Abs ac —My esea ch ocuses on mesasu ing he
a hle es’ skills inclouding he inju ed a hle es’ oo. P esen
pape ocuses on mono ony, ole ance, pe o mance and he
s a e anxie y in pe o mance si ua ions. I is impo an o
examine hese beacuse o spo men he mos ou s anding
a ea which causing anxie y si ua ions is he compe i ions
pa icipa ion. Du ing my esea ch I would like o d aw a
pa alell be ween spo men compe ence and hei
pe o mance, wha encou ages and mo i e e hem o achie e
success. P esen ly mo e han hund ed o housand o s uden s
a e s uding in high e educa ion in di e en aining a eas.
Popula ion pe o mance depends on he nex gene a ion’s
bea ing capaci y, heal h, i ali y and li e-s yle. Spo and PE
o become a s ong p og amme in highe educa ion
main anace and shaping is essen ial.
Keywo ds—spo , a hle e, compe encie Vienna Tes
Sys em
I. ATHLETIC SKILLS
Nowadays, almos all kind o spo a e a ailable o
all ages. I can be used o men al heal h p ese a ion,
o p ese e ou li e quali y and in educa ion oo. I can
be done as hobby o as employmen . Spo can be
inco po a ed in o ou li e di ec ly o inde c ly. Spo is
compulso y pa o ou li e-s yle which can inco po a e
no jus a ely in o ou li e al hough i could
inco po a e by ou daily ou ine. Nowadays we can
mo e a ound as much and in such a way ha i
becomes indispensable o ou heal h. We can achie e
he o ganism balance by egula exe cise and spo s.
Thus i can be said he egula exe cises can imp o e
ou li ing s anda d and i is bene icial e ec on ou
heal h. We can conlclude ha , spo is an essen ial pa
o ou li e so we ha e o suppo ed i ’s de elopmen
and e olu ion, because i could be an app op ia e ool
which can elimina e he nega i e images om ou
socie y. Fo physical o men al disabili ies mo ing
ha e posi i e bene i s because i helps o hese people
o poin a hei inhe en s eng h and maping on i so i
can be used by ehabili a ion. Nex o imp o ing he
heal h o people spo has a cul u al aim. This aim is o
c ea e eupho ia and good quali y o li e. Spo has a
social unc ion which has s ong po en ial in
connec ion wi h o he coun ies (1). We can g ea ly
eel on he p ice which we spend o heal h insu ance
which come om he e elo ed o he lack o
mo emen s (2).
O cou se physical ac i i y is no conce ned only he
heal hy people, i is conse ned o inju ed and mobili y-
impai ed spo men oo. In case o adequa e and
p o essional employmen he ole o spo s ac i i ies is
la ing compa ed o he heal hy spo men wi h he
inju ed ones. The „new- ime ’s pace o wo k is
heigh ened and because o ha hei s ess ull li e was
compensa ed by spo , ha i is p o ied di e en ype
o ac i i y and ac i e elaxa ion (3). The concep o he
compe ence added o he common knowledge abou
one and a hal decade ago and i used o desc ibe he
human ac ions. Al hough mo e o less he concep o
compe ence was d waned ea ie bu we can no ound
eal de ini ionin in special li e a u e which is w i e
down i , conside ing e e y aspec o he concep . Since
he e is no accep ed and conc e e de ini ion hey
accep a de ini ion he mos widely om 1996 om J.
Coolahan who was he ad ise o he Eu opian Council
o many yea s. „Compe ence and compe encies should
be ega ded as he gene al capabili y based on
knowledge, expe ience, alues, disposi ions which a
pe son has de eloped h ough engagemen wi h
educa ional p ac ices”.
The measu emen o he compe ence was used in
gene al a ea such as in educa ion o human esou ces.
In hese days he spo has become e y impo an , his
is he eason why I decided ha I will ca y ou my
esea ches among spo men. Pe o mance o spo men
a e migh ily depends on hei physical and men al
condi ion. The achie emen mo i a ion is shows up
how he a hle e is ul il and ela ing in he ace
condi ion and how hey eac in hese si ua ion ha is
we cons uc ing an image abou he pe son who is
illing he es how is he mo a ed by he ac ha o
show and p o e his abili ies o he o he people ensu e
ha he pe o ms his asks in he bes way and he makes
i in a ha d way. F equen ly encoun ed his aising wha
is can mo i a e and lead spo men o comply wi h he
coach’s expec a ions o hei high expec a ions o
a he claims which hey se o hei sel es. Many
imes we can expe ience ha he s uden s a e no
su icien ly mo i a ed. This could make a big p oblem
because a hle es wo k well wi h hei coach because
hey achie e hei success wi h his collabo a ion. A
he same ime we need complex mo i a ion and
imp o ing he pe o mance because e e y spo smen
a e di e en . Be ween di e en a hle es can be
di e en mo i a ion echnic which we use o c ea e
measu able esul s du ing he join wo k. We know
se e al ypes o compe ence. So we can make
di e ences be ween cogni i e, pe sonal and social
skills.
