74 G ea Lakes 36290 45155 24 162363 278 Plains 15424 19238 25 1314730 15 Sou heas 38885 69282 78 1364599 51 Sou hwes 14235 31252 120 1462615 21 Rocky Moun ain 4350 9224 112 1323726 7 Fa Wes 21659 47024 117 2603113 18 To al 179972 281422 56 9826675 29 Sou ce: Elabo a ed by au ho om Census Da a by S a e and FRED da a. Figu e 5.1 includes he lis s o s a es o each BEA Region. Figu e 5.1. S a es by each o he 8 BEA Regions BEA Region S a es 1.New England Connec icu , Main, Massachuse s, New Hampshi e, Rhode Island, Ve mon (CD1) 2. Mideas New Je sey, New Yo k, Pennsyl ania (CD2) Delawa e, Dis ic o Columbia, Ma yland (CD4) 3. G ea Lakes Illionis, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin (CD3) 4. Plains Iowa, Kansas, Minneso a, Missou i, Neb aska, No h Dako a, Sou h Dako a (CD4) 5. Sou heas Alabama, Ken ucky, Mississippi, Tennessee (CD6) A kansas, Louisiana (CD7); Flo ida, Geo gia, No h Ca olina, Sou h Ca olina, Vi ginia, Wes Vi ginia (CD5) 6. Sou hwes A izona, New Mexico (CD8): Oklahoma, Texas (CD7) 7.Rocky Moun ain Colo ado, Idaho, Mon ana, U ah, Wyoming (CD8) 8. Fa Wes Alaska, Cali o nia, Hawaii, O egon, Washin on (CD9) Ne ada (CD8) Sou ce: Elabo a ed om US-BEA and Census classi ica ion. I includes 50 S a es and Dis ic o Columbia. No e: CD1 o CD9 a e he Census Di isions. Popula ion o he BEA Regions inc eased by 101 million pepole, o he pe iod 1960-2000, which ep esen s 56 % Popula ion g ow h. Ap oxima ely 41% o he inc ease (41 million= came om o eign coun ies (wi h igu es Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E.; Exposi o,P. Educa ion and In e na ional De elopmen , 1960-2000 98 o he Wo ld Bank o 1961-2000), and he 59% (60 million) co esponded o domes ic inc ease o Popula ion. Densi y o Popula ion in he Uni ed S a es e ol ed om 19 inhabi an s pe squa e Km in yea 1960 o 29 in yea 2000., below Wo ld a e age (47). The highes % o Popula ion g ow h co esponded o he Regions wi h he low Densi y. F anklin(2003) analyzes he changes o he sha e o egions on o al Popula ion. 5.3. Regional de elopmen in EU5 and he Uni ed S a es,1960-2000 Table 5.3 shows he inc ease o eal P oduc ion pe capi a, as an indica o o Income pe capi a, in EU5 coun ies in yea s 1960 and 2000, and able 5.4 he alues o eal income pe capi a in BEA egions. Real income pe capi a migh be a alue a ound 80% o eal GDP pe capi a in some cases o e en lowe in o he cases. Table 5.3. Real GDP pe capi a in EU5 o 1960-2000 (Dolla s a 2000 P ices and Exchange Ra es) Ge many Spain F ance I aly UK 1960 8680 3360 7754 5936 10503 2000 22762 14338 22548 19188 25091 Inc ease 14082 10978 14794 13252 14588 % Inc ease 62 227 91 124 39 Sou ce: Elabo a ed by M.C. Guisan om OECD s a is ics. Table 5.4. Real Income pe capi a in BEA Regions (Dolla s a 2000 p ices) Code BEA egions 1960 2000 Inc ease % o Inc ease 91000 New England 13027 37349 24322 187 92000 Mideas 13663 35160 21497 157 93000 G ea Lakes 12671 30305 17634 139 94000 Plains 11177 29040 17863 160 95000 Sou heas 8897 27337 18440 207 96000 Sou hwes 10463 27285 16822 161 97000 Rocky Moun ain 11668 29120 17452 150 98000 Fa Wes 14625 32775 18150 124 To al USA 11999 30672 18673 156 Sou ce: Elabo a e om BEA s a is ics, applying o cu en alue o yea 1960 he index o Consump ion P ices o exp ess he alue a cons an p ices o yea 2000.