The Yurta-Stroyno Archaeological Project. The Pottery Studies
Abstract
This is the second volume of the final studies related to the Yurta-Stroyno Archaeological Project, which investigated a Roman rural settlement located along the middle stream of the Tundzha River, in south-eastern Bulgaria (the Roman province of Thrace). It is fully focused on the pottery materiál found during the excavation and surface survey, mostly dated to the Roman Imperial period.
Full text
ISBN 978–80–7671–110–5
THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT The Po e y S udiesPe a Tušlo á
Pe a Tušlo á
THE YURTA-STROYNO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT
The Po e y S udies
This is he second olume o he inal s udies e-
la ed o he Yu a-S oyno A chaeological P ojec ,
which in es iga ed a Roman u al se lemen loca -
ed along he middle s eam o he Tundzha Ri e ,
in sou h-eas e n Bulga ia ( he Roman p o ince o
Th ace). I is ully ocused on he po e y ma e i-
al ound du ing he exca a ion and su ace su ey,
mos ly da ed o he Roman Impe ial pe iod.
Pe a Tušlo á An assis an p o esso a he Ins i-
u e o Classical A chaeology a Cha les Uni e si y
in P ague. She has been wo king on di e en a chae-
ological p ojec s in he Balkan peninsula since 2008
including Bulga ia, No h Macedonia, and Romania.
He main in e es s lie in he Roman and La e An ique
Th ace, wi h a special ocus on po e y, ce amic ech-
nology and pe og aphy.
pe a. uslo a@ .cuni.cz.
ISBN 978–80–7671–110–5
THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT The Po e y S udiesPe a Tušlo á
Pe a Tušlo á
THE YURTA-STROYNO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT
The Po e y S udies
This is he second olume o he inal s udies e-
la ed o he Yu a-S oyno A chaeological P ojec ,
which in es iga ed a Roman u al se lemen loca -
ed along he middle s eam o he Tundzha Ri e ,
in sou h-eas e n Bulga ia ( he Roman p o ince o
Th ace). I is ully ocused on he po e y ma e i-
al ound du ing he exca a ion and su ace su ey,
mos ly da ed o he Roman Impe ial pe iod.
Pe a Tušlo á An assis an p o esso a he Ins i-
u e o Classical A chaeology a Cha les Uni e si y
in P ague. She has been wo king on di e en a chae-
ological p ojec s in he Balkan peninsula since 2008
including Bulga ia, No h Macedonia, and Romania.
He main in e es s lie in he Roman and La e An ique
Th ace, wi h a special ocus on po e y, ce amic ech-
nology and pe og aphy.
pe a. uslo a@ .cuni.cz.
S udia He cynia, monog aphs 3
Pe a Tušlo á
THE YURTA-STROYNO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT
The Po e y S udies
S udia He cynia, monog aphs 3
Pe a Tušlo á: The Yu a-S oyno A chaeological P ojec . The Po e y S udies.
P oo eading
Judd Bu den
F on co e : Two handled cup ound a Yu a-S oyno da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
This wo k was suppo ed by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund p ojec “C ea i i y and Adap abili y
as Condi ions o he Success o Eu ope in an In e ela ed Wo ld” ( eg. no.: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000734)
implemen ed a Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s. The p ojec is ca ied ou unde he ERDF Call
“Excellen Resea ch” and i s ou pu is aimed a employees o esea ch o ganiza ions and Ph.D. s uden s.
