ISBN 978–80–7671–110–5
THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT The Po e y S udiesPe a Tušlo á
Pe a Tušlo á
THE YURTA-STROYNO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT
The Po e y S udies
This is he second olume o he inal s udies e-
la ed o he Yu a-S oyno A chaeological P ojec ,
which in es iga ed a Roman u al se lemen loca -
ed along he middle s eam o he Tundzha Ri e ,
in sou h-eas e n Bulga ia ( he Roman p o ince o
Th ace). I is ully ocused on he po e y ma e i-
al ound du ing he exca a ion and su ace su ey,
mos ly da ed o he Roman Impe ial pe iod.
Pe a Tušlo á An assis an p o esso a he Ins i-
u e o Classical A chaeology a Cha les Uni e si y
in P ague. She has been wo king on di e en a chae-
ological p ojec s in he Balkan peninsula since 2008
including Bulga ia, No h Macedonia, and Romania.
He main in e es s lie in he Roman and La e An ique
Th ace, wi h a special ocus on po e y, ce amic ech-
nology and pe og aphy.
pe a. uslo a@ .cuni.cz.

ISBN 978–80–7671–110–5
THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT The Po e y S udiesPe a Tušlo á
Pe a Tušlo á
THE YURTA-STROYNO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT
The Po e y S udies
This is he second olume o he inal s udies e-
la ed o he Yu a-S oyno A chaeological P ojec ,
which in es iga ed a Roman u al se lemen loca -
ed along he middle s eam o he Tundzha Ri e ,
in sou h-eas e n Bulga ia ( he Roman p o ince o
Th ace). I is ully ocused on he po e y ma e i-
al ound du ing he exca a ion and su ace su ey,
mos ly da ed o he Roman Impe ial pe iod.
Pe a Tušlo á An assis an p o esso a he Ins i-
u e o Classical A chaeology a Cha les Uni e si y
in P ague. She has been wo king on di e en a chae-
ological p ojec s in he Balkan peninsula since 2008
including Bulga ia, No h Macedonia, and Romania.
He main in e es s lie in he Roman and La e An ique
Th ace, wi h a special ocus on po e y, ce amic ech-
nology and pe og aphy.
pe a. uslo a@ .cuni.cz.

S udia He cynia, monog aphs 3
Pe a Tušlo á
THE YURTA-STROYNO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT
The Po e y S udies

S udia He cynia, monog aphs 3
Pe a Tušlo á: The Yu a-S oyno A chaeological P ojec . The Po e y S udies.
P oo eading
Judd Bu den
F on co e : Two handled cup ound a Yu a-S oyno da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
This wo k was suppo ed by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund p ojec “C ea i i y and Adap abili y
as Condi ions o he Success o Eu ope in an In e ela ed Wo ld” ( eg. no.: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000734)
implemen ed a Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s. The p ojec is ca ied ou unde he ERDF Call
“Excellen Resea ch” and i s ou pu is aimed a employees o esea ch o ganiza ions and Ph.D. s uden s.
Exchange: Ins i u e o Classical A chaeology, Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y, Cele ná 20, 110 00, P aha 1,
Czech Republic
Subsc ip ion: Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s, Publishing House, nám. Jana Palacha 2, 116 38, P aha 1,
Czech Republic (books@ .cuni.cz)
Publishe : Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s, nám. Jana Palacha 2, 116 38 P aha 1, Czech Republic
P in ed by Togga P ague
©Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s, 2023
ISBN 978-80-7671-110-5 (p in )
ISBN 978-80-7671-111-2 (online : pd )
Con en s
P e ace — 9
Sho in oduc ion o Yu a-S oyno — 11
The po e y assemblage — 13
Fine able wa e — 23
Fine ed-slipped wa e — 24
Common ed-slipped wa e — 46
G ey wa e — 49
Yellow chalky wa e — 55
Mo led / Ma bled wa e — 56
Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C — 59
Pon ic sigilla a A — 61
Knidian g ey wa e — 63
Thin-walled ed-slipped wa e — 64
Th acian hin-walled wa e — 67
Miscellaneous ine wa es — 68
Wheel made cooking wa e — 71
Coa se cooking wa e — 71
Golden mica wa e — 81
Miscellaneous coa se wa es — 83
Handmade cooking wa e — 85
G ani ic wa e — 87
Dio i ic wa e — 88
Miscellaneous handmade po e y — 89
T anspo ampho ae — 91
Eas e n Aegean and Eas e n Medi e anean ampho ae — 92
Black Sea ampho ae — 113
A ican ampho ae — 118
Miscellaneous ampho ae — 120
Po e y in he con ex o Yu a-S oyno — 123
Po e y ou o he con ex o Yu a-S oyno — 133
Impo ed po e y o e ime — 141
Concluding ema ks on he po e y s udies om Yu a-S oyno — 145
Bibliog aphy — 147
Appendix I – Summa y ca alogue — 158
Appendix II – Figu es — 193
Appendix III – Pla es — 225
To my amily.
Thank you o you suppo , unde s anding and lo e.
14 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Map 2: O hopho o o he exca a ed house, si ua ion a he end o he season 2016, wi h ma ked
numbe s o indi idual ooms and loca ions o he co e con ex s used o po e y s a is ics.
POTTERY FROM THE HOUSE
[SU001] is anumbe h oughou he si e used o he soil exca a ed by he easu e hun e s.
In connec ion wi h hese h ee ooms, i con ains all he ma e ial ound in Rooms A, B and C,
as hey we e exca a ed by he loo e s a ound he same ime and illed back in wi h he same
soil. I is clea ly isible om he sec ions, ha he enches we e dug i s along he pe ime-
e walls o he house and hen he in e io was iden i ied and u he exca a ed, bu no he
ex e io , which was le un ouched.
This se o inds om Rooms A, B and C is delimi ed o he no h and sou h by he oun-
da ion walls, o he eas by Room D and he wes e n pa ends unde abig ee nex o he
De eo man Ri e . I was chosen as asample ep esen ing, p esumably, he house in en o y
as he ind assemblage om inside he ooms also included oo iles o low agmen a ion
sugges ing he house, be o e he loo e s’ in e en ion, was sealed by he oo op allou . The
a e age dimensions o Room B and C a e 4.90  ×  4.80 m; o Room Aca. 2 × 4.80 m, as he oom
was no ully exca a ed due o he na u al condi ions ( he ee and he i e ). The exca a ion
dep h eached o 70–80 cm.

15THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
POTTERY FROM THE DITCHES
Th ee ills o di ches we e ound inside he house co e ed by he easu e hun e s’ soil [SU001].
5
They we e dug in o ayellow sandy laye [SU007]– p esumably i gin soil– and missed by he
la es obbe ’sin e en ion as hey all showed up a he conside able dep h o 70–80 cm om
he g ound. In Room B we ound ill [SU021], in Room C ills [SU008] and [SU057]. Since hey
we e made be o e he (a leas he mos ecen ) easu e hun e s’ di ches,6 and as such hey
p ese ed some kind o closed con ex , hey we e included in he ep esen a i e assemblage
o po e y inds. Fill [SU021] also con ained po e y o lowe agmen a ion han he es o
he assemblage (Tab.3 a he page 124) poin ing o i s a he p ima y deposi ion.
[SU008] is a ill o adi ch in Room C o asimila cha ac e o [SU021] placed in Room B, bu
i is bigge (145 × 105 cm) and deepe (65 cm). Among he di e se po e y classes, se e al ag-
men s o D essel 24 amily and Kapi än II ampho ae we e unco e ed (507, 510). F om he small
inds, he mos in e es ing is he ma ble head o abea ded man b oken o asmall s a ue e
(Minaříko á 2022, ab.1:1); h ee blue glass beads, wo hexagonal, o he same ype as ound
in [SU021] (Čisťako a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:2–3), and one bead o ounded o m
(Čisťako a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:8). Fu he , acomple e bone pin (Minaříko á
2022, ab.1:8); one ed -s one bead and many i on nails om a oo cons uc ion as well as
om adoo deco a ion we e ound.
[SU021] is a ill o adi ch ound in Room B. I has he dimensions o 70 × 45 cm, and adep h o
abou 20 cm. I was loca ed nex o ag own ben ee which likely p e en ed illegal exca a-
ions on he spo . The di ch was ich in inds, ea u ing amix u e o di e en po e y classes,
including agmen s o D essel 24 amily ampho ae. Se e al o he po e y agmen s had
ancien b eaks which joined oge he . Besides he po e y, se e al in e es ing agmen s o
lamps we e ound he e (F ece 2022, ab.1:1, 6–8, 20); one blue hexagonal glass bead (Čisťak-
o a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:1); one space bobbin (Weisso á 2022, ig. 4:26); and
se e al i on nails om a oo cons uc ion and adoo deco a ion.
[SU057] is a ill o adi ch loca ed in he no he n pa o Room C, di ec ly nex o he oun-
da ion wall. I s uppe dimensions we e 1.4 × 1.1 m. The ill con ained a1.2 m deep deposi ull
o cha coal and wi h some bu ned agmen s o essels. Among he po e y inds a e iny
agmen s o ine wa e and cooking wa e, o en e y agmen ed wi h ancien b eaks joining
oge he , such as in he case o a ying pan econs uc ed ou o 11 small pieces (442) o o
aclay unguen a ium base, pu oge he ou o i e agmen s (283). Among he small inds we
may ind one clay oken made om aD essel 24 amily ampho a; one hexagonal glass bead
(Čisťako a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:4); wo wo ked bones (Minaříko á 2022, ab.1:11,
13); and se e al i on nails om a oo and doo deco a ion. Besides he o he inds, acoin o
Ioulia Domna min ed in Anchialos be ween AD 193–217 was e ie ed (Heřmánko á 2022b,
no. 6, ab.1). The high amoun o cha coal, many iny agmen s o mo a , se e al pieces o
5 Fo alis o he con ex s, hei desc ip ion and loca ion wi hin he exca a ed a ea see ab.1 and
ab.2 in Tušlo á– Weisso á– Baka dzhie 2022.
6 I is impossible o say when hese di ches we e dug, i could be om An iqui y un il qui e ecen ly
as he se lemen is locally well -known and i s loo ing migh ha e s a ed along ime ago. Conse-
quen ly, we could be dealing he e wi h old easu e hun e s’ enches which we e qui e ecen ly
ex ended by new ones.
16 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
mud b icks and e y agmen ed po e y gi e adi e en cha ac e o his ill compa ed o
[SU008] and [SU021], as i seems o be connec ed o ades uc ion.
POTTERY FROM THE COURTYARD
The le elling laye s Iand II ma k he a ea ou side he house o he no h, whe e he ele a ion
/ d ainage laye was placed. I was loca ed below ca. 50 cm o ada k b own opsoil, and i con-
sis s o a35–40 cm hick g ey laye illed wi h he e ogenous a chaeological ma e ial and s ones,
es ing on he yellow sandy laye [SU007], he i gin soil. The dimensions o bo h exca a ed
enches we e 2.5 × 2.5 m. The le elling laye Iwas exca a ed in he yea 2015 comple ely o
he s e ile soil and b ough abou many in e es ing inds. Consequen ly, in he yea 2016 one
mo e ench was added di ec ly o he no h o he i s one, ma ked as he le elling laye
II, loca ed in a ench 100E_110N SE. The la e laye was no comple ely exca a ed (abou ca.
10 cm o aha d, s ony su ace s ayed in si u). This laye ea u es a a lowe amoun o ma e-
ial han he p e ious one, pa ly because o i no being ully exca a ed, bu also, he e was
less ma e ial in gene al. These wo laye s– le elling Iand II– a e a ep esen a i e sample o
he ou e (ou side o he house) ma e ial. Fo he small inds ound in hese wo enches see
Tušlo á– Weisso á– Baka dzhie 2022, 43.
SURFACE SURVEY
In 2009, an in ensi e ield su ey conduc ed by he Tundzha Regional A chaeological P ojec
iden i ied 31 hec a es wi h a aised amoun o su ace ma e ial which could be associa ed wi h
he se lemen . F om hese, h ee hec a es o he highes concen a ion o inds we e iden i ied
as he se lemen co e (Ilie e al. 2012, 21–22; Rosse al. eds. 2018; si e 6018). The co e a ea
o he se lemen is loca ed di ec ly along he De eo man Ri e , cu en ly no cul i a ed and
co e ed by dense ege a ion and bushes.
While exca a ing a he sou h -wes e n co ne o he si e, he co e a ea was occasion-
ally walked, and andom objec s and in e es ing pieces o po e y we e ound. These small
disco e ies led o ano he su ace su ey being conduc ed in 2016, di iding he co e a ea
in o squa es o 20 × 20 m and smalle sec o s o 10 × 10 m. The 20 × 20 m squa es di ided in o
smalle 10 × 10 m sec o s we e placed ac oss he co e o he si e in he shape o ac oss -sec ion
and su eyed using he me hod o o al pick -ups. The es o he squa es co e ing he co e
se lemen we e in ensi ely o ex ensi ely su eyed, depending on he densi y o he su ace
ege a ion (Map 3). As a esul , s a is ical da a ega ding he po e y amoun a e a ailable
om he 32 squa es (8 × 4– NE, NW, SE, SW) o he o al pick -ups.7 Also, we gained an o e iew
o he po e y sp ead a ound he whole co e a ea o he se lemen . Fo mo e in o ma ion
ega ding he su ace su ey see he ela ed epo s (Tušlo á– Weisso á– Baka dzhie
2017; Weisso á– Tušlo á– Baka dzhie 2022).
7 Fo he po e y o e iew able see ab.1 a Weisso á– Tušlo á– Baka dzhie 2022 on he page 59.
17THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
POTTERY SELECTION
The exca a ed ma e ial om he abo e -desc ibed a eas c ea ed he main co e o he po e y
ma e ial included in his publica ion. The su ace su ey po e y and he ma e ial om he
o he exca a ed a eas we e howe e also consul ed and a e po e y agmen s we e looked o .
All agmen s o a e shape and / o wa e we e selec ed om he whole po e y assemblage,
including he impo ed ed -slipped wa e(s), all he g ey wa e(s), agmen s o coa se cooking
wa e(s) and handmade po e y; also, all diagnos ic agmen s o anspo ampho ae we e
aken ou o he inding con ex s and p ocessed wi hin he amewo k o his book. B ie ly
s a ed, aselec ion o a iable shapes execu ed in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, domina ing he
whole po e y assemblage, was made mainly om he co e con ex s, while he es o he
wa e was looked o in he whole assemblage. The aim was o make aselec ion o he mos
common po e y shapes made in he mos common wa es, as well as o cap u e he a iabili y
o he wa es and anspo ampho ae p esen a he whole se lemen . Due o he amoun o
he po e y ma e ial, he bulk po e y s a is ic was limi ed o dominan wa es ( ed -slipped
wa e, g ey wa e, coa se cooking wa e, handmade po e y and anspo ampho ae; see Tabs.
2–4 on pages 123–125).
Map 3: The g id o polygons laid o e he co e o he Yu a ‑S oyno se lemen wi h ma ked a eas
o di e en ypes o su ace co e which e lec ed in applied su ey me hod; in he sou h ‑wes e n
co ne is depic ed he exca a ed a ea (map by B. Weisso á).
18 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Rega ding he denomina ion o he exca a ed po e y agmen s, hey keep hei in en o y
numbe , which s a s wi h he yea hey we e exca a ed (SY14_xxx, SY15_xxx, SY16_xxx), o
p ocessed (e.g. SY17_xxx); always s a ing wi h 001 (i.e. SY14_001). Po e y om he su ace
su ey kep he yea , he iden i ica ion o a20 × 20 m squa e whe e i was ound, i s smalle
10 × 10 m sec o named based on he ca dinal di ec ions (i di ided), and he se ial numbe o
he she d. To gi e an example, SY16_J13_SE_001 is yea 2016, squa e J13 and i s sou h -eas e n
sec o , he i s documen ed she d– as in each sec o – s a ing wi h 001.
POTTERY DIVISION
The household po e y assemblage was di ided by wa es in o main g oups o ine able wa e,
wheel made cooking wa e and handmade cooking wa e.8 These g oups also e lec he unc-
ional ca ego ies o he po e y– able essels and cooking essels. The able essels we e made
o a ine ab ic, o en co e ed by aslip, ei he made in aligh – yellow o ed– o da k– g ey
o black– colou . These we e used p ima ily o ea ing and d inking. The cooking and ood
p epa a ion essels we e mos ly made in acoa se sandy ab ic, used o wi hs and high em-
pe a u es. These include bo h wheel made and handmade essels o di e en ab ics. The e
is also one excep ion, he ed -slipped wa e s aine s (215–218) used in he ki chen and made
in he same ab ic as he able wa e.
Some essels migh be mul i unc ional, e.g., essels o ood p epa a ion migh also be
used o ood se ing, bo h able and cooking essels migh play he ole o s o age con aine s,
e c. Consequen ly, he a ibu ion o aspeci ic essel o a unc ional ca ego y should no be
iewed as i s only possible use, bu a he as i s p obable p ima y unc ion.9
A u he di ision o he po e y assemblage ega ds he o m and shape o indi idual
essels wi hin hei g oup, meaning we migh ha e asimila o m / shape o apo in able
essels as well as in cooking essels, howe e , bo h a e o a ied unc ion10 and wa e.
T anspo ampho ae c ea e ano he majo g oup o essels, in ended o liquids and ood
shipmen , ep esen ing he main sou ce o in o ma ion ega ding an impo . These we e
p ocessed sepa a ely in g oups ela ing o hei ype o place o p oduc ion, and each was
gi en ade ailed ab ic and ype desc ip ion.
POTTERY DESCRIPTION
The desc ip i e pa o he po e y she ds including he ab ic cha ac e isa ion ollows he
manual Po e y in A chaeology published by O on, Ty es and Vince (1993). Mos o en I e-
e o he Inclusion so ing cha showing he di e ence among he ine and coa se ac ion o
he ab ic, anging om e y poo (1) o e y good (5); and o he Pe cen age es ima ion cha
ega ding he amoun o all he inclusions (O on– Ty es– Vince 1993, igs. A.4, A.6). Fo
exp essing he app oxima e equency o indi idual inclusions, he ollowing labels a e used:
8 The s uc u e o he ex was inspi ed by Billu Tekkök -Biçken’sdisse a ion on he Hellenis ic
and Roman Po e y om T oia (Tekkök -Biçken 1996), And ea Be lin’swo k on he plain wa es
om Tel Ana a (Be lin 1997) and by a ecen ly published book on po e y om ancien Halasa na
(G igo opoulos 2021).
9 c . unc ional ca ego y in: h ps://www.le an inece amics.o g/glossa y.
10 e.g. ood se ing ×  ood p epa a ion.
19THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
p edominan (>70%), dominan (50–70%), equen (30–50%), common (15–30%), ew (5–15%),
e y ew (2–5%), and a e (0.5–2%) (Quinn 2022, 108). The colou iden i ica ion is based on
he Munsell Soil -Colo Cha s (2009).
Cu en ly, pe og aphic and chemical analyses o selec ed po e y a e being unde aken.
The chosen samples comp ise he mos ep esen ed ed -slipped and g ey wa es, coa se cooking
wa es and handmade po e y. Thei esul s ha e no ye been ully e alua ed, so hey ha e
no been included in his s udy, and hey will be published sepa a ely. Howe e , i is al eady
possible o gi e aname o some o he ab ics– such as G ani ic and Dio i ic wa es o he
handmade po e y, poin ing o hei main inclusions. We may also p elimina ily con i m he
mu ual ab ic simila i y o he Fine and Common ed -slipped wa es, he G ey wa e, and he
Coa se cooking wa e.
USED TERMINOLOGY
The e minology o he desc ip ions o he po e y essels used in he ex was mos ly aken
om Dic iona y o A i ac s (Kip e 2007), Encyclopedic Dic iona y o A chaeology (Kip e
2021) and he glossa y o he Le an ine Ce amic P ojec (LCP).11 As a esul , u he in he
ex , o m ega ds he gene al indica ion o a essel (e.g. pla e, bowl, cup; e c.); shape e e s
o aspeci ic appea ance / shaping o a essel (e.g. bowl wi h langed im) which migh how-
e e appea ac oss ime and cul u es; shape ype e e s o an open and closed shape o he
essel;12 ab ic e lec s he clay he po e y is composed o and amoun o inclusions wi hin
( ine × coa se ab ic) and wa e g oups she ds o asimila ab ic, body hickness, su ace ea -
men and echnology o p oduc ion. Se e al essels o he same shape, wa e and ch onology
c ea e a ype. The mos common essel o ms13 used in he ex a e b ie ly desc ibed in he
ollowing lis o speci y hei main appea ance and p ima y use:
Bowl = deep open shape essel wi hou handles; p ima y use: ood se ing / ea ing.
Casse ole = an open o closed shape essel wi h ca ina ed body and (mo e o less) ounded
bo om, ypically wi h wo handles; p ima y use: ood p epa a ion / se ing.
Cup = open o closed shape essel o smalle size wi h none, one o wo handles; p ima y use:
d inking om and pou ing liquids.
F ying pan = shallow open shape essel wi h la bo om and one handle; p ima y use: ood
p epa a ion / se ing.
Jug = deep closed shape essel wi h na ow moun and ahandle; p ima y use: holding and
pou ing liquids.
11 h ps://www.le an inece amics.o g/glossa y.
12 c . shape ype in LCP.
13 The majo i y o he p ocessed po e y is ep esen ed by agmen s no always allowing ap ecise
essel o m ecogni ion. The bigges p oblem is dis inguishing be ween hemisphe ical pla es and
bowls om a im agmen . A e se e al a emp s a awell -de ined di ision be ween he pla es
and dishes i is necessa y o admi ha he agmen a ion o he ma e ial is no sui able o such
an app oach and some smalle agmen s we e di ided a he in ui i ely.

20 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Jugle = deep closed shape essel wi h na ow moun and ahandle o small p opo ions;
p ima y use: holding and pou ing liquids.
K a e = la ge open essel wi h wide mou h / body and wo handles; p ima y use: holding
liquids, mixing, and se ing.
Pla e = shallow open shape essel; p ima y use: ood se ing / ea ing.
Po = closed shape essel, usually ound and deep, wi h none, one o mo e handles; p ima y
use: ood p epa a ion and s o age.
S aine = mos ly open shape essel o di e en o ms wi h pe o a ed body and bo om;
p ima y use: ood p epa a ion / liquid pu i ica ion.
Table ampho a = closed shape essel wi h na ow neck and mou h, wo handles and la
bo om; p ima y use: holding and pou ing liquids.
T anspo ampho a = closed shape essel o a ious dimensions and p opo ions, cha ac e -
is ically, bu no uniquely, wi h apoin ed bo om; p ima y use: ood / liquid anspo a ion.
T ay = open shape la pla e usually wi h aised edge; p ima y use: ca ying and holding
o he essels / i ems.
NOTES ON THE DRAWINGS AND PHOTOS
The po e y d awings in igu es we e escaled o he publica ion o 1:4; he pho os o sec-
ions in pla es we e enla ged by 300%, while he pho os o he she ds a e ou o scale. All he
measu emen s gi en in he ex , igu es, pla es, and ables a e in millime es i no s a ed
o he wise. Each she d has i s own numbe used in he ex , unde which i migh be ound
on he igu es, pla es, and ables.
The used pho os a e om he SAP a chi e, mos ly aken by Johana Tlus á/S ejskalo á, Pe a
Tušlo á and Do o hea Mildo á. The d awings we e made by he SAP eam, hei digi aliza ion
was ca ied ou by Vě a Doležálko á and Pe a Tušlo á. Map 3 was c ea ed by B. Weisso á;
he o he maps a e by he au ho .
NOTES ON THE USED CHRONOLOGY
Th ough he ex , ch onological sensi i e exp essions a e used, such as Roman Impe ial pe-
iod and La e An iqui y. The o me migh be used wi h wo di e en meanings, he i s one,
used con en ionally and gene ically, e e s o he 1s –4 h c. AD;14 he second one, in connec ion
o he egional po e y p oduc ion in inland Th ace and Moesia In e io , e e s o he 2nd–4 h
c. AD, as he local p oduc ion du ing he 1s c. AD has no ye been demons ably a es ed. The
exp ession La e An iqui y is used o he 5 h–6 h c. AD, wi h apossible ex ension o he 7 h c. AD.
14 I no u he speci ied in he ex .
21THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
In he summa y ca alogue a he end o he book, he ch onology migh be na owed o
essel shapes o well a es ed egional p oduc ion. On he o he hand, i he essel shape is
no well known, all he ange, gi en by he wide con ex s o he compa a i e ma e ial, is gi en.
Rega ding he egional po e y p oduc ion, se e al kiln si es wi h well documen ed and
published po e y a e e e ed o. Howe e , he e is cu en ly an ongoing discussion abou
he leng h o he egional p oduc ion, especially ega ding he majo p oduc ion cen es in
Moesia In e io – Va bo ski li adi nea Pa likeni, Bu o o and Ho ni sa. P oduc ion a hese
cen es was o iginally hough o ha e con inued un il a leas he 4 h c. AD (e.g. Sul o 1969;
1976; 1985; Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988), cu en ly, some esea che s would
p e e o see he end o hei p oduc ion by he end o he 2nd o mid-3 d c. AD (e.g. I ano
2019b; 2022; Ha izano 2019; 2020a). My aim is no o con ibu e o his discussion, bu o
use he da a o pu in o ach onological con ex , a leas app oxima ely, ou decon ex ualized
assemblage. A e conside a ion, Iha e decided o use he ex ended da a, also co e ing he
4 h c. AD, as he e a e mo e kilns in Th ace and Moesia In e io p oducing simila ly looking
wa es s ill ope a ing in he 4 h c. AD, such a e he kiln si es in His ia, Silis a and Ka ano o
(Tab.1). Fo each she d, Ialways men ion he p oduc ion si e on he basis o which he ch o-
nology was es ablished (i aceable), so i i is indeed p o en ha some o he kilns ceased
hei p oduc ion ea lie , i will be possible o modi y he ch onology acco dingly.
The ollowing 12 po e y p oduc ion si es loca ed in Th ace and Moesia In e io a e he ones
mos equen ly e e ed o in he ex . He e, Ip o ide hei loca ion, ch onological classi ica-
ion, and p ima y li e a u e ega ding he po e y assemblage om he kilns (Tab.1, Map. 3).
Tab.1: The main cen es o he Roman Impe ial pe iod po e y p oduc ion loca ed in Th ace and
Moesia In e io wi h well published po e y assemblages sui able o compa ison wi h he ma e‑
ial om Yu a ‑S oyno. RSW = p oducing ed ‑slipped wa e; CW = p oducing coa se cooking wa e.
#P oduc ion
cen e Dis ic S a e RSW CW Sugges ed ch onology o
he po e y p oduc ion Main po e y e e ence
1Bu o o Veliko
T no o Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-2nd c. AD – mid-3 d c.
AD / 4 h c. AD (?)
Sul o 1985; Kabakchie a – Sul o a –
Vladko a 1988; I ano 2022
2Edi ne /
Had ianopolis Edi ne Tu key Yes Yes 2nd c. AD A lı Akbuz 2008
3His ia Cons anța Romania Yes Yes 2nd–4 h c. AD Suce eanu 2000; Iliescu – Bo iş 2018
4Ho nica
(Kashla a)
Veliko
T no o Bulga ia Yes Yes 2nd c. – mid-3 d c. AD /
4 h c. AD (?)
Sul o 1985; Kabakchie a – Sul o a –
Vladko a 1988; I ano 2022
5Ka ano o Sli en Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-3 d c. – 3 d/4 h c. AD Bo iso 2005, 2013
6Ka a elo o
(Kazan Chei ) Shumen Bulga ia Yes ?2/3 d c. AD – mid-3 d c. AD I ano 2019a; 2022
7Leshni sa Lo ech Bulga ia Yes No 3 d c. AD I ano a 2003
8No a Nadezhda Hasko o Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-2nd c. – mid-3 d c. AD Ha izano 2016
9Pa likeni
(Va bo ski li adi)
Veliko
T no o Bulga ia Yes Yes 2nd c. – mid-3 d c. AD /
4 h c. AD (?)
Sul o 1985; Kabakchie a – Sul o a –
Vladko a 1988; Vladko a 2011; I ano
2019b; 2022
10 Silis a /
Du os o um Silis a Bulga ia Yes Yes 2nd–4 h c. AD Muşeţeanu 2003; Bâl âc 2018
11 S a a Zago a /
Augus a T aiana
S a a
Zago a Bulga ia Yes Yes 3 d c. – mid-4 h c. AD Kalche 1991
12 Cape S e i A anas Va na Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-2nd – mid-3 d c. AD I ano 2019c
22 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Map 4: Map o he po e y p oduc ion cen es desc ibed in Tab.1, depic ed unde he same numbe .
Map 5: Loca ion map o he si es mos equen ly men ioned wi hin he ex . 1: Ainos; 2: Augus a
T aiana/S a a Zago a; 3: Cas a Ma is; 4: Deul um; 5: Dichin; 6: Du os o um/Silis a; 7: Go sko
Ablano o; 8: Had ianopolis/Edi ne; 9: Halmy is; 10: Ia us/K i ina; 11: Kabyle; 12: Nicopolis ad Is‑
um; 13: Nicopolis ad Nes um; 14: No a Zago a; 15: No ae; 16: Oescus; 17: Philippopolis/Plo di ; 18:
Sacida a/Dună eni; 19: Sado e s; 20: Se dika/So ia; 21: Sos a; 22: S aldzha; 23: Tomis/Cons anța;
24: T oesmis; 25: Villa A mi a; 26: Villa Cha alka; 27: Villa K ale Dol; 28: Villa Mada a.
23
Fine able wa e
The majo i y o ine wa es om Yu a -S oyno comp ises o ed (o o he ligh colou ed)
slipped able essels. Much less ep esen ed a e g ey colou ed essels wi h ag ey o black
su ace slip. Vessels, which do no seem o be slipped a all (such as he so -called Yellow chalky
wa e), a e a e.
Vessels o Fine ed -slipped wa e (1–220), Common ed -slipped wa e (221–234), G ey wa e
(235–281), Yellow chalky wa e (282–284) and Mo led / Ma bled wa e (285–298) a e e y
likely p oduced egionally.15 The p oduc ion o hese is a es ed in one o mo e p oduc ion
cen es ope a ing in Th ace and / o Moesia In e io . These a e all wheel -made essels wi h he
majo i y o he shapes sui able o ood consump ion and d inking. Mos popula a e pla es,
bowls and cups; less common a e able ampho ae, jugs, k a e s, basins and ays, ep esen ed
only in some o he wa es (i.e. in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, Common ed -slipped wa e, G ey
wa e). The mos a iable mo phological o ms a e ela ed o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, which
comp ises abou 98.5% o all he ine wa es ound a he se lemen .
Besides ood consump ion and d inking essels, agmen s o se e al ood p epa a ion
con aine s we e ound. The e a e se e al agmen s o s aine s made in Fine ed -slipped
wa e (215–218), and one pan in G ey wa e (281). The unguen a ia -like essels (282–284), always
made o he Yellow chalky wa e, seem o se e aspeci ic unc ion, likely as p ecious -liquid
based con aine s, possibly con aining oils, pe umes, o medicine.
Much less ep esen ed in he whole assemblage a e impo ed ine wa es. We may iden-
i y se e al ep esen a i es o Çanda lı wa e (Eas e n sigilla a C) (299–307); Pon ic sigilla a
A(308–314); Knidian g ey wa e (315–316); Red -slipped hin -walled wa e o p esumably eas -
e n o igin (317–329); and Th acian hin -walled wa e om he no he n Aegean (330–336).
Unde miscellanea a e se e al o he agmen s o possibly impo ed wa es which a e o now
unclassi iable (337–348).
The majo i y o he impo ed essels include hin -walled wa e, whose p oduc ion is no
ye a es ed in Th ace and Moesia In e io . Consequen ly, we may unde s and he need o i s
supply om elsewhe e. The o he wa es a e mos ly ep esen ed by bowls, pla es and cups,
o en o simila shapes also known in egional p oduc ion; much less ep esen ed a e o he
o ms, such as jugs (316, 335), jugle (342) and alid handle (336).
15 By he exp ession ‘ egional p oduc ion / p oduc ’ Iadd ess po e y made in Th ace and / o Moesia
In e io , i.e., he ex ended egion o he p esen -day Bulga ia o he Danube del a, he Eu opean
pa o Tu key and he no h -eas e n pa o G eece. In his a ea, he p oduc ion o ed -slipped
wa e(s) (and pe haps also cooking wa e[s]) in uni ied shapes is a es ed du ing he Roman Impe ial
pe iod.
30 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
A mi a in I aylo g ad (Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 8–9); and om he a ea o Kabyle.19 O he inds
om awide a ea a e known, e.g., om he umulus nec opolis nea he illage Pe Mogili
(sou h o No a Zago a) which was in use om he end o he 1s ill he beginning o he 4 h
c. AD (Igna o 1996, 78; таб. 3:3, 5:2); om he se lemen a Kasnako o, da ed om he end
o he 3 d o he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Ka sa o a– Pe ko a 2015, ig. 3:7); o om he
p oduc ion cen e o No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13: h ee po s bo om le ), ac i e
om he mid-2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD.
27, wi h adis inc ly a ched im and only one g oo ed line, ep esen s aspeci ic shape o
apla e, equen ly ound in Th ace. We may see i among he abo e -men ioned assemblages
o he nec opolis nea Pe Mogili; he deposi o y o he Kabyle base; as ap oduc o he No a
Nadezhda kiln cen e; and in he ma e ial om Villa Cha alka (Cha alka 2015, 75, ig. 80; da ed
o he 2nd–3 d c. AD). We could go e en u he o Pannonia, o ind a essel o such a o m in
Si mium, ma ked as an imi a ion o e a sigilla a, namely a a ian o he o m D agendo
35, da ed om he end o he 1s ill he 2nd c. AD (B ukne 1981, T72:39–40).
28 is apla e wi h la ing walls hickened on he lip wi h asmall conca e dep ession om he
op o he im, whose d. is 210 mm. Simila pla es come om Sos a (H is o 2015, 78; ig. 1:3),
da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD; om he ill o akiln nea Khan K um, Veliki P esla , da ed o he
u n o he 3 d and 4 h c. AD (H is o – S oe a 2013, обр. 3, Паници Тип 3); and om Villa
K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he 4 h c. AD (Najdeno a 1985, таб. 1:2).
29 is apla e o inne im d. 150 mm, wi h aised im g oo ed wi h h ee lines. The bes pa -
allel o he o m migh be ound di ec ly in he egion, i is apla e unco e ed om abu ial
mound loca ed be ween he illages Boyano o and S oyno, da ed o he u n o he 1s and 2nd
c. AD (Ag e 2013, 354; обр. 15:B).
30 and 31 a e pla es wi h la ing walls, aconca e body and iangula im. The i s she d (30)
has asligh ly o e hanging im wi h one incised line unning a ound he ou e lip, and an
inne im d. 210 mm. Exac ly he same pla e was ecen ly ound in Kabyle in acon ex da ed
o he end o he 4 h c. AD wi h he base in he shape o a ing oo .20 The second im, 31, also
has a e y i ing pa allel, his ime di ec ly wi hin he assemblage o he p oduc ion cen e
a No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13: bo om igh co ne ), and om he icus nea
Go sko Ablano o (Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, 681; таб. I:2); bo h pa allels a e da ed om
he mid-2nd o he mid-3 d c. AD.
32–36 a e pla es wi h s aigh la ing walls and an ou - u ned im, which seem o be inspi ed by
he Çanda lı wa e Hayes Fo m 1 (32) and Fo m 2 (33–36) (c . Hayes 1972, 320; ig. 64; Malamidou
2005, igs. 40–49). The inne im diame e o hese pla es a ies om 200 o 270 mm. The base
is no p ese ed; howe e , hese o ms a e adi ionally associa ed wi h low wide hollowed ee .
Imi a ions o he Hayes Fo m 1– pla es wi h ahea y angula im such as ou she d 32– we e
p oduced locally in S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:4 and 19) om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h c.
AD, and in Ka ano o, om he mid-3 d c. AD, possibly un il he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo-
19 Se e al comple e pla es a e kep a he deposi o y o he a chaeological base unde he A chaeo-
logical Museum o he Th acian and Ancien own Kabile.
20 Unpublished ma e ial om ongoing exca a ion o S e an Baka dzhie in Kabyle, da ed based on
coin inds.