Fo a hle es measu ing he pe sonal compe ences is
e y impo an such as p oblem sol ing abili ies,
p edominancy abili ies and he mo ing compe ence,
COMPETENCY MEASUREMENTS AMONG
ATHLETES
Enikő KOVÁCS1, And ea MATKÓ2,
1Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing, Deb ecen, Hunga y, ko [email protected]
2 Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing, Deb ecen, Hunga y, [email p o ec ed]ideb.hu
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he e o e he manual skills, so mo o ing skills, co-
o dina ion skills, balance capabili y and ission
p ocess.
II. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPORTS IN OUR
LIVES
Nowadays spo s a e a ailable o e e y age-g oupe.
We can use i in men al heal h sa ing, in quali y o li e
sa ing and in educa ion. . I can be done as hobby o as
employmen . Spo can inco po a es in o ou li e
di ec ly o inde c ly way. Spo is compulso y pa o
ou li e-s yle which can inco po a e no jus a ely in o
ou li e al hough i could inco po a e by ou daily
ou ine. Nowadays we can mo e a ound as much and
in such a way ha i becomes indispensable o ou
heal h. The balance o ou o ganiza ion we can
s eng hen by egula exe cise and spo s. Thus i can
be said he egula exe cises can imp o e ou li ing
s anda d and i is bene icial e ec on ou heal h.
Acco ding o h Eu opean Spo Cha a "Spo " means
all o ms o physical ac i i y which, h ough casual o
o ganised pa icipa ion, aim a exp essing o imp o ing
physical i ness and men al well-being, o ming social
ela ionships o ob aining esul s in compe i ion a all
le els.” I ou socie y is in a good shape we a e jus in
his case able o wo k p ope ly. We can conlclude,
spo is an essen ial pa o ou li e so we ha e o
suppo s i ’s de elopmen and e olu ion, because i
could be he app op ia e ins umen which can
elimina e he nega i e images in ou socie y. Fo
physical o men al disabili ies mo ing ha e posi i e
bene i s because i helps o hese people o poin a
hei inhe en s eng h and maping on i so i can be
used by ehabili a ion. Nex o imp o ing he heal h o
people spo has a cul u al aim. This aim is c ea e
eupho ia and good quali y o li e. Spo has a social
unc ion which has s ong po en ial in connec ion wi h
o he coun ies (4). In socie y, educa ion and media we
a e pu on g ea emphasis o he heal hy li es yle,
spo y ex e io and o he impo ance o he heal hy
conscious li es yle al hough he numbe o people who
egula ly do spo s a e inc ease lowe . This sea ching
which was made by HÖOK in e e ence o s uden s i
is shows eally good ha : hal o he suden s was done
spo s in high school, jus he 37 pe cen o he s uden s
doing spo s when hey s a ed hei uni e si y s udies
(5). PE is being los g ound om he uni e si y
cu icullum. S uden s who wan s o do p o essional
spo s hey do no ha e any chance o do i in he
uni e si y o hey can no ha monize i wi h hei s udy
obliga ions (6). Fo his he e is a good sample om he
USA whe e he spo has pa amoun impo ance
colo space o he academic li e. The main aim o he
ins i u ions o sponso he di e en ype o mo ing
nex o ans e ing he di e en knowledges (7).