Exchange: Ins i u e o Classical A chaeology, Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y, Cele ná 20, 110 00, P aha 1,
Czech Republic
Subsc ip ion: Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s, Publishing House, nám. Jana Palacha 2, 116 38, P aha 1,
Czech Republic (books@ .cuni.cz)
Publishe : Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s, nám. Jana Palacha 2, 116 38 P aha 1, Czech Republic
P in ed by Togga P ague
©Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s, 2023
ISBN 978-80-7671-110-5 (p in )
ISBN 978-80-7671-111-2 (online : pd )
Con en s
P e ace — 9
Sho in oduc ion o Yu a-S oyno — 11
The po e y assemblage — 13
Fine able wa e — 23
Fine ed-slipped wa e — 24
Common ed-slipped wa e — 46
G ey wa e — 49
Yellow chalky wa e — 55
Mo led / Ma bled wa e — 56
Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C — 59
Pon ic sigilla a A — 61
Knidian g ey wa e — 63
Thin-walled ed-slipped wa e — 64
Th acian hin-walled wa e — 67
Miscellaneous ine wa es — 68
Wheel made cooking wa e — 71
Coa se cooking wa e — 71
Golden mica wa e — 81
Miscellaneous coa se wa es — 83
Handmade cooking wa e — 85
G ani ic wa e — 87
Dio i ic wa e — 88
Miscellaneous handmade po e y — 89
T anspo ampho ae — 91
Eas e n Aegean and Eas e n Medi e anean ampho ae — 92
Black Sea ampho ae — 113
A ican ampho ae — 118
Miscellaneous ampho ae — 120
Po e y in he con ex o Yu a-S oyno — 123
Po e y ou o he con ex o Yu a-S oyno — 133
Impo ed po e y o e ime — 141
Concluding ema ks on he po e y s udies om Yu a-S oyno — 145
Bibliog aphy — 147
Appendix I – Summa y ca alogue — 158
Appendix II – Figu es — 193
Appendix III – Pla es — 225
To my amily.
Thank you o you suppo , unde s anding and lo e.
14 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Map 2: O hopho o o he exca a ed house, si ua ion a he end o he season 2016, wi h ma ked
numbe s o indi idual ooms and loca ions o he co e con ex s used o po e y s a is ics.
POTTERY FROM THE HOUSE
[SU001] is anumbe h oughou he si e used o he soil exca a ed by he easu e hun e s.
In connec ion wi h hese h ee ooms, i con ains all he ma e ial ound in Rooms A, B and C,
as hey we e exca a ed by he loo e s a ound he same ime and illed back in wi h he same
soil. I is clea ly isible om he sec ions, ha he enches we e dug i s along he pe ime-
e walls o he house and hen he in e io was iden i ied and u he exca a ed, bu no he
ex e io , which was le un ouched.
This se o inds om Rooms A, B and C is delimi ed o he no h and sou h by he oun-
da ion walls, o he eas by Room D and he wes e n pa ends unde abig ee nex o he
De eo man Ri e . I was chosen as asample ep esen ing, p esumably, he house in en o y
as he ind assemblage om inside he ooms also included oo iles o low agmen a ion
sugges ing he house, be o e he loo e s’ in e en ion, was sealed by he oo op allou . The
a e age dimensions o Room B and C a e 4.90 × 4.80 m; o Room Aca. 2 × 4.80 m, as he oom
was no ully exca a ed due o he na u al condi ions ( he ee and he i e ). The exca a ion
dep h eached o 70–80 cm.
15THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
POTTERY FROM THE DITCHES
Th ee ills o di ches we e ound inside he house co e ed by he easu e hun e s’ soil [SU001].
5
They we e dug in o ayellow sandy laye [SU007]– p esumably i gin soil– and missed by he
la es obbe ’sin e en ion as hey all showed up a he conside able dep h o 70–80 cm om
he g ound. In Room B we ound ill [SU021], in Room C ills [SU008] and [SU057]. Since hey
we e made be o e he (a leas he mos ecen ) easu e hun e s’ di ches,6 and as such hey
p ese ed some kind o closed con ex , hey we e included in he ep esen a i e assemblage
o po e y inds. Fill [SU021] also con ained po e y o lowe agmen a ion han he es o
he assemblage (Tab.3 a he page 124) poin ing o i s a he p ima y deposi ion.