31FINE TABLE WARE
iso 2013, таб. VII:8). A he S a a Zago a p oduc ion cen e we also ound essels o ashape
esembling / imi a ing he Hayes Fo m 2 (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:18)– and as such, simila in
o m o ou 33–35. These she ds oge he wi h 36, migh be ela ed o Kabakchie a’sType 3
(Kabakchie a 1983, 3; обр. 3), da ed om he 2nd c. o he mid-3 d c. AD. Pla es o such shapes
a e commonly ound in Th ace, also in he a ea o Yambol and S a a Zago a Dis ic s– as
in he Villa Cha alka; Villa A mi a (adi ec pa allel o 36); he nec opolis nea S ileng ad
(Kabakchie a 1983, 3; Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 4:72); and he nec opolis nea S aldzha
(Alexand o a 2016, 248; таб. 16:IV/108). Addi ionally, she ds 33–36, as well as 37–39, migh
also be conside ed lids (see 42–46 below), as some o hem ha e bu ned ip o a im, which is
o he wise unseen on he pla es.
37 is adeep pla e wi h s aigh la ing walls and an ou - u ned im. I has an unclea im dia-
me e , which could be wi hin he ange o 240 o 300 mm. The shape migh e en sugges we
a e dealing he e wi h alid. The e a e pa allels among pla es and dishes (e.g. Ruse – Ruse –
V bano 2015, 681; таб. I:3), al hough one sou ce also p o ides ano e saying his o m could
se e as alid (c . Wicenciak 2014, ig. 9:1– adish om he La e Hellenis ic, ea ly Roman pe iod).
38 is adeep pla e wi h s aigh la ing walls and no speci ic im shaping. Simila essels a e
known om he S aldzha umulus nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016, 248; таб. 14:II/95) da ed
o he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD, al hough hese examples ha e asmalle im d. o 140 mm. Possibly, i could
be also alid.
39–41 a e pla es wi h la ing walls and a iangula sligh ly o se im g oo ed wi h one incised
line om he inside. Based on pa allels, hey ha e alow ing oo . The inne im d. a ies be-
ween 200–230 mm. This shape is known om he S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016,
249; таб. 15:IV/106 and таб. 16:IV/109–110); close pa allels migh also be ound a he p oduc-
ion cen e o S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:5); and in o he Roman p o inces, e.g. in
sou he n Pannonia, whe e hey a e known om he same pe iod, i.e. om he 2nd o 3 d c. AD
(B ukne 1981, 39; T 72:37–38).
42–46 a e she ds o unspeci ic shape, likely lids, howe e , hey could also se e as pla es.
The agmen a y s a e does no allow o be e speci ica ion o hei use. The e is asimila
si ua ion o he abo e -desc ibed pla es wi h la ing walls (32–41), whose wall inclina ion is
howe e g ea e , on abase o which Iwould a he see hem as pla es. The di ision is o he wise
in ui i e; egional pa allels a e missing. The inne im diame e o he p ese ed lid -like ims
anges om 130 o 200 mm. Many o he she ds a e, howe e , so agmen a ily p ese ed, ha
e en he diame e has o be app oxima ed o econs uc ed (42, 45–46).
47–53 and 59–62 a e ims o hemisphe ical -shaped pla es o di e en dep hs wi h a im ei he
s aigh o sligh ly bending inwa ds. The e a e also wo bases associa ed wi h hese pla es
(52–53). The inne im diame e o he shallowe pla es 47–50 anges om 240 o 320 mm, wi h
one excep ion o smalle dimensions (51), wi h an inne im o 190 mm. The deepe e sion o
hese pla es, 59–61, ea u es im d. a ound 250–260 mm. She d 62, due o i s small size wi h
im d. 110 mm, could also se e as acup. The wo bases o hese pla es (52–53) ea u e alow
ing oo wi h d. 100 and 120 mm. Pla es o his shape qui e o en p ese e imming ma ks
on he ou e su ace enci cling he essel in wide bands (e.g. 50).
The pla es wi h s aigh o sligh ly inwa dly inclining walls seem o be modelled on he
o ms o Eas e n sigilla a (ESA Fo ms I–III, see Hayes 2008, igs. 1–2; and / o , ESC– Çanda lı
32 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
wa e– Fo ms 4 and 5, see Hayes 1972, ig. 64). These imi a ions a e as well -known om Th ace
and o he eas e n Roman p o inces. Kabakchie a (1983, 2–3) classed hem unde he Type 2,
which is possible o ind all o e Th ace, om Se dika (So ia) and he Uppe S uma Valley
(Kabakchie a 1983, 2; Тип 2) h ough Plo di (Bo usha o a 1959, ab.7:1) o S a a Zago a and
Yambol Dis ic s, wi h inds in he S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 8:I/34–35)
and Villa A mi a (Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 3).
These pla es we e also p oduced a he kiln si e o S a a Zago a om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h
c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:1–3); and in Ka ano o, om he 2nd hal o he 3 d c. AD possibly
un il he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:1–3). Kabakchie a sugges ed he e
we e o he cen es loca ed in eas e n Th ace– in o nea by Kabyle and Villa Cha alka– ac i e
du ing he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD (Kabakchie a 1983, 3). Finds o simila pla es in Th ace con inue un il
he la e 4
h
c. AD as a es ed in Villa K ale Dol loca ed in he Uppe S uma Valley (Najdeno a
1985, ab.2:5). In Moesia In e io , hese pla es a e known om Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne
1999, igs. 9.27, 9:28/544) whe e hey a e along -li ed o m s a ing in he 2nd c. con inuing o
he 5 h c. AD; om No ae, whe e hey a e simila ly da ed, om he mid-3 d o he mid-5 h c. AD
(Klenina 2006, 90: Тарелки Тип 1); and om Ia us (Bö ge 1982, Ta . 39:200–201, 432–433),
da ed om he 2nd hal o he 4 h o mid-5 h c. AD.
54 and 58 a e pla es which sha e some simila i ies wi h he below -desc ibed essels (55–57) as
hei walls a e la ing and a he s aigh , howe e he body is no con ex, and he inwa ds
bending lip is missing.
54 is abigge and hicke she d wi h a im o quad angula sec ion, unde cu om bo h
sides; he im inne d. eaches 250 mm. Simila pla es o bigge dimensions ( im d. up o
280 mm) we e p oduced in Bu o o om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c. AD (Sul o 1985, 65, Type 7;
pl. XXVIII:4). They a e, howe e , missing any unde cu . Sul o no es ha his ype o apla e
is widesp ead in no he n Bulga ia (wi h oo no e 41– e e ing o unpublished ma e ial). In
Dob udzha, simila pla es, again wi hou any unde cu , appea du ing he 2nd hal o he 3 d
c. AD and con inue un il he mid-4 h c. AD (Opaiţ 2004, 74; Dish Type 1). One example wi h
hicke walls and an unde cu inside he lip was ound a he umulus o Suchija Saz nec op-
olis in Paza dzhik Dis ic (Gizdo a 2005, 179; таб. 1: in he middle), which is da ed om he
2nd o 4 h c. AD. And inally, Kabakchie a classes asimila essel wi h s aigh la ing walls,
howe e ape ing owa ds he ip o he im, as aType 11 (Kabakchie a 1983, 6; Тип 11), da ed
wi hin he 1s –3 d c. AD. She gi es he ange o im diame e om 180 o 300 mm which may
co e bo h sizes o ou essels.
58 is asmalle pla e wi h an inne im d. 190 mm, base d. 80 mm and ounded im. This
o m could again be ela ed o he ESA p o o ype (Fo m IV in Hayes 2008, 24). The closes
pa allels om sou h -eas e n Bulga ia come om he S a a Zago a p oduc ion cen e (Kalche
1991, Abb. 7:3), om he nec opolises in S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 9:III 38 and 40)
and Suchija Saz in Paza dzhik Dis ic (Gizdo a 2005, таб. 4: bo om le ). In Moesia In e io ,
a e y simila piece is published om Nicopolis ad Is um, da ed by he con ex o AD 150–175
(Falkne 1999, 185; ig. 9.27:510– i also has he same im d. o 190 mm inside).
Pu ing all his in o ma ion oge he , he bigges concen a ion o pla es wi h such a o m
da es o he 2nd and 3 d c. AD, al hough hey migh be ound wi hin he con ex s o he 4 h c. AD
as well.
55–57 a e h ee essels wi h la ing con ex walls, and he ip o he lip sligh ly bending inwa ds,
c ea ing ap onounced ib on he ou e pa (in he case o he bigge pla e 55 also ma ked
wi h one incised line). The base is ahollowed ing oo . Two di e en sizes o hese pla es
33FINE TABLE WARE
migh be no iced in ou ma e ial– abigge one (55) wi h an inne im d. 270 mm and abase
wi h inne d. 120 mm; and asmalle one, o inne im d. a ound 200 mm (al hough 57 is no
well p ese ed). As in he p e ious case, hese pla es seem o be modelled on he o ms o ESA
(Hayes 2008, ig. 2)– in ac , he bigge size pla e 58 migh be conside ed o be an imi a ion
o ESA Fo m II, and he smalle ones (56–57) o ESA Fo m III (bo h Hayes 2008, 24). Close in
o m and size o he smalle se ies is apla e om he S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a
2016, таб. 12:I-2/73); and o he bigge se ies, apla e om he umulus mound a Suchija Saz
in Paza dzhik Dis ic (Gizdo a 2005, 179; обр. 15). The ch onology o bo h se ies seems o
be he same, 2nd–4 h c. AD.
63 is asmall im agmen o inne d. 180 mm. The im is cu ed and di ided by one g oo e
in o wo pa s. I esembles wo o he o ms o he assemblage– he cu ing makes i look like
he hemisphe ical bowls (69–83) and he di ision o he im esembles he deep hemisphe ical
bowls wi h aledge o alid (148–151). No di ec pa allels we e ound in he published li e a u e.
The wo men ioned mo phological g oups could be da ed, in awide ange, om he 2nd ill
he 4 h c. AD, which seems o also be a easible ch onology o his agmen .
64 is ashe d wi h inwa ds inclined walls and ap onounced dep ession inside o he im wi h
inne d. 210 mm. Exac ly he same o m migh be ound in he G ey wa e (245). Bo h wa es,
howe e , emain wi hou di ec pa allels.
65 is apla e wi h a ully p ese ed p o ile, wi h inne im d. 190 mm, and base d. 100 mm. The
pla e has one small e lex handle placed jus below he im, asecond handle migh be expec ed
on he opposi e side o he im as in he cases o pla es 4 and 7. The pla es’ shape is simila
o asingle ind o asmall bowl 84 (see below) wi h inne im d. 110 mm and base d. 45 mm.
Bo h essels migh ind pa allels in he ma e ial om he p oduc ion cen e nea Ka a elo o
(I ano 2019a, 271; ig. 5:1–4), classed unde he Bowls Type II A, including he same o m o
bowls o a ious sizes wi h he im d. anging om 135–225 mm. The o ms co espond, al-
hough he body o ou essel is lowe and wide , and as such classed as apla e. The inds om
Ka a elo o a e da ed om he end o he 2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD. Ano he pa allel migh be
ound in Diana, aRoman o on he Danube Ri e in Se bia (C je ićanin 2003, # 16), da ed o
he 2nd c. AD. This speci ic essel is, howe e , execu ed in Ma bled wa e, al hough C je ićanin
no es ha mos o ms o he Ma bled wa e, including his one, also appea a he si e in he
ed -slipped ab ic (C je ićanin 2003, 64).
66 is apla e wi h cu ed walls and a hickened olled im wi h wo shallow ace s on he
ou e im o inne d. 190 mm. Simila pla es wi h ace s on he im which we e p oduced a
he po e y cen e nea Ka a elo o we e classed unde he Dishes Type Ida ed om he end
o he 2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD (I ano 2019a, 269; ig. 4), despi e he im p o ile being mo e
iangula , he size co esponds ( im d. 210–220 mm). Mo e o hese essels, his ime wi h
a ounded im, howe e wi hou he ace s, migh be ound on he Lowe Danube, such as in
Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, igs. 9.32:630 and 9.48:988), wi h he i s example da ed o
he con ex o AD 350–450, he second one o AD 250–350; and in No ae (Klenina 2016, 430–431;
ig. 12:2) as Pla es Type 1 (o im d. 180–250 mm), da ed om he second hal o he 3 d o he
end o he 4 h c. AD, and p oduced in alocal po e y wo kshop. Klenina sees ap o o ype o he
essels in A ican ed -slipped wa e– Hayes Fo m 27 –, p oduced in AD 160–220.
34 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
67 is a la ho izon al im o a ay deco a ed by mould -made lo al mo i s, o he wise uncom-
mon among he ma e ial om Yu a -S oyno. Only asmall pa o he im was p ese ed (EVE
6%). The shape and he deco a ion esemble inds om he oad s a ion o Sos a, da ed om
he mid-2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD (c . H is o 2015, ig. 1:1–5), and / o om he p oduc ion
cen e in Bu o o, da ed o he 3 d c. AD (Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 15–17; also
see I ano 2022, 39–44).
68 is ashe d wi h apeculia o m, likely adeco a ed pa o ahandle o a ay (c . H is o
2015, ig.1:1–5). The deco a ion is amould made bea ing an uniden i iable (likely lo al) mo i
placed on he uppe side o he she d; he back side is smoo hed. The agmen is slipped om
bo h sides. Simila looking ays we e p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o
du ing he 2nd and 3 d c. AD (Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 15–17; also see I ano
2022, 39–44).
69–83 is ase ies o hemisphe ical bowls wi h cu ed walls and ims ei he inclined ou wa ds,
inwa ds o s aigh . The inne im d. anges om 140 o 200 mm; he base diame e om 35 o
50 mm inside. The base could be low, hollowed om he inside, as i is on 79; o in he shape
o alow ing oo (c . Kabakchie a 1983, Тип 1; Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 1.1).
These bowls a e a e y common ind in he Yu a -S oyno assemblage. Some o he bowls
migh be deco a ed om he ou side wi h one incised line, placed om 4 up o 15 mm below
he im. Some imes he incised line changes he appea ance o he uppe im, making i mo e
ounded in sec ion (c . 77–82). The e is no o he deco a ion.
Bowls o his shape a e e y common in Th ace, whe e hey expe ienced ap oduc ion boom
du ing he 2
nd
and mid-3
d
c. AD, while some examples a e supposed o be da ed al eady o he e y
end o he 1s c. AD and a he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1983, 1–2; Bo iso 2013,
322). Bo h e sions– wi h and wi hou he incised line– we e p oduced in he po e y wo kshops
o S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 9:1–3) and No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13); bowls
wi h he incised line a e also known om he kiln si e a Ka ano o (Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:4).
84 is ahemisphe ical bowl wi h ap o iled im, be elled inwa ds, and wi h an ou e lip p o-
jec ing upwa ds. The inne im diame e is 110 mm, he base is la , wi h an ou e d. 45 mm. In
i s basic o m, i esembles he pla e 65, which, howe e , has adis inc ly la ge im diame e
(190 mm) and amo e open o m. Agood mo phological pa allel migh be ound in he bowl
om he Vizi sa nec opolis in he S aldzha Moun ains ound in Mound 5 da ed o he begin-
ning o he 4 h c. AD (Ag e– Diche 2005, 50–55, обр. 15). The bowl om Vizi sa has, howe e ,
amuch la ge im diame e (280 mm).
85–93 belong o he langed bowls (o bowls wi h a langed im), ano he majo se ies o essels
ound a he si e o Yu a -S oyno. They a e cha ac e is ic due o ap onounced ib di iding he
uppe and lowe pa o he essel. The wall abo e he lowe ib is mos ly s aigh , al hough
i migh be sligh ly conca e. The bases a e in he shape o alow ing oo (e.g. 92); he e is no
deco a ion ela ed o he essel.
Sligh di e ences among indi idual ims migh be no iced. The majo i y o he bowls ha e
s aigh walls and he wo ibs a e placed abou h ee cen ime es apa , wi h a im diame e
o a ound 160 mm (85–89), he base 92 o inne d. 50 mm would also belong o his g oup.
Fewe bowls ea u e conca e walls be ween he wo ibs, placed close o each o he (90–91).
The im diame e could be ei he as o he p e ious se ies, i.e. 160 mm inside (90), o smalle ,
o d. 120 mm, as in he case o 91.
35FINE TABLE WARE
She d 93 belongs o asmalle se ies wi h im d. 85 mm, o he wise o he same cha ac e -
is ics; hese smalle langed bowls seem o be p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi in he
2nd and 3 d c. AD (I ano 2022, 35; Bowls ype XIV, ig. 10:112). They a e known om he a ea
o Moesia In e io – e.g. om No ae (Klenina 2006, 97; Чашки Тип 5), bu hey do no seem
o be common in Th ace.
The langed bowls a e e y common in Th ace du ing he 2nd–4 h c. AD. Kabakchie a has
so ed hem unde he Type VII б and в(Kabakchie a 1983, 4–5) and no ed ha hey we e,
oge he wi h he Type I(ou hemisphe ical bowls 69–83) he mos common ed -slipped wa e
shapes in Th ace du ing he Roman pe iod, p oduced especially om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c.
o he beginning o he 3 d c. AD, al hough hei p oduc ion con inued o he 4 h c. AD, when
he quali y o hei execu ion isibly declined (Kabakchie a 1983, 5; Kabakchie a 1986, 12).
The quali y o langed bowls om Yu a -S oyno is high, sugges ing hei p oduc ion du ing
he peak pe iod. Ne e heless, he lowe pa s o some o he bowls migh be une enly i ed. I
is a esul o being s acked in he kiln, whe e hey we e placed di ec ly one on op o ano he .
The essels a e known o be p oduced a se e al p oduc ion cen es in Th ace, such as
in S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 8:4, 5 and 7); No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13);
Ka ano o (Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:10– wi h asmall o se ); and also in Moesia In e io – nea
Ka a elo o (I ano 2019a, ig. 4:5–6; Bowls Type 1); and a Ho ni sa, Pa likeni– Va bo ski
li adi, Bu o o (Sul o 1985, ab. 62; XXVI:1–3, Dishes Type 1). P oduc s om he la e kilns
a e o en deco a ed wi h as amp o plan a pedis o wi h oule ing a ound he cen al pa o
he bo om. In ou po e y ma e ial, we ha e only one plan a pedis s amp ound on he essels’
bo om (314), howe e , i is ela ed o adi e en wa e– he Pon ic sigilla a.
94–95 is ano he se ies o pla es wi h langed ims, wi h la ing conca e walls and a aised, la
im o di e en p o iles. She d 94, o inne im d. 220 mm, has asmall g oo e om he uppe
pa o he lip, while 95 is lacking he g oo e, and he lip is mo e ou s e ched. Pla es o asim-
ila o m migh be ound in he ma e ial om he Go sko Ablano o nec opolis, da ed o he
second hal o he 2nd c. AD (To ba o 2012, обр. 13:1–2); u he inds come om Nicopolis ad
Is um, da ed o AD 130–250 (Falkne 1999, ig. 6.3:358); Villa A mi a nea I aylo g ad, da ed
o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 13: Тип VI; таб. 9:145); o om Singidunum (Moesia
Supe io ), da ed o he 2nd and 3 d c. AD (Bojo ić 1977, 35; T. LIV:488–489).
96–99 a e essels o bigge p opo ions, o he wise– especially aking in o accoun he dis-
inc i e ib below he im –, simila o he p e iously desc ibed langed bowls (85–93). The
essels a e bigge in size and ‘hea ie ’ in he body cons uc ion, he im inne diame e anges
om 180 o 190 mm; he she ds a e hicke (up o 10 mm) and some o hem une enly i ed
esul ing in ag ey co e isible on he ac ion. In his las aspec hey emind he Common
ed -slipped wa e, al hough, in o he aspec s hey a e simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e.
96 ea u es one p onounced ib placed unde he im o inne d. 180 mm and a hin dull
slip well p ese ed om he ou side and qui e wo n inside. Bowls like his we e p oduced in
he S a a Zago a wo kshop om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 8:8), and a e
also known om he nea by a ea– e.g. he nec opolis nea he illa Cha alka (Buyuklie
1980, ab.1:1), da ed om he mid-1s ill he beginning o he 3 d c. AD.
97 has a im o inne d. 200 mm and ea u es aspiky ending o he lowe ib. Simila bowls
wi h amo e p o ound lowe ib a e known om he p oduc ion cen e nea Ka a elo o unde
Bowls Type 1, da ed om he end o he 2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD (I ano 2019a, 272; ig. 4:6).
98 is a agmen ed uppe pa o a langed bowl im wi h a iangula sec ion and inne d.
180 mm, which is ibbed by wo incised lines. No di ec pa allel has been ound.