Physical aining is no obbliga o y so he spo ’s
posi ion is changed o a he we can se o wi h o he
ac i i ies. Fo uni e si ies accoun abili y and he
me hod o pe o mance can be di e en so o he and
o he s uden s ha e di e en liabili ies. The s a emen
om he public educa ion which was said by
esea che s ha is ue in highe educa ion also
si hence he o mula ed educa ional ma e ials in PE a e
no c ossing he s uden s’ and he Eu opian Union’s
needs which key compe ences was join ly o mula ed
by hem. The de ici in mo emen was o ma ed by he
consequences o his and we can eel i widely in he
money wha we spend o heal h insu ance (8). The
mo emen ma e ial o he physical educa ion he
meaning o he new scien i ic esea ches’ lines a e he
mos use ul educa ional ac i i ies, so we ha e o
de elop oge he he mo ing and cogni i e
de elopmen complexes because by means o his he
ising gene a ion can sol ing mo e and mo e agains
equi emen s which was se up o hem (9). O cou se
physical ac i i y is no conce ned only he heal hy
people, i is conse ned o inju ed and mobili y-
impai ed spo men also. In case o adequa e and
p o essional employmen he ole o he spo s
ac i i ies is la ing compa ed o he heal hy spo men
wi h he inju ed spo men.
III. EQUIPMENT OF RESEARCH
The e is a ques ion which was a iesd wi hin us, his
ques ion is wha a e we capable o and how we wo h
o he labou ma ke . Vienna Tes Sys em helps us in
hese ques ion. This is a ma ke leade psychologi
measu ing es sys em which was implemen ed by he
aus ian Schuh ied. He has been dealing wi h
compu e psichome y, ainings and ehablyli a ions
since 1947. Inno a i eness and lexibili y o he
Vienna Tes Sys em is i ing o he se e e quali y
equi emen s in all o e he wo ld o a he is can gi es
da as which was no gi en by he pape -and-pencil-
based es s. Wo k-eligibili y and psychological
e alua ion-sys em which was based on compu e
sys em is abel o measu e physical and men al
manpowe . We can use he es sys em in easy way and
we can pe sonalize i o he pe son who was es ing by
us. In e e y es he e is a pa c icing phase whe e he
candida e can knows e e y in o ma ion which
nesseca y o illing he es , hanks o his he pe son
knows he es du ing he measu ing. A u he
ad an age may be men ioned ha so by he adap i e
es ing we can adjus he di icul y o he ask o he
answe s o he candida e so i he pe son does no
pe o m well and i he ind he asks e y di icul y
han his es ing sys em is end gene a ing he s ess
si ua ion, because o ha unc ion he es abel o gi e
us ele an and accu a e esul s o he pe son. Vienna
Tes Sys em’s epo s a e inclouding he esul s in
nume ical, g a ical and a ew pages o ex . Mo e
ad an ages o he es s is ha i gi es us objeci e
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esul s, a ing doesn’ depends on subjeci e
imp essions and in case o a la ge nube o candida e
we can ended he selec ion p ocess quickly because he
esul o he wo k psychology measu emen we can ge
immedia ely a e he es . Wi h Vienna Tes Sys em
you a e abel o measu e a nube o compe ences
whe he i ’s p oblem sol ing (logical skills, planning),
esul -o ien a ion o se ing o objec i es (aspi a ion
le el, pe o mance mo i a ion, con idence, op imism,
ambi ion). Mo eo e i is abel o measu e he decision-
making skills (decision making abili y, decision-maing
s yle, compe ence) and he indi idual’s le el o
asse i eness (communica ion ac i i y), he coope a ion
skills, suppo ing communica ion, emamwo k,
empa hy and how hey ocused on he p oblem (in
us a ion si ua ion). Mapping hose compe encies a e
e y impo an in nume ous wo k because o ha we
ha e o measu e again he candida e’s s eng h and we
ha e o measu e wha ype o spo s ha a hle es a e
doing. Vienna Tes Sys em is allow o measu e
dimensions wha we can no measu e wi h pape -and-
pencil-based es s. This sys em gi es us help in
di e en le els. We can ind se e al es s in one
sys em, which gi es us in o ma ions abou he
candida e’s cogni i e abili ies and poin ing on his
s eng h and weakness which connec ing o his
pe sonali y so i is lashing on ha si ua ions whe e
spo men can pe o m well o less well. We can e iew
he es s’ esul s immedia ely, exacl y and easy we can
expo hem o di e en s a is ics p ocessing o
example we can ep esen ing he measu ed esul s in
Mic oso Excel cha s. We can ound he he esul s o
he candida es in a da abase so we can compa e he
new measu es’ esul s wi h he ea lie cogni i e
p oduc . The s anda dized es eco ding is ully
exclude he subjec i e ac o s which depends on he
pe son who conduc s he es s. Du ing we use adap i e
es s he di icul y o he ask ( o example in elligency
es s) is aligned wi h he le el o he candida e’s
answe ’s esul s so we can ge mo e eliable esul s
om he abili ies o he candida e. The lexible no m
choice was gi en o us so we can choose di e en
no m g oupe om he Vienna Tes Sys em and we
ha e a choice o compa e he candida es’ esul s o
example candida es in he same sex and age o we can
compa e spo men who do di e en s spo s o we can
compa e spo men who ha e he same inju ies. The
loca ion o he compe ence measu emen is will be he
Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing in he
labo a o y o managemen . In he lab he e will be a
suspension sys em which will helps o me in my
esea ch in he ehabili a ion o he inju ed and no
inju ed a hle es and he e also will be happened hei
e-en o ce. The suspension sys em gi es us a
e olu iona y new oppo uni y in he a e o
ehabili a ion. Among o he hings in eli e a hle es
p epa ing we can sol ing mo ion p oblems and we can
imp o ing he muscles. I is speeds up muscles
de elopmen , s abilizing join s and he muscles’
main anance, s eng hene du ing handling inju ies.