[SU008] is a ill o adi ch in Room C o asimila cha ac e o [SU021] placed in Room B, bu
i is bigge (145 × 105 cm) and deepe (65 cm). Among he di e se po e y classes, se e al ag-
men s o D essel 24 amily and Kapi än II ampho ae we e unco e ed (507, 510). F om he small
inds, he mos in e es ing is he ma ble head o abea ded man b oken o asmall s a ue e
(Minaříko á 2022, ab.1:1); h ee blue glass beads, wo hexagonal, o he same ype as ound
in [SU021] (Čisťako a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:2–3), and one bead o ounded o m
(Čisťako a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:8). Fu he , acomple e bone pin (Minaříko á
2022, ab.1:8); one ed -s one bead and many i on nails om a oo cons uc ion as well as
om adoo deco a ion we e ound.
[SU021] is a ill o adi ch ound in Room B. I has he dimensions o 70 × 45 cm, and adep h o
abou 20 cm. I was loca ed nex o ag own ben ee which likely p e en ed illegal exca a-
ions on he spo . The di ch was ich in inds, ea u ing amix u e o di e en po e y classes,
including agmen s o D essel 24 amily ampho ae. Se e al o he po e y agmen s had
ancien b eaks which joined oge he . Besides he po e y, se e al in e es ing agmen s o
lamps we e ound he e (F ece 2022, ab.1:1, 6–8, 20); one blue hexagonal glass bead (Čisťak-
o a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:1); one space bobbin (Weisso á 2022, ig. 4:26); and
se e al i on nails om a oo cons uc ion and adoo deco a ion.
[SU057] is a ill o adi ch loca ed in he no he n pa o Room C, di ec ly nex o he oun-
da ion wall. I s uppe dimensions we e 1.4 × 1.1 m. The ill con ained a1.2 m deep deposi ull
o cha coal and wi h some bu ned agmen s o essels. Among he po e y inds a e iny
agmen s o ine wa e and cooking wa e, o en e y agmen ed wi h ancien b eaks joining
oge he , such as in he case o a ying pan econs uc ed ou o 11 small pieces (442) o o
aclay unguen a ium base, pu oge he ou o i e agmen s (283). Among he small inds we
may ind one clay oken made om aD essel 24 amily ampho a; one hexagonal glass bead
(Čisťako a– Zlámalo á Cílo á 2022, ab.6:4); wo wo ked bones (Minaříko á 2022, ab.1:11,
13); and se e al i on nails om a oo and doo deco a ion. Besides he o he inds, acoin o
Ioulia Domna min ed in Anchialos be ween AD 193–217 was e ie ed (Heřmánko á 2022b,
no. 6, ab.1). The high amoun o cha coal, many iny agmen s o mo a , se e al pieces o
5 Fo alis o he con ex s, hei desc ip ion and loca ion wi hin he exca a ed a ea see ab.1 and
ab.2 in Tušlo á– Weisso á– Baka dzhie 2022.
6 I is impossible o say when hese di ches we e dug, i could be om An iqui y un il qui e ecen ly
as he se lemen is locally well -known and i s loo ing migh ha e s a ed along ime ago. Conse-
quen ly, we could be dealing he e wi h old easu e hun e s’ enches which we e qui e ecen ly
ex ended by new ones.
16 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
mud b icks and e y agmen ed po e y gi e adi e en cha ac e o his ill compa ed o
[SU008] and [SU021], as i seems o be connec ed o ades uc ion.
POTTERY FROM THE COURTYARD
The le elling laye s Iand II ma k he a ea ou side he house o he no h, whe e he ele a ion
/ d ainage laye was placed. I was loca ed below ca. 50 cm o ada k b own opsoil, and i con-
sis s o a35–40 cm hick g ey laye illed wi h he e ogenous a chaeological ma e ial and s ones,
es ing on he yellow sandy laye [SU007], he i gin soil. The dimensions o bo h exca a ed
enches we e 2.5 × 2.5 m. The le elling laye Iwas exca a ed in he yea 2015 comple ely o
he s e ile soil and b ough abou many in e es ing inds. Consequen ly, in he yea 2016 one
mo e ench was added di ec ly o he no h o he i s one, ma ked as he le elling laye
II, loca ed in a ench 100E_110N SE. The la e laye was no comple ely exca a ed (abou ca.