36 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
99 is an uppe body wi h a im o inne d. 190 mm. Acomple e bowl o his o m was ound
in he nec opolis nea S aldzha wi h a la splaying base (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 20:VI-2/159).
Asimila essel comes om he p oduc ion cen e o Du os o um, classed wi hin he widely
de ined g oup o bowls– Cas oane Tipul 1 (Muşeţeanu 2003, 51–52; pl. 14:4). Bo h pa allels
a e da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
100 is ashallow langed bowl wi h conca e walls be ween he wo ibs. In he middle o he
conca i y uns asmall elie ib. The inne im d. is 230 mm. No published pa allel has been
ound, al hough he same essel o m was collec ed du ing he ield su ey o he Tundzha
Regional A chaeological P ojec a si e 6021, loca ed abou 5 km no h -wes o Yu a -S oyno,
nea he illage o Ka e elo o (Sobo ko a– Ross– Ilie 2018, 146–156; Ilie e al. 2012, 23–27).
21
101–104 a e ou hemisphe ical bowls wi h sho ou - u ned ims o di e en sizes, ei he
bigge , wi h inne im d. a ound 170 mm (101), o smalle , wi h inne im d. a ound 130 mm
(102–104). All o he essels a e deco a ed– mos ly wi h mo i s execu ed in ba bo ine (101, 103,
104), while only one agmen has incised deco a ion (102).
Such bowls a e known om No ae– bo h he smalle size ones (Dyczek 1991, ab.XIV:2),
deco a ed wi h ba bo ino and da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, and he la ge ones (Klenina 2016, 430;
ig. 12:7), classed by Klenina unde he Bowl Type 5 and by Sul o as aType 1c– ‘c’ s anding
o he ich deco a ion on he body (Sul o 1985, 66). Sul o p oposes i s p oduc ion pe iod,
in he po e y cen es o Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o, o be he second hal o he
2nd c. AD– beginning o he 4 h c. AD.
Simila bowls migh also be ound in Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, igs. 82:771–786;
9:38, 9:39), da ed in o he con ex o he mid-3 d o mid-5 h c. AD; in Sos a, da ed o he 2nd and
3 d c. AD (H is o 2015, ig. 3:13); and in he p oduc ion cen e in Du os o um (Muşeţeanu
2003, 55; pl. 20:133, Cas oane Tipul 11), whe e hese bowls a e conside ed o be an imi a ion
o me al essels, and, based on o he inds om His ia, da ed o he i s hal o he 2nd c. AD.
105–118 is abig g oup o bowls wi h a ounded body and ou - u ned im wi h asmall dep es-
sion inside he lip. Some o hese bowls a e deco a ed below he im wi h an incised line o
wo, some a e ei he u he incised on he uppe body wi h a ious mo i s (105–106, 111,
117–118) o deco a ed wi h ba bo ine (112). The mos common dimensions o he inne im d.
a e 160–200 mm. One speci ic sub -g oup ea u es smalle sized essels wi h aho izon ally
g oo ed body and inne im d. 100–130 mm (114–116). On he o he hand, 117–118 ep esen
la ge sized essels wi h an inne im d. 240–250 mm.
The bes pa allels o he la ge bowls migh be ound in Moesia In e io – a Nicopolis ad
Is um. Falkne app oxima es hei da e ange o AD 250–450 (Falkne 1999, 82; igs. 9.39:794–
796). Simila o ms a e also known om No ae– Bowls Type 2– ound in he con ex o he
4 h c. AD (Klenina 2006, 94; Миски Тип 2), also ea u ing abigge im d. o 200–300 mm;
and om he ill o apo e y kiln nea he illage o Khan K um (H is o – S oe a 2013, 389;
обр. 12, Купи Тип ІІІ), da ed o he 3 d c.– beginning o he 4 h c. AD, wi h he im d. 205 mm.
In Th ace, all known hemisphe ical bowls which could be conside ed o compa ison,
ha e amo e ounded body and / o an ou - u ned la im. These come om he S a a Zago a
p oduc ion cen e, da ed om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 8:10); om he
Ka ano o kiln si e, ac i e in he second hal o he 3 d c.– beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso
21 Unpublished ind.
37FINE TABLE WARE
2013, таб. V:7–10); and om he illa K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he 4 h c. AD (Najdeno a
1985, 86; таб. 6:21).
The ch onology o hese essels seems o span om he 3 d o he 4 h c. AD, wi h possible
con inui y o he i s hal o he 5 h c. AD (such as in Nicopolis ad Is um). Fo 107, wi h a a he
massi e lip and amo e sub le body, we could also conside Bowls Type 6 om No ae, da ed
om he end o he 2nd ill he mid-5 h c. AD (Klenina 2006, 95; Миски Тип 6).
119–121 a e hemisphe ical bowls wi h aledge o alid. The inne im diame e anges om
140–180 mm. The size sepa a es hem om simila ly looking cups (148–151) o smalle dimen-
sions, wi h im diame e up o 100 mm. One o he she ds– 121– has body walls inclining
inwa ds, closing he essel. This shape migh ela e o asligh ly di e en essel o m, al hough
in ou po e y assemblage i is closes o his g oup.
Pa allels o he bowls wi h aledge o alid come om apo e y kiln ound in Leshni sa
nea Lo ech (I ano a 2003, обр. 38:6), da ed o he 3 d c. AD; om he Roman icus nea
Go sko Ablano o, da ed om he second hal o he 2nd c. AD o he i s hal o he 3 d c. AD
(Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, таб. VIII:63); and om Du os o um, da ed o he 2nd and 3 d
c. AD (Muşeţeanu 2003, 54, Cas on Tipul 7 and 8; pl. 19:103–117).
122–129 ep esen cups wi h a iangula im o inne d. 100–140 mm wi h one bigge excep ion
o im d. 190 mm (122). The body walls a e s aigh , sligh ly inclining inwa ds in he di ec ion
o he oo . The body is deco a ed wi h eng a ed lines, ei he placed ho izon ally o a anged
in di e en di ec ions. One o he smalle essels bea s he sign o ahandle a achmen (127),
he bigge cup 122 has pa o he handle p ese ed, measu ing in sec ion 31 × 5 mm. Vessels
o such a o m wi h wo handles we e p oduced in he S a a Zago a p oduc ion cen e du ing
he 3 d c. AD and i s hal o he 4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 24:10 and 12). Simila ones, o
he same ch onology, migh also be ound in he pe manen exhibi ion a he S a a Zago a
A chaeological Museum. The size o hese pa allels om S a a Zago a seems o ela e o he
smalle se ies o he cups (123–129).22
Simila essels migh also be ound a he po e y cen e in Ka a elo o unde he Cup Type
1 A– wi h wo handles, and B– wi h ou handles, bo h da ed o he end o he 2nd c. AD– mid-
3 d c. AD (I ano 2019a, 271–272; ig. 6). Despi e ha ing a im diame e close o ou smalle
size essels (110–120 mm), he body o m– wi h e y s aigh walls– esembles a he ou
bigge essel 122. O he cups o asimila size ( im d. 130 mm) also come om Nicopolis ad
Is um, da ed by he con ex o he 2nd c. AD (Falkne 1999, 82; igs. 9.38:760).
These essels a e also acommon in en o y o bu ial mounds. We may ind hem, o exam-
ple, in he umulus nec opolis nea Pe Mogili in he No a Zago a egion, which was supposed
o ha e been in use om he end o he 1s ill he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Igna o 1996, 89;
таб. IV:1, X:1, XII:1, XIV:1). The ou essels om he nec opolis ha e a im diame e anging
om 140–170 mm, as such, hey ep esen abe e compa ison o ou small size essels.
Ano he pa allel, his ime a he o he bigge sized essel 122, comes om he umulus
nec opolis nea S a a Zago a, da ed o he 3 d–4 h c. AD (Kalche 1994, таб. 3: гроб 6:1 wi h
im d. 220 mm). The majo i y o he pa allels da e o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, whe e he p oduc ion
peak migh be expec ed, wi h an ex ension in o he 4 h c. AD.
22 Bo h pa allels a e missing ascale o any in o ma ion abou he im diame e , bu in bo h cases,
hey a e ei he depic ed o placed nex o he small cups wi h wo handles (he e unde 138–143)
which mos ly ha e a im d. 100 o 110 mm. Consequen ly, he im diame e o he essels om he
Museum, as well as om he p oduc ion cen e, could be app oxima ed a 130–140 mm.
38 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
130–137 a e small cups wi h a aised iangula im, sepa a ed om he ounded body by an
eng a ed line. The im inne d. anges om 90–120 mm. The uppe pa o he body migh be
deco a ed, mos ly wi h ano he eng a ed line and / o wi h di e en mo i s, ei he execu ed
in ba bo ine (130), o incised (131).
Such cups we e p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Sul o
1985, Two -handled ea henwa e ype 6; ab.XXXVI:5; I ano 2022, Cups Type IV; ig. 17:207,
217, 210). Whole essels ea u e asmall ing oo and wo handles wi h an o al sec ion.
138–143 a e cups wi h an o -se im and wo band handles. These cups a e one o he mos
equen essel shapes encoun e ed a he si e o Yu a -S oyno. The cups ha e a ounded
uppe pa o he body wi h he lowe pa sha ply sloping o he base. The im is o se and
ibbed wi h wo incised lines; he base has he shape o ahollowed ing oo . None o he cups
is deco a ed. Based on he size, he e migh be se e al e sions. The mos common size is o
inne im d. 90–110 mm, wi h ou e base d. ca. 30–35 mm. The wo band handles a ached o he
body a e o al wi h dimensions o 10–12 × 5–7 mm (138–142). Ra ely, smalle and bigge e sions
o he cup appea . We ha e asingle she d om each. The smalle se ies is ep esen ed by she d
140, which does no ha e ap ese ed im, only he base, wi h an ou e d. 25 mm and ahandle
o 9 × 7 mm in sec ion. Based on he body size, he im d. would be a ound 60 mm. F om he
bigge se ies, we ha e one agmen o he hicke o -se im wi h an inne d. 130 mm (143).
Di e en sizes do no seem o be ch onologically sensi i e, as hey migh be ound oge he
wi hin one g a e o nec opolis (see Alexand o a 2016, таб. 23:I-1/95 and таб. 24; Kalche
1994, таб. 3: гроб 8).
These cups migh be ound widely sp ead o e he e i o y o Th ace and Moesia In e io .
In he a ea o he Yambol and S a a Zago a Dis ic s, hey we e p oduced a he kiln si e o
S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 9:10–13) and No a Nadezhda, in he la e one e en in di e -
en sizes (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13: op igh ). They a e known om nea by se lemen s such
as om Villa A mi a (Kabakchie a 1986, 17–18; таб. 17:238); and he nec opolises nea No a
Zago a (Igna o 1996, e.g. таб. 3:2); S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 24); Villa Cha alka
(Buyuklie 1980, e.g. таб. 31:444) and Kabyle (Baka dzhie – Miko – Dzhan ezo a 2013,
обр. 3:B). In he a ea o Kabyle, his cup is e y common as i is a es ed by many comple e
essels om bu ial con ex s exhibi ed a he local museum. The peak o i s popula i y seems
o be in he 2nd–3 d c. AD, wi h he con inua ion o p oduc ion un il he 4 h c. AD.
These cups a e also known om o he a eas o Th ace, e.g. om he Plo di (Bo hu-
sha o a 1956, таб. 5:7, 6:19) and Paza dzhik Dis ic s (Gizdo a 2005, 185: oбр. 5; таб. 2); and
om Moesia In e io , e.g. Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, 81; ig. 9.38:756–759), o No ae
(Klenina 2006, 100; Кубки Тип 6). Many o hese cups we e p oduced in Ho ni sa and Pa -
likeni– Va bo ski li adi po e y wo kshops om he mid-2nd c. ill he beginning o he 4 h c.
AD (Sul o 1985, 77; ab.XXXVII:2, Type 7)– p oduc s o hese kiln si es a e o en deco a ed
wi h ba bo ine on he uppe pa o he body.
144–147 a e ou cups o aclose shape wi h a ounded body and im inne d. 50–60 mm. Only
she d 146 has one p ese ed handle o 12 × 7 mm in sec ion. Compa ed wi h o he published
cups, his o m has one handle only. F agmen s 146–147 ha e a ibbed uppe pa o he body,
no o he deco a ion is a es ed.
Qui e anumbe o simila cups a e known om Singidunum (Bojo ić 1977, 39; LXVIII–
LXX), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, om Villa A mi a (Kabakchie a 1986), whe e we can ind
pa allels o all o hese essels: 144 (таб. 17:236–237), 145 (таб. 14:225–226), 146 (таб. 18:251) and
147 (таб. 16:231). She d 145 has u he close pa allels a he S a a Zago a po e y wo kshop
39FINE TABLE WARE
(Kalche 1991, Abb. 9:18) and a he nec opolises nea No a Zago a (Igna o 1996, таб. 4:6)
and S a a Zago a (Kalche 1994, таб. 4: гроб 6); simila ly, mo e pa allels migh be ound
o 146 and 147, such as p oduc s om he po e y cen e nea Ka a elo o (I ano 2019a,
ig. 7:2 Cups Type V= 146; and ig. 7:3 Cups Type VI = 147), and one mo e o 146 om Sos a
(H is o 2015, ig. 2:11).
The ch onology o hese cups seems o be e y simila o he p e ious g oup (138–143),
i.e. he peak p oduc ion om he 2nd o 3 d c. AD, wi h acon inui y o inds un il he 4 h c. AD.
148–151 a e small cups wi h a ounded body and a im wi h aledge o alid. The im inne d.
is 90–100 mm. These cups ha e apa allel in ou assemblage, among he bowls o simila ly
p o iled im, o bigge size (119–121). Ou side ou ma e ial, we may ind exac pa allels in he
assemblages om he nec opolis nea S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 12:I-3/79), al hough
unco e ed in he embankmen and da ed based on pa allels om he 2nd ill he 4 h c. AD; and
om he p oduc ion cen e a S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 25:6), da ed om he 3 d c.
ill mid-4 h c. AD. We can also ind hese cups in Singidunum, da ed o he 2nd c. AD (Nikolić-
-Đo đe ić 2000, 44; Tip 1/65).
152–154 a e h ee agmen s o cups wi h a ounded body and a iangula im o inne
d. 110–130 mm. They sligh ly di e om each o he in he shape o he im, wi h 154 ha ing
amo e p onounced ib on he ou e lip. This she d has agood pa allel in he inds om he
S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 12:I-3/80), da ed o he 2nd c.– mid-3 d c. AD.
Asimila ch onology migh be expec ed o he o he wo she ds.
155 is acup wi h s aigh la ing walls, a hickened la im o inne d. 120 mm, deco a ed om
abo e wi h wo g oo ed lines. Pa allels migh be ound a he nec opolis eas o S a a Zago a,
da ed o he 3 d–4 h c. AD (Kalche 1994, 178; таб. 5:39) and in a ich g a e a he nec opolis
nea Villa Cha alka da ed o he beginning o he 3 d c. AD (Buyuklie 1980, таб. 127:326).
156 is acup wi h s aigh la ing walls and abended im, g oo ed om he uppe pa by
wo lines; he inne im d. is 100 mm. This o m seems o be inspi ed by he Eas e n sigilla a
B2, c . A lan e 72 / Robinson shape IV (Hayes 1985, a . XV:4; Hayes 2008, 31–32; ig. 12:326),
da ed om he mid-1s c. ill he end o he 2nd c. AD. We may ind asimila shape– wi hou
he g oo es on he im– also in he Pon ic sigilla a B da ed om he mid-2nd c. ill he 3 d c. AD
(Zhu a le 2002, 260; ig. 16:5).
Simila size bowls wi h la ing walls and an a ched im, bu only wi h one incised line, a e
known om Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi, da ed by he con ex o he 2nd c. AD (I ano 2019b,
12–13; ig. 7:5, Bowls Type XII); and wi h one o wo lines om he p oduc ion cen e in S a a
Zago a, da ed om he 3 d c. o he i s hal o he 4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 24:4–6). In
Th ace, hese bowls we e also ound in la e con ex s, such as in he Sli en Dis ic , whe e hey
ha e he im g oo ed by wo lines (Bo iso 1988, 103; рис. 6:з, Тип 3). Bo iso , elying on o he
inds om Mada a and Ka ano o, da es hese bowls om he 4 h o he mid-5 h c. AD. He no es
ha hese la e essels ha e alow -quali y ed slip. Since ou essel has awell -p ese ed slip o
good quali y, we may incline o class i a he wi h he ea lie p oduc ion o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
157 is ak a e wi h a unnel shaped neck and olded im o inne d. 200 mm, ea u ing asmall
elie ib unning a ound he inne im. F om ou side, he she d is deco a ed below he im
wi h oblique eng a ed g oo es. The closes pa allel is ep esen ed by he so -called K a e oid
essel Type III om he po e y kiln o Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi, da ed o he 2
nd
c. AD
46 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
he 4 h c. AD, al hough, based on he gi en pa allels, hey seem o be mos popula wi hin
he 2nd and mid-3 d c. AD.
214 is acylind ical neck o ajug wi h an ou - u ned la ened im o inne d. 65 mm. One
handle a ached o he neck is p ese ed. I is o al in sec ion (29 × 8 mm) and conca e and
g oo ed om he uppe pa . The neck is deco a ed wi h one incised line. The closes pa allel
is he Type 5 om he se ies o ‘Small clay ampho ae om no h -eas e n Th ace’, ound in
ag a e con ex in Sli en, da ed om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c. o he 4 h c. AD (Ko ache 1998,
таб. II.32). The published essel has wo handles.
215–218 a e ou agmen s o s aine s, including one im wi h a olled lip (215) and inne
d. 165 mm; wo bases– one la splaying o ou e d. 80 mm (216), one wi h a ing oo o in-
ne d. 120 mm (217); and abody agmen om abigge -size essel (218). The sizes o he
holes ange om 6 o 9 mm; he agmen s a e ed -slipped om bo h sides, excep he im
215, which is only ligh -b own coa ed. Simila s aine s (wi h a ounded im) we e ound in
he Villa A mi a in I aylo g ad da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 16; обр. 13, таб.
18:206–207). S aine s o a e y di e en uppe body pa bu o simila bases a e known
om elsewhe e. As aine wi h a ing oo and pe o a ed loo was ound in Pa likeni– Va -
bo ski li adi (I ano 2022, S aine s Type I, ig. 28:349); as aine wi h a la splaying base is
known om an a ea o Bu o o and om No ae (I ano 2022, S aine s Type III, ig. 28:362;
Klenina 2006, Цедилки тип 1, 117). The ch onology o he men ioned pa allel is om he 2nd
c. ill mid-4 h c. AD.
219–220 a e wo bases o Fine ed -slipped wa e essels o smalle size, bea ing le e s o he
G eek alphabe on he ou e side o he essels’ bo oms. Only indi idual le e s migh be
ecognized, H and / o A, which we e eng a ed on he essel a e he i ing (Heřmánko á
2022a, 125; ig. 2:1–2). The bases a e o a ing oo (219) and alse ing oo (220), bo h slipped
inside and un -slipped om he ou side; consequen ly, hey migh belong o open essels.
COMMON RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
INTRODUCTION
The Common ed -slipped wa e is acoa se e sion o he Fine ed -slipped wa e wi h pa allels
among he po e y p oduced a Th ace and Moesia In e io . Consequen ly, he same in o ma-
ion abou he egionally p oduced Fine ed -slipped wa e a e also alid he e. Following he
discussion unde he Ch onology o he Fine - ed slipped wa e, he coa se execu ion o he
essels could by caused ei he by di e ences in he quali y o p oduc s o igina ing a di e en
p oduc ion cen es, o by hei la e ch onological classi ica ion (ca. o he 4 h–5 h c. AD); o ,
by acombina ion o bo h o hese ac o s.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The Common ed -slipped wa e is simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, howe e , i is o alowe
quali y execu ion. The ab ic is po ous, i has bigge and mo e abundan inclusions, he she d
is so , and he slip is poo ly p ese ed, some imes ba ely isible on he su ace. The e is no
deco a ion.

47FINE TABLE WARE
The mos popula shapes a e bowls wi h a langed im o di e en sizes (221–230), wi h
much ewe ep esen ed indi iduals o o he essels such as ahemisphe ical bowl (231), k a e
(232), po (233), and ajug (234). The hickness o he she d is abou 4 o 7 mm, i ing is mos ly
une en, lea ing asandwich -like pa e n on he ac ion, wi h ag ey co e (Pl. 10:221–228).
In e ms o numbe s, he ab ic is e y well so ed (4), wi h 20% o inclusions, which a e
p edominan ly iny, wi h ew bigge pelle s eaching up o 4 mm (mos ly qua z). P edominan
a e whi e opaque inclusions, ew o common a e so ed -b own pelle s and iny sil e mica
lakes– p esen bo h in he ab ic and he slip. The colou o he clay is he same as in he case
o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, i.e. ligh ed (2.5YR 6/6, 6/8), ed (2.5YR 5/8) and eddish yellow
(7.5YR 5/6); he slip is again jus a in da ke han he ab ic. The quali y o he slip is e y
low, i is mos ly almos ully wo n; i p ese ed, i is hin and dull (Pl. 3:221–228). The e a e
no ma ks o double dipping o signs o me allic gloss ega ding his wa e.
In mac oscopic obse a ion, he Fine ed -slipped wa e and he Common ed -slipped wa e
seem o be o he same ab ic composi ion. The la e is howe e coa se , so e , wi h alow-
-quali y slip and mo e poo ly execu ed i ing.
CHRONOLOGY
The same ch onology as o he Fine ed -slipped wa e may apply, i.e. peak p oduc ion pe iod
o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, wi h an ex ension o he 4 h c. AD; i we conside he wo s execu ion is
connec ed o he pe iod o p oduc ion, he ime span migh be p olonged ill he 5 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE COMMON RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
Fig. 13: nos. 221–234; Pls. 3: nos. 221–228, 10: nos. 221–228
221–223 a e langed bowls o bigge p opo ions, wi h a aised, inwa dly inclined im, wi h i s
ip uni o mly placed 37 mm om he ib. The inne im diame e anges om 215 o 280 mm
(measu ed on i e samples). The essels a e no only bigge in size bu also ‘hea ie ’ in he
body cons uc ion, he she ds a e hicke (ca. up o 10 mm). The she ds a e so and wo n, in
some places wi h he emains o a iny laye o a ed slip, well abso bed in o he she d. One o
he agmen s is sc a ched a e i ing (222), bu pe haps acciden ally. These essels a e well-
-known om Th ace, desc ibed by Kabakchie a (1983, 5) as Type VI, bowls, whose appea ance
did no signi ican ly change om he 1s un il he 4 h c. AD. No ha ing he kilns in he egion
secu ely a es ed in he 1s c. AD, he local p oduc ion could hen co e he 2nd–4 h c. AD. Bowls
o such ashape we e also p oduced in Paphlagonian Had ianopolis (sou he n Black Sea, o-
days no he n Tu key) ca. in he 3 d–4 h c. AD, whe e hey a e conside ed o be modelled on
Phocaean ed -slipped wa e (La lı– Kan Şahin 2012, 51; pl. 16:243).
224 is ano he o m o a langed bowl o bigge p opo ion, om all (221–226) mos esembling
he ‘classical’ e sion o he bowls wi h a langed im (85–92), al hough wi h he uppe ib olled
inwa ds, no ou wa ds. The inne im d. is 250 mm. Simila agmen s a e known om he a ea
o Yu a -S oyno– such as om he ield su ey o he Nabucco gas pipeline (Sec o 1, Re ision E),
nea he illage o Bolya o o (Boyadzhie 2013, 580: objec 1031; oбр. 3: bo om igh ), and om
he nec opolis nea S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 15:III-1/102). The i s ind has no con ex ;
he nec opolis is da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. Simila bowls, wi h asligh ly hicke im, we e also
p oduced in Paphlagonian Had ianopolis ca. in he 3 d–4 h c. AD whe e hey a e again conside ed
o be modelled on Phocaean ed -slipped wa e (La lı– Kan Şahin 2012, 51, 75, 79; pl. 19:262).
48 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
225 is ye ano he shape o a langed bowl o bigge size wi h inne im d. 270 mm, wi h he
aised pa o he im ibbed by wo incised lines. Apa allel migh again be ound a Paphlago-
nian Had ianopolis, among he locally p oduced e a sigilla a, da ed o he 1
s
–2
nd
c. AD (La lı–
Kan Şahin 2012, pl. 6:35); he example published om Had ianopolis does no , howe e , ha e
he wo incised lines unning a ound he uppe pa o he essel.
226 is a im o a langed bowl o bigge size, so agmen a ily p ese ed, ha i s im inne
diame e migh be only es ima ed a 230 mm. Apo o he same shape was ound a he
embankmen a he nec opolis nea S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016; таб. 15:III-2/103), da ed
based on he pa allels o he 2nd–4 h c. AD. Asimila agmen also comes om he ield su ey
nea Bolya o o (Boyadzhie 2013, 580: objec 1031; oбр. 3: lowe igh , second up). Also, o
his she d, which is he las one o he bigge se ies o he langed bowls, anicely i ing o m
pa allel migh be ound among he local e a sigilla a a Paphlagonian Had ianopolis da ed
o he 1s –2nd c. AD (La lı– Kan Şahin 2012, pl. 6:34).
227–230 is ag oup o langed bowls o smalle size. The im inne diame e anges om 120 o
170 mm; one elie ib is placed abou 20 mm below he op o he im. The inclina ion o he
pa abo e he ib migh be ei he s aigh o inclined inwa ds. Each she d is sligh ly di e -
en in shape, while hey all sha e he o m o a langed bowl and cha ac e is ics o he wa e.
231 is ahemisphe ical bowl wi h he ou e wall hickened and sligh ly unde cu jus below
he lip. The inne im d. is 200 mm. Abowl like his was ound in he mound embankmen
o he S aldzha nec opolis da ed, based on he pa allels, o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (Alexand o a
2016, таб. 12:I-2/76).
232 is ak a e wi h cylind ical, sligh ly closing walls and a la im wi h a ip poin ing up
-
wa ds. The inne im diame e is 210 mm. The essel is deco a ed on he uppe body pa
wi h simple incised lines. In e ms o shape, i is simila o k a e s 158–159 made in Fine ed-
-slipped wa e. These belong o he Two -handled ea henwa e Type 1b (Sul o 1985, 76; таб.
XXXV:4) / K a e oid essels ype II (I ano 2019b, 18–19; ig. 10:3), p oduced du ing he 2nd
c. AD in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi. Fo his speci ic she d agood pa allel migh be ound
in he ma e ial om No ae, da ed by he con ex o he 3 d–4 h c. AD (Dyczek 1991, ab.XIII:4).
The No ae essel co esponds wi h ou s bo h in shape and s yle o deco a ion, al hough he
sc a ched lines a e a anged in achecke boa d pa e n.
233 is he only po execu ed in he Common ed -slipped wa e. I has a aised ounded im
sepa a ed om he bulging body by ashallow g oo e. The im inne d. is 230 mm; he e is
an incised line unning app oxima ely in he middle o he im ounding. The uppe body is
deco a ed wi h an incised wa y line.
234 is he uppe pa o a able ampho a wi h a u ned hooked im and cylind ical ibbed neck.
In shape, he essel esembles Type 5 o ‘Small clay ampho ae om no h -eas e n Th ace’ ound
in ag a e con ex in Sli en, da ed om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c. o he 4 h c. AD (Ko ache
1998, 62; таб. 3:33). Ou agmen howe e has asligh ly bigge im diame e (100 mm ins ead
o he 70 mm om Sli en).
49FINE TABLE WARE
GREY WARE
INTRODUCTION
The G ey able wa e is aless common al e na i e o he ed -slipped wa e. Compa ing i o he
ed -slipped wa e in Th ace and Moesia In e io , he g ey wa e is ex emely unde esea ched
(also Kabakchie a 2005, 91; Alexand o a 2015, 146). So a , we know mos abou he so -called
Macedonian g ey wa e (Macedonian e a sigilla a g ise), which was i s desc ibed by Hayes
in 1972, who assumed i was p oduced in Macedonia a he end o he 4 h c. / beginning o he
5 h c. AD (Hayes 1972, 405–406). The ypology o his wa e, based on he La e An ique inds
om S obi and compa ed wi h o he g ey wa es om G eece, Macedonia and Bulga ia, was
conduc ed by Ande son–S ojano ić, who iden i ied 11 di e en o ms, om which he Fo ms
1, 2 ( he mos popula ones) and 8, we e also p oduced in oxidized e sions (= in he ed slip).
In S obi, his wa e was p esen in he con ex s o he las qua e o he 4 h c. ill he mid-6 h
c. AD, and as such ex ending he ch onology gi en p e iously by Hayes deepe in o he La e
An iqui y (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984; 1992, 62–65).
As no ed by Ande son -S ojano ić, he G ey wa e has along adi ion in Macedonia, as
well as in Th ace, spanning om he B onze Age, h oughou he I on Age. In Macedonia– o
a leas in S obi– he G ey wa e seems o anish in he 1s c. AD and o appea again a he
end o he 4 h c. AD (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984, 99).25 This phenomenon, howe e , does no
seem o apply o Th ace and Moesia In e io , whe e he G ey wa e pe sis s du ing he Roman
Impe ial pe iod, bu also appea s in he con ex s o he La e An iqui y.
This e olu ion is e y well e lec ed in he po e y ma e ial om Nicopolis ad Is um, whe e
he G ey wa e appea s in he con ex s o he 2nd and 3 d c. AD, and hen again in he mid-5 h c.
AD, o con inue un il he end o he 6 h c. AD (Falkne 1999, 85–86). Falkne sugges s, hese
a e wo simila wa es, used in di e en pe iods, om which he ea ly one could be alocal
p oduc and he la e one migh be an impo . This seems o be akey idea, i.e., o admi ha
we may be dealing he e wi h wo di e en wa es and p oduc ions.
The majo i y o he G ey wa e inds om Bulga ia migh be da ed om he 2nd ill he u n
o he 4 h/5 h c. AD, as a e he inds om Pau alia and he Uppe S uma Valley (S ajko a 1989);
illa K ale Dol nea Pe nik (Najdeno a 1985, e.g. таб. 15:176); Cas a Ma is (Kabakchie a
2005, 91–91); Koche ino o nea Blagoe g ad (Ka sa o a 2005, таб. 8); So ia (Bo iso a-
-Ka sa o a 2022); o om He aclea Sin ica (Alexand o a 2015; Nanko – Tsone a 2017).
Since he G ey wa e inds a e accumula ed in wes e n Bulga ia, Kabakchie a sugges ed ha
he p oduc ion cen e, ac i e du ing his pe iod, is loca ed somewhe e in he a ea o Se dika
(So ia), Pau alia (Kyus endil) and / o Nicopolis ad Nes um (Kabakchie a 2005, 91–92).
Since qui e asmall numbe o G ey wa e inds ha e been published, and es ablished ch o-
nologies and o m ypologies o Th ace and Moesia In e io a e missing, we do no ha e much
o abasis o compa ing ou inds wi h o he ma e ial. Wha is, howe e , in e es ing, is he
pa allel p oduc ion o he same o ms o he egionally made Fine ed -slipped wa e and he
G ey wa e. This obse a ion was no ed and men ioned– besides Ande son -S ojano ić– also
by S ajko a (1989, 139–141), Falkne (1999, 85), Kabakchie a (2005, 92) and Ka sa o a (2005,
227–228). Kabakchie a gi es aspeci ic example o apla e ound a he p oduc ion cen e o Bu-
o o, made om he same mould (i.e. o he same shape and deco a ion)– which was p oduced
25 The decline o he G ey wa e du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD is also no ed in he assemblages om G eece
ega ding inds om A hens, Co in h, Amphipolis, Philippi, Kepia, Abde a and Thasos (c . Hayes
1972; Malamidou 2005, 52).
50 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
simul aneously, and on pu pose, in ed and g ey wa e du ing he 3 d and a he beginning o
he 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 14; nos. 69 and 75). Asimila case o
simul aneous p oduc ion was no ed in Koche ino o nea Blagoe g ad, whe e he same o ms
o he ed -slipped wa e and he g ey wa e we e ound oge he in he con ex s o he 2nd–4 h
c. AD (Ka sa o a 2005, 227–228).26
We may use hese in o ma ion o p esume ha hese a e pa allel p oduc s o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e, made in en ionally in g ey o black colou . We may also an icipa e hei
egional p oduc ion as sugges ed by he ind om he Bu o o p oduc ion cen e. This e ela-
ion should acili a e he ch onology, and he classi ica ion o he wa e, in o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
Howe e , we need o be cau ious no o con use i wi h di e en ypes o g ey wa e, such as
he Macedonian g ey wa e, o di e en cha ac e is ics and la e ch onology.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The G ey wa e s ands o essels o ag ey ab ic wi h asu ace co e ed by g ey o black slip
(Pl. 3:237–277). This desc ip ion is common o all he p esen ed she ds, wi h some a ia ions
in he colou o he ab ic, colou and quali y o he slip, and some imes also in he numbe
o inclusions. Mos equen ly, he ab ic is e y well le iga ed and well so ed (4) wi h up
o 10% o inclusions commonly sized be ween 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm, wi h a e bigge pieces o
whi e pa icles up o 1 mm. Ra e o ew inclusions a e iny lakes o sil e mica, a e a e ed
so pelle s and shells; abou 10% o he ab ic a e po es (Pl. 10:236–248).
The numbe o inclusions sligh ly a ies om she d o she d, wi h he whi e so pelle s
being he bigges ype o inclusion eaching up o 1 mm in smalle essel o ms, and up o
2 mm in bigge ones. The ed pelle s a e he a es ones, eaching up o he size o 1 mm. The
she ds a e ha d, he majo i y a e e enly i ed, he ac ion is smoo h / ine, and some ag-
men s seem o ha e asmoo hed su ace. On some essels, especially on he pla es, we may
no e imming ma ks– qui e wide cu ace s (e.g. 235–238, 243–244 and 257). The hickness
o he body she ds commonly anges om 3 o 6 mm.
The slip is spa se, as in he case o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, co e ing only speci ic pa s
o he body. Rega ding he open o ms, i ully co e s he inne pa o he essel, bu om
he ou side, i ends abo e he base (Pl. 3:237–259). In he case o he closed shapes, such as
ja s and jugs, he ou e su ace is co e ed in he same manne as o he open shape essels,
while inside, i is applied only on he im o on he uppe pa o he mou h (Pl. 3:275–277).
The she d colou is mos ly g ey, al hough many o he she ds p ese e a eddish / b own-
ish co e o ma gins and as such a es o no ully accomplishing he educ ion a mosphe e
du ing he i ing p ocess (Pl. 10:236–244). The slip migh ha e se e al di e en colou s, mos
equen ly black (43 pcs.; Pl. 3:237, 244, 259, 275), much less common a e in s o g ey (3 pcs.–
235, 243, 250; Pl. 3:250) and o ed -b own (2 pcs.– 242 and 269; Pl. 3:242). The e a e also cases
whe e he slip seems o be comple ely missing (3 pcs.– 240, 252 and 274).
Vessels wi h he black slip– he slip, i applied in a hicke laye , lakes in bigge ields and
c acks on b eakages (e.g. below he im o on he deco a ion, e.g. 249). Ra ely, he ou e slip
26 Made in ed and g ey wa e means i ed ei he in an oxidised o educed a mosphe e. We could
p esume he e we e no o he di e ences ega ding he ab ic, o he slip, used o he p oduc ion
o hese wo colou s. Ne e heless, a ecen ly p esen ed pos e a he RCRF con e ence in A hens
by I. Bo iso a -Ka sa o a discussed he aised con en o g aphi e in connec ion o he La e An ique
G ey wa e ound in So ia (Se dika), compa ing i o he same shapes made in he ed -slipped wa e
o he same pe iod (Bo iso a -Ka sa o a 2022).
51FINE TABLE WARE
seems o be o aligh e colou and hinne . The common ab ic colou is ligh g ey (2.5YR 7/1),
g ey (2.5YR 6/1, 10YR 5/1 and 6/1), g eyish b own (10YR 5/2) o ligh b ownish g ey (10YR 6/2).
The slip is black (Gley 1 2.5/N) o e y da k g ey (Gley 1 3/N).
Vessels wi h he g ey slip– he slip is ligh e , up o he colou o he ab ic, and i is well
abso bed in o he she d. The mos common ab ic colou is ligh oli e b own (2.5Y 5/3), while
he slip colou a ies be ween g ey (5Y 6/1), yellowish b own (10YR 5/4), o da k g eyish
b own (10YR 4/2).
In bo h cases, he slip can be ei he ma (279) o glossy (275), in some cases eaching
ame allic shine (264 and 275).
CHRONOLOGY
2nd–4 h/5 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE GREY WARE
Figs. 14–16: nos. 235–281; Pls. 3: nos. 237–277, 10: nos. 236–248
235–242 a e hemisphe ical -shaped pla es wi h acu ed im o a e y di e en inne im di-
ame e anging om 150 o 440 mm inside. She d 242 does no ha e well p ese ed im. The
hickness o he body she d also signi ican ly di e s, eaching om 4 o 9 mm. Such abasic
shape o a pla e has adi ec pa allel in he Fine ed -slipped wa e (c . 47–51, 59–61), whe e also
adi e en ange o sizes appea s, as well as he ace s on he su ace which a e highly no ice-
able. In he ed -slipped wa e, such pla es we e mos popula du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD, howe e ,
in Th ace, hey a e known un il he end o he 4 h c. AD, in Moesia In e io e en longe , un il
he mid-5 h c. AD. They we e also p oduced egionally, in S a a Zago a and Ka ano o nea No a
Zago a, du ing he 3
d
c. and mid-4
h
c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:1–3; Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:1–3).
In Moesia In e io , we may ind pa allels also in he G ey wa e, such as in Nicopolis ad
Is um, whe e hese pla es we e also ound in many di e en sizes ( im d. 160–320 mm) and
hicknesses. Falkne , wi h hesi a ion, da es hem o he 4 h and 5 h c. AD (Falkne 1999, 85;
ig.9.48:983–986). His da ing seems o be based on he Macedonian g ey wa e, whe e his shape
o pla es migh be ound unde he Fo m 5 (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984, 105; Ande son-
-S ojano ić 1992, 69–70).
243–244 a e pla es which sha e asimila shape o he im, al hough bo h di e in i s inclina ion,
wi h 243 being mo e open wi h he inne im d. o 170 mm, while 244 ep esen s awide pla e
wi h inne im d. 250 mm. These do no ha e di ec pa allels in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, bu
we may no ice a leas some esemblance wi h 28 and, by he di ided im in o wo pa s, wi h
119–120; bo h da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
245 is apla e agmen wi h ahighly aised im sligh ly inclined inwa ds, and wi h ap o-
nounced dep ession inside o he im. I has an exac shape pa allel in he Fine ed -slipped
wa e (64), e en he inne im d. is simila – 195 mm in he case o he g ey wa e o 210 mm
in he case o he ed -slipped wa e. These wo agmen s indeed look like he same essel
p oduced in wo di e en colou s. Un o una ely, none o he a ian s has adi ec pa allel.
246 is apla e wi h a olle im o inne d. 205 mm. In shape i is close o Fine ed -slipped wa e
66, da ed om he u n o he 2nd/3 d c. ill he mid-5 h c. AD, al hough i is missing he ace s