Wi h his sys em we can implemen ing a d illing
g ound in 3D equally in spo and kines he apy
Fig. 1 Rehabili a ion suspension sys em
Applica ion a eas: a e musculoskele al inju y, a e
su ge y, ehabili a ion a e b ain haemo hage on o he
inju ies, back pain, in case o e eb al disk inju ies o
de achmen o de eloping wi h special exe cises he
eli e a hle es’ abili ies. No only he measu emen o
he compe ence happening in labo a o y bu also he
suspension sys em’s de elpomen o make he eco e y
o he spo mens as e and e ec i e.
IV. PLANNED RESEARCH
The pe o mance o he a hle ic is e y complex and
b oad he m which is incloud se e al cohe es
componen s. Such as en i onmen al s imuli,
o ganiza ional condi ions, compe i ions pa icipa ion
and achie ed esul s. E e y a hle es we e mo i a ed by
some hing o be be e and be e in a championship o
du ing p epa a ion. The e is a de ini ion o e
mo i a ion which acco ding o gi es eneg y o he
spo men, di ec ing he beha iou and keeps on he
s anding o achie e he ami ion. I would like o
analysing se e al compe ence wi h Vienna Tes Sys em
among hel hy and inju ed a hle es. He eina e I would
like o show you he compe ences which axamina ion
shall co e .
Si ua ional Pe sonali y In en o y (IPS), du ing
his es we ha e o assassed beha io s and expe iences
which is ypically ound in ou e e yday li e. Th ee
b oad a eas a e a ec ed: social and communica ion
beha io and he beha io which e e ible wi h
pe o mance, heal h and egene a ion. In his way
spo men mainly in e ms o inju ed spo men’s
ehabili a ion ime we can es ima e ha how much ime
hey can be eco e y.
Pe iphe al pe cep ion es (PP), he good isual
cogni ion is necessa y du ing se e al ac i i y – such as
ca d i ing- whe e people wo k wi h machines. A
d i e is ge he 90% o he p ocessable in o ma ions
h ough isual chanels. The d i ing isual aspec s o
i e a u e, he pe iphe ial isual pe cep ion o en h ee
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heme ela ed: speed es ima ion, ehicle ea men
(phe iphe ial displacemen o he objec in he
oadway, he mo o examina ion en i onmen ( objec s
and e en s de ec ion). Bu no jus d i e s can be
scanned, i is also possible o u ilize a hle es because
du ing a compe i ion hey need la ge-scale
concen a ion, hey needs a en ion o pa ne s o wha
spo does he playing o example in ball games one
pass o he games among socce playe s.
Two hand coo dina ion (2HAND), Jung (1976)
was made a de ini ion o sensomo o s skills like a
senso inpu (s imuli) and a coo dina ion be ween he
mo o ic answe . A e Wel o d (1969)we can say ha
e e y senso mo o acciden he e is a cogni i e aspec
also. This es is abel o es ing izoumo o s (hand-
eyes, eyes-hand) coo dina ions. This examines wo
aspec o he abili ies: seizomo o is coo dina ions
be ween eyes and hands as well as he coo dina ion o
he igh and he le hands. An impo an in o ma ion
is ha he pe son who illing he es how can con ol
his mo emen .