10 cm o aha d, s ony su ace s ayed in si u). This laye ea u es a a lowe amoun o ma e-
ial han he p e ious one, pa ly because o i no being ully exca a ed, bu also, he e was
less ma e ial in gene al. These wo laye s– le elling Iand II– a e a ep esen a i e sample o
he ou e (ou side o he house) ma e ial. Fo he small inds ound in hese wo enches see
Tušlo á– Weisso á– Baka dzhie 2022, 43.
SURFACE SURVEY
In 2009, an in ensi e ield su ey conduc ed by he Tundzha Regional A chaeological P ojec
iden i ied 31 hec a es wi h a aised amoun o su ace ma e ial which could be associa ed wi h
he se lemen . F om hese, h ee hec a es o he highes concen a ion o inds we e iden i ied
as he se lemen co e (Ilie e al. 2012, 21–22; Rosse al. eds. 2018; si e 6018). The co e a ea
o he se lemen is loca ed di ec ly along he De eo man Ri e , cu en ly no cul i a ed and
co e ed by dense ege a ion and bushes.
While exca a ing a he sou h -wes e n co ne o he si e, he co e a ea was occasion-
ally walked, and andom objec s and in e es ing pieces o po e y we e ound. These small
disco e ies led o ano he su ace su ey being conduc ed in 2016, di iding he co e a ea
in o squa es o 20 × 20 m and smalle sec o s o 10 × 10 m. The 20 × 20 m squa es di ided in o
smalle 10 × 10 m sec o s we e placed ac oss he co e o he si e in he shape o ac oss -sec ion
and su eyed using he me hod o o al pick -ups. The es o he squa es co e ing he co e
se lemen we e in ensi ely o ex ensi ely su eyed, depending on he densi y o he su ace
ege a ion (Map 3). As a esul , s a is ical da a ega ding he po e y amoun a e a ailable
om he 32 squa es (8 × 4– NE, NW, SE, SW) o he o al pick -ups.7 Also, we gained an o e iew
o he po e y sp ead a ound he whole co e a ea o he se lemen . Fo mo e in o ma ion
ega ding he su ace su ey see he ela ed epo s (Tušlo á– Weisso á– Baka dzhie
2017; Weisso á– Tušlo á– Baka dzhie 2022).
7 Fo he po e y o e iew able see ab.1 a Weisso á– Tušlo á– Baka dzhie 2022 on he page 59.
17THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
POTTERY SELECTION
The exca a ed ma e ial om he abo e -desc ibed a eas c ea ed he main co e o he po e y
ma e ial included in his publica ion. The su ace su ey po e y and he ma e ial om he
o he exca a ed a eas we e howe e also consul ed and a e po e y agmen s we e looked o .
All agmen s o a e shape and / o wa e we e selec ed om he whole po e y assemblage,
including he impo ed ed -slipped wa e(s), all he g ey wa e(s), agmen s o coa se cooking
wa e(s) and handmade po e y; also, all diagnos ic agmen s o anspo ampho ae we e
aken ou o he inding con ex s and p ocessed wi hin he amewo k o his book. B ie ly
s a ed, aselec ion o a iable shapes execu ed in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, domina ing he
whole po e y assemblage, was made mainly om he co e con ex s, while he es o he
wa e was looked o in he whole assemblage. The aim was o make aselec ion o he mos
common po e y shapes made in he mos common wa es, as well as o cap u e he a iabili y
o he wa es and anspo ampho ae p esen a he whole se lemen . Due o he amoun o
he po e y ma e ial, he bulk po e y s a is ic was limi ed o dominan wa es ( ed -slipped
wa e, g ey wa e, coa se cooking wa e, handmade po e y and anspo ampho ae; see Tabs.