52 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
on he im. Asimila G ey wa e shape is known om Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, ig.
9.48:988), da ed om he mid-3 d c. AD o ca. AD 400.
247 has amassi e iangula im in ashape close o 246and 248, i s sec ion is howe e sligh ly
econs uc ed as he she d is qui e wo n on he lip. The inne im d. is unmeasu able, ap-
p oxima ed a 160 mm. I we we e o use an ex ended ch onology o hese wo -su ounding
she ds, we would a i e a he 2ndc. – mid-5 h c. AD, which migh se e as an o ien a ion da e.
248 wi h an inne im d. 300 mm, inds ape ec pa allel in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, unde
he pla es wi h la ing walls and iangula im (39–41); i is especially simila o he im 39.
All his g oup is da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
249 is apla e o inne im d. 235 mm and o asimila shape o he she d abo e– 248– only
wi h aless p onounced iangula im. In he Fine ed -slipped wa e assemblage, i would be
closes o she d 35, da ed om he mid-2nd c. o he mid-3 d c. AD, and, by he incised line inside
he im, o he abo e -men ioned agmen s 39–41 da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
250 is awide pla e o inne im d. 240 mm, wi h a la ing im sha ply di ided om he body.
The ab ic colou is sligh ly ligh e han he o he she ds, wi h ayellowish b own she d (10YR
5/6) and g ey (mo led) su ace. In ou assemblage i is unique o i s shape and su ace colou ,
howe e , exac ly he same shape migh be ound in he S aldzha nec opolis in he G ey wa e
(Alexand o a 2016, таб. 9:III/41), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
251 is ex emely agmen a y, wi h asmall im EVE, and as such adiame e anging om 260
o 300 mm. Despi e his, i ep esen s ashape e y well -known om he Fine ed -slipped
wa e o pla es wi h an a ched, ou - u ned im (3–9), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. Asimila pla e
in he G ey wa e is also published om Cas a Ma is, da ed o he 3 d c. AD (Kabakchie a
2005, таб. VI:32); and om Nicopolis ad Is um, da ed o he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD (Falkne 1999, 85–86;
ig. 9.48:993).
252 is a agmen o awide ho izon al im eng a ed wi h one line unning all a ound he es-
sel. I is a e y small agmen wi h an unmeasu able im diame e , which (i known) could
help o de e mine i his is abowl o apla e. The inne d. o 70 mm, used in he d awing, is
only app oxima ed. The she d is qui e ough, no slipped. This shape could be linked o he
Macedonian g ey wa e– essels wi h adeco a ed im– ei he o Fo m 1 o 2– depending on
i s o iginal size (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984, 103–105). Howe e , aG ey wa e pla e wi h a la
im eng a ed wi h wo lines was also ound in Nicopolis ad Is um in he con ex da ed o AD
175–250 (Falkne 1999, 242; ig. 9.48:991); and in Pau alia, wi h one eng a ed line on he lip,
da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (S ajko a 1989, обр. 3:a).
253 is ashe d o ashallow bowl o apla e, wi h aledge o alid o inne d. 110 mm, which migh
ind some simila i y in he Fine ed -slipped wa e– see 63, 119–121, 148–150. Howe e , in his
case, he ledge is so dis inc ly spli we may e en conside his shape o be alid. Based on he
simila shapes om he Fine ed -slipped wa e we may da e i app oxima ely o he 2
nd
–4
h
c. AD.
254–255 a e wo bases o open shape essels, likely o pla es. 254 is a alse ing oo base o ou e
d. 150 mm, slipped ully on bo h sides. In shape, i esembles Phocaean ed -slipped wa e. 255
has an unusual shape o alow la base wi h an a ached s ip o aclay, i is slipped only inside.
53FINE TABLE WARE
256–258 a e h ee bowls which sha e an ou - u ned im, double ibbed om abo e. The in-
ne im d. o 256 is 270 mm, o he wo o he she ds, 257 and 258, i is 190 mm. She d 257
p ese es pa o ahandle in he shape o ex a clay applied di ec ly on he im and ounded.
I looks mo e like a hickening o he im o be e manipula ion, han ap ope handle. The
body o he same essel bea s he isible emains o ace ing. She d 256, wi h i s e ical walls
and up - aised ip o he im, does no ha e pa allels among he Fine ed -slipped wa e. On he
o he hand, 257–258 wi h amo e ounded body, sha e simila i ies wi h pla es 12–15, da ed
om he end o he 1s / beginning o he 2nd c. AD o he mid-3 d c. AD, in Moesia In e io and
Pannonia un il he 4 h c. AD.
259 is ahemisphe ical bowl wi h aledge o alid o inne im d. 190 mm, and abody deco a -
ed wi h wo eng a ed lines. I migh ind some shape simila i y in he Fine ed -slipped wa e
she ds 119–120 da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
260–262 a e hemisphe ical bowls wi h s aigh / inwa ds inclined walls wi h a im d. anging
om 120 o 160 mm, wi h di e en ly p o iled ims. She ds 262 and 263 a e deco a ed wi h
one incised / shallow g oo ed line below he im. All h ee shapes migh ind pa allels among
he Fine ed -slipped wa e bowls 69–83, which we e mos popula du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD,
al hough hey we e p oduced un il he 4 h c. AD.
263 is abowl wi h a ounded body and ou - u ned im wi h asmall dep ession inside he lip;
he inne im d. is 260 mm. The e is no deco a ion, only one shallow incised line below he
im. Simila essels a e known om he Fine ed -slipped wa e, c . 105–118. The ch onology
o hese essels seems o span om he 3 d o 4 h c. AD, in Moesia In e io possibly in o he
i s hal o he 5 h c. AD.
264 is a ing oo base o abowl o some bigge essel (such as aja / able ampho a). The base
is ully slipped inside, ou side only pa ly, abo e he ee . The base d. is 120 mm.
265 is acup wi h sligh ly ou - u ned im, la ened om abo e, o inne d. 130 mm. I bea s
he emains o deep eng a ed lines deco a ing he uppe body. I s shape looks like he abo e
men ioned Fine ed -slip wa e bowls (105–118), howe e wi h he im la ened om he op
and wi h asmalle diame e . Some simila i y migh also be ound in he ed -slipped wa e Cups
Type X o I ano p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o, and widely dis ibu ed
o e Moesia In e io om he 2nd ill 3 d c. AD (I ano 2022, 49; ig. 18). None o hese pa allels
is, howe e , ape ec i .
266 is acup wi h ba ely measu able im diame e , bu i seems o be equal o o bigge han
150 mm inside. The body is deco a ed wi h ba bo ine, pe haps wi h aplan / lo al mo i , he
exac image is uniden i iable. I s shape is closes o he G ey wa e she d wi h inne im d.
80 mm deco a ed wi h as amped mo i ound in he illa K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he
4 h c. AD (Najdeno a 1985, 73; таб. 15:176). In he Fine ed -slipped wa e, he closes in shape
a e she ds unde 130–137 p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
267 is ak a e wi h awide la ho izon al im o inne d. 210 mm and high neck eng a ed
wi h ase ies o ho izon al lines. Below he neck s a s abulky body as in he case o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e k a e s wi h im d. 135–210 mm (c . 162–167). Consequen ly, we may expec
54 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
asimila o m, o a he bigge dimensions. The ed -slipped essels a e da ed om he 2nd
ill he 4 h c. AD.
268–270 a e smalle size k a e s / po s, all o aunique shape. She d 268 has a la ened, sligh ly
aised im, wi h inne d. 140 mm. She d 269 also has a aised la ened im, eng a ed om he
ou side wi h one deep line, he inne d. is 120 mm. I is deco a ed wi h as oked o namen ,
se e al mm deep (bu no pene a ing h ough he she d). Vessel 270 has s aigh walls and
an oblong im wi h ap onounced ib inside o he essel. Jus below he im is placed a e lex
handle (19 × 8 mm). To be unc ional, we may expec one mo e handle on he o he side o he
po . This essel is o e i ed, esul ing in a e y sha p b i le she d.
271 is a im o a able ampho a wi h inne im d. 110 mm; he uppe pa o he lip is eng a ed
wi h one line. Adis an ly simila im migh be ound among he able ampho ae o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e (c . 182), wi h peak p oduc ion om he second hal o he 2nd c. ill he 3 d
c. AD, al hough hey seem o be p oduced un il he 4 h c. AD.
272–273 a e jugs wi h simila ly p olonged necks wi h a ounded im o inne d. 60 and 70 mm,
none o hem bea s he ma k o ahandle. They likely belong o asimila shape o ajug. Such
asmall shape o ajug was no ound in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, al hough abigge a ian
o asimila shape, wi h im d. 130 mm, migh be seen unde 195, which, howe e , does no
ha e aclea pa allel. In he ed -slipped wa e assemblages published elsewhe e, we may ind
jugs o asimila im diame e , bu wi h amo e la ing im. These a e essels om he nec op-
olis Pe Mogili in No a Zago a egion (Igna o 1996, таб. XIX:3), da ed om he end o he
1s ill he beginning o he 4 h c. AD, and om bu ial mounds in en o y deposi ed in he No a
Zago a Museum (Velko 1996, таб. I:1, III:2, IV:3), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, which ep esen
he closes pa allels.
274 is ajugle o inne im d. 30 mm, wi h he ma ks o wo handle a achmen s placed below
he im, bo h badly p ese ed, wi h unclea sec ion / hickness. Fo mo e see 277.
275 is ajugle which has only hal o he neck p ese ed, wi h one handle (7 × 17 mm). The
exis ence o he second handle is unclea . The inne im d. is 43 mm.
276 is he only G ey wa e jugle wi h a e oil im. The ounded pa o he lip has an ou e d.
o 45 mm. In his case i is e y clea he e is only one handle, which was a ached below he
im, measu ing in sec ion 11 × 6 mm. Fo mo e see 277.
277 is a agmen o a ounded uppe body o ajugle deco a ed wi h mo i s o pinecones ex-
ecu ed in ba bo ine. The im is no p ese ed, bu he maximal body diame e could be meas-
u ed, being ca. 120 mm ou side. Two jugle s made in G ey wa e, o asimila size wi h exac ly
he same body deco a ion, a e exhibi ed a he Regional Museum o His o y in S a a Zago a
and da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. They bo h ha e adi e en uppe ending. The i s o hem has
a ounded im, such as 274, bu la ened om he op, wi h one p ese ed handle a ached
jus below he neck; also, aspou is placed on he maximal body diame e . The second one has
a e oil im and looks like 276. Consequen ly, we may conside he ch onology o he 2nd and
3 d c. AD o he body 277 as well as o he ims 274 and 276.
55FINE TABLE WARE
278 is asingle handle o ajugle , wi h ap o usion o a humb. In sec ion i is 17 × 10 mm.
The e we e some handles wi h asimila p o usion among he Fine ed -slipped wa e, al hough
since hey we e missing any o he diagnos ic ea u es o hei ch onological classi ica ion,
hey we e excluded om he published ma e ial.
279–280 a e wo alse ing oo bases. 279 has abase d. 54 mm and migh belong o ajugle /
ja as well as o a able ampho a. 280 has ad. o jus 25 mm and belonged o asmall size essel
such as ajugle . The bases a e ully slipped inside, ou side only pa ly, abo e he ee .
281 is o aunique shape among he whole assemblage. I has s aigh walls o app oxima e
inne im d. 270 mm. Di ec ly on he im is a ached a ounded handle (26 × 27 mm), wi h ahole
in he middle (d. 8 mm). I looks like a ying pan, al hough he agmen does no bea any
signs o bu ning (howe e , only he im wi h apa o he handle is p ese ed). Idid no ind
any pa allel in ine ed -slipped o g ey wa e.
YELLOW CHALKY WARE
INTRODUCTION
Asmall g oup o essels o he same wa e and he same shape migh be designa ed as Yellow
chalky wa e. These a e small essels wi h a la o sligh ly conca e bo om and ana ow long
neck. Apossible explana ion o hese essels’ unc ion is a ied and o now inconclusi e. One
o he common in e p e a ions is ha hese a e ampho a s oppe s (e.g. Hayes 1997, 35; ig. 12,
da ed om he 1s –2nd c. AD). R. K. Falkne no es ha hese essels a e oo small (max. body
d. 65 mm) o accomplish his unc ion (Falkne 1999, 85; ig. 9.47:980–981). B. Sul o (1985,
82; ab.XLI: a ia), ega ding he pieces p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o,
besides gi ing he possibili y o being s oppe s, also sugges s a eligious unc ion, as some
essels o his shape we e ound in g a es. C. Băjena u, ega ding he ma e ial om Tomis
( he end o he 2nd–3 d c. AD), poin s ou he simila i y o he p esumed ampho a s oppe s (Bă-
jena u 2013, pl. 12:99 and 100) and unguen a ia (Băjena u 2013, pl. 12:97–98), wi h he la e
ones indeed being ound in g a es. Pe haps we a e dealing he e wi h wo di e en essels
o simila shape– one o unguen a ia and asecond one o ampho a s oppe s. The p esumed
da ing ange o bo h a e om he 1s ill he 3 d/4 h c. AD. Taking in accoun hei dissimila i y
wi h ampho ae ab ic and na ow body shape, Ip e e o in e p e hem as unguen a ia.
The closes pa allel o ou inds comes om he cen al g a e o he bu ial mound in an
a ea called Koz Buna , loca ed abou 4 km sou h -wes o Yu a -S oyno. The g a e is da ed o
he e y end o he 1s – beginning o he 2nd c. AD (Ag e 2013, 354). Simila essels we e p o-
duced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o (Sul o 1985, 82; ab.XLI:2–3); and Th acian
Had ianopolis (A lı Akbuz 2008, le ha 24:84–85). Consequen ly, also o hese small essels
egional p oduc ion migh be an icipa ed.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The ab ic is well so ed (4), ine, e y so and po ous, o eddish yellow colou (5YR 6/6, 7.5YR
6/6). I con ains abou 10% o inclusions up o 1 mm in size wi h common b own - ed pa icles
and lime, and common o a e sil e mica (Pl. 10:283); he e is no su ace slip (Pl. 4:283–284).
The she d is chalky, lea ing clay ma ks on one’s inge s; i is easy o b eak. The hickness o he
62 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
The wo langed bowls o Fo m 4 ha e a ed she d (10R 5/8) wi h aligh ed slip (10R
6/8, 7.5R 6/8). The ab ic is ine, well so ed (4), wi h common sil e mica and a e lime and
qua z pa icles. 308 has adull slip, ully co e ing he ou e su ace; inside, i ends abo e he
ca ina ion. A he ou e lange pa , he slip c ea es ho izonal lines o da ke colou as i is
concen a ed in shallow ibbing le by he po e . 309 is ully co e ed by auni -colou ed slip
o sligh gloss, so is he base wi h aplan a pedis imp in (314), acommon s amp associa ed
wi h he Pon ic sigilla a A.
Fo m 6 essels a e cha ac e is ic o he p onounced di e ence be ween he ab ic and slip
colou . The ab ic colou is eddish yellow (5YR 7/6), he slip is ed (10R 4/6) o high quali y,
lus ous. All h ee agmen s a e ully slipped inside, while ou side he slip ends jus below
he e e ed im. The slip migh c ea e a hicke laye which c acks on b eaks (such as below
he im). The ab ic is ha d; all he she ds a e e enly i ed. The ab ic is e y well so ed (4),
wi h up o 10% o incisions sized be ween 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm; a ely wi h occasional bigge
pelle s (1–2 mm). The p edominan inclusion is lime, ew a e so ed -b own inclusions (g og?)
and lakes o sil e mica, qua z is a e. In he ab ic o 312 we may also ind small lakes o
golden mica.
One mo e agmen o apla e migh belong o he Pon ic sigilla a A– 313. In hand specimen,
i seems o be o he same ab ic as 310–312, also he ab ic / slip colou co esponds, howe e ,
such ashape is no (ye ?) known o Pon ic sigilla a.
CHRONOLOGY
End o he 1s . c. AD– 3 d c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE PONTIC SIGILLATA A
Fig. 18: nos. 308–314; Pls. 5: nos. 308–314, 10: nos. 308–309
308–309 a e langed bowls o Zhu a le Fo m 4, da ed om he 2nd o mid-3 d c. AD (Zhu a le
2010, 45–49). The inne im diame e o ou essels is 120 and 180 mm. Simila langed bowls
o egional p oduc ion a e common a Yu a -S oyno (c . 85–92), howe e , hese a e di e en
no only o he wa e, bu also mo phologically as he bowls a e conca e below he im and
be ween he p onounced ib; he body o he bowl unde he ib is con ex.
310–312 a e hemisphe ical bowls o Zhu a le Fo m 6 wi h an e e ed im deco a ed wi h
incised lines (310) o oule ing (311–312), da ed o he end o he 1s c. AD and beginning o
he 2nd c. AD; he im inne d. anges om 190 o 230 mm. In he a ea o Th ace and Moesia
In e io , his mo phological shape is no well ep esen ed. We may encoun e single inds om
he ea ly Roman pe iod– such as he (undeco a ed) pla e om he umulus Dulga a Mogila
nea Ka ano o, No a Zago a egion, da ed o he end o he 1s c. AD– beginning o he 2nd c.
AD (Kanche – Kanche a -Rousse a 1996, таб. 18:5, g a e 3:83). Mo e o hese essels migh
be ound in Moesia Supe io a Bu genae (B ukne 1981, 88; T.72:30 and 32) o Singidunum
(Nikolić -Đo đe ić 2000, 34; Tip I/38). Bo h au ho s ma k hese essels as imi a ions o e a
sigilla a ( ypes D agendo 35 o Cu le 11), da ed om he 1s c. o he mid-3 d c. AD.
313 is awide pla e o inne im d. 350 mm, in shape and size simila o pla es 1–2 o Fine ed-
-slipped wa e and o 285 o Mo led wa e. Based on he hand specimen obse a ion, i s ab ic
and slip cha ac e is ics seem o ela e he pla e o he Pon ic sigilla a A, howe e , no such

63FINE TABLE WARE
shape has ye been iden i ied o ha wa e. I we accep ed such an a ibu ion, we could da e
i om he end o he 1s c. ill he 3 d c. AD.
314 is a e y hin (3 mm) agmen o abase wi h as amp o plan a pedis ( he only one ound a
he si e), which belongs o an open o m, likely o apla e. F om he bo om, he base is un -slip-
ped and hea ily sc a ched (in en ional g a i i?), on he uppe pa , he slip is qui e wo n. The
s amp i sel ep esen s an imp in o a oo in asandal (as we can in e p e he c oss o e
he a ea o an ins ep).
The s amp o plan a pedis is common o he A ezzo p oduc ion o e a sigilla a whe e i
appea s in ca. 30 AD. In A ezzo, he s amp howe e con ains he name o he wo kshop owne
o o he c a sman (Zhu a le 2009, 56). In he no he n Black Sea a ea, he plan a pedis
appea s on he Pon ic sigilla a by he mid-1s c. AD, and i migh be ound on he essels un il
he 2nd qua e o he 2nd c. AD. I is ypical o Pon ic sigilla a A Fo m 1. The di e ence in he
s amp use o he A ezzo and he Pon ic sigilla a p oduc ion is, ha he second one does no
bea names (Zhu a le 2009, 56).
We may also ind plan a pedis on he Fine ed -slipped wa e p oduced in Th ace and Moesia
In e io , whe e he unc ion o he plan a pedis is a he deco a i e– as a es ed by he ou
clay s ampe s ound a he p oduc ion cen e a Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi, om which h ee
a e double -sided wi h a ose e as he second mo i (Vladko a 2011, каталог на печатите).
The s amp is o en applied on one essel in highe numbe s. The mos common essel o m,
whe e he plan a pedis appea s in Th ace and Moesia In e io , is abowl wi h a langed im
(he e 85–92), asimila shape o he Pon ic sigilla a AFo m 1 (c . Sul o 1985; Zhu a le
2009; Vladko a 2011).
KNIDIAN GREY WARE
INTRODUCTION
Two essels om he whole assemblage migh be a ibu ed o he so -called Knidian g ey wa e.
Like he Knidian hin -walled wa e, he Knidian g ey wa e o he Roman pe iod ep esen s
acon inua ion o local La e Hellenis ic p oduc ion (Hayes 2008, 64), in luenced, om abou
he Augus an pe iod, by he I alian wo kshops (Kögle 2005, 56). The wa e was expo ed in
smalle quan i ies o e he Medi e anean; i is mos ly iden i ied in he Aegean a ea, wi h he
peak pe iod om Augus us o Claudius (Kögle 2005, 57–58); howe e , he e a e s ill inds,
om he same a ea, da ed ill he mid-2nd c. AD (see Kögle 2010, Abb. M–N). In Halasa na,
on he island o Kos, essels o Knidian ab ic a e ound in con ex s da ed e en o he 2nd and
3 d c. AD, some a e p obably e en la e (G igo opoulos 2021, 224).
Acco ding o Hayes (2008 63), his wa e has a hin and clean -b eaking she d, ab ic wi h
aces o ine mica and li le lime; he colou is no mally o ange o pinkish wi h ag ey co e.
The hin slip migh ha e many di e en colou s, anging om o ange -b own h ough pu plish
b own and sepia o da k g ey. I co e s he inside and he uppe pa o he ou side, ending on
he line below he ca ina ion (i he e is one). The lowe pa o he ex e io and he oo a e
gene ally ca e ully ooled. G igo opoulos also no ed ha he g ey wa e in he Augus an pe iod
has ame allic slip anging om black o da k b own and pu plish - ed, which p og essi ely
becomes dulle and ma . La e p oduc ion, da ed om he end o he 2nd ill 3 d c. AD ound a
Halasa na includes essels which lack aslip o ha e asel -slip i ed o he colou o he body
agmen (G igo opoulos 2021, 223–224).
64 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
WARE DESCRIPTION
See he indi idual she ds.
CHRONOLOGY
The Roman Impe ial p oduc ion is da ed om Augus us ill he 3 d c. AD / mid-4 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE KNIDIAN GREY WARE
Fig. 18: nos. 315–316; Pls. 5: no. 316, 10: no. 316
315 is ashallow bowl wi h a langed im and ca ina ed body; he inne im d. is 130 mm, he
base ou e d. is 60 mm. The essel is ha d i ed wi h a ed ab ic colou and asu ace o wo
in s, eddish b own (5YR 5/4) and yellow eddish (5YR 4/3).31 The she d is hin, ca. 4 mm.
Thanks o i s dis inc i e colou , hin body she d, and ca e ul inish o he ou e su ace, we
could link he base and he im oge he ; he pa in be ween is missing. I belongs o Kögle
Fo m VII, Type D, da ed om ca. AD 25 o he mid-2nd c. AD (c . Kögle 2010, Abb. 57:Kn. 85).
316 is a agmen o ajug wi h o e hanging im and unnel -shaped neck, wi h im inne d.
180 mm. The ab ic is ed (2.5YR 5/6), he slip is con inuous; inside o he ab ic colou ; he
ou e su ace has ayellow ed (5YR 5/4) con inuous coa ing; i is bu ned on he lip. I ela es
o Kögle Fo m XXX, Type C, da ed om he mid-1s ill mid-2nd c. AD (Kögle 2010, Abb. 74).
The ch onological e olu ion o hese jugs is no ully clea , bu ou agmen , due o he p o-
nounced a icula ion o he o e hanging im migh be ea lie – da ed om he mid-1s c. o
he beginning o he 2nd c. AD (G igo opoulos 2021, 226).
THIN ‑WALLED RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
INTRODUCTION
Thin -walled essels s a ed o be p oduced in I aly a he beginning o he 2nd c. BC and un il
he Augus an pe iod hey we e no ed -slipped (Ma abini Moe s 1973, 140–150). Abou wo
hund ed yea s la e , a he end o he 1s c. BC / beginning o he 1s c. AD, hei ed -slipped
p oduc ion s a ed in some o he wes e n p o inces (e.g. Gallia, and in he a ea o he Ibe ian
Peninsula), which a i s imi a ed he I alian o ms, bu sho ly a e s a ed o p oduce hei
own o iginal shapes (Ge asini 2005, 290–291). The I alian p oduc s we e also expo ed in
g ea numbe s o he Eas e n Medi e anean du ing he La e Republic and Ea ly Impe ial
pe iod, whe e hey a e ound in he con ex s da ed o he end o he 1s c. BC (Kögle 2010,
339). By he 1s c. AD, hei local p oduc ion also s a ed he e, which con inued un il he 3 d c.
AD (Hea h– Tekkök 2006-2009, ea ly Roman Thin -wall– Roman -pe iod cups/jugs).32 Among
he known Impe ial pe iod p oduc ion cen es loca ed in he Eas e n Medi e anean belongs
31 Fo he ab ic and su ace colou see Ri e – Hea h 2013-2022: Kench eai A chaeological A chi e.
Knidian G ay-Wa e Bowl KE 1891.
32 The so -called I alian jugs, o Th acian hin -walled wa e cups, likely p oduced in Ainos (he e unde
nos. 330–333) also belong o he g oup imi a ing I alian p oduc s (e.g. Hayes 1997, 67–71).
65FINE TABLE WARE
Pe gamon, Ephesus, Knidos (Kögle 2010, 339–340) and Phocaea (Özyiği 1991, 137–139;
Hayes 1997, 68).
In Th ace and Moesia In e io p oduc ion o hin -walled wa e has no ye been a es ed.
Despi e some isual simila i y wi h he egionally made Fine ed -slipped wa e,33 we may
expec hese essels we e impo ed.
The mo phological o ms o all he ed -slipped hin -walled wa e she ds ound in Yu a-
-S oyno migh be linked o aknown ypology o wes e n p oduc s– ei he o Ma abini Mo-
e s (1973; ega ding ma e ial om Cosa) o Maye (1975; essels om he Ibe ian Peninsula).
Despi e he mo phological simila i y, hei o he ea u es a he poin o an eas e n o igin
o he essels. One ea u e is he ed she d and good quali y ed slip, applied in he eas e n
manne spa sely on he su ace; he o he is he p onounced ca ina ion o he body, especially
isible on he ca ina ed cups (Ma abini Moe s XLII / XLIII; Kögle Dk.1), which is, as sugges -
ed by Kögle (2010, 347), likely connec ed o he Knidian and Pe gamene p oduc ion. We may
an icipa e aKnidian o igin o he ca ina ed cups (317–321) which we e he mos popula
Knidian essels widely sp ead o e he Aegean and Medi e anean a ea (Kögle 2005, 57; o
dis ibu ion see Kögle 2010, 58–59, 340; Abb. N/Ka e 3b; G igo opoulos 2021, 259). I he
Knidian o igin is co ec , hey would be da ed o he second hal o he 1s c.– i s hal o he
2
nd
c. AD. F om he o he possible impo e s known up o da e, we may likely exclude Phocaea,
as he known essels we e o di e en shapes and a g ey su ace; and Ephesus, whe e he
hin -walled essels we e made o aso micaceous ab ic simila o he La e Roman Ampho ae
3 (G igo opoulos 2021, 268–270), which lea es us wi h Pe gamon as i s possible p o ide .
Since we do no ha e ully p ese ed shapes, we canno always con iden ly link ou she ds
o one speci ic ypological o m on he basis o which i was modelled, consequen ly, mo e
o ms o one she d need o be conside ed. The e a e also some di e ences in he appea ance,
mos ly in he su ace ea men o colou , which will be indi idually desc ibed. These small
di e ences migh poin o di e en places o p oduc ion.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The Thin -walled ed -slipped wa e is cha ac e is ic o i s hin body she d, up o 3 mm hick,34
and e y ine ed ab ic (Pl. 11:318–329). The inne slip was applied only pa ially, on he
uppe pa / lip o he im (Pl. 5:321–329). The ou e su ace was slipped o ala ge ex en ,
ending ei he unde he body ca ina ion (317–319) o se e al cen ime es below he ou e
im (328–329). Some o he she ds ha e he ou e su ace ully slipped (320–322, 326). We
may only assume he slipped pa migh ha e e en ually ended lowe han on he p ese ed
agmen . The agmen s a e no deco a ed; he only use o an incised line is o enhance he
p o ile o a im in he case o se e al cups (324–327); no su ace sanding (ou e o inne )
has been documen ed. Rega ding he mo phology, he only o ms execu ed in his wa e a e
d inking essels, cups and bowls.
The ab ic colou is ed (2.5YR 5/6), eddish yellow (5YR 6/6), a ely also b ownish yellow
(10 YR 6/4); he slip, applied in a hin laye , is mos ly ed (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8, 4/6, 4/8), a ely dusky
ed (10R 3/4). The ab ic so ing is e y good (5), i is dense, wi h a e o ew ounde po es.
The small numbe o inclusions is ba ely isible wi hou amagni ica ion lens, ea u ing ew
33 They ha e simila ab ic and slip colou and he slip dis ibu ion o e he su ace ( hey a e only
pa ly slipped).
34 Wi h one excep ion being 329, which has awall hickness o almos 4 mm.
66 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
whi e inclusions (so and ha d) and a e so ed inclusions, likely clay pelle s. Few o common
iny lakes o sil e mica migh be no iced on he su ace.
CHRONOLOGY
The p oduc ion o he hin -walled wa e in he Eas e n Medi e anean s a ed a he beginning
o he 1
s
c. AD; he majo i y o he p oduc s a e da ed om hen ill he mid-2
nd
c. AD (Kögle
2010; G igo opoulos 2021, 259–273), while some essels migh s ill be da ed ill he mid-4 h
c. AD (c . G igo opoulos 2021, 262; ig. 138).
CATALOGUE OF THE THIN ‑WALLED RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
Fig. 19: nos. 317–329; Pls. 5: nos. 321–329, 11: nos. 318–329
317–321 a e ca ina ed cups which migh ha e had wo handles (c . 318; sec ion 9 × 7 mm). They
ha e e ical walls sligh ly inclined inwa ds, inne im d. 70–85 mm / 110 mm. None o he
bases is p ese ed. All a e pa ly ed -slipped inside, some also ou side, such as he longe
agmen s wi h he slip ending jus below he body ca ina ion (317–319). The sho e she ds
a e ully slipped ou side (320–321). The o iginal shape ela es ei he o Ma abini Moe s XLII
o XLIII. Compa ing he I alian and eas e n o ms, he body ca ina ion (whe e p ese ed) is
mo e dis inc , in as yle o cups Type Dk.1. o Knidian o igin (Kögle 2010 Abb. E/b; also c .
G igo opoulos 2021, ig. 139:626–630). I Knidian, hei peak would be da ed om he mid-
1s ill mid-2nd c. AD.
322 is aconical cup / beake wi h la ing walls o inne im d. 90 mm. This agmen is co e ed
on bo h sides by acon inuous coa ing, a he han aslip, as i does no ha e adi e en colou
o he ab ic; bo h– ab ic and he coa ing– a e b ick ed. The co e is dull, and he ou e
su ace combines wide shallow ho izon al bands o oughe  × smoo he appea ance and eel;
he e is ahighe amoun o sil e mica in he ab ic. By o m, i mos esembles he beake s
ype Ma abini Moe sXII.
323 is a la base o aconical cup / beake wi h ou e d. 50 mm. I has asmoo h ou e su ace
wi hou any co e , while he inne pa is ully ed -slipped. The bo om is only 2 mm hick.
Close a ibu ion o aspeci ic ypology is impossible.
324–325 a e cups wi h an o oid body and ounded im, he p ese ed agmen s ha e no han-
dles. The inne im d. is uni o mly 75 mm. Bo h she ds ha e adi e en slip in a ying colou s,
mixing da ke in s o b own wi h eddish ones. The slip is also da ke , almos black in he
dep ession below he ounded im. Inside, he d ipping d ops o he slip o 325 a e da k ed
wi h asli e lus e, while o 324 we may see only a ew cen ime es wide ed line unning
unde he im. In shape, hey a e simila o h ee o ms o Maye : XXX, XXXVII and XLIV, o
o Ma abini Moe sLXVI.
326–327 a e cups, in hei basic o m simila o he abo e -men ioned essels, al hough he
ounded im is eng a ed wi h one deep line; he inne d. is sligh ly bigge han be o e– 90 mm.
One o he she ds has a– no ully– p ese ed handle (14 × 9< mm). The agmen s a e ully
ed slipped ou side, pa ially (unde he im) inside. In shape, hey a e simila o Ma abini
Moe sLXIII.
67FINE TABLE WARE
328–329 a e simple hemisphe ical bowls wi h an inne im d. o 160–170 mm, ypologically
ela ed o he ype Ma abini Moe sLIII. Simila in asec ion and sha ing a he coa se ab ic
( han is usual o he wa e), bo h agmen s a e isually di e en . 328 has alowe quali y slip
which is laking. The slip co e s he majo i y o he ou e su ace and abou wo cen ime es
below he inne im; i is ligh o da k b own. Rim 329 is simila in appea ance o he conical
cup / beake 322, he ou e coa ing is dull and blends wi h he she d, c ea ing alaye which
is ha dly isible. I ully co e s he inne side, ou side i ends a he lowe pa . The ab ic is
dusky ed (10R 3/4), likely o e i ed, wi h a ough ou e su ace and ashallow wide ho izon-
al band a abou he mid -poin o he body; he she d is sligh ly hicke , almos 4 mm; i is
coa se and mo e micaceous han he es o he Thin-walled ed-slipped wa e (see Pl. 11).
THRACIAN THIN ‑WALLED WARE
INTRODUCTION
The globula one -handled cups made in Th acian hin -walled wa e ollow he I alian adi-
ion o hin -walled po e y, o mally known as ‘I alian mugs’, o ‘boccalini acolla ino’. Thei
p oduc ion cen e is assumed o be in he No he n Aegean, likely a Ainos, on he Ma i za
Ri e es ua y. The cen e seems o be ac i e om he mid-1s c. AD un il he 3 d c. AD, wi h
he highes p oduc ion pe iod un il he end o he 2nd c. AD (Ma abini Moe s 1973, 237–238;
Malamidou 2005, 57; Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009). Many inding places a e known
om he Aegean and Eas e n Medi e anean, e.g. Ilion (Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009);
Paphos on Cyp us (Hayes 1991, ig. XXII:17); Amphipolis, Abde a, Thasos (Malamidou 2005,
57); Co in h (Adamsheck 1979, pl. 22/LRB11a); Halasa na on Kos (G igo opoulos 2021, 271);
o Benghazi in Libya (Ken ick 1985, 310; B452).
Vessels execu ed in his wa e o en ha e a i i ied su ace om he use o sal ed wa e o
he inal wash (Hayes 1997, 70). Cups o la e p oduc ion (3 d c. AD) a e commonly deco a ed
wi h whi e spi al / lo al mo i s, do s, o la ge w i en le e s / messages (Adamsheck 1979;
Malamidou 2005, 57; Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009). The ou e coa ing migh be missing
abo e he base– see, e.g. he cup exhibi ed a he His ia A chaeological Museum (da ed o
he 2nd–3 d c. AD).
While he one -handled globula cups a e ypical o his wa e (330–334), much less ep-
esen ed a e jugs (335), ea u ing howe e he same ab ic and su ace ea men cha ac e -
is ics, including high empe a u e i ing necessa y o he i i ica ion. The o igin o hese
cups and jugs om asingle loca ion was p oposed by Băjena u (2013, 57), ha ing ound bo h
essel o ms oge he in Tomis (Cons anța) he p oposed hey we e used oge he as ase o
d inking essels. Alid handle (336) o simila looking wa e was also ound a Yu a -S oyno.
Fo ms o he I alian mugs / Th acian hin -walled wa e cups seem o be also p oduced (imi-
a ed?) egionally, especially in Moesia In e io , whe e hey we e execu ed in ed -slipped wa e.
Thei p oduc ion is a es ed in Bu o o, Ka a elo o (Kazan Chei ), p obably also in Ho ni sa (Kash
-
la a) and Du os o um (see I ano 2022, 51, Cups ype XIII; nos. 265–273). Some Fine ed -slipped
wa e cups om Yu a -S oyno, especially 146, migh also be conside ed o be such an imi a ion.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The so -called Th acian hin -walled wa e ound a Yu a -S oyno comp ises o essels wi h
a2–3 mm body hickness, o e y dense ab ic, b ick ed she d and g eyish– o en i i-