Mo i a ional ne es (MMG) is capable o es ing
h ee mo i e – social demand, powe equi emen and
con ol demand. Du ing he es illing images a e
displayed which a e display scene ios which ac i a e
he examined mo i s, nex o images om qes ionna ies
he e a e a e iew o well-known s a emen in he o m
o displyed answe s. On he images he ess ille
alwasy see mo e playe s, he has o choose one o hem
whome he can iden i y wi h and acco ding o his
„play” he has o decide ha can he alid o judge o
no .. The es does no allow o e en a s a emen is
skipped. The es is 18 images and co esponding
claims include. The i s pic u e is a wa m up phase
and hese answe s a e no accessed by he sys em. The
pe o mance mo i a ion showing up he a i ude o
he pe o ming and compe i i e si ua ions so we can
ge an idea abou he es ille ’s how is he mo i a ed o
shows o himsel o o he and p o e his abili ies and
makes his asks in he bes way and do i loyal way. So
his es is conside o he des ina ion in compe i i e
si ua ions om a hle e’s pe spec i e. How is he
pe se e, how mo i a ed o achie e he ami ions.
Mo eo e we ge a clea image abou he a hle e powe
needs and abou his social needs. I can measu e how
much he a hle e can wo k ogeh e wi h o he
membe s o he eam and i shows his powe needs.
V. CONCLUSION
Spo is playing an impo an ole in popula ion’s
eupho ia and e olu ion o posi i e men al and physical
s anding. To achie e a heal hy li es ye and heal he e
is a g ea need o ge o know ou sel , unco e ing ou
men al and physical needs and knowing hese
in o ma ions and e ec i e applica ions os hese. Any
o he a hle es’ damage a e he bes and as es
ehabili a ion has science backg ound which includes
basic esea ch o ensu e mo e expe ise. This posibili y
b ing a huge de elopmen in spo medicine and
biomechanic also. The suspension sys em is ensu ed by
se e al possibili ies o inju ed a hle es ehabili a ion,
hey can p o ide ull eco e y o e and abo e i is
s eng hen he muscle s uc u e o he ac i e spo men.
In addi ion he e is a majo ole in he ehabili a ion o
inju ed a hle es’ men al p epa a ion also. The e a e
se e al ex e nal and in e nal e ec s which hi he
inju ed a hle s. Explo a ion o hese e ec s is essen ial
because we should explo e which ex e nal s imuli a e
a ec o ou pe o mance and wha is in luence ou
mo i a ion abili ies he eby how a es s he measu ed
compe ences o ou capaci y du ing he ehabili a ion
and ou achie ed esul s in a compe i ion.
REFERENCES
[1] The ci iziens o he Eu opean Union and spo
2004;EUROBAROMETER,2004W.-K. Chen, Linea Ne wo ks
and Sys ems (Book s yle). Belmon , CA: Wadswo h, 1993, pp.
123–135.
[2] Polányi 1998) /Polányi G.: A spo olás és es mozgás
á sadalmi össze üggései. In: Szí ós P.–Tó h I. Gy. (sze k.):
Tá sadalmi ény-kép. Tá ki, Budapes , 1998, 45–52..
[3] Bi óné Nagy E. (Sze k.) (2004): Spo pedagógia. Kéziköny a
es ne elés és spo pedagógiai ké déseinek
anulmányozásához. Dialóg Campus, Budapes
[4] The ci iziens o he Eu opean Union and spo
2004;EUROBAROMETER,2004W.-K. Chen, Linea Ne wo ks
and Sys ems (Book s yle). Belmon , CA: Wadswo h, 1993, pp.
123–135.
[5] Pogá sa Zs. (2012): A elsőok a ási hallga ók spo olási
szokásai és az egye emi, őiskolai spo al kapcsola os
a i űdjei. Kézi a
[6] Bács Z. (2011): A magya spo működési sze keze ének
lehe séges szegmense: a elsőok a ási spo sze eze ek. In:
Magya spo udományi
szemle, 12/3. pp. 21-23.
[7] Leopold, J. (2008): Ve seny o na az ame ikai egye emeken. In:
Magya Spo udományi Szemle. 9/4. pp. 48-49.
[8] Polányi 1998) /Polányi G.: A spo olás és es mozgás
á sadalmi össze üggései. In: Szí ós P.–Tó h I. Gy. (sze k.):
Tá sadalmi ény-kép. Tá ki, Budapes , 1998, 45–52. /Y.
[9] Vass Z.–Molná P.: Be egség kezelése agy megel zés, a agy a
mozgás e l dés szenzi í szakaszainak kulcs on ossága a
p e encióban. In: K is ó T.–Tó h .-né: I. Magya
( ubileumi) ö őku a ási Kon e encia kon e enciakö e .
A isz o- elész S údium B ., Budapes , 2006. 196–2000
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