2–4 on pages 123–125).
Map 3: The g id o polygons laid o e he co e o he Yu a ‑S oyno se lemen wi h ma ked a eas
o di e en ypes o su ace co e which e lec ed in applied su ey me hod; in he sou h ‑wes e n
co ne is depic ed he exca a ed a ea (map by B. Weisso á).
18 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Rega ding he denomina ion o he exca a ed po e y agmen s, hey keep hei in en o y
numbe , which s a s wi h he yea hey we e exca a ed (SY14_xxx, SY15_xxx, SY16_xxx), o
p ocessed (e.g. SY17_xxx); always s a ing wi h 001 (i.e. SY14_001). Po e y om he su ace
su ey kep he yea , he iden i ica ion o a20 × 20 m squa e whe e i was ound, i s smalle
10 × 10 m sec o named based on he ca dinal di ec ions (i di ided), and he se ial numbe o
he she d. To gi e an example, SY16_J13_SE_001 is yea 2016, squa e J13 and i s sou h -eas e n
sec o , he i s documen ed she d– as in each sec o – s a ing wi h 001.
POTTERY DIVISION
The household po e y assemblage was di ided by wa es in o main g oups o ine able wa e,
wheel made cooking wa e and handmade cooking wa e.8 These g oups also e lec he unc-
ional ca ego ies o he po e y– able essels and cooking essels. The able essels we e made
o a ine ab ic, o en co e ed by aslip, ei he made in aligh – yellow o ed– o da k– g ey
o black– colou . These we e used p ima ily o ea ing and d inking. The cooking and ood
p epa a ion essels we e mos ly made in acoa se sandy ab ic, used o wi hs and high em-
pe a u es. These include bo h wheel made and handmade essels o di e en ab ics. The e
is also one excep ion, he ed -slipped wa e s aine s (215–218) used in he ki chen and made
in he same ab ic as he able wa e.
Some essels migh be mul i unc ional, e.g., essels o ood p epa a ion migh also be
used o ood se ing, bo h able and cooking essels migh play he ole o s o age con aine s,
e c. Consequen ly, he a ibu ion o aspeci ic essel o a unc ional ca ego y should no be
iewed as i s only possible use, bu a he as i s p obable p ima y unc ion.9
A u he di ision o he po e y assemblage ega ds he o m and shape o indi idual
essels wi hin hei g oup, meaning we migh ha e asimila o m / shape o apo in able
essels as well as in cooking essels, howe e , bo h a e o a ied unc ion10 and wa e.
T anspo ampho ae c ea e ano he majo g oup o essels, in ended o liquids and ood
shipmen , ep esen ing he main sou ce o in o ma ion ega ding an impo . These we e
p ocessed sepa a ely in g oups ela ing o hei ype o place o p oduc ion, and each was
gi en ade ailed ab ic and ype desc ip ion.
POTTERY DESCRIPTION
The desc ip i e pa o he po e y she ds including he ab ic cha ac e isa ion ollows he
manual Po e y in A chaeology published by O on, Ty es and Vince (1993). Mos o en I e-
e o he Inclusion so ing cha showing he di e ence among he ine and coa se ac ion o
he ab ic, anging om e y poo (1) o e y good (5); and o he Pe cen age es ima ion cha
ega ding he amoun o all he inclusions (O on– Ty es– Vince 1993, igs. A.4, A.6). Fo
exp essing he app oxima e equency o indi idual inclusions, he ollowing labels a e used:
8 The s uc u e o he ex was inspi ed by Billu Tekkök -Biçken’sdisse a ion on he Hellenis ic
and Roman Po e y om T oia (Tekkök -Biçken 1996), And ea Be lin’swo k on he plain wa es
om Tel Ana a (Be lin 1997) and by a ecen ly published book on po e y om ancien Halasa na
(G igo opoulos 2021).
9 c . unc ional ca ego y in: h ps://www.le an inece amics.o g/glossa y.