68 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
ied– ou e su ace (Pl. 6:330–336). The ab ic is e y well so ed (4), wi h 10–20% o sandy
inclusions up o 0.5 mm big. The mos no iceable inclusions on he sec ion a e whi e ounded
pa icles (Pl. 11:335). Ra e o ew sil e mica lakes migh be no iced on he su ace i no
i i ied. The ab ic colou is ed (2.5YR 5/8, 4/6, 4/8); he su ace coa ing is o ag ey (2.5YR
5/1) o pu plish -b own colou ( om weak ed 10R 4/2 o shiny black 10YR 2/1). None o he
p ese ed agmen s is deco a ed.
CHRONOLOGY
Mid-1s c. AD– 3 d c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE THRACIAN THIN ‑WALLED WARE
Fig. 19: nos. 330–336; Pls. 6: nos. 330–336, 11: nos. 335
330–332 a e h ee im agmen s o cups wi h inne d. 60–65 mm. Only one o hem has abend
below he im (332), o he wise ypical o hese cups. 330 is ha d i ed wi h asha p and b i -
le she d, wi h dull su aces, he ou e – da k eddish g ey (2.5YR 4/1), he inne – eddish
b own (2.5 YR 4/4). The handle is a ached di ec ly o he im, i is 11 × 8 mm in sec ion. 331
and 332 bo h ha e dull su aces, 331 is simila in colou o 330, sligh ly mo e g eyish, while
332 has aweak ed (2.5YR 4/2) ou e su ace and ed inne su ace (10R 4/6). These a e all o
he Ma abini Moe s o m LXVIII, da ed om he mid-1s c. o he la e 2nd c. AD (1973, no. 431,
pls. 46 and 85).
333 is amo e ounded and hickened im o acup, wi h inne d. 90 mm. I is sligh ly ligh e in
colou , wi h a eddish b own ou e su ace (2.5YR 4/3) and ligh ed (2.5YR 6/6) inne su ace.
No di ec pa allels ha e been ound.
334 is a la base o acup wi h a i i ied ou e su ace o a e y da k g ey colou (5YR 3/1); he
base ou e d. is 50 mm.
335 is aone -handled e oil‐mou hed jug. The wides im diame e is 45 mm; he handle sec-
ion is 17 × 13 mm. The su ace colou is he same as o he cup 331– ou e da k eddish g ey
(2.5YR 4/1), inne is eddish b own (2.5 YR 4/4).
336 is ahandle o alid, wi h ou e d. 35 mm. The uppe pa o he lid bea s s ing ma k om
cu ing o he wheel, combined wi h pa allel shallow lines, pe haps om smoo hing. I ea-
u es simila cha ac e is ics as he abo e -men ioned cups and ajug, he ab ic is e y dense,
e y ine, o a ed colou (2.5YR 5/6). The su ace is ligh b ownish g ey (2.5Y 6/2).
MISCELLANEOUS FINE WARES
Unde miscellaneous ine wa es a e g ouped agmen s whose ab ic is di e en om he
es ablished wa es desc ibed abo e and hei close classi ica ion is unsecu e o unknown.
Some agmen s migh be pu oge he in o smalle g oups based on hei wa e wi h some
possible e e ences o hei o igin (337–339, 340–341), o he s a e indi idually desc ibed, and
hei possible iden i ica ion le o he eade (342–348).
69FINE TABLE WARE
Rega ding he shape and ab ic, Iwould assume she ds 337–339, 340–341, 343, 344, 345
and 346 a e o impo ed essels while 342 has ashape known om Th ace and Moesia In e-
io , which migh poin o i s egional p oduc ion. O apeculia shape a e he wo bases 347
and 348 o one essel, which a e un -slipped (o pe haps he slip did no each o he base)
and une enly i ed. The epe i i e eng a ing made be o e i ing is s ange, i could be con-
nec ed o he essels’ speci ic ( eligious o cul ?) unc ion.
CATALOGUE OF MISCELLANEOUS FINE WARES
Figs. 19–20: nos. 337–348; Pls. 6: nos. 337–345, 11: no. 339
337–339 a e ims o langed bowls, simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e langed bowls o e-
gional p oduc ion, howe e hei ab ic and shape di e . They ha e ex emely ine ab ic, o
eddish yellow colou (5YR 6/8) and a ed slip (2.5YR 5/8). 337 is ully slipped ou side, spa sely
inside, whe e he slip has asligh me allic lus e; 338 is e y wo n ou side, whe e he slip is
p ese ed only in he eng a ed line below he im, inside he slip is only sligh ly wo n, con-
inuous; 339 is ully slipped om bo h sides. Addi ionally, each she d has asligh ly di e en
shape. 337 is he bigges essel, wi h inne im d. 140 mm, s aigh walls and p onounced
lange; 338 has sligh ly la ing walls wi h he im d. 110 mm and wi h ap onounced incision
below he lip; 339 has s aigh walls, hickened lip wi h asmall unde cu , he inne im d. is
90 mm. The mos ep esen a i e indi idual om his g oup is 337 wi h ashape common o
se e al di e en p oduc ion a eas, mos ly o eas e n o igin, c . Eas e n sigilla a A(Hayes 1985,
a . V:7–9), Eas e n sigilla a B (Hayes 1985, a . XV:1; 2008, ig. 11:310) o Knidian p oduc ion
(Hayes 2008, ig. 52:1620); also, we may ind simila shapes, al hough adi e en ab ic, in he
I alian p oduc ion (Hayes 2008, igs. 16–17).
340–341 a e bowls wi h an ou - u ned conca e im. The im d. o bo h essels is e y di e en ,
150 mm and 250 mm inside. 340 has a eddish yellow ab ic (5YR 6/8) and good quali y ed slip
(2.5YR 5/8). Inside, he slip is con inuous, ou side, i ends below he lange. In adi ec ligh he
slip has asligh me allic lus e. The ab ic is ex emely ine, wi h 5% o po es. 341 ea u es he
same ab ic and slip cha ac e is ics as he abo e -desc ibed she d, howe e , he slip is ully
con inuous also ou side; he conca e im is deco a ed wi h incised lines.
The closes pa allel in shape is ep esen ed by he so -called Colou coa ed wa e,35 in Moesia
Supe io commonly ound along he Roman LIMES in he T aianic laye s (C je ićanin 2004,
123; ab.IV). C je ićanin emphasises he wa e connec ion o amili a y en i onmen .
342 is by he shape simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e jugle s (196–201) wi h awide ing on
he im. In his case, he ing is howe e placed di ec ly on he lip o he essel in he o m o
adisk. The inne im d. is 29 mm. The bigges di e ence is howe e he ab ic, which is e y
dense wi h no po es, wi h ap edominan amoun o iny whi e pa icles and common da k
pelle s. The colou is uni o mly b own (7.5YR 5/4). The su ace is no slipped, bu i seems
smoo hed. Pa allels o he shape migh be ound in he publica ion o A amo a, whe e i is
classed oge he wi h he abo e -men ioned Fine ed -slipped wa e jugle s, al hough unde he
Type 1, da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD (A amo a 2005, Тип 1).
35 C je ićanin desc ibed his as ine ed -slipped wa e wi h high quali y coa ing made in all shades o
ed o o ange o da k b own o eddish -b own, highly bu nished o wi h in ensi e me allic gli e
(C je ićanin 2004, 123).
70 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
343 is alse ing oo wi h an inne d. 90 mm, slipped om bo h sides, wi h h ee s amped
lea e -like mo i s o he same shape. The ab ic is ed (2.5YR 5/8), he slip is ligh ed (2.5YR
6/8). The e a e abou 10% o inclusions 0.3–0.5 mm big, common is qua z and di e en sizes
o sil e mica lakes, up o 1 mm big.
344 is he middle pa o abase, slipped only inside, wi h wo imp in ed palme es om he
same s amp. The base is no comple e, bu i s inne ing d. is abou 100 mm. The slip is ligh
ed (2.5YR 6/8), so is he ab ic colou ; he inne su ace is smoo hed. The ab ic is e y ine,
p edominan a e iny li le lakes o asil e mica, especially isible on he un -slipped su ace.
The e a e wo mo e she ds in he assemblage bea ing apalme e b anch s amp, bo h e y
agmen ed. Simila s amps a e published om Villa A mi a, da ed om he 2nd o 4 h c. AD
(Kabakchie a 1986, обр. 7). S amps o apalme e b anch a e popula on he La e An ique
po e y, as hey a e on Phocaean ed -slipped wa e (Hayes 1972, ig. 72; 2008, pl. 64) and, es-
pecially, on he A ican ed -slipped wa e da ed o he 4 h–5 h c. AD (Hayes 1972, igs. 38–39;
2008, pls. 53–55, 57–58).
345 is a ing oo wi h an inne d. 80 mm, slipped om he inside, un -slipped om he ou side.
The s amp (amo i ) imp in ed in he middle is uniden i iable. I has apink o eddish yellow
ab ic (5YR 8/6– 5YR 7/6) and aligh ed slip (2.5YR 7/8).
346 is a e y low la base wi h asmall oo a ached o he bo om, he inne d. is 140 mm.
A ound he inne su ace uns one incised line. The e a e no such bases in he assemblage.
The she d is wo n, bu i was o iginally co e ed om bo h sides by slip. The ab ic is e y ine,
o apink colou (7.5YR 7/4) wi h iny lakes o sil e mica; he slip is ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8).
347–348 a e wo pieces o asingle base wi h an inne d. 100 mm. The base has apeculia shape,
which is unique in he assemblage. The she d is une enly i ed, o yellow colou (10YR 7/6)
wi h ag ey co e, he e is no slip. The wo pieces p ese e adepic ion esembling he lowe
pa s o h ee G eek le e s: ‘X’ (chi) unning a ound he lowe pa o he base. The mo i was
eng a ed wi h a hicke s ick be o e i ing.
71
Wheel made cooking wa e
The main body o he coa se cooking wa e is ep esen ed by he wheel -made essels used o
ood p epa a ion, which we e p oduced o wi hs and ahigh empe a u e and hea changes,
ei he di ec ly placed o e a i e, o s anding by i . Consequen ly, he ab ic is coa se, sandy
and i s colou migh ha e many di e en shades o da k (- ed, -b own, -g ey). The she ds
a e commonly bu ned on he ou side, especially a ound he base. Open essels also ea u e
bu ning ma ks on he uppe pa o he body and below he im. In e ms o p opo ions, in
ou assemblage essels o aclosed shape a e he mos common, wi h amuch lowe numbe
o open shape essels. Ase ies o lids made in wide anges o sizes accompany he essels.
The coa se cooking wa e om Yu a -S oyno is mos ly ep esen ed by cooking po s o
aclosed shape (361–407, 435, 443–444), much less by open o closed shape casse oles (349–357,
439), and open shape ying pans (358–360, 438). Many o ms a e o he La e Hellenis ic
adi ion, such as he casse oles, ying pans and po s wi h a ounded body and cylind ical
neck– he s ewing po s (400–407). P e -Roman p edecesso s migh also be expec ed o he
po s wi h an s -shaped im (389–392).
The cooking wa e om Yu a -S oyno is ep esen ed by wo ypes o ab ic, he Coa se
cooking wa e, and he Golden mica wa e. The Coa se cooking wa e is he main coa se wa e o
he si e (98.5% o all he ma e ial); and exis s in wo sub - a ian s, ine and coa se . The main
ab ic composi ion is he same, howe e , i di e s in coa seness and so ing o indi idual
she ds. We may p esume a egional o igin o his wa e, as many o i s o ms we e p oduced
in Th ace and Moesia In e io . The Golden mica wa e is much less ep esen ed (1.5% o all he
ma e ial) and includes a a iable se o inds, ea u ing wo g oups o essels. The i s g oup
consis s o h ee unique o ms (435–437) wi hou any pa allels among he Coa se cooking wa e;
while he second g oup migh ind simila / he same shapes among he Coa se cooking wa e
(438–441). Fo now, he p o enance o his wa e is no clea , al hough he e a e some hin s
sugges ing an Aegean a ea o igin, wi h some o he she ds possibly om Phocaea (438–439).
COARSE COOKING WARE
INTRODUCTION
P oduc ion o he Coa se cooking wa e is a es ed bo h in Th ace and Moesia In e io , e en
a he same po e y p oduc ion cen es whe e he Fine and Common ed -slipped wa es we e
p oduced (Tab.1).
36
The coa se cooking wa e seems o ha e been p oduced in smalle quan i ies
compa ed o he ine able wa e, only a he Ho ni sa p oduc ion cen e, in Moesia In e io , i
is p esumed he coa se cooking wa e was he dominan p oduc (Sul o 1969; Kabakchie a–
Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 45).
36 An excep ion is he p oduc ion cen e a Leshni sa (I ano a 2003, 58), whe e coa se wa e was no
ound; and he si e o Ka a elo o in Shumen Dis ic , om whe e only he ine ed -slipped wa e
was published, howe e , om he ex i is no clea i he au ho was only in e es ed in he ed-
-slipped able wa e, o , he coa se cooking wa e was no a es ed a he cen e a all.
78 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
2000, 65; Tip 1/129); and in Si mium, da ed om he 2nd o 4 h c. AD (B ukne 1981, 107; ab.122,
Tip 28). Fo Sado e s inds see Kuzmano (1992, Ta . 92–93).
382–384 a e h ee agmen s pu in o one g oup on he bases o asmall inne im d.
90–95 mm and he body deco a ed wi h ho izon al ibbing on he uppe pa , which is no
common o he o he agmen s. The handle is banded, ibbed wice om he uppe pa ,
wi h sec ions o 27 × 12 mm (382) and 23 × 9 mm (384).
Po s wi h wo o h ee ibbed ho izon al lines and no handles ha e along adi ion in Dacia
du ing he i s h ee cen u ies AD, and akiln si e p oducing (besides o he o ms) hese po s
wi h a ibbed body is known om Valea Mo ilo (nea Tulcea in Dob udzha), ac i e in he 4 h
c. AD (Baumann 1996, 46; ig. 4:4, Type II). She ds 383–384 ha e a im shape compa able o
he po published om Ka ano o, da ed o he mid-3 d c.– beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso
2013, таб. I:2); asimila shape, wi h one handle and a ibbed body, migh also be ound a illa
K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he 4 h c. AD (Najdeno a 1985, таб. 41:149). Fo he Sado e s
inds see Kuzmano (1992, Ta . 96:11).
385–388 a e ou po agmen s wi h asho ou - u ned hooked im di ec ly connec ed o he
ounded body, wi hou aneck. The missing neck is adis inc i e di ision om o he kinds o
po s wi h he same im p o ile, bu , wi h as aigh neck (c . Klenina 2006, 113–114; Горшки
Тип 22– known e.g. om No ae, Ia us, Nicopolis ad Is um o Sado e s); all da ed solely o
he La e An iqui y.
F om ou assemblage, only one po has ahandle, wi h asec ion 24 × 9 mm (385). Based on
he pa allels om No ae and Ia us, he po s should ha e wo handles, di ec ly connec ed o
he im. Acco ding o he u he desc ip ion, he body is ound, some imes g oo ed in he
uppe pa , wi h a la , sligh ly conca e base (Bie nacki– Klenina 2014, 152; Bö ge 1978, 30).
385–386, wi h sha pe edges, ela e o he shapes known e.g. om Hie apolis (Ana olia),
whe e hey ep esen he mos popula La e An ique cooking wa e, which was p oduced lo-
cally (al hough in awide a ea),38 om ca. he 5 h c. o 7 h c. AD (Co ica 2005, 657; 4:1–4). Opaiţ
(2004, 46) has asimila ch onological classi ica ion o apo om Ibida (Scy hia), da ed om
he second hal o he 5 h o he 6 h c. AD (‘local po s ype IV’). He also sugges s his is alocal
imi a ion o po s p oduced in he Aegean (and ound e.g. a Chios o he Yassi Ada shipw eck).
The same shape is also known om No ae– da ed o he 5 h– 6 h c. AD (Bie nacki– Klenina
2014, 152; ig. 3:2). The La e An ique da ing o hese po s migh also be con i med by Hayes,
who no es, hese po s a e known in Th ace and Cons an inople om laye s o he 6 h c.– ea ly
7 h c. AD (Hayes 1992, 158).
387–388, wi h mo e ounded edges, seem o be da ed he same as he p e ious ones, wi h
agood example being published om Ia us (Bö ge 1982, Ta . 48:595, Töp e Typ VII, Pe iod
D), known al eady by he 5 h c. AD (Pe iod C), while being acha ac e is ic shape o he 6 h c.
AD, when hei dimensions a e supposed o sh ink (Bö ge 1978, 29–30).
389–392 a e g oups o wos po s. The agmen s ha e an s -shaped im wi h ei he ounded
(389–390) o sha p (391–392) edges, he la e one wi h asmall dep ession on he ou e lip.
The she ds a e e y agmen ed, and he diame e s o h ee ou o ou a e no possible o
measu e p ecisely, only wi hin a ange. The only measu able she d (390) gi es us apossible
s anda d o he im diame e – 160 mm inside; no handles we e p ese ed.
The ea lies pa allels come om No ae (Genche a 2002, 32; таб. VI:7–8, таб. VII:1–
TypeI.2.3. Гърнета сизтънени устия). Genche a sees an I alian o igin o hese po s, as hey
38 In he a icle no u he speci ied.

79WHEEL MADE COOKING WARE
we e ound he e in he con ex s o he end o he 1s c. BC un il he mid-1s c. AD (Genche a
2002, 32; San o – San o 1995, 194; ig. 63:524). Po s o his shape migh , howe e , also
be ound la e , e.g. a he Villa A mi a in I aylo g ad, whe e hey a e da ed om he 3 d c. o
4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 28–29, Гърнета Тип 2; таб. 42:486);39 o om awide a ea, e.g.
om Zag eb in C oa ia, in he con ex o he 2
nd
c. o 4
h
c. AD (B ukne 1981, 107; ab.120:109)
and Singidunum in Se bia, da ed om he end o he 3 d c. o he beginning o he 5 h c. AD
(Nikolić -Đo de ić 2000, 66; Tip II/1 and Tip II/2).
Fo ou a ea, we could bes associa e he agmen s wi h he po s known and published
om he Sli en Dis ic (Bo iso 1988, 92–93; рис 1, Горшки Тип 1–2). Bo iso ’sType 1 pe -
ec ly i s ou 389–390, and his Type 2 ou 391–392. He no es, hese wo ypes a e equen ly
being ound oge he in Th ace, in he con ex s o he mid- o 2nd hal o he 4 h c. AD. Po s o
he same shape as 389–390 we e p oduced in Ka ano o om he mid-3 d c. o he beginning
o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso 2013, таб. I:6–7).
393 is ano he po wi h an ou - u ned s -shaped im, ounded lip om he ou side and mo e
p onounced inne dep ession wi h inne im d. 130 mm. The body pa sugges s i has amo e
ounded o m han he she ds discussed abo e, wi h amo e dis inc i ely o se im. Ne e -
heless, such ashape is o en g ouped oge he wi h he abo e -men ioned po s (389–392) (see
Falkne 1999, 67; ig. 9.7:103–106; Bö ge 1982, Ta . 45:84–85, Typ I– Pe iod A). Fo he a ea
o Th ace, we may consequen ly p opose ach onological classi ica ion om he mid-3 d c. o
he 4 h c. AD.
394 is aglobula po wi h a hick body she d, s aigh neck and iangula im o inne d.
90 mm. No exac pa allels ha e been ound, he closes in appea ance is he ollowing she d 395.
395 is a ounded po wi h a aised neck, ou - u ned im wi h an ou e hooked lip o inne d.
100 mm. This kind o shape has adi ec pa allel in he ma e ial om he Roman icus nea
Go sko Ablano o, whe e i is da ed, wi h a e e ence o he Dacian inds, o he beginning o
he 3 d c. AD (Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, 690; Гърнета Тип II; таб. XVII:165; Popilian
1979, 89). The shape also esembles Tip II/5 om Singidunum da ed om he 3 d c. o mid-4 h
c. AD (Nikolić -Đo đe ić 2000, 67–68) and B ukne Tip 17, da ed o he 4 h c. AD (B ukne
1981, 106; T.117:90).
396 is apo wi h as aigh neck and ou - u ned hickened im o inne d. 155 mm, which has
one incised line on he uppe body. This agmen has wo main pa allels om he a chaeo-
logical con ex s. The i s one is om Nicopolis ad Is um, da ed in o he ange o he mid-3 d c.
and mid-5 h c. AD (Falkne 1999, 83; ig. 9.41:846–847). Acco ding o Falkne , his po is o local
ab ic, bu was no p oduced in Ho ni sa, Bu o o o Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi. O he such
po s we e ound in Aegyssus in he con ex s o he 2nd c. o mid-3 d c. AD (Nuţu– S anc 2017,
616; 2:1–2 po s o ype 1). They ha e aglobula body, ei he a la o conca e base. P oduc ion
o such po s du ing he 2nd–4 h c. AD is a es ed egionally bo h in Th ace and Moesia In e io ,
as in Ka ano o (Bo iso 2013, таб. II:10) and Du os o um (Bâl âc 2018, ig. 9:4). These po s
o en ha e a elie ib below he im, hey a e ichly deco a ed on he uppe body pa wi h
incisions, and hey ha e wo handles.
39 Kabakchie a no es ha some o he po s a e supposed o ha e handles a ached o he im.
80 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
397 is apo she d simila in shape and im d. (140 mm) o he p e ious one, howe e he ou e
lip is no ha ounded, and he incised deco a ion is missing (a leas on he p ese ed pa ).
This shape has adi ec pa allel in he ma e ial om he Roman icus nea Go sko Ablano o,
wi h a e e ence o he Dacian inds, da ed in o he ange o he 2nd c. o mid-4 h c. AD, wi h
apeak a he beginning o he 3 d c. AD (Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, 690; Гърнета Тип I;
таб. XVI:157; Popilian 1979, 67). We may also ind apa allel in Th ace, as simila po s wi h he
wo handles placed di ec ly a he im we e p oduced a No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016,
ig. 12: hi d po om he op).
398 is apo she d wi h a olded ou e im o inne d. 130 mm. These cha ac e is ics ind pa -
allels in he ma e ial om No ae, whe e hey we e so ed by Klenina unde he Горшки Тип
25, po s wi h a im d. 120 mm (Klenina 2006, 114). These po s a e common in No ae (as well
as in he es o Moesia P ima and Secunda) om he end o he 3 d c. o he i s hal o he
5 h c. AD (Klenina 2006, 114).
399 is apo wi h im o aspeci ic shape– ap onounced ib enci cling he inne pa o he lip,
pe haps o accommoda ing he lid. The im’sinne d. is 160 mm, he body she d is abou 10 mm
hick. Agood pa allel migh be ound a he Ka ano o p oduc ion si e, in apo o he same
shape deco a ed on he uppe pa o he body wi h oule ing (Bo iso 2013, 314; таб. IV:2).
400–407 a e eigh po s wi h a ounded body and high cylind ical neck, ei he sligh ly in-
clined inwa ds (400–401), ou wa ds (405–407), o s aigh (402–404). The im shape a ies
be ween iangula and ounded. The inne diame e anges om 100 o 150 mm, wi h one
wide im she d o 170 mm (403). The p ese ed agmen s a e no g oo ed o in any o he
way deco a ed; no handles, o handle a achmen s, we e ound. Based on he pa allels, hese
po s om he Roman Impe ial pe iod had wo handles (c . Bo iso 2013; таб. IV:8–10); while
he la e Republican / la e Hellenis ic p o o ypes had one handle a ached di ec ly on he im
and ano he one ully placed on he uppe body (see Robinson 1959, pl. 3:F84–85).
Vessel o ms o such ashape seem o ha e ea ly oo s, eaching back o he La e Hellen-
is ic pe iod, whe e mo e compa able ma e ial migh be ound. Good examples a e he la e 1s
c. BC po s om he A henian Ago a (Robinson 1959, pl. 3:F83–85), wi h acylind ical im and
ounded body, likely modelled on he La e Hellenis ic s ew po s (c . Edwa ds 1975, 122; pl. 27;
Hayes 1991, 78; 28:W11.61; 29; San o – San o 1995, 224; igs. 58–59).
Rega ding Roman Th ace, hese po s we e p oduced in Ka ano o du ing he Roman Im-
pe ial pe iod (Bo iso 2013, таб. IV:8–10; o 400 also simila таб. IV:11). Thei o ms, howe e ,
seem o be uncommon in he po e y deposi s known om he Balkans, whe e e y li le
compa able ma e ial migh be ound. Close in shape (especially o 405–407), a e inds pub-
lished om Oescus, da ed o he ea ly Roman con ex s o he 1s c. AD (Kabakchie a 2000,
таб. XVIII:74–75). The wo agmen s om Oescus a e howe e pain ed (Рисувана керамика).
The o he examples a e om S obi (Ande son -S ojano ić 1992, 134–135 + pla es below);
ei he da ed o he ea ly Roman pe iod ( he 1s c.– mid-2nd c. AD) c . Ande son -S ojano ić
1992, pl. 134:1156–1157 wi h 405–407; o o he middle Roman pe iod (mid-2nd c.– 3 d c. AD) c .
Ande son -S ojano ić 1992, pl. 137:1183 and pl. 138:1192 wi h 400–401 and 405. Based on hese
compa isons, hey migh be da ed o he 1s –3 d/4 h c. AD.
408–412 is a ep esen a i e collec ion o he mos common bases a ibu ed o he po s, al-
hough 411 likely belongs o a ying pan. S a is ically, 46 coa se cooking wa e bases o po s
we e ound in he Rooms A, B and C, wi h hei ou e d. anging om 60 o 170 mm, wi h 70
81WHEEL MADE COOKING WARE
and 80 mm being he mos common size (22 she ds ou o 46). The majo i y (41 pcs.) o he
bases we e la (e.g. 408); much ewe (3 pcs.) we e la splaying (409); and a e we e o he
shapes such as he la base wi h s aigh walls (410), o wi h amoulded base (412).
413–433, in o al 44 wheel -made coa se wa e lids we e ound a he si e, wi h 21 agmen s
p esen ed he e (18 ims and 3 handles). The im inne diame e a ies om 160 o 350 mm,
wi h he highes numbe o lids in he ange o 200–250 mm (16 ims ou o 21). 43% o he
lids a e o Coa se cooking wa e ab ic, 37% o he ine and 17% o he coa se ab ic. The ine
e sion o he Coa se cooking wa e ab ic is connec ed solely o he lids (Pls. 7:422, 11:420),
likely made on pu pose, as hey we e no di ec ly exposed o i e, and hey did no need o
ha e he same he mal esis ance abili y as he po s– which we e he e o e coa se .
The ims o he lids a e simple, ei he s aigh , ounded, o hickened a he end– bo h
om abo e and below; some migh ha e asligh ly hooked im (e.g. 413 and 415). Despi e
ahigh agmen a ion we may no ice ha some we e mo e a ched (e.g. 414) han he o he s.
Such a ea u e migh be connec ed o he di e en ypes o essels hese lids we e co e ing,
and / o o di e en ways o ood p epa a ion (Opaiţ 2004, 57). The majo i y o he lids a e
bu ned on he im om he inside and / o om he ou side, while he es o he body keeps
i s o iginal colou (commonly a eddish yellow o yellowish ed).
The uppe lid handles migh ha e a a ie y o diame e s, in he ou examples we ha e
p ese ed ( h ee shown he e, 431–433), i anges om 36 o 66 mm. One o hem (433) has
aseconda ily d illed hole in he middle o he handle (d. 16 mm). This is no an isola ed case
in he Roman wo ld, and i has been sugges ed, he holes we e made in en ionally o elease
s eam du ing cooking (Nuţu– S anc 2017, 618). Indeed, his lid handle is la ge han he es ,
wi h a hicke she d, made o co e abig size po o casse ole.
The La e An iqui y lids (5 h–6 h c. AD) a e o en wide , la ened / o ked, a he end (c .
Bö ge 1982, Ta . 49:217–514; Bo iso 1988, рис. 15; Kuzmano 1992, Ta . 108–109; Kuzmano
2009, таб. XX:198–200, XXI:201–204; Kuzmano – G ude 2013, таб. XVII; e c.); while Roman
Impe ial pe iod lids include simple o ms like ou s, da ed o he con ex s o he 2nd–4 h c. AD
(c . Sul o 1985, 86; ab. XLIV:2–3; Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 43:500, 503; Bo iso 2013, таб. 10;
Klenina 2006, 119; Тип 2; e c.). Consequen ly, we may incline o da e hem all o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod. The lid handles seem o keep he same shapes du ing all he Roman– La e
An ique pe iods, consequen ly, hey a e no ch onologically sensi i e.
434 is awheel -made enes a ed s and (py aunos). I is he only p ese ed agmen o such
a essel, which had e y big dimensions, as he body she d is only sligh ly cu ing. The ‘win-
dow’ was cu om he ou side inwa ds, lea ing ex a clay inside, he opening has he shape
o a ec angle, wi h ounded edges. Asimila s and was ound in Kabyle, da ed o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod (Dimi o a 1982, таб. IX:a).
GOLDEN MICA WARE
INTRODUCTION
The Golden mica wa e is adesigna ion e lec ing he main cha ac e is ics o he included
she ds, which a e inclusions o golden mica lakes in he ab ic which makes i e y dis in-
guishable om he Coa se cooking wa es. Fab ic wi h golden mica was no ed by Hayes on
some ying pans he p ocessed in Knossos, and o which he expec ed an Aegean p o enance
82 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
(Hayes 1983, 107). Since his inclusion is no common ac oss ou wa es, we may an icipa e
a o eign o igin o his wa e as well. In heo y, we could di ide i in o wo g oups o hicke
(435–437, 438? 441?) and hinne she ds (439–440), howe e , he sca ci y o he ma e ial,
limi ed o eigh diagnos ic she ds and se e al body agmen s, is no su icien o amo e
de ailed di ision. I is, howe e , good o bea in mind, we may be dealing wi h wo di e en
wa es o asimila dis inguishable ea u e.
Fo he agmen s o he hick body she d (ca. 10 mm) and o aunique shape (435–437) only
a ew ele an shape pa allels we e ound, bo h in Moesia In e io , da ed o he Roman Impe ial
pe iod. F ying pan 438 also has a hicke body, bu i is o e y common shape. Casse ole 439 has
a hin she d and acommon shape. Fo hese wo, Phoacean p o enance in he 1s –3 d c. AD could
be an icipa ed based on he shape and he ab ic simila i ies. The base (440) has aneu al shape
which does no allow o any close classi ica ion; he lid (441) is hicke han is common o he
lids, i could be, in heo y, ela ed o he se ies o he essels wi h hicke body she d 435–438.
WARE DESCRIPTION
Golden mica wa e ela es o asmall se ies o coa se cooking wa e essels o cha ac e is ic
ab ic wi h golden mica lakes,40 which a e especially isible on he su ace. The lakes ha e
di e en sizes, om iny o ca. 4 mm big, hey shine ou dis inc ly om he su ace, which is
o he wise ed -b own o bu ned o black. I is mo e isible in he ab ic o he hicke essels
(435–438). In sec ion, he mos common inclusion is qua z, py oxene, and he golden mica.
The ab ic so ing is ai (3), he e is abou 20% o 30% o inclusions, and ca. 10% o po es. All
he open essels a e ex ensi ely bu ned om he ou side; he closed shape po 435 and he
casse ole 438 a e only sligh ly bu ned on he im and ahandle; he lid and he base a e sligh ly
bu ned as well on he lip / bo om. The ab ic colou is b own o ed, i will be indi idually
desc ibed o each essel in he ollowing ca alogue.
CHRONOLOGY
Fo ch onology see indi idual she ds.
CATALOGUE OF THE GOLDEN MICA WARE
Fig. 26: nos. 435–441; Pls. 8: nos. 435–439, 11: nos. 435–438
435 is ala ge po wi h one p ese ed handle wi h asec ion o 34 × 17 mm, and inne im d.
170 mm (Pls. 8, 11). I is une enly i ed, wi h ag ey co e and a ed ab ic (2.5YR 5/6). Po s
wi h asimila ly la ing im migh be ound in he Roman icus nea Go sko Ablano o (Ru-
se – Ruse – V bano 2015, 690; Гърнета Тип III; таб. XVIII:185), da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
436 is an open deep bowl (?) wi hou handles, o inne im d. 200 mm (Pls. 8, 11). I s ou e
ma gin and su ace a e bu ned o black; he inne ma gin and he ou e su ace a e s ong
b own (7.5 YR 5/4). F om all he essels wi h a hick body she d (435–438) i has he bigges
amoun o he golden mica. No exac pa allels ha e been ound.
40 The mine alogical composi ion o he ab ic is mo e complica ed and i will be ho oughly desc ibed
la e , o now, Iuse his e m o he sake o simplici y and he desc ip ion o he in hand specimen
obse a ion. I ela es o small lakes in he ab ic which, in he di ec sun, shine wi h agolden in .
83WHEEL MADE COOKING WARE
437 is an open shape bowl ( ying pan?) wi h aledge o alid and an inne im d. 280 mm
(Pls. 8, 11). The ou e ma gin and su ace a e bu ned o black; he inne ma gin and su ace
a e b own (7.5YR 5/3). Such bowls we e p oduced in His ia du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Iliescu–
Bo iş 2018, ig. 5:1). They a e also known om Nicopolis ad Is um as bowls wi h a la base
and a im d. 240 mm (Falkne 1999, 70; ig. 9.11:176). They we e p oduced om he local clay
(G ey coa se wa e 1), which includes ali le mica, and da ed by inding con ex o he ange o
he mid-3 d c.– mid-5 h c. AD.
438 belongs among he la ying pans (c . 358–360). I has an inne im d. 190 mm and ou e
base d. 170 mm (Pls. 8, 11). The ou e ma gin and he su ace a e bu ned o black; he inne
ma gin and su ace a e eddish yellow (5YR 6/6). Regional mo phological pa allels migh be
ound in Nicopolis ad Is um da ed o he 2nd–4 h c AD (Falkne 1999, 70; ig. 9.11:177– o he
same diame e ), howe e , he e is no (no e o ) golden mica in he ab ic; o he pa allels come
om Amphipolis, da ed om he 1s c. o 4 h c. AD (Malamidou 2005, ig. 94:1427) and Villa
A mi a, da ed om he 2nd ill he 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 28; таб. 41:464); again bo h o
hese ha e no in o ma ion abou golden mica inclusions in he ab ic. Simila pans we e also
p oduced in Ho ni sa and Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi (Sul o 1985, 84; ab. XLII/4, Dishes
Type 3) and Bu o o (Sul o 1976, 110; he cul essel) du ing he 2
nd
and 3
d
c. AD. Consequen ly,
we may expec he o m o be mos popula in egional p oduc ion om he 2nd o 3 d c. AD,
p oduced possibly un il he 4 h c. AD.
The speci ic ab ic migh howe e poin o an impo ed cha ac e o his essel as simila
shapes a e also known om he Medi e anean a ea. Pu ing oge he he shape and he golden
mica ab ic, we may ind he closes pa allels in he Phoacean cooking wa e, common om
he 1s ill 3 d c. AD (c . Tekkök -Biçken 1996, 107; ig. 62:D47; Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009,
Roman cook wa e: 8–11).
439 is acasse ole (c . 349–357), which has a hin she d, inne im d. 185 mm and ahandle sec-
ion o 19 × 10 mm (Pl. 8). I has a eddish yellow (7.5YR 6/4) su ace wi h yellowish ed co e
(5YR 5/6). The shape is mo e closed, in con as o he o he casse oles om he si e. Rega ding
his ea u e, i esembles he Aegean cooking wa e ecognized by Hayes in Knossos da ed o
he 1s /2nd–3 d c. AD (Hayes 1983, 105; Type 2). Aclose pa allel migh be ound in he Phoacean
cooking wa e o he same ab ic colou , ypical o con aining golden mica, da ed o he 1s –3 d
c. AD (Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009, Roman cook wa e: 5).
440 is a la splaying base wi h ou e d. 70 mm. The ab ic is ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), ou side i is
colou ed o pa chy g ey om he i e. The base migh belong o asmalle size po .
441 is alid wi h i egula im, which does no allow o ap ecise measu emen o he diame e ,
which is o e 250 mm. The lid is qui e hick, ca. 7 mm, and big, compa ed o he o he Coa se
cooking wa e lids; o he wise, he im p o ile is common. I is bu ned on he unde side, he
ab ic is ed (2.5 YR 5/6), so is he unbu ned su ace (2.5YR 5/4).
MISCELLANEOUS COARSE WARES
CATALOGUE OF MISCELLANEOUS COARSE WARES
Fig. 26: nos. 442–444; Pls. 8: no. 442, 11: no. 442

84 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
442 is a ying pan wi h ag ey she d and su ace, bu ned on he im, which is o inne d.
190 mm; he e is no su ace coa ing (Pls. 8, 11). The ab ic is well so ed (4), wi h inclusions
up o 1 mm (Pl. 11:442). P edominan inclusions a e qua z and so whi e pelle s, likely lime.
In shape, i ep esen s acommon Eas e n Aegean ype o cooking wa e, widely sp ead along
he Medi e anean, modelled on he Phocaean wa e
41
(Reynolds 2010, 92). Bo h impo ed and
local imi a ions migh be ound a a chaeological si es e.g. in A gos (Abadie -Reynald 2005,
23). Agood example is also known om he Villa Dionysus a Knossos, wi h she ds o his ype
da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Hayes 1983, ig. 9:104–109, Type 2), whe e hei local p oduc ion–
wi h a ed -b own coa ing inside– was ecen ly con i med (Bone oe al. 2017, 729; ig. 5:8).
Simila inds a e also known om he A henian Ago a, om he mid-3 d c. AD– desc ibed as
a la bo om dish wi h no handles (Robinson 1959, 67; pl. 72:K89); om S obi o he mid-2nd–3 d
c. AD (Ande son -S ojano ić 1992, Middle Roman Cooking Wa e Fo m 1, 135; pl. 135:1164);
Be enice, also o he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Riley 1979, ig.128:947), and om Amphipolis o acon ex
da ed wi hin he ange o he 1s o 4 h c. AD (Malamidou 2005, igs. 94:1428, 95:1433 and 1435).
P oduc ion o simila looking ying pans o awell so ed ab ic, g ey colou , and no inne
slip, was a es ed a he Ka ano o p oduc ion si e, ac i e om he mid-3 d c. o he beginning
o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso 2005, 137, обр. 12; Bo iso 2013, 318, таб. 8). Mo e o he essel o ms
a es ed a Yu a -S oyno migh howe e ind simila i ies wi h Ka ano o p oduc s, all o hem
a e o he Coa se cooking wa e. Consequen ly, close a ibu ion o his she d o i s possible
p oduc ion cen e is a his poin impossible.
443–444 a e wo aised ims o globula po s, wi h he inne d. o 140 mm. These po s ha e
e y hin body she ds, which sepa a es hem om he main g oup o he Coa se cooking wa e.
O he wise, he basic cha ac e is ics co espond, hey a e o coa se sandy ab ic wi h ag ey
co e and bu ned ou e su aces. They belong o he mos common cooking po s o he La e
An iqui y, da ed om he 4 h o he 6 h c. AD– see inds om Sado e s (Kuzmano 1992, 213;
Ta . 73–79; Töp e Typ 1); G adish e o nea Dichin (Kuzmano 2009, 169; таб. 18:162–178; таб.
19:177, Тип V); No ae (Klenina 2006, 113–114, Тип 22); he Sli en a ea (Bo iso 1988, 99–100;
рис. 5, Тип 10); and Dodopa on (Tušlo á 2019, ig. 7:19–23).
41 We may ule ou he possible impo om Phocaea, ypical o golden mica inclusions (and apink
wa e) (Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009, Roman cook wa e).
85
Handmade cooking wa e
Handmade po e y is coa se wa e o hicke walls (6–12 mm) wi h ai ly o poo ly so ed
ab ic, hackly -lamina ed ac ions, and ha d, bu b i le, she ds (Pl. 9:448–473). The po s
we e i ed a alowe empe a u e, p obably in api o in simple kilns wi h li le ai egula-
ion causing une en i ing. Consequen ly, he ab ic colou anges om ed– b own– g ey
o black in s, which mu ually in e wine. Acommon ea u e is he sandwich -like ac u e
wi h aligh e -colou ed ma gins and da ke co e (Pl. 12:459, 472, 473); he e is no su ace
slip. In he Yu a -S oyno assemblage, hese essels a e ep esen ed only by closed shaped
po s likely used o cooking and s o ing; and wo lids. O he shapes a e known om Bulga ia,
such as bowls, cups and jugs; howe e , s a is ically, he po s make up o h ee qua e s o all
he handmade po e y p ocessed om Bulga ia ill 2013, making i he mos ep esen ed o m
(Alexand o a 2013b, 62–71).
Two dominan wa es migh be no iced a he se lemen o Yu a -S oyno, denomina ed as
G ani ic and Dio i ic wa es based on he mos abundan inclusions.42 They a e e y dis inc i e
al eady in he hand specimen, easy o di ide in o he app op ia e wa es. Po s o he G ani ic
wa e sligh ly p edomina e (58%);43 hei shape is also mo e a iable, including wo di e en
shapes o apo ; while inds o he Dio i ic wa e a e ep esen ed only by one main o m.
The handmade po e y o he Roman pe iod in Th ace ollows alocal adi ion o po e y
making, al eady s a ing in he La e I on Age.44 Du ing his pe iod, he main shapes o he
essels, oge he wi h he deco a ion, a e o med, keeping hei simple appea ance o almos
one millennium ( om he 6 h c. BC o ca. he 4 h c. AD). The a ou i e o m, bo h o he LIA
and Roman pe iod, being apo wi h s aigh o sligh ly cu ed walls and an ex a applied e-
lie band wi h imp in ed inge s / incised lines, accompanied by ho izon al handles applied
di ec ly on he uppe body.
Du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod, handmade po e y migh be ound in he se lemen
con ex s as well as in nec opolises. I is, ypically, ep esen ed by asmalle numbe o inds
han wheel made po e y, o by single pieces only. Rega ding he se lemen s, handmade po -
e y migh be ound, e.g., in Oescus, da ed o he 1s c. AD (Kabakchie a 2000, таб. XXI:93–95,
XXII–XXIII); No ae, da ed om he 1s c. AD (Genche a 2002, таб. XXXIX–XLI); Villa A mi a
nea I aylo g ad, da ed om he 2nd c. o 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 45–46); o Pole o
nea Simi li (S aldzha Valley), da ed om he 2nd c. o 3 d c. AD (Kulo 2007, обр. 11). Finds
om bu ial mounds and pi s come, e.g., om Velichko o nea Paza dzhik, da ed om he 2nd
c. o 4 h c. AD (Gizdo a 2005, таб. 5:3); S edina nea Dob ich, da ed om he 2nd c. o 3 d c. AD
(To ba o 1992, таб. 6); Cha da nea S aldzha in Yambol Dis ic , da ed om he 2nd c. o 4 h
c. AD (Alexand o a 2016, 102–105); Pe Mogili nea S a a Zago a, da ed om he 1s c. ill he
4 h c. AD (Igna o 1996, таб. XIX:6); bu ial pi s a Gledache o, da ed om he 1s c. ill he 4 h
42 Thin sec ions we e made and p elimina ily e alua ed in coope a ion wi h Sil ia Amicone, A chae-
ome y Resea ch G oup, Ebe ha d Ka ls Uni e si ä Tübingen. De ailed esul s o he pe og aphy
will be p esen ed in ollow up s udies.
43 n=49 diagnos ic she ds.
44 Fo he LIA o ms see, e.g., inds om Seu hopolis (e.g. Chichiko a 1977; 1984); Kabyle (e.g.
Handzhijska 2006); o Pis i os (e.g. Bouzek– Musil 2002).
86 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
c. AD (Alexand o a 2013b, 57–58); o om D ashan illage nea V a sa, da ed om he 2nd c.
o he mid-4 h c. AD (Masho 1975, обр. 7).
Gi en hese examples we may demons a e ha handmade po e y is acommon ind in
he se lemen s and nec opolises om he 1s c. ill he 4 h c. AD. On he o he hand, e y ew,
i any, inds come om la e con ex s. Se e al agmen s da ed o he i s hal o he 5 h c. AD
migh be ound in Nicopolis ad Nes um (Kuzmano 1993, обр. 10:г); Ia us (Con ad 2007);45
T ansma isca (Vagalinski 2002, 200:B); and Deul um (Alexand o a 2013b, nos. 744, 747–748,
754, 756). In Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, 65; ig. 9.1), handmade po e y was ound
ac oss he con ex s da ed om he ea ly Impe ial Roman o La e An ique pe iod (2nd c. AD–
AD 600), Falkne does howe e wonde , i he younge ma e ial could be esidual. O he wise,
he handmade po e y inds, om he well da ed La e An ique si es / con ex s, a e ex emely
a e. Alexand o a made a ailable se e al inds om Deul um, da ed om he 5 h o 6 h c. AD
(Alexand o a 2013b, nos. I-2/27–28; III/89; IV:101; 745–746;749–753, 755, II/1107–1109, II/1147).
Simila ly da ed handmade po e y was also published om Scy hia by Opaiţ (2004, 52–53;
pl. 40), who associa es hese inds wi h anew mig a o y popula ion coming om he no h
du ing he 5 h–7 h c. AD. Simila ly, Alexand o a a gues (2013b, 75), ha he La e An ique inds
om Deul um could be connec ed wi h adi e en popula ion, as she does no see asimila -
i y be ween he La e An ique essels and he ones o aTh acian adi ion.46 I seems, he e is
ab eaking poin in he egional handmade po e y p oduc ion a he end o he 4 h c. AD, o
a he beginning / i s hal o he 5 h c. AD, when he adi ional shapes o he Th acian essel
o ms decline in numbe and new shapes, o adi e en adi ion, appea . Finds o he la e
ones a e, howe e , ex emely sca ce in Th ace.
The mo phological o ms o he handmade po e y a e no ch onologically sensi i e.
Consequen ly, he essel shapes ep esen ed in Yu a -S oyno migh all be da ed o he ime
ange o i s p oduc ion du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod, s e ching om he 1s c. ill he
4
h
c. / mid-5
h
c. AD. The only excep ion migh be some o he she ds wi h deco a i e pa e ns,
o which Idid no ind pa allels in he Roman Impe ial pe iod ma e ial, such as he im
wi h wo pe o a ed holes below he lip (449), and he e ically applied s ip o clay on he
ansi ion o he neck o he body pa o apo wi h a ounded body and an o se im (476).
These migh jus be lacking published pa allels, al hough, wi h ahighe p obabili y han
o he o he s we may also assume, hey could be o ei he p e -Roman,47 o , al e na i ely,
o La e An ique o igin. This possibili y applies especially o he she d 476, which also has
adi e en ab ic.
45 S. Con ad (2007, Abb. 40:1252 and 1253) also published se e al handmade she ds om con ex s
ma ked as D1 and D2 which a e da ed o he 6 h c. AD. Howe e , as he no es, hese con ex s a e
hea ily dis u bed. Consequen ly, as in he case o Nicopolis ad Is um, Ip e e no o include hem
in o he La e An iqui y inds, as hey migh ha e been esidual.
46 Alexand o a, howe e , does no w i e exac ly whe e she sees he di e ences be ween he p oduc s
o he Th acian adi ion and he La e An ique inds, which she conside s as p oduc s o adi e en
people; she only s a es ha he e is asimila i y wi h po e y p oduced by he Ge man ibes.
47 Ahoa d o 195 sil e coins wi h e minus an e quem in 81/80 BC was ound in 1961 abou 1.5 km
sou h -wes o Yu a, a he si e known as S e i Ilija (Pauno 2013, 727). Addi ionally, some o he
anspo ampho ae ound a he si e a e o he La e Hellenis ic adi ion. Mo e such inds poin o
he possibili y o ap e -Roman se lemen es ablished in he hin e land o Yu a -S oyno al eady
be o e he ounda ion o he Roman icus.
87HANDMADE COOKING WARE
GRANITIC WARE
WERE DESCRIPTION
The ab ic o his wa e is domina ed by angula o sub -angula qua z and g ani ic inclusions.
The so ing anges om e y poo (2) o ai (3), wi h he common size o qua z 1–2 mm, oc-
casionally eaching up o 5 mm (Pls. 11:448–452, 12:455). The e is qui e adi e ence be ween
he ine and he coa se ac ion sugges ing empe ing by he qua z -based ock. The ab ic
u he includes a ew shiny -sil e pa icles (sil e mica?) and a a e amoun o ound ed-
-b own pelle s. We may also ind a e o ew pieces o dio i ic inclusions, cha ac e is ic o
he second ab ic. Two she d 458–459 also con ain common amoun o golden mica (Pl. 12:459
cu and su ace).
The majo i y o he she ds a e poo ly so ed wi h o e 30% o inclusions, howe e , se e al o
hem ha e a ine ab ic wi h alowe amoun o ai ly so ed admix u es (446, 458), also includ-
ing he wo lids (456–457). The assemblage is oo small o any meaning ul conclusions, bu we
should men ion he e, ha he same phenomenon o lids made o a ine ab ic was p e iously
no ed ega ding he lids o he Coa se cooking wa e (420–423, 425, 427–428, 432). The su ace
seems o be smoo hed, bu no ma ks o ins umen s a e isible. The ab ic and he su ace
colou a y depending on he i ing; one essel migh ha e di e en colou combina ions and
in s. The epe i i e ab ic colou s a e ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), ed (2.5YR 5/6) and b own (7.5YR 5/3).
CHRONOLOGY
1s  – 4 h c. AD / mid-5 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE GRANITIC WARE
Fig. 27: nos. 445–459; Pls. 9: nos. 448, 459, 11: nos. 448–452,12: nos. 455–459
445–455 a e po s o aclosed shape, ounded body, and an o se im ei he inclined inwa ds
(445–447, 449–450), s aigh (448), o sligh ly ben ou wa ds in an s -shape (451–453). F om
he measu able ims, he inne d. anges om 130 o 190 mm. Some ims, howe e , a e p e-
se ed in a agmen a y s a e and ha e an unmeasu able diame e (e.g. 450). Fo he wo
bodies wi h ahandle (454–455), he inne body diame e could only be app oxima ed (120 and
140 mm). The handle sec ion on he ou p ese ed samples (451–452, 454–455) anges om
12–15 × 30–33 mm; he handles a e ei he placed di ec ly on he im (451–452) o on he uppe
body (454–455). F agmen 449 has aunique pe o a ed deco a ion wi h no pa allels among
he Roman pe iod ma e ial, al hough simila shapes o hicke she ds no mally appea (e.g.
Alexand o a 2013b, nos. III/81, 328, 345; e c.). O he wise, some ims ha e asmall elie idge
on he ou e su ace (447–448, Pl. 9:448), o he s ha e alip shallowly g oo ed om he uppe
pa (445–446). The deco a ion includes di e en pa e ns, such as eng a ed ‘lea es’ (446),
wa es (447) and a elie band (450 and 453).
456–457 a e he only p ese ed handmade lids; bo h a e o a ine ab ic han he es o he
wa e. 456 has an une en im, no pe mi ing ap ope measu emen o i s diame e , howe -
e i seems o be smalle , ca. o 90 mm o sligh ly bigge han ha ; i has acomple ely black
su ace. 457 is, on he o he hand, o la ge dimensions wi h a im d. 290 mm; i has ab own
ab ic and i e -blackened inne su ace.
94 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
cen es, we may ind simila i ies o he E y h aean ab ic Awhich has many whi e calca eous
inclusions and no mica (Bezeczky 2013, 73; nos. 105–109, 117, 122–123, 126).
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH RED CLAY AND GREY SURFACE
Fig. 29: nos. 477–484; Pl. 12: nos. 478–484
477
Con ex : su ey; ench: H13; sec o : NE
Pa : lid; ou e d. im: 100 mm; EVE: 100%; ou e d. handle: 25 mm
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
478
Con ex : su ey; ench: I12; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 19%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
479
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 130 mm (?); EVE: 7%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
480
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: 110E_115N; sec o : S

95TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Pa : im; inne d.: 130 mm (?); EVE: 5%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ma gin ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8); g ey co e
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
481
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU041; ench: 105E_105N; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 12%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : same as he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
482
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 33%
Fab ic: e y ha d, dense, o e i ed
Inclusions: 20%, no mally up o 0.5 mm, wi h se e al bigge pcs. o whi e inclusion (up o
5 mm), oids a e exploded lime
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 4/6)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
483
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU061; ench: 110E_100N; sec o : NW
Pa : body nea base; ou e max. d.: 445 mm
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
96 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
No e: inside he essel a e sc a ched e ical lines, likely om adippe ex ac ing he con en
484
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : base ( oe); ou e d.: 20 mm
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH MICACEOUS FABRIC
Fi e (+ h ee) agmen s belong o his ab ic g oup (485–492), which is cha ac e is ic o sandy
inclusions, ed pelle s and, especially, amicaceous ab ic. This g oup shows mo e a iabili y
han he o he ones, ega ding he ab ic colou , p opo ion o inclusions, bu also he essel
shape. Wha is, howe e , common o all he agmen s, is he highly micaceous ab ic, which
is, om he known p oduc ion cen es, connec ed wi h Chios (e.g. Opaiţ– Tsa a opoulos
2011, 293). Compa ing he ab ic appea ance in hand specimens o ou ampho ae wi h he
published Chian samples, hey a e indeed simila , sugges ing he possible a ea o hei o igin
(e.g. compa e pl. XIII/74 o Opaiț– Ionescu 2016 and 489 (Pl. 12); o mo e ab ic examples
see Opaiţ– Tsa a opoulos 2011 and Dob e a 2017, a . XXXV and XXXVII).
Twice wo agmen s ea u e amo e p onounced shape simila i y– 485–486 and 487–488.
The inne diame e o he i s h ee she ds anges be ween 100 and 120 mm, while o he las
one i canno be p ecisely measu ed. F agmen 489 has asligh ly di e en shape, wi h an almos
s aigh ou e wall and alow elie ib; while he las wo ims, 490–491, di e mo phologically
he mos om he o he s. The im 490 has abigge diame e (140 mm inside) and is a he
iangula , al hough i s ill has a unnel / cup -shaped im. The im 491 has aspeci ic shape
de ia ing om he classical o m o he D essel 24 amily, howe e , i migh s ill be conside ed
as i s de i a i e o m.50 I s ab ic in hand specimen looks iden ical o 487 o his g oup. The
las agmen , a oe 492, has he cha ac e is ic shape o he D essel 24 amily ampho ae bases.
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH MICACEOUS FABRIC
Fig. 28: nos. 485–492; Pl. 12: nos. 486–492
485
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling II; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 14%
50 Classi ica ion o his she d in o he D essel 24 amily was sugges ed– independen ly o each o he –
by And ei Opaiţ and Diana Dob e a.
97TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, no mally up o 0.5 mm, sandy, wi h common ed pelle s, iny lakes o sil e
mica and ew bigge pcs. (up o 1 mm) o whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou , pink sel -slip on andom places (7.5YR 8/3)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
486
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : FA07; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NW
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 35%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, up o 0.5 mm, sandy, p edominan whi e inclusions and iny lakes o sil e
mica, ew ed pelle s
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3), sel -slip on bo h sides
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
487
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 120 mm; EVE: 10%
Fab ic: ha d, well so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, p edominan sil e mica, common whi e inclusions, ed pelle s and
ew pieces o golden mica and qua z
Fab ic colou : co e ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), ma gins pink (7.5YR 8/4)
Su ace colou : pink (7.5YR 8/4)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
488
Con ex : su ey; ench: H13; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm (?); EVE: 7%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, up o 0.5 mm, sandy, ew lakes o sil e mica ( isible only on he su ace)
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
98 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
No e: less sil e mica han in he o he she ds o his g oup; he im diame e is unmeasu a-
ble, o he d awing i was se on he smalles ange o he o he im agmen s in his g oup
489
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling II; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 120 mm; EVE: 19%
Fab ic: ha d, chalky su ace (hea ily e oded), good so ing, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, wi h andom bigge pcs. up o 2 mm, p e-
dominan iny lakes o sil e mica, ew ed so pelle s (g og?)
Fab ic colou : ma gins e y pale b own (10YR 7/3), co e pink (5YR 7/4)
Su ace colou : same as he ma gins colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
490
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU032; ench: 100E_100N; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 140 mm; EVE: 10%
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, no mally up o 0.5 mm, p edominan lime and ed ounded pelle s
( he la e up o 2 mm), common iny lakes o sil e mica
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (6YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : ou e e y pale b own (10YR 8/2), inne o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
491
Con ex : su ey; ench I12; sec o : SW
Pa : im, handle a achmen ; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 22%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed, micaceous
Inclusions: 20%, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan lakes o sil e and gold mica, ew ed pelle s
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : inne su ace o he ab ic colou , ou e closes o e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
99TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
492
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : base (a oe); ou e d.: 27 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 0.5 mm, p edominan ed pelle s ( a ely up o 1.5 mm) and
sil e mica, common whi e ha d inclusions (qua z?)
Fab ic colou : co e ligh ed 2.5YR (7/8), ma gins eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH LIGHT FABRIC
Th ee (+ one) ims belong o his g oup (493–496), which is cha ac e is ic o a a he so
ab ic wi h achalky su ace, ei he o ayellow (10YR 8/6) o e y pale b own (10YR 8/3) colou ,
wi h ew inclusions isible a i s sigh (many mo e a e, howe e , isible on close inspec ion,
as hey a e mos ly ligh in colou and camou laged well in he ab ic). The she d is e enly i ed,
he ab ic is ai ly so ed, wi h 10–20% inclusions no mally up o 1 mm big, p edominan a e
whi e inclusions and ed pelle s, common is qua z.
The mo phology o he ims di e s. The i s h ee agmen s (493–495) ha e an inne d.
anging om 80 o 110 mm, and acha ac e is ic dep ession on he op o he ou e im which
enci cles he whole pe ime e . Wi h his speci ic ea u e, hei shape esembles he ampho ae
Knossos 15 (c . Au iemma– Qui i 2004, ig. 10:A). The las agmen (496) has adi e en shape
han he o he s, wi h a im inne d. 120 mm and a iangula ly shaped ib leaning inwa ds.
This mo phological ea u e esembles ims o ampho ae Knossos 18 (c . Au iemma– Qui i
2004, ig. 10:B), whose im opening is howe e supposed o be bigge , be ween 190 and 240 mm
(Dob e a 2017, 233).
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH LIGHT FABRIC
Fig. 29: nos. 493–496; Pl. 12: nos. 493–496
493
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU018; ench: 95E_105N; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 25%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan whi e and ed pelle s; common qua z
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l