10 e.g. ood se ing × ood p epa a ion.
19THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
p edominan (>70%), dominan (50–70%), equen (30–50%), common (15–30%), ew (5–15%),
e y ew (2–5%), and a e (0.5–2%) (Quinn 2022, 108). The colou iden i ica ion is based on
he Munsell Soil -Colo Cha s (2009).
Cu en ly, pe og aphic and chemical analyses o selec ed po e y a e being unde aken.
The chosen samples comp ise he mos ep esen ed ed -slipped and g ey wa es, coa se cooking
wa es and handmade po e y. Thei esul s ha e no ye been ully e alua ed, so hey ha e
no been included in his s udy, and hey will be published sepa a ely. Howe e , i is al eady
possible o gi e aname o some o he ab ics– such as G ani ic and Dio i ic wa es o he
handmade po e y, poin ing o hei main inclusions. We may also p elimina ily con i m he
mu ual ab ic simila i y o he Fine and Common ed -slipped wa es, he G ey wa e, and he
Coa se cooking wa e.
USED TERMINOLOGY
The e minology o he desc ip ions o he po e y essels used in he ex was mos ly aken
om Dic iona y o A i ac s (Kip e 2007), Encyclopedic Dic iona y o A chaeology (Kip e
2021) and he glossa y o he Le an ine Ce amic P ojec (LCP).11 As a esul , u he in he
ex , o m ega ds he gene al indica ion o a essel (e.g. pla e, bowl, cup; e c.); shape e e s
o aspeci ic appea ance / shaping o a essel (e.g. bowl wi h langed im) which migh how-
e e appea ac oss ime and cul u es; shape ype e e s o an open and closed shape o he
essel;12 ab ic e lec s he clay he po e y is composed o and amoun o inclusions wi hin
( ine × coa se ab ic) and wa e g oups she ds o asimila ab ic, body hickness, su ace ea -
men and echnology o p oduc ion. Se e al essels o he same shape, wa e and ch onology
c ea e a ype. The mos common essel o ms13 used in he ex a e b ie ly desc ibed in he
ollowing lis o speci y hei main appea ance and p ima y use:
Bowl = deep open shape essel wi hou handles; p ima y use: ood se ing / ea ing.
Casse ole = an open o closed shape essel wi h ca ina ed body and (mo e o less) ounded
bo om, ypically wi h wo handles; p ima y use: ood p epa a ion / se ing.
Cup = open o closed shape essel o smalle size wi h none, one o wo handles; p ima y use:
d inking om and pou ing liquids.
F ying pan = shallow open shape essel wi h la bo om and one handle; p ima y use: ood
p epa a ion / se ing.
Jug = deep closed shape essel wi h na ow moun and ahandle; p ima y use: holding and
pou ing liquids.
11 h ps://www.le an inece amics.o g/glossa y.
12 c . shape ype in LCP.
13 The majo i y o he p ocessed po e y is ep esen ed by agmen s no always allowing ap ecise
essel o m ecogni ion. The bigges p oblem is dis inguishing be ween hemisphe ical pla es and
bowls om a im agmen . A e se e al a emp s a awell -de ined di ision be ween he pla es
and dishes i is necessa y o admi ha he agmen a ion o he ma e ial is no sui able o such
an app oach and some smalle agmen s we e di ided a he in ui i ely.
20 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Jugle = deep closed shape essel wi h na ow moun and ahandle o small p opo ions;
p ima y use: holding and pou ing liquids.
K a e = la ge open essel wi h wide mou h / body and wo handles; p ima y use: holding
liquids, mixing, and se ing.
Pla e = shallow open shape essel; p ima y use: ood se ing / ea ing.
Po = closed shape essel, usually ound and deep, wi h none, one o mo e handles; p ima y
use: ood p epa a ion and s o age.
S aine = mos ly open shape essel o di e en o ms wi h pe o a ed body and bo om;
p ima y use: ood p epa a ion / liquid pu i ica ion.