100 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
494
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU027; ench: 90E_105N; sec o : SE
Pa : im; inne d.: 80 mm; EVE: 11%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan whi e and ed pelle s; common qua z
Fab ic colou : yellow (10YR 8/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
495
Con ex : su ey; ench: I09; sec o : SE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 12%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan whi e and ed pelle s; common qua z
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
496
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU006; ench: 100E_100N; sec o : S
Pa : im; inne d.: 120 mm; EVE: 10%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, p edominan whi e inclusions, ed pelle s and oids; common qua z
Fab ic colou : yellow (10YR 8/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH NORMAL FABRIC
The las ab ic o he D essel 24 amily looks simila o he micaceous one, howe e , i is missing
he key ing edien – sil e mica. Sandy inclusions, qua z, lime and ed pelle s a e cha ac e -
is ic. The ab ic is pale / ligh b own and po ous. Since he e is no main cha ac e is ic, Icall
i ‘no mal ab ic’, no ha ing any speci ic ea u e o poin ou . The g oup con ains h ee ims
(497–499), wi h inne d. 100–140 mm, which a e qui e mo phologically di e en .
101TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH NORMAL FABRIC
Fig. 30: nos. 497–499; Pls. 12–13: nos. 497–499
497
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 46%
Fab ic: ha d, po ous, good so ed, he hicke im une enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, p edominan lime, qua z and ed pelle s;
andom bigge whi e pa icles (up o 3 mm) well isible on he su ace
Fab ic colou : pink (7.5YR 7/4)
Su ace colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/4)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
498
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU033; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : SE
Pa : im; inne d.: 140 mm; EVE: 7%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ing, po ous, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, p edominan qua z, ew ed pelle s
Fab ic colou : ligh b own (7.5YR 6/4)
Su ace colou : pale b own (2.5YR 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
499
Con ex : su ey; ench: G12; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 21%
Fab ic: ha d, po ous, e enly i ed, inne su ace e oded
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, p edominan qua z, ew so ed pelle s;
andom bigge whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : s ong b own (7.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : e y pale b own (10YR 7/3)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
102 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY– UNCLASSED TOES
The ab ic o he wo emaining oes is closes o he no mal ab ic, howe e , hei colou is
eddish, and he clay mo e dense han po ous. Each o he she ds has u he speci ics. The
oe 500 is e y ich in big size pa icles o so e whi e mine als. I s shape is also simila o
he oes o he La e An ique ampho ae se ies– LRA 2 (c . Bădescu 2012, pl. 1:10; Klenina
2013, 88; pис. 5/27). Consequen ly, we may also conside his oe o be o ala e p oduc ion
(ca. beginning o he 4 h c. o 5 h c. AD). The base pa o e he oe 501, o he wise also simila
o he no mal ab ic, is howe e missing he ed pelle s, cha ac e is ic o he no mal ab ic.
Bo h hese oes bea echnological ma ks o ampho ae p oduc ion– he oe was a ached
o he bo om o he ampho a sepa a ely, now c ea ing adouble laye on he bo om wi h
a isible di ision be ween he body and he oe.
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY– UNCLASSED TOES
Fig. 30: nos. 500–501; Pl. 13: nos. 500–501
500
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : base (a oe); ou e d.: 26 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d, poo ly so ed, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, no mally up o 2 mm, p edominan so e whi e pelle s, ew ed inclusions
Fab ic colou : co e ed (5R 5/8), ma gins eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)– as a e he ma gins
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 2nd–5 h c. AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
501
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU008; ench: 100E_100N; sec o : SW
Pa : body o e he base / oe; d. base/a achmen : 64 mm
Fab ic: ha d, good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan whi e so pelle s and qua z
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (5YR 7/6)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
103TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
KAPITÄN II AMPHORAE
The Kapi än II ampho ae
51
a e one o he mos ep esen ed anspo con aine s in he Roman
wo ld om he end o he 2nd c. o he beginning o he 5 h c. AD (Opaiț– Ionescu 2016, 62),
wi h he peak pe iod o hei p oduc ion / dis ibu ion in he 3 d c. and 4 h c. AD (Dyczek 2001,
143–144; Bezeczky 2013, 149). In Moesia In e io , hese a e he p edominan Aegean p o enance
ampho ae o he 3 d c. AD (Opaiţ– Pa aschi 2013, 322).
The Kapi än II ampho ae migh be ound all o e he Roman wo ld (Dyczek 2001, 141;
2010, 994; Opaiț– Ionescu 2016, 62; e c.). In Moesia In e io , his ype is well -known om
he Lowe Danube and he wes e n Black Sea coas , especially om Romanian Dob udzha ( o
acomp ehensi e lis o ind places in he Lowe Danube and wes e n Black Sea see Dyczek
2001, 141–143 and Dob e a 2017, 240–241).
The appea ance o he Kapi än II ampho ae in sou h -eas e n Th ace seems o be a he
sca ce, wi h agmen s published only om se e al cen es on he Black Sea coas – Apollo-
nia Pon ica and Deul um (Dob e a 2017, 240). Howe e , in he unpublished PhD hesis, Bo-
isla o a (2018) men ions o he inds om Anchialos, Ainos, Neseba , Plo di , S a a Zago a
and So ia. Rega ding he qui e high numbe o inds om Yu a -S oyno, Iwould p esume
hei sca ci y in sou h -eas e n Bulga ia / Th ace is caused by he s a e o publica ions a he
han by hei absence in he a ea.
No p oduc ion si e has been ound so a , al hough a leas h ee di e en ab ics migh
be ecognized poin ing o se e al di e en p oduc ion a eas. Thei loca ions ha e been mos
equen ly sugges ed as being in he Aegean a ea, such as in he Ephesus egion, pe haps also
in Samos, Kos and / o Rhodes (e.g. Peacock– Williams 1986, 193; Bjelajac 1996, 41; Dyczek
2001, 141; Bezeczky 2013, 149; Dob e a 2017, 238); Reynolds (2010, 90) also p oposed he place
o o igin as being loca ed in he Black Sea a ea, nea he C imea.52
As he main con en o he ampho ae, i is widely accep ed o be wine (Keay 1984, 137;
Peacock– Williams 1986, 194; Bjelajac 1996, 41; Reynolds 2010, 90; Dyczek 2001, 143;
Opaiț 2004, 13; e c.). Opaiţ and Pa aschi (2013, 320) e en sugges high quali y wine o Chian
o igin. The es ima ed essel capaci y anges om ca. 9 li es (Opaiţ 2004, 13) up o 15 li es
(Dyczek 2001, 140).
The Kapi än II ampho ae om Yu a -S oyno a e he second mos ep esen ed in he
assemblage. In o al, nine diagnos ic she ds we e iden i ied (502–510), including h ee bases,
i e ims and one cha ac e is ic body agmen . The im inne d. anges om 45 o 100 mm,
he hollow ee d. is uni o mly 60 mm inside.
The mo phological a ia ions o his ampho a ype, especially isible on ims and bases,
migh be a ibu ed o di e en p oduc ion cen es (e.g. Neg u– Bǎdescu– A am 2003, 209).
Some changes in he o m migh also be a ibu ed o adi e en ch onology– i is commonly
accep ed ha he olume (and so he size) s a s dec easing in he 2nd c. AD (e.g. Bjelajac
1996, 41; Dyczek 2001, 140). Also, he ea lie essels, da ed o he beginning o he 3
d
c. AD, a e
supposedly be e made, wi h auni o m body hickness, aca e ully execu ed g oo e unde
51 This ype is known unde many di e en names, among he mos equen ly used a e: Ago a/Rob-
inson K113; Benghazi MRA7; Bjelajac XII; Dyczek 18; Knossos 37; Kuzmano VII (1973), Kuzmano
XII (1985); Keay XII (on he Wes ); Niede biebe 77; Peacock and Williams 47; Rădulescu 6; Sco pan
I–E; Zees 79.
52 Reynolds based his hypo hesis on he ab ic obse a ion and i s simila i y o ampho ae Zees 72
(p oduced in he no he n Pon ic a ea). Since he chemical analyses (conduc ed a e he published
he pape ) u ned in a ou o he Ephesus egion (Bezeczky 2013, 149), Iconside hese ampho ae
o be o Aegean p oduc ion.
110 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
which was aking place om he mid-1
s
c. ill he 3
d
c. AD. I seems ha hese Cyp io ampho ae
we e dis ibu ed mo e equen ly o e he Medi e anean han he Cilician ones (Lund 2010,
569–571). The p oduc ion con inued un il he 4 h c. AD wi h a isible decline in expo powe and
wi h mo phological changes o he con aine s s a ing om he mid-3 d c. AD, when, besides
he capaci y educ ion and o he changes, he mush oom -shaped oe was eplaced by asolid
spike wi h no hickening (Lund 2010; Be oldi 2012, 141; Dob e a 2017, 285).
In Th ace and Moesia In e io , he ea ly e sion– wi h he mush oom -shaped oe– is a e,
and he ampho ae a e bes known om he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD con ex s o No ae, T imammium
and Sozopol (see Kuzmano 1985, аб. 4/A36a; Dyczek 2001, 160–161; Dob e a 2017, 286).
The olume o he known ampho ae anges om 36 l (ampho ae om he 1s c. AD), o 46–53 l
(Dyczek 2001, 161).
San Lo enzo 7
The wo ims 517–518 migh be classed among he ampho ae San Lo enzo 7. The ch onology
o hese ampho ae is qui e b oad, s a ing in he 2nd c. AD con inuing o he 6 h c. AD, wi h he
peak dis ibu ion o he wes e n Pon ic coas (Dob udzha) om he 2nd c. o 4 h c. AD (Opaiţ
2004, 42; Pa aschi 2006, 10; Dob e a 2017, 318). Two sub ypes migh be ecognized by he
shape o he body; ou di e en ab ics a e known, and e en mo e a e expec ed o exis
(Opiaţ– Ionescu 2016, 68, 98; pl. XIV/85–86, pl. XV/87–89). The ampho ae a e dis ibu ed
o e he whole Medi e anean as hei ep esen a i es a e known om Spain, I aly, No h
A ica, Sy o -Pales ine, he Aegean, he Lowe Danube and he Black Sea a ea (Be oldi 2012,
137; Dob e a 2017, 319). The place o p oduc ion is unknown; as well as he ela ion o he
di e en ab ic o possible places o o igin. The Aegean a ea and Asia Mino a e commonly
supposed as places o o igin (Be oldi 2012; Opaiţ– Ionescu 2016). Opaiţ and Pa aschi also
men ion ha some o he ampho ae migh be p oduced in Cilicia (2013, 323). The con en is
unknown, bu oli e oil was p oposed (Opiaţ– Ionescu 2016, 67). The capaci y o he ype was
es ima ed by Opaiţ and Pa aschi (2013, 322) a 50 li es.
The wo ims om Yu a -S oyno, 517 and 518, sha e asimila shape and inne d. o 80 mm,
bu he ab ic is di e en . The i s she d (517) is a he coa se, and oughly esembles he
second ype o ab ic desc ibed by Opaiţ and Ioanescu (2016, 68). The o he she d (518) migh
co espond o he i s ab ic ( e y ine) iden i ied by he same au ho s. In hand specimen, i
also esembles he ligh ab ic o he D essel 24 amily desc ibed abo e.
Micaceous wa e ja s– La e Roman Ampho ae 3
The body agmen 519 shows all he cha ac e is ics o he ‘micaceous wa e ja s’ / LRA 3 ( e y
compac ed -b own micaceous ab ic and a hin she d), howe e , om his small piece we a e
no able o speci y i s ch onology and classi ica ion mo e closely.
The ‘Micaceous wa e ja s’, also known as Ago a F65–66, o he cha ac e is ic ed -b own
ab ic, we e p oduced on eas e n Aegean, in he coas al a ea s e ching om Ephesus o
Pe gamon, om he mid-1s c. ill he mid-7 h c. AD. Thei la e p oduc ion ( om he end o
he 4 h c. AD) is bes known as he La e Roman Ampho ae 3 (LRA 3) (Opaiţ 2017, 585–589).
They a e supposed o ca y wine in he con aine s whose size diminished om 6–4 li es
in he ea ly p oduc ion o 2–1 li es in he la e p oduc ion. Thei p esence in he wes e n
Pon ic a ea / Lowe Danube is no e y high, wi h a isible dec ease om he 4 h c. AD
(Opaiţ 2017, 597).

111TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Ephesus 56
These wo bases, 520 and 521, bo h wi h missing oe ips, ha e a ab ic simila o he p e i-
ously desc ibed ‘Micaceous wa e ja s’ / LRA 3 ampho ae– i.e. o auni o m ed colou , e y
well so ed and le iga ed, wi h inclusions o sil e mica. They a e, howe e , o a hicke body
she d, mo e ounded nea he bo om, which is comple ed by asolid spike. Thanks o hese
mo phological di e ences and good pho os o he ampho ae om Ephesus published by Bez-
eczky we can p opose hei classi ica ion among he ampho ae Ephesus 56 (Bezeczky 2013,
pl. 54:862–871 and pl. 83:393). These ampho ae a e pa allel p oduc ion o he LRA 3, da ed ca.
om he end o he 4 h c. o he end o he 6 h c. / beginning o he 7 h c. AD. They a e no known
e y well ou side o Ephesus, bu agmen s we e ound in Zada and on he island o Samos.
The con en is unknown, oli e oil was sugges ed (Bezeczky 2013, 167–169).
Uniden i ied ampho ae o Eas e n Aegean and Eas e n Medi e anean o igin
The ollowing wo agmen s ha e a ab ic o he Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
ampho ae, howe e , hei p o enance is unknown. These a e he im 522 wi h inne d. 110 mm
and he oe / spike 523, wi h an ex a applied band o clay u ned a ound i s lowe pa (ou e
d. 46 mm) and asmall hole (d. 4 mm) om ou side he base.
CATALOGUE OF THE OTHER EASTERN AEGEAN AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
AMPHORAE
Figs. 30–31: nos. 515–523; Pls. 13–14: nos. 515–522
515
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : oe (spike); ou e d.: 34 mm in he middle o he ounded spike; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, p edominan ed pelle s, common whi e so inclusions o bigge size (5 mm;
lime?), ew qua z
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), sel -slip
Classi ica ion: Ago a M273 (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Medi e anean
Ch onology: mid-4 h–6 h c. AD
P obable con en : wine
Capaci y: 30–40 l
516
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : FA09; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NW
Pa : base (a oe); ou e d.: 57 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d wi h good so ing, so / chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan lime, common ed pelle s, ew qua z
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Ago a G199– Bu Cyp io non -micaceous ab ic
A ea o p oduc ion: Cyp us
Ch onology: ca. 50–200 AD
112 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Con en : wine
Capaci y: ca. 36–53 l
517
Con ex : su ey; ench: D11
Pa : im; inne d.: 80 mm; EVE: 25%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, p edominan whi e so pelle s, qua z, ed and dull black inclusions;
many oids om allen ou s ones, no mica
Fab ic colou : pink (7.5YR 7/4)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic
Classi ica ion: San Lo enzo 7
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean (?), Asia Mino (?)
Ch onology: 2nd c.– 6 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
Capaci y: ca. 50 l
518
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 80 mm; EVE: 16%
Fab ic: so , ai ly so ed, chalky, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, p edominan lime, ed pelle s, ew qua z
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic
Classi ica ion: San Lo enzo 7
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean (?), Asia Mino (?)
Ch onology: 2nd c.– 6 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
Capaci y: ca. 50 l
No e: he sample in hand specimen esembles he ligh ab ic o D essel 24 amily ampho ae
519
Con ex : su ey; ench: I12; sec o : SE
Pa : body; hickness: 4 mm
Fab ic: ha d -so wi h smoo hed su ace, e y good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, p edominan iny lakes o sil e mica, a e qua z
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 4/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: ‘micaceous wa e ja s’ / LRA 3
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean– a ea be ween Ephesus o Pe gamon
Ch onology: 1s c. o mid-7 h c. AD
P obable con en : wine
Capaci y: 6–4 l o ea ly ones, 2–1 l o la e ones
520
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU016; ench: 95E_105N; sec o : NW
Pa : body; ou e body d.: 70 mm
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, e y ine -clay wi h smoo hed -b igh su ace
113TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Inclusions: 10%, iny lakes o sil e mica
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Ephesus 56 (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean– a ea be ween Ephesus o Pe gamon / elsewhe e
Ch onology: end o he 4 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
521
Con ex : su ey; ench: H13; sec o : NW
Pa : body wi h base a achmen ; ou e d.: 21 mm (on he base– body a achmen )
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, e y ine -clay wi h smoo hed -b igh su ace
Inclusions: 10%, iny lakes o sil e mica
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Ephesus 56 (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean– a ea be ween Ephesus o Pe gamon / elsewhe e
Ch onology: end o he 4 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
522
Con ex : su ey; ench: D13; sec o : NW
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 16%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan qua z, whi e inclusions (lime?) and ed-
-b own pelle s, common da k inclusions and po es
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : ou e su ace o he ab ic colou , inne co e ed by calca eous sedimen s
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
523
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : base (spike); ou e d.: 46 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan whi e inclusions (lime?), common da k
and ed pelle s, ew qua z
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6)
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
BLACK SEA AMPHORAE
The assemblage o he Black Sea ampho ae om Yu a -S oyno includes he sou h Pon ic p o-
duc ion, mainly he Sinopean ampho ae o o ange ab ic wi h ahigh amoun o shiny black
pa icles (py oxenes), which a e ep esen ed by ou ims (524–525 and 527–528), one body
agmen wi h i uli pic i (526) and a oe (529). Only one handle o aligh -colou ed ampho a
om He aclea Pon ica was iden i ied (530). Se e al body agmen s and undiagnos ic pieces
114 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
o Sou h Pon ic ab ic we e addi ionally ound in he exca a ion a ea, howe e , only in asmall
numbe coun ed in he ens.
The Sou h Pon ic egion expo ed ampho ae al eady du ing he Classical and, especially,
Hellenis ic pe iod, and con inued wi h his adi ion un il he La e An iqui y, e.g. wi h he
so -called ‘ca o ampho ae’. The main p oduc o he a ea was wine wi h some oli e oil and
ish p oduc s (Dyczek 2001, 220; Opaiţ– Pa aschi 2013, 330; Vnuko 2017, 100).
On he Lowe Danube and he wes e n Black Sea coas (especially in Dob udzha) hese
ampho ae a e qui e common, bo h in u al and u ban si es (Opaiţ 2004, 26–32). In Th ace,
hey a e a he a es ed on he coas , al hough hey migh be ound, in lowe numbe s, also
inland ( o asumma y o he inding places in Bulga ia and acomp ehensi e map o indi idual
ype’sdis ibu ion see Dob e a 2017, 246–272). The main ma ke a ea o he sou he n Black
Sea coas cen es seems o be he no he n Black Sea coas , wi h he wes e n one– especially
Th ace– being o ma ginal in e es (see he dis ibu ion map in Vnuko 2017, ig. 5.3).
AMPHORAE OF SINOPE
The i s wo ims, 524 and 525, a e agmen a ily p ese ed, which complica es hei classi i-
ca ion. The she d unde 524 has asmall olled im wi h inne d. 35 mm. The closes ampho a
shape is he ype D Snp I,57 da ed o he 6 h c. AD, wi h apossible con inua ion o he 7 h c. AD.
The capaci y o he con aine is app oxima ed o 6–7 li es wi h oli e oil as i s possible con-
en (Kassab Tezgö 2009, 134–137; c . pl. 20:1, 5 and 6). This ype was also classed by D. Pie i
as asub ype o he LRA 1 A p oduced in he Demi ci wo kshop a Sinope (Pie i 2005, 76–77;
Kassab Tezgö 2009, 135).
The agmen 525 has an opening neck wi h ahighe im, ounded om he ou side and
la ened om he inside, wi h inne im d. 70 mm. This is qui e a a e shape which does no
gi e us many possibili ies o pai ing. The closes in o m is he ecen ly iden i ied ‘ ansi ional
a ie y’ (in he sense o ansi ion om he ea ly o la e p oduc ion, namely om Sin II o
Sin VI) by Vnuko (2010, 366; ig. 2:3–4). These ampho ae a e ew and no ye well s udied,
and hei ch onology is no de eloped, howe e , he ansi ioning pe iod should ake place
du ing he 2
nd
c. AD. Ano he possibili y o classi ica ion would be he la e ype, Sin VI, which,
howe e , has ahighe and la ened im. I da es o he la e 2nd c. and ea ly 3 d c. AD, and i was
used o ca ying wine (Vnuko 2010, 366; ig. 2:5–8).
The body agmen unde 526 belongs o an unspeci ied Sinopean ampho a wi h ma ks
o he i uli pic i in ed colou on he neck. Two le e s a e s ill isible […Γω…]; mo e o hem
migh be expec ed, as andom, un eadable spo s o ed colou con inue u he on he igh ;
on he le hey a e in e up ed by a ac ion. The oe 529 wi h ab oken ip is also o he Sino-
pean ab ic. I is only asmall piece, bu since he ea ly Sinopean ampho ae do no end in such
aplain, hollow and spiky oe, we may conside i s la e p oduc ion, especially esembling he
wine ‘ca o ampho ae’ o he 4 h and 5 h c. AD, when he lowe body s a s o na ow and ends
in asha p conical base. These ampho ae a e known in small numbe s om he wes e n Black
Sea coas – Mesamb ia and Top aichioi (Opaiţ 2010, 378; c . wi h he ig. 1.7 o he Sub ype 3,
da ed o he 5 h c. AD).
57 S. Vnuko sugges ed ha his agmen could also belong o ajug p oduced in Sinope. Rega ding
he non -exis en po e y impo om he sou h Pon ic egion besides ampho ae, Ip e e he in-
e p e a ion o he agmen as such. Al hough, he e is always apossibili y o o he objec s and
essels a elling alongside he ampho ae as aside p oduc .
115TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
The las wo ims o igina e a he Sinopean p oduc ion cen e a Demi ci, ac i e om he
2nd/3 d o 6 h c. AD. Mos ele an o ou assemblage is he local g oup B Snp I -III,58 especially
he las ype B Snp III, wi h i s peak dis ibu ion om he 2nd c. ill he 1s hal / end o he 3 d c.
AD (Vnuko 2010, ig. 2). While ampho ae o he i s wo ypes ha e acylind ical neck, he
las one has aconical shape– as do ou 52759 and 528 (c . Kassab Tezgö 2010, 126; Vnuko
2010, 367; ig. 2; Dob e a 2017, 261–263). The ampho ae wi h aconical shaped neck o his g oup
may also be conside ed o be ype Zees 84a (Zees 1960, 171). Opaiţ and Ionescu (2016, 60 and
pl. II/10) desc ibed a e y simila im / neck agmen as a ansi ional ampho a ype om
Vnuko Sin II o Tezgö B SinI. As acon en i is conside ed o be wine (e.g. Opaiţ– Ionescu
2016, 58), bo h wine and oli e oil (Vnuko 2010, 368), o ish p oduc s / ga um ( his in e p e-
a ion is epea edly s essed by Reynolds [2010, 90; 2013, 102], poin ing ou he con inui y o
he Hellenis ic adi ion o ish p ocessing in he a ea). The capaci y o he con aine B Snp
III is expec ed o be mo e han 30 li es (Vnuko 2010, 366–368).
CATALOGUE OF THE SINOPEAN AMPHORAE
Fig. 31: nos. 524–529; Pls. 9: no. 526, 14: nos. 525–529
524
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 35 mm; EVE: 64%
Fab ic: good so ing, ough su ace ( he ‘sandy’ eel), e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mally up o 0.5 mm, p edominan black shiny pa icles, ew whi e
lime and a e ed pa icles
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D Snp I/ jug and no an ampho a?
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 6 h c. AD, possibly also 7 h c. AD
P obable con en : p esumably oli e oil
525
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 70 mm; EVE: 11%
Fab ic: Sou h Pon ic, coa se, ha d, wo n ou e sel -slip, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, p edominan black shiny pa icles, no mally up o 1 mm big wi h ew bigge
(one 4 mm long); common ed pelle s wi h ew whi e pa icles
Fab ic colou : co e and inne ma gin pinkish g ey (5YR 6/2)
Su ace colou : ou e su ace and ou e ma gin a e ligh eddish b own (2.5YR 7/4); e y
pale b own (10YR 7/4) sel -slip p ese ed inside
Classi ica ion: possibly he ansi ional pe iod om Sin II × Sin VI (?)
58 This g oup o ampho ae migh also be called Knossos 26/27, based on he ma e ial om C e e (Hayes
1983, 153).
59 S. Vnuko ag ees wi h he simila i y in shape wi h B SNP III, al hough, he ab ic– om apho o–
looks o him mo e like i is om Abkhazia (no h -wes e n Colchis); howe e , in his a ea is no ye
a es ed such a o m (pe sonal communica ion, summe 2019).

116 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 2nd c.– ea ly 3 d c. AD
P obable con en : wine (?)
526
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : neck wi h i uli pic i in ed slip; max. ou e d.: 150 mm; insc ip ion: […Γω…]
Fab ic: ha d, ough su ace, ai ly so ed, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mally up o 1 mm, Sou h Pon ic ab ic– wi h p edominan black
shiny inclusions (py oxenes?) and andom bigge pcs. o ed pelle s (up o 4 mm)
Fab ic colou : inne ma gin– ed (2.5YR 5/8), ou e ma gin– yellow (10YR 8/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in colou s o inne and ou e ma gins
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
527
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 140 mm; EVE: 14%
Fab ic: ha d, po ous, e enly i ed, coa se, good so ing wi h ough su ace
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mal size o 0.5 mm, andom bigge pelle s up o 2 mm, common
black shiny and whi e (qua z and lime) inclusions, ew ed pelle s o bigge dimensions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ed (2.5YR 4/8) sel -slip– by a in da ke han he ab ic
Classi ica ion: B Snp III
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope × Eas e n Black Sea (?)
Ch onology: 2nd–3 d c. AD
P obable con en : wine / oli e oil / ish p oduc s
Capaci y: mo e han 30 l
528
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU079; ench 105E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im, handle a achmen ; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 35%; handle a .: 76 × 38 mm
Fab ic: ha d wi h ough, qui e e oded, su ace, good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mal size 0.5 mm, p edominan shiny black pelle s, common ed
and whi e pa icles, ew sil e mica lakes
Fab ic colou : yellowish ed (5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in he colou o he ab ic
Classi ica ion: B Snp III
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 2nd–3 d c. AD
P obable con en : wine / oli e oil / ish p oduc s
Capaci y: o e 30 l
529
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU033; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : SE
Pa : oe / spike; d.: 20 mm abo e he ip
Fab ic: ha d wi h ough su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy ab ic, p edominan black shiny inclusions, common qua z, sil e
mica, ew ed pelle s
117TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: ‘Ca o ampho ae’ (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 5 h c. AD
P obable con en : wine
Capaci y: 5.6–5.9 l
AMPHORAE OF HERACLEA PONTICA
The only diagnos ic agmen o an ampho a o igina ing om He aclea Pon ica is ahandle
530, which p ese es he cha ac e is ic ab ic o his p oduc ion cen e. I can be classed in o
he ligh -clay ampho ae o he ype Vnuko SIV (Ko ale skaja 1998, ab.2; Vnuko 2003,
126, рис. 49; Vnuko 2016, 40; рис. 3). These ampho ae a e he mos common con aine s o
he Black Sea egion om he 1s c. ill he 3 d c. AD, du ing which hey a e expo ed in high
numbe s o he main consump ion a ea– he no he n Black Sea. Thei exclusi e con en was
wine (Vnuko 2017, 113–115, 121; Vnuko 2016, 36). The ype has many a ian s, om which ou
handle migh belong o se e al o hem, especially o Vnuko ypes SIVA2, SIVB and SIVC,60
da ed om he la e 1s c. ill he la e 2nd c. AD (Vnuko 2016, 43).
In Th ace and Moesia In e io hese ampho ae a e well a es ed, concen a ed mos ly along
he Lowe Danube and he Black Sea coas . The mos widely sp ead ype is Vnuko SIVC /
Shelo C, which migh be ound in highe numbe s also inland, as a as in he S uma Valley
(Dob e a 2017, 246–259).
CATALOGUE OF THE HERACLEAN AMPHORAE
Fig. 31: no. 530; Pl. 14: no. 530
530
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : g oo ed -handle; dimensions: >40 × 30 mm
Fab ic: ha d wi h ough su ace, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan ed inclusions– ei he bigge
pelle s o long eins up o 1.5 cm –, common black shiny inclusions, qua z and lime
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/2)
Su ace colou : colou o he ab ic
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– He aclea Pon ica
Classi ica ion: Vnuko ype SIV (‘ligh -clay ampho ae’)
Ch onology: om he la e 1s c. o he la e 2nd c. AD
P obable con en : wine
UNIDENTIFIED BLACK SEA AMPHORAE
F agmen s 531 and 532 a e wo pa s o acup -shaped neck / im wi h he handles a ached
jus below he im. These wo agmen s seem o be om he same essel; he di e ences in
he p o iling a e caused by he handle a achmen – as bo h p ese ed ims a e di ec ly con-
60 This classi ica ion e e s o Shelo ypes A, B and C (Shelo 1986, 395–400).
118 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
nec ed o he handle. The inne im d. o bo h is 70 mm, he handles ha e sligh ly di e en
sec ions– 31 × 22 and 27 × 24 mm. The su ace is ough, he ab ic is eddish yellow (5YR 6/8),
e y sandy, wi h an abundan amoun o well so ed inclusions. The mos isible inclusions
a e bigge pcs. o so whi e pelle s, wi h much less ep esen ed da k shiny pa icles. The
ab ic esembles He aclea Pon ica, al hough he composi ion o he inclusions is di e en ,
wi h oo many whi e and oo ew da k shiny inclusions.
CATALOGUE OF THE UNIDENTIFIED BLACK SEA AMPHORAE
Fig. 31: nos. 531–532; Pl. 14: no. 532
531
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU023; ench/sec o : 95E_105N SE– 100E_105N SE/SW
Pa : im wi h handle; inne d.: 70 mm; EVE: 16%; handle sec ion: 31 × 22 mm
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, ough/sandy su ace
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, p edominan whi e (qua z and lime), ed pa icles and po es, a e
black shiny inclusions
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : wo n sel -slip o he ab ic colou
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n– Eas e n Black Sea (?)
No e: same cha ac e is ics as 532, hose wo pcs. a e p obably om one essel
532
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im wi h handle; inne d.: 70 mm; EVE: 12%; handle sec ion: 27 × 24 mm
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, ough / sandy su ace
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, p edominan whi e (qua z and lime), ed pa icles and po es, a e
black shiny inclusions
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : wo n sel -slip o he ab ic colou
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n– Eas e n Black Sea (?)
No e: same cha ac e is ics as 531, hose wo pcs. a e p obably om one essel
AFRICAN AMPHORAE
The expo o he A ican ampho ae s a ed in highe numbe s by he end o he 2nd c. AD
and con inued un il he 7
h
c. AD (Ca a ale– To ole i 1997, 140–141). The main expo ing
cen es we e loca ed in he Roman p o inces o Zeugi ana, Byzacena and T ipoli ana (Boni-
ay 2015, 7), in mode n -day e ms in he a ea o cen al -no h Tunisia and no h -wes e n
Libya.
The A ican ampho ae a e ound on he wes e n Black Sea coas and in he Lowe Danube
in small numbe s, mos ly ep esen ed by se e al pieces (see Dob e a 2017, 309–317). Highe
numbe s– especially om nec opolises– a e epo ed om Scy hia (Opaiţ 1997-1998, 47;
Opaiţ 2004, 33–40).
As amain con en o he ampho ae, i is expec ed o be oli e oil, bu also ish p oduc s and
wine a e a es ed (see ab.IV in Boni ay 2004). Some o he con aine s seem o be designed o
one speci ic con en , while o he s could ca y many di e en p oduc s (Dob e a 2017, 313–314).
119TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
The A ican ampho ae a he si e o Yu a -S oyno a e ep esen ed by h ee ims only
(533–535); wo a e om he exca a ion, one om he su ey. The i s she d, im 533, is cha -
ac e is ic o i s speci ic shape and ou e g ey su ace, which classes i in o he wide g oup
o he ype Keay LXII (Keay 1984, 309–350), ampho ae, sp ead along he (mainly wes e n)
Medi e anean, bes known om Spain and I aly. Some indi iduals a e, howe e , also known
om he wes e n Black Sea coas (e.g. Tomis– Cons anța: Opaiţ 1997-1998, igs.11 and 12). The
ype has abou 22 di e en sub ypes p oduced a se e al places mos ly in cen al Tunisia.
F om hese, he closes o ou example is he ype Q, also known unde Albenga 11-12, da ed
om he las qua e o he 5 h c. o he mid/ hi d qua e o he 6 h c. AD (Boni ay 2004, 137;
Fan uzzi– Cau On i e os 2018). The con en o he ampho ae is unknown, he capaci y
gi en he e (70–78 l) is es ima ed om wo di e en essels o he Keay LXII g oup ound in
Tomis (Opaiţ 1997-1998, 53).
Rim 534 migh ind pa allels among he La e A ican Cylind ical Ampho ae o he 5 h–7 h c.
AD. I is e y agmen a y, bu he ab ic desc ip ion in hand specimen– as well as he shape–
co espond o he p oduc ion o he wo kshop in Nabeul -Sidi Zah uni in Tunisia (‘o ange
o ed ab ic wi h ou e su ace co e ed by ligh colou , he inclusions a e whi e o yellow
and ed–pu ple– e ic’). Boni ay e e s o his im shape, which is no ha common o he
wo kshop, as a a ian o Keay LXI (Boni ay 2004, 37–39, 125–141; ig. 18:24; planche I20/21).
Fo he las im, 535, o ab own - ed she d and awhi ish sel -slip on bo h sides, wo possi-
bili ies migh be sugges ed. The i s is ha i belongs o he ampho a ype A icana IIA wi h
an almond shaped im ma ked by asmall unde cu (Boni ay 2004, 111). Se e al ampho ae o
he wide g oup o A icana II (wi h he sub ypes A, B, C and D), p oduced om he mid-2nd c.
ill he beginning o he 4 h c. AD, we e ound on he Lowe Danube and wes e n Pon us (Opaiţ
1997-1998, 50; Dob e a 2017, 313). The second possibili y, sugges ed by A. Opaiţ,61 is, ha his
migh be a im o he ampho a ype Os ia LIX– o he la e phase (da ed om he 2nd c. ill he
mid-3 d c. AD) o Lep imian p oduc ion (eas e n coas o Tunisia). I we we e o p e e his
possibili y, no much would change, as he ch onology o hese wo ampho ae is e y simila
(mid-2
nd
–3
d
c. AD), as well as he a ea o p oduc ion– A ica P oconsula is. Wha would di e
is he con en , which in he case o ype Os ia LIX is unknown– possibly oli e oil; in he case
o A icana IIA i is salsamen a, pe haps also wine (Boni ay 2004, ab.IV).
CATALOGUE OF THE AFRICAN AMPHORAE
Fig. 32: nos. 533–535; Pl. 14: nos. 533–535
533
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 90 mm; EVE: 25%
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, p edominan lime (up o 1 mm), common qua z, ew sil e mica
Fab ic colou : yellowish ed (5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : ou side g ey (10YR 6/1), inside o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Keay LXIIQ, Albenga 11-12
A ea o p oduc ion: (cen al -eas e n) Tunisia (A ica P oconsula is)
Ch onology: las hi d o he 5 h c. o he mid/ hi d qua e o he 6 h c. AD
61 Pe sonal communica ion, summe 2019.
126 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
299 SY15_130 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
302 SY15_142 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
303 SY15_092 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d/4 h c. AD
304 SY15_180 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
305 SY15_419 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
306 SY15_178 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
307 SY15_179 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
315 SY15_131+132 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Knidian g ey
wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos) ca. AD 25–mid-2nd c. AD
316 SY15_062 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Knidian g ey
wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
324 SY15_150 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
326 SY15_149 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
328 SY15_159 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
330 SY15_182 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
337 SY15_123 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
338 SY15_126 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
339 SY15_129 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
435 SY15_029 SU001 Room_ABC × CW Golden mica
wa e ( a e mica) Aegean (?) 2nd–4 h c. AD
436 SY15_032 SU001 Room_ABC × CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean (?) ×
437 SY15_031 SU001 Room_ABC × CW Golden mica
wa e ( a e mica) Aegean (?) 2nd–3 d
( o mid-5 h?) c. AD
439 SY15_057 SU001 Room_ABC × CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean
(Phoacea?) 1s –3 d c. AD (?)
Tab.5: O e iew o he 61 impo ed diagnos ic ine ed ‑slipped wa es, coa se cooking wa es, and
anspo ampho ae agmen s ound in he sample o he exca a ed ma e ial. The majo i y a e da ed
o he Roman Impe ial pe iod wi h ampho ae 515, 524, 533–534 da ed o he La e An iqui y. PG = main
po e y g oup; FW = ine able wa es; CW = coa se cooking wa es; TA = anspo ampho ae.