Table ampho a = closed shape essel wi h na ow neck and mou h, wo handles and la
bo om; p ima y use: holding and pou ing liquids.
T anspo ampho a = closed shape essel o a ious dimensions and p opo ions, cha ac e -
is ically, bu no uniquely, wi h apoin ed bo om; p ima y use: ood / liquid anspo a ion.
T ay = open shape la pla e usually wi h aised edge; p ima y use: ca ying and holding
o he essels / i ems.
NOTES ON THE DRAWINGS AND PHOTOS
The po e y d awings in igu es we e escaled o he publica ion o 1:4; he pho os o sec-
ions in pla es we e enla ged by 300%, while he pho os o he she ds a e ou o scale. All he
measu emen s gi en in he ex , igu es, pla es, and ables a e in millime es i no s a ed
o he wise. Each she d has i s own numbe used in he ex , unde which i migh be ound
on he igu es, pla es, and ables.
The used pho os a e om he SAP a chi e, mos ly aken by Johana Tlus á/S ejskalo á, Pe a
Tušlo á and Do o hea Mildo á. The d awings we e made by he SAP eam, hei digi aliza ion
was ca ied ou by Vě a Doležálko á and Pe a Tušlo á. Map 3 was c ea ed by B. Weisso á;
he o he maps a e by he au ho .
NOTES ON THE USED CHRONOLOGY
Th ough he ex , ch onological sensi i e exp essions a e used, such as Roman Impe ial pe-
iod and La e An iqui y. The o me migh be used wi h wo di e en meanings, he i s one,
used con en ionally and gene ically, e e s o he 1s –4 h c. AD;14 he second one, in connec ion
o he egional po e y p oduc ion in inland Th ace and Moesia In e io , e e s o he 2nd–4 h
c. AD, as he local p oduc ion du ing he 1s c. AD has no ye been demons ably a es ed. The
exp ession La e An iqui y is used o he 5 h–6 h c. AD, wi h apossible ex ension o he 7 h c. AD.
14 I no u he speci ied in he ex .
21THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
In he summa y ca alogue a he end o he book, he ch onology migh be na owed o
essel shapes o well a es ed egional p oduc ion. On he o he hand, i he essel shape is
no well known, all he ange, gi en by he wide con ex s o he compa a i e ma e ial, is gi en.
Rega ding he egional po e y p oduc ion, se e al kiln si es wi h well documen ed and
published po e y a e e e ed o. Howe e , he e is cu en ly an ongoing discussion abou
he leng h o he egional p oduc ion, especially ega ding he majo p oduc ion cen es in
Moesia In e io – Va bo ski li adi nea Pa likeni, Bu o o and Ho ni sa. P oduc ion a hese
cen es was o iginally hough o ha e con inued un il a leas he 4 h c. AD (e.g. Sul o 1969;
1976; 1985; Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988), cu en ly, some esea che s would
p e e o see he end o hei p oduc ion by he end o he 2nd o mid-3 d c. AD (e.g. I ano
2019b; 2022; Ha izano 2019; 2020a). My aim is no o con ibu e o his discussion, bu o
use he da a o pu in o ach onological con ex , a leas app oxima ely, ou decon ex ualized
assemblage. A e conside a ion, Iha e decided o use he ex ended da a, also co e ing he
4 h c. AD, as he e a e mo e kilns in Th ace and Moesia In e io p oducing simila ly looking
wa es s ill ope a ing in he 4 h c. AD, such a e he kiln si es in His ia, Silis a and Ka ano o
(Tab.1). Fo each she d, Ialways men ion he p oduc ion si e on he basis o which he ch o-
nology was es ablished (i aceable), so i i is indeed p o en ha some o he kilns ceased
hei p oduc ion ea lie , i will be possible o modi y he ch onology acco dingly.