127POTTERY IN THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
479 SY15_233 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
482 SY15_232 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
497 SY15_231 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
500 SY15_225 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
502 SY15_229 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean beginning o he
3 d c. AD
508 SY15_223 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
514 SY15_226 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Koan adi ion Eas e n Aegean
(Kos? / Ephesus?) 1s BC/AD–1s c. AD
515 SY15_222 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Ago a M273 (?) Eas e n
Medi e anean mid-4 h–6 h c. AD
523 SY15_217 SU001 Room_ABC × TA ?Eas e n Aegean /
Medi e anean ×
525 SY15_228 SU001 Room_ABC × TA S II×S VI (?) Sou he n Black
Sea (Sinope) 2nd–2nd/3 d c. AD
526 SY15_423 SU001 Room_ABC × TA ?Sou he n Black
Sea (Sinope) ×
527 SY15_219 SU001 Room_ABC × TA B Snp III (?)
Sou he n (Sinope)
× Eas e n Black
Sea (?)
2nd–3 d c. AD
534 SY15_216 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Keay L×I a . (?) No h A ica 5 h–7 h c. AD
438 SY15_252 Le elling I 100E_105N NE CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean
(Phoacea?) 1s –3 d c. AD (?)
342 SY15_298 Le elling I 100E_105N NE FW Impo (?) ?2nd–3 d c. AD
344 SY15_312 Le elling I 100E_105N NE FW A ican ed-
slipped wa e (?) No h A ica (?) 4 h–5 h c. AD (?)
484 SY15_236 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
487 SY15_235 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
492 SY15_238 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
505 SY15_548 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
518 SY15_350 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA San Lo enzo 7 Eas e n Aegean /
Aegean 2nd–6 h c. AD
524 SY15_547 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D Snp I / jug (?) Sou he n Black
Sea (Sinope) 6 h–7 h c. AD
530 SY15_351 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA B Snp III (?)
Sou he n Black
Sea (He aclea
Pon ica)
la e 1s –2nd c. AD
532 SY15_255 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA S×E Pon ic Sou he n ×
Eas e n Black Sea ×
533 SY15_237 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA Keay L×IIQ No h A ica 5 h/6 h–mid-6 h c. AD
128 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
441 SYP16_094 Le elling II 100E_105N NE CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean (?) ×
323 SYP16_146 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
331 SYP16_133 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
332 SYP16_156 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
333 SYP16_110 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
334 SYP16_147 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
336 SYP16_085 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
346 SYP16_153 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
485 SYP16_105 Le elling II 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
489 SYP16_104 Le elling II 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
538 SY15_549 Le elling II 100E_105N NE TA ? ? ×
440 SY14_091 SU008 100E_100N SW CW Golden mica
wa e ( a e mica) Aegean (?) ×
501 SY14_069 SU008 100E_100N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
507 SY14_070 SU008 100E_100N SW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
510 SY14_071 SU008 100E_100N SW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
442 SY15_340 SU057 100E_105N SE CW Miscellaneous
Aegean /
Medi e anean
impo (?)
2nd–3 d c. AD
wa es and he coa se cooking wa es ep esen ed jus a ac ion o he whole po e y assembled
o he Yu a -S oyno se lemen .
In o de o gi e acomple e pic u e, we also need o include he anspo ampho ae. 28
diagnos ic agmen s ( ims and bases plus one handle) we e ound in he sample o he ex-
ca a ed ma e ial, and many mo e body agmen s, wi h he mos dis inguishable and mos
abundan agmen s o D essel 24 amily and Kapi än II ampho ae. The 28 diagnos ic ag-
men s include he ampho ae o D essel 24 amily (11 gs.), Kapi än II (5 gs.), ano he ou
agmen s o Eas e n Aegean / Eas en Medi e anean o igin; ampho ae om he Black Sea
a ea (6 gs.), mos ly Sinope; and wo No h A ican ampho ae. I is qui e amix u e, wi h he
majo i y da ed o he Roman Impe ial pe iod wi h se e al ampho ae om he La e An iqui y
(515, 524, 533–534) which migh be ound bo h in he le elling laye (524, 533) and Rooms A, B,
and C (515, 534) a es ing o hei dis u bed na u e as well as o alimi ed se lemen li e a e
i s peak pe iod in he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
129POTTERY IN THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
The majo i y o impo ed essels (33 gs.) was ound in Rooms A, B and C, combining ou
agmen s o coa se cooking wa e o possible Aegean o igin and 16 agmen s o ine - ed
slipped wa es including Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C; Knidian g ey wa e; Red -slipped
hin -walled wa e, possibly om he Eas e n Aegean; and Th acian hin -walled wa e. Ano h-
e 13 gs. we e o anspo ampho ae, mos ly o Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
o igin; h ee we e om he Black Sea a ea– Sinope; and one om he No h A ica (Tab.5).
In he le elling laye s Iand II abou 23 agmen s o impo ed po e y we e ound, wi h
wo coa se cooking wa e agmen s possibly o Aegean o igin and nine ed -slipped agmen s
mos ly including Th acian hin -walled wa e, wi h some Thin -walled ed -slipped wa e and
possibly a agmen o A ican ed -slipped wa e. The p opo ion o he anspo ampho ae is
e y simila as in Rooms A, B and C, wi h se en agmen s om he Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n
Medi e anean, h ee agmen s om he Black Sea a ea and one om A ica (Tab.5).
The ills o he di ches include in o al i e agmen s. They ha e one agmen o coa se
cooking wa e each one o hem bu one, [SU021]; while [SU008] yields also agmen s o h ee
Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean ampho ae (Tab.5).
Looking ou side he main sample o he exca a ed ma e ial, we may enla ge he iden i ied
wa es by ano he 59 agmen s o impo ed diagnos ic po e y (Tab.6). These include Pon ic
sigilla a Awi h agmen s unco e ed om he o he exca a ed a eas– h ee she ds (309,
311–312) a e om he con ex [SU077], loca ed ou o he house o he eas , nex o he wall
[SU076] and one comes om each o he ollowing con ex s [SU001] (314); [SU036] (308) and
[SU053] (313). F om hese, [SU036] is he mos in e es ing one as i seems o be an o iginal
con ex , e e ing o a ounda ion ench o he no he n wall o he house [SU018], whe e
acoin o Diadumenian, da ed o AD 217–218, was ound (see Heřmánko á 2022b, no.8; ab.1).
Based on pa allels, exac ly he same ch onology is expec ed o he she d 308. One mo e ag-
men o Pon ic sigilla a Awas ound wi hin he su eyed ma e ial (310), which is expec edly
wo n, damaged by e osion.
Bo h agmen s o p esumably he Colou coa ed wa e (340, 341) we e also ound ou side
he main assemblage, one in [SU075] which u ned ou o be soil exca a ed by he loo e s,
[SU001]; and ano he one, ound in he SE sec o o he squa e F13, du ing he su ace su ey.
All o he Thin -walled ed slipped wa e agmen s o p esumably Knidian o igin we e also
ound in he loo ed soil o squa es 110E_110N and 110E_115N (317, 319–321) and wi hin he
su ace su ey, in he SE sec o o squa e E12 (318). In consequence, due o he su ace su ey
and comple e documen a ion o he ex ended po e y ma e ial, h ee mo e ed -slipped wa es
could ha e been iden i ied.
The o he wa es ound wi hin he su ace su ey po e y and ex ended assemblage om
he exca a ions included he same ma e ial as al eady iden i ied wi hin he examined po e y
sample and as such enla ging i s numbe ; hese a e Çanda lı wa e / ESC (300–301); Thin -walled
ed -slipped wa e (322, 325, 327, 329) and Th acian hin -walled wa e (335).
Rega ding he su ace su ey ma e ial, no su p isingly, he bigges clus e s o inds a e
wi hin he in ensi ely in es iga ed squa es, whe e pick -ups we e ca ied ou – squa es D13,
F13, G12, H13 and I12. The inds a e mos ly made up o ampho ae (17 gs.), less so o impo ed
ine wa e (8 gs.), while impo ed coa se wa e is comple ely missing. The ampho ae ea u e
simila endencies as in he exca a ed ma e ial, wi h six diagnos ic agmen s o D essel 24
amily (477–478, 488, 491, 495, 499), wo Kapi än II (504, 506), six agmen s om he Eas e n
Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean a ea (511–512, 517, 519, 521–522) and one om A ica (535).
The la es ampho a agmen ound wi hin he su ace su ey, Ephesus 56 (521), migh be
da ed om he u n o he 4 h/5 h o he u n o he 6 h/7 h c. AD, he es is da ed o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod wi h some possible o e each o he La e An iqui y (506, 517, 519).
130 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Tab.6: O e iew o he 59 impo ed diagnos ic ine ed ‑slipped wa es, coa se cooking wa es, and
anspo ampho ae agmen s ound ou side he sampled ma e ial om he exca a ion and wi hin
he su ace su ey. PG = main po e y g oup; FW = ine able wa es; CW = coa se cooking wa es;
TA = anspo ampho ae.
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
486 SY16_063 FA07 100E_105N NW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
516 SY16_062 FA09 100E_105N NW TA Ago a G199
Eas e n
Medi e anean
(Cyp us)
mid-1s –2nd/3 d c. AD
347 SY15_415 SU001 110E_100N NW FW Impo (?) ? ×
348 SY15_414 SU001 110E_100N NW FW Impo (?) ? ×
314 SY16_033 SU001 110E_105N WFW Pon ic sigilla a A
(?)
No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
319 SY16_024 SU001 110E_110N
W om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
320 SY16_023 SU001 110E_110N
W om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
321 SY16_036 SU001 110E_110N
E om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
325 SY17_029 SU001 110E_110N SFW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
335 SY16_032 SU001 110E_110N SFW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
317 SY17_031 SU001 110E_115N
N om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
480 SY16_039 SU001 110E_115N STA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
496 SY14_174 SU006 100E_100N STA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
343 SY15_463 SU015 100E_105N NW FW Impo ? ×
345 SY14_161 SU016 95E_105N NW FW Impo ?Roman Impe ial pe iod
509 SY14_122 SU016 95E_105N NW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
520 SY14_126 SU016 95E_105N NW TA Ephesus 56
Eas e n Aegean
(Ephesus–
Pe gamon?)
4 h/5 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
493 SY14_110 SU018 95E_105N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
531 SY14_004 SU023 95E_105N
100E_105N
SE /
SE/
SW
TA S×E Pon ic Sou he n × Eas e n
Black Sea ×
131POTTERY IN THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
503 SY14_002 SU023 95E_105N
100E_105N
SE /
SE/
SW
TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
494 SY14_193 SU027 90E_105N SE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
490 SY14_184 SU032 100E_100N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
498 SY15_428 SU033 100E_105N SE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
529 SY15_427 SU033 100E_105N SE TA Ca o Amph. (?) Sou he n Black Sea
(Sinope) 5 h c. AD
308 SY15_531 SU036 100E_105N SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 2nd–mid-3 d c. AD
481 SY15_521 SU041 105E_105N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
313 SY15_507 SU053 105E_105N SW FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd–3 d c. AD
483 SY15_348 SU061 110E_100N NW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
340 SY16_019 SU075 110E_100N EFW Colou coa ed
wa e (?) ?1s hal o he 2nd c. AD
309 SY16_061 SU077 110E_105N EFW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 2nd–mid-3 d c. AD
311 SY16_056 SU077 110E_105N SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd c. AD
312 SY16_057 SU077 110E_105N SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd c. AD
513 SY16_059 SU077 110E_105N ETA Koan/Rhodian
adi ion
Eas e n Aegean
(Rhodes + pe ea /
Kos)
mid-1s –3 d c. AD
528 SY16_051 SU079 105E_105N NE TA B Snp III Sou he n Black Sea
(Sinope) 2nd–3 d c. AD
517 SY16_D11_01 Su ey D11 ×TA San Lo enzo 7 Eas e n Aegean /
Aegean 2nd–6 h c. AD
310 SY16_D13_SE_07 Su ey D13 SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd c. AD
329 SY16_D13_SE_05 Su ey D13 SE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
522 SY16_D13_NW_02 Su ey D13 NW TA ?Eas e n Aegean /
Medi e anean ×
536 SY16_D13_NW_01 Su ey D13 NW TA ? ? ×
537 SY16_E10_01 Su ey E10 ×TA ? ? ×
318 SY16_E12_SE_01 Su ey E12 SE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
300 SY16_F13_NE_10 Su ey F13 NE FW Çanda lı wa e /
ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD

132 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
301 SY16_F13_SW_02 Su ey F13 SW FW Çanda lı wa e /
ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
341 SY16_F13_SE_01 Su ey F13 SE FW Colou coa ed
wa e (?) ?1s hal o he 2nd c. AD
506 SY16_F13_SW_03 Su ey F13 SW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h/5 h c. AD
322 SY16_G12_NE_04 Su ey G12 NE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
327 SY16_G12_NW_06 Su ey G12 NW FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
499 SY16_G12_NE_21 Su ey G12 NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
504 SY16_G12_SE Su ey G12 SE TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
511 SY16_G12_NW_04 Su ey G12 NW TA Rhodian
adi ion
Eas e n Aegean
(Rhodes + pe ea /
Chios)
1s –2nd c. AD (?)
477 SY16_H13_NE_16 Su ey H13 NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
488 SY16_H13_NE_17 Su ey H13 NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
521 SY16_H13_NW_03 Su ey H13 NW TA Ephesus 56
Eas e n Aegean
(Ephesus–
Pe gamon?)
4 h/5 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
535 SY16_H13_SE_07 Su ey H13 SE TA A icana IIA /
Os ia LIX No h A ica mid-2nd–3 d/4 h c. AD
495 SY16_I09_SE_01 Su ey I09 SE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
478 SY16_I12_SW_08 Su ey I12 SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
491 SY16_I12_SW_07 Su ey I12 SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
519 SY16_I12_SE_12 Su ey I12 SE TA Mic. Ja / LRA 3
Eas e n Aegean
(Ephesus–
Pe gamon)
1s –mid-7 h c. AD
512 SY16_J13_SE_06 Su ey J13 SE TA Rhodian
adi ion
Eas e n Aegean
(Rhodes + pe ea) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
133
Po e y ou o he con ex o Yu a ‑S oyno
REGIONALLY PRODUCED POTTERY
Fine able wa e
The majo i y (98.5 %) o he ine able wa e unco e ed a he se lemen o Yu a -S oyno in-
cludes egional p oduc s made in Moesia In e io and Th acian wo kshops. These a e essels
o Fine ed -slipped wa e (1–220), Common ed -slipped wa e (221–234), G ey wa e (235–281),
Yellow chalky wa e (282–284)
64
and Mo led / Ma bled wa e (285–298). All o hese wa es wa e
e y likely p oduced in he a ea du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod om he beginning o he
2
nd
c. AD. Some o he ep esen ed essels a e e y well known om Th ace and Moesia In e io
and seem o be e y popula a he local households, hese being he Fine ed -slipped wa e
pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched im (1–10), pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched and ounded
im (16–27), hemisphe ical bowls (69–83), langed bowls (85–92), and he wo handled cups
(138–143). All o hese ep esen ed he mos equen shapes made in Fine ed -slipped wa e
ound a Yu a -S oyno. These, bu also o he shapes o he named ine and coa se wa es
ind good pa allels among he egional p oduc s, which migh be linked o speci ic kiln si es
known in he a ea (see Tab.1, Map 4). Based on he ab ic / wa e simila i y, o he she ds, o
less known shapes, we e g ouped unde he speci ic wa e.
Whe e he wo kshop(s) p o iding o Yu a -S oyno we e loca ed is impossible o say a
his poin . I also emains amys e y as o whe he he same essel shapes made in di e en
wa es we e p oduced a one p oduc ion cen e / a ea o a di e en p oduc ion cen es /
a eas. This ela es o he Fine ed -slipped wa e pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched im (1–10)
which we e also ound in he Mo led wa e (285–288) and he G ey wa e (251); o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched and ounded im (16–27), ound as well in
he Mo led wa e (290–291); and he hemisphe ical deco a ed bowls o he Fine ed -slipped
wa e (101–104) wi h e y simila p oduc s execu ed also in he Mo led wa e (293–295). The
highes simila i y o shapes made in di e en wa es is howe e he mos appa en o he
Fine ed -slipped wa e and he G ey wa e, whe e we can ei he ind he same o ms– such as
he hemisphe ical pla es and bowls (c . 47–50, 59–62, 69–83 × 235–242, 260–262) o exac ly
he same shapes o di e en o ms (c . 39–40 × 248; 64 × 245; 66 × 246; 105–110 × 263; 1–10 × 251).
This simila i y seems o suppo he al eady suspec ed p oduc ion o he same shapes o
essels wi h di e en su ace ea men s and colou s, known om some o he in es iga ed
p oduc ion cen es, such as om Va bo ski li adi nea Pa likeni. In ou po e y assemblage,
his phenomenon o mu ual shape simila i y ela es o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, he G ey
wa e and he Mo led wa e.
The e ha e been e y ew inds o he G ey wa e po e y so a iden i ied in eas e n Bul-
ga ia. Consequen ly, he p oduc ion cen e was assumed o be loca ed in wes e n Bulga ia
whe e he inds we e concen a ed. Despi e he small p opo ion o he G ey wa e in he whole
assemblage (2%), we a e s ill alking abou 548 she ds (Tab.2), which is no inconside able
amoun . Consequen ly, we may sugges i was also p oduced locally in eas e n Bulga ia, likely
64 Also o au ili a ian unc ion.
134 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
as aside p oduc o he ed -slipped wa e which o he wise comple ely domina ed he local
able wa e ma ke .
Coa se cooking wa e
Coa se cooking wa e ound a Yu a -S oyno consis s o wheel made (349–434, 443–444) and
handmade (445–476) essels. Coun ing all he diagnos ic agmen s om he co e exca a ion
assemblage (i.e. excluding body agmen s), coa se wheel made is ep esen ed by 519 gs.
while handmade po e y by 74 gs. (Tab.4), making i in pe cen age e ms 87.5% o 12.5%.
The much less ep esen ed handmade po e y (445–476) consis s o simple po s o low
mo phological a iabili y wi h wo main ab ics, g ani ic (445–459) and dio i ic (460–475).
The o ms a e based on Th acian po e y common o he a ea since he beginning o he Ea ly
I on Age, s ill in use du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod. The wo ab ics a e e y dis inc i e,
and hey clea ly e e o a leas wo di e en p oduc ion cen es, loca ed in geologically di-
e se a eas. The wa e is ch onologically unsensi i e, p oduced in unchanged shapes om he
beginning o he Roman Impe ial pe iod ill he mid-5 h c. AD, when i is p esumably eplaced
by di e en handmade po e y o o eign o igin.
The dominan coa se wa e is ep esen ed by wheel made essels o Coa se cooking wa e
(349–434, 443–444), mainly including di e en shapes o po s (361–412), wi h much less ep e-
sen ed casse oles (349–357) and ying pans (358–360). Lids (413–433) make up 8.5% o all he
coa se wheel made po e y. Many shapes, including all he h ee main po e y o ms, migh
be ound in egional p oduc ion, many o which ind pa allels especially in he p oduc ion
cen e in Ka ano o, nea No a Zago a. As in he case o he egional ine wa e, he ab ic was
aken as he main ac o o g ouping, e en in he case o she ds wi h unknown mo phological
pa allels in he egional p oduc ion.
The wheel made coa se wa e p o ed o me he mos di icul o inding i ing pa allels
o , as many shapes pe sis om he Roman Impe ial pe iod ill La e An iqui y, consequen ly,
only a ew she ds could be da ed mo e closely. The ab ic seems o pe sis as well, as no majo
di e ences in i s composi ion we e no ed. Only in he case o she ds 443–444, da ed based
on he shape o La e An iqui y, he body hickness was aken in o conside a ion and hese
she ds, isibly hinne han he es o he wa e, we e sepa a ed om he Coa se cooking
wa e. O he wise, in hand specimen, hei ab ic seems he be he same.
IMPORTED POTTERY
In o al, abou 120 diagnos ic agmen s ela ing o long dis ance impo we e iden i ied a
Yu a -S oyno. These consis o 115 MNI,65 including 46 MNI o ine able wa es, eigh MNI
o coa se cooking wa es, and 62 MNI o anspo ampho ae (see Appendix – Summa y
ca alogue).
Fine able wa e
The impo ed ine able wa e is compound o 50 agmen s which ep esen 46 MNI.66 The big-
ges pa , 22 MNI, is made up by he hin -walled wa e– ei he by he Thin -walled ed -slipped
wa e (13 gs.), o Th acian hin -walled wa e (7 gs.). These a e mos ly ep esen ed by cups
(14 gs.), wi h a ew beake s (2 gs.), bowls (2 gs.) and ajug. We may also add o hese he
wo Knidian g ey wa e essels, abowl and ajug, as hese we e also p oduced wi h hin -walls,
65 Minimum numbe o indi iduals.
66 Body agmen s 304–307 a e o one essel, so a e he base agmen s 347–348.
135POTTERY OUT OF THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
especially he bowl 315. Vessels made in he hin -walled wa e a e equen ly connec ed wi h
eas ing, especially wi h d inking, which is a ole we may also expec o ou assemblage.
All hese 22 agmen s ep esen possibly he ea lies ine -wa e impo o he si e o Yu a-
-S oyno, wi h hei expo da ed al eady om he second hal o he 1s c. AD. The ed -slipped
hin -walled wa e ound in Yu a -S oyno seems o be p oduced in he Eas e n Aegean, likely
in Knidos (315–321) and he Pe gamon egion (322–329). The p oduc ion o he Th acian hin-
-walled wa e (330–336) is connec ed wi h he no he n Aegean, speci ically wi h he a ea o
Ainos, loca ed in he es ua y o he Ma i sa Ri e .
Ano he wo majo ine able wa es in he assemblage a e he nine agmen s (6 MNI) o
Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C (299–307) and he six o se en agmen s o Pon ic sigilla a
A(308–314). All o hese a e ep esen ed by bowls, apa om one, a agmen o apla e 313,
which is, in e ms o i s ab ic, simila o Pon ic sigilla a A, al hough such ashape has no ye
been a es ed in his wa e.
Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C was p oduced in he Eas e n Aegean, in as ip o land
s e ching om he a ea o Pe gamon o Çanda lı. The o ms a es ed a Yu a -S oyno (H3–H5)
migh be da ed om he end o he 1s c. ill he mid-3 d c. AD, H5 e en o he beginning o he
4 h c. AD. P oduc ion cen es o Pon ic sigilla a Aa e expec ed o be loca ed in he No he n
Black Sea a ea, likely in he C imea, ac i e since he mid-1s c. ill he 3 d c. AD. This wa e is
especially in e es ing o ou a ea as i sha es some essel shapes wi h he egional Th acian
and Moesian p oduc ion, he bes example being Zhu a le ’sFo m 1, ou langed bowls made
in Fine ed -slipped wa e (he e 85–92).
The emaining impo ed ine wa es consis o wo bowls o e y speci ic shape and ab-
ic, possibly o Colou coa ed wa e (340–341), al hough hei classi ica ion is no comple ely
secu e. Based on shape pa allels hey migh be da ed o he beginning– i s hal o he 2nd c.
AD. The es o he impo is mos ly unsecu e– hese a e agmen s o speci ic ab ics, wi h
no eliable classi ica ion (337–339, 342–348). The only excep ion is he base agmen 344
wi h palma e b unch imp in s, simila o No h A ican p oduc ion o he 4 h–5 h c. AD. We
do, ac ually, ha e wo agmen s o No h A ican anspo ampho ae a he si e which a e
da ed acco dingly (533–534); consequen ly, i is possible he pla e could ha e been b ough o
Yu a -S oyno oge he wi h he anspo ampho ae.
The essel mo phology o secu ely impo ed wa es is somehow limi ed in compa ison o
egionally p oduced ones. The impo ed essels include 20 bowls, 14 cups, 2 pla es, 2 beake s,
2 jugs, and possibly one lid handle.67 Besides he wo jugs, hese a e mos ly small essels o
epe i i e shapes. In he egional p oduc ion, we may ind all o he abo e -men ioned o ms,
as well as bigge essels including able ampho ae, k a e s, and basins. The only wa e, which
could no ha e been p oduced egionally, is he hin -walled we e, whose p oduc ion has no
ye been a es ed a any o he known Th acian and Moesia In e io kiln si es.68 O he wise,
he egional p oduc ion seems o co e all he necessa y ablewa e possibly needed by he
se lemen inhabi an s.
67 Ido no coun he nine she ds o unsecu ed impo : 337–339, 342–343, 347–348.
68 The Th acian hin -walled wa e is asepa a ed ca ego y. Being loca ed di ec ly on he Aegean coas
in he G eek– Hellenis ic en i onmen , close o he di ec in luence o he wes e n impo , Ido
no pe cei e i , no coun i , among he Th acian and Moesia In e io p oduc ion cen es, which a e
loca ed deep inland, p oducing epe i i e shapes o he ed -slipped able wa e and coa se cooking
wa e, common a he local se lemen s and nec opolises.
142 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
ROMAN IMPERIAL PERIOD
Pu ing oge he he in o ma ion gained by combined ypes o he impo ed po e y ound a
Yu a -S oyno, we may ace he po e y o i s app oxima e a ea o o igin. Du ing he Roman
Impe ial pe iod he main sou ce o po e y was loca ed in he Eas e n Aegean, om whe e
abou 69% o all impo comes. Two main a eas migh be de ec ed. The i s one is ep esen -
ed by as ip o land abou 135 km long s e ching om he Pe gamon o he Ephesus egion,
including Pe gamon, Çanda lı, Phocaea, E y h ae, Chios Island, Ephesus and he Maean-
de Valley; we may possibly also include Samos Island, loca ed u he sou h. F om his a ea,
we ha e a es ed impo o ine able wa es– Thin -walled ed -slipped wa e (322–329) and
Çanda lı wa e / ESC (299–307), possibly also coa se cooking wa e (438–439), and anspo
ampho ae– he main body o D essel 24 ampho ae (477–492), he ampho ae wi h micaceous
ab ic (519–521), and pe haps some o he Kapi än II ampho ae. The second a ea, which is less
ep esen ed, is loca ed u he sou h, delimi ed by he islands o Kos and Rhodes wi h Knidos
in he middle. F om he e, we ha e a es ed he Knidian g ey wa e (315–316), he Thin -walled
ed -slipped wa e (317–321), anspo ampho ae o he Rhodian and Koan adi ions (511–514),
and pe haps also some o he Kapi än II ampho ae.
Mo e essels a e o an Aegean o igin, such as he Th acian hin -walled wa e (330–336) com
-
ing om i s no he n coas ; he cooking wa e (435–441) and he anspo ampho ae (517–518,
Map 6: Map depic ing he places and a eas o he impo ed po e y o igin da ed o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod. Two clus e s in he Eas e n Aegean migh be no ed– one a ound Phocaea, ano‑
he one mo e o he sou h in aline Kos– Knidos– Rhodes. Fo p oduc ion o Pon ic sigilla a Aand
No h A ican ampho ae bigge a ea han ep esen ed on he map by he do needs o be expec ed.

143IMPORTED POTTERY OVER TIME
522–523) which canno be mo e closely loca ed. These add ano he ca. 15% o he Aegean o igin,
c ea ing al oge he 83% o all he impo s iden i ied a he se lemen o Yu a -S oyno du ing
he Roman Impe ial pe iod o igina ing om he Aegean a ea. To ha , we may add abou 3%
o ampho ae om he Eas e n Medi e anean.
Much less subs i u ed a e he she ds om he Black Sea a ea and No h A ica, wi h he
la e ep esen ed by one anspo ampho a she d only (535), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. Re-
ga ding he Black Sea a ea, he ed -slipped ine wa es migh be aced o i s no he n pa
(Pon ic sigilla a A, 308–314), while he anspo ampho ae we e o asou he n, possibly also
eas e n (527, 531–532) o igin. Sinopean ampho ae (525, 527–528) a e he mos ep esen ed,
wi h asingle she d om He aclea Pon ica (530). The Black Sea a ea du ing he Roman Im-
pe ial pe iod is ep esen ed by 12.5% o he impo s; 8% is ine wa e om he no h, 4.5% a e
anspo ampho ae om he sou h.
LATE ANTIQUITY
Impo s da ed o he La e An iqui y (5
h
–6
h
c. AD) a e much less ep esen ed a Yu a -S oyno,
al oge he by 8 MNI. The e is only one agmen o ine ed -slipped wa e (344) while he es
a e anspo ampho ae. Rega ding he Eas e n Aegean a ea, he e a e only wo agmen s
o Ephesus 56 (520–521), u he , one agmen possibly o Ago a M273 (515) om he Eas e n
Map 7: Map depic ing he places and a eas o he impo ed po e y o igin da ed o La e An iqui y.
In he Eas e n Aegean i is he coas al a ea be ween Pe gamon and Ephesus.
144 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Medi e anean. All h ee o hem da ed om he mid-4 h c. AD ei he o he 6 h c. AD (515) o o
he 7 h c. AD (520–521). F om he Black Sea a ea, wo Sinopean ampho ae migh be iden i ied,
529, i co ec ly classi ied as aca o ampho a, da ed om he 4 h o 5 h c. AD, and 524, da ed
o he 6 h–7 h c. AD.
F om No h A ica, we ha e wo anspo ampho ae, da ed o he 5 h–6 h c. AD (533), and
o he 5 h–7 h c. AD (534). The agmen o he ine ed -slipped wa e is da ed o he 4 h–5 h c. AD
and i ep esen s he only agmen o A ican po e y o he han ampho ae ound a he
se lemen . I migh ha e been b ough as aside p oduc o he ampho ae shipmen .
Many o he agmen s migh be da ed om he 4 h c. AD and as such s ill b ough o he
si e du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod. The e a e only h ee agmen s which a e uniquely
da ed o he La e An iqui y, he Sinopean (524) and A ican (533–534) ampho ae. Howe e , i
we accep he la e ch onology o he eigh she ds, he p opo ions o impo a e as ollows:
Eas e n Aegean 25%, Eas e n Medi e anean 12.5%, sou he n Black Sea 25%, and No h A ica
37.5%.
145
Concluding ema ks on he po e y s udies om
Yu a ‑S oyno
In he s yle o he i s olume, Iwould like o add some in o ma ion o he esul s o he Yu a-
-S oyno A chaeological P ojec based on he po e y s udies, ela ed mos ly o i s ch onology
and in e connec ion wi h he es o he Roman wo ld.
The po e y assemblage yielded ahuge amoun (ca. 98.5% o he whole) o he egionally
p oduced ine able wa es and coa se cooking wa es, wi h pa allels aceable a he p oduc ion
cen es in Th ace and Moesia In e io , he majo i y da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, wi h an ex ension
o he 4 h c. AD. Du ing he same pe iod, we may no ice he main body o he impo ed po e y
accumula ing a he se lemen , mos ly da ed ill he end o he 3 d c. AD, wi h a ew o ms
con inuing ill he 4 h c. AD. The mos in e es ing hing is, howe e , he ea ly ho izon o he
impo ed ine able wa es, da ed al eady om he second hal o he 1s c. AD. Fo his pe iod,
he e a e no secu ely da ed kilns in he lands o he wo p o inces, and i makes us wonde
i hese could ha e se ed as he i s able essels used a he se lemen , be o e hey we e
eplaced by he egional p oduc ion, iche in shapes and essel a iabili y. Un o una ely,
ou po e y does no come om s a i ied con ex s, and we also need o admi apossible la -
e o igin o hese agmen s. O he wise, he impo s do no seem o b ing many inno a i e
wa es, apa om one, he hin -walled wa e, whose p oduc ion has no ye been a es ed in
he egion, which migh explain i s abundancy a he se lemen (48%)71 in compa ison o he
o he impo ed able wa es.
The i s impo s o anspo ampho ae a e also connec ed o he ea ly Roman pe iod, wi h
he i s agmen s a ibu ed o he ime ange o he 1s c. BC– 1s c. AD. The bigges body o
ampho ae inds migh hen be da ed om he mid-1s c. AD o he mid-3 d c. AD, wi h possible
con inua ion ill he 4 h c. AD. We may no e by now he epe i i e ch onology, con i ming ou
p e ious s udies on he egionally made po e y, impo ed po e y and he small inds and o h-
e ma e ials p ocessed wi hin he p e ious olume, pu ing he peak pe iod o he se lemen
o he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD, wi h some possible ac i i ies aking place al eady in he second hal o he
1s c. AD and, ce ainly, in he 4 h c. AD. Du ing he peak pe iod, we may no e as ong ie wi h
he Aegean a ea, especially wi h he Eas e n Aegean coas and islands, whe e he majo i y
o he able wa es, cooking wa es and ampho ae o igina ed. We may connec ha a ea wi h
he majo supplie s o Yu a -S oyno, p o iding i wi h wine and oli e oil, pe haps also wi h
a e essels, which migh ha e been b ough o he se lemen alongside he ampho ae. A
he same ime, much less ep esen ed impo s come om he No he n and Sou he n Black
Sea a ea and om No h A ica.
As we ha e also seen in connec ion wi h he o he ma e ial s udies, i ems da ed o he
La e An iqui y migh also be iden i ied a he se lemen , howe e , in much smalle amoun s.
Rega ding po e y, hese a e especially agmen s o anspo ampho ae, o igina ing on he
Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean, Sou he n Black Sea coas and No h A ica. Thei
amoun is small, bu almos equal, no poin ing o any p e e ed a ea o impo a ha ime.
Thei me e p esence, howe e , a es o limi ed se lemen li e a Yu a -S oyno also in he
La e An iqui y.
71 22 MNI / 46 MNI o all impo ed ine wa e.
147
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