The ollowing 12 po e y p oduc ion si es loca ed in Th ace and Moesia In e io a e he ones
mos equen ly e e ed o in he ex . He e, Ip o ide hei loca ion, ch onological classi ica-
ion, and p ima y li e a u e ega ding he po e y assemblage om he kilns (Tab.1, Map. 3).
Tab.1: The main cen es o he Roman Impe ial pe iod po e y p oduc ion loca ed in Th ace and
Moesia In e io wi h well published po e y assemblages sui able o compa ison wi h he ma e‑
ial om Yu a ‑S oyno. RSW = p oducing ed ‑slipped wa e; CW = p oducing coa se cooking wa e.
#P oduc ion
cen e Dis ic S a e RSW CW Sugges ed ch onology o
he po e y p oduc ion Main po e y e e ence
1Bu o o Veliko
T no o Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-2nd c. AD – mid-3 d c.
AD / 4 h c. AD (?)
Sul o 1985; Kabakchie a – Sul o a –
Vladko a 1988; I ano 2022
2Edi ne /
Had ianopolis Edi ne Tu key Yes Yes 2nd c. AD A lı Akbuz 2008
3His ia Cons anța Romania Yes Yes 2nd–4 h c. AD Suce eanu 2000; Iliescu – Bo iş 2018
4Ho nica
(Kashla a)
Veliko
T no o Bulga ia Yes Yes 2nd c. – mid-3 d c. AD /
4 h c. AD (?)
Sul o 1985; Kabakchie a – Sul o a –
Vladko a 1988; I ano 2022
5Ka ano o Sli en Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-3 d c. – 3 d/4 h c. AD Bo iso 2005, 2013
6Ka a elo o
(Kazan Chei ) Shumen Bulga ia Yes ?2/3 d c. AD – mid-3 d c. AD I ano 2019a; 2022
7Leshni sa Lo ech Bulga ia Yes No 3 d c. AD I ano a 2003
8No a Nadezhda Hasko o Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-2nd c. – mid-3 d c. AD Ha izano 2016
9Pa likeni
(Va bo ski li adi)
Veliko
T no o Bulga ia Yes Yes 2nd c. – mid-3 d c. AD /
4 h c. AD (?)
Sul o 1985; Kabakchie a – Sul o a –
Vladko a 1988; Vladko a 2011; I ano
2019b; 2022
10 Silis a /
Du os o um Silis a Bulga ia Yes Yes 2nd–4 h c. AD Muşeţeanu 2003; Bâl âc 2018
11 S a a Zago a /
Augus a T aiana
S a a
Zago a Bulga ia Yes Yes 3 d c. – mid-4 h c. AD Kalche 1991
12 Cape S e i A anas Va na Bulga ia Yes Yes mid-2nd – mid-3 d c. AD I ano 2019c
22 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Map 4: Map o he po e y p oduc ion cen es desc ibed in Tab.1, depic ed unde he same numbe .
Map 5: Loca ion map o he si es mos equen ly men ioned wi hin he ex . 1: Ainos; 2: Augus a
T aiana/S a a Zago a; 3: Cas a Ma is; 4: Deul um; 5: Dichin; 6: Du os o um/Silis a; 7: Go sko
Ablano o; 8: Had ianopolis/Edi ne; 9: Halmy is; 10: Ia us/K i ina; 11: Kabyle; 12: Nicopolis ad Is‑
um; 13: Nicopolis ad Nes um; 14: No a Zago a; 15: No ae; 16: Oescus; 17: Philippopolis/Plo di ; 18:
Sacida a/Dună eni; 19: Sado e s; 20: Se dika/So ia; 21: Sos a; 22: S aldzha; 23: Tomis/Cons anța;
24: T oesmis; 25: Villa A mi a; 26: Villa Cha alka; 27: Villa K ale Dol; 28: Villa Mada a.
23
Fine able wa e
The majo i y o ine wa es om Yu a -S oyno comp ises o ed (o o he ligh colou ed)
slipped able essels. Much less ep esen ed a e g ey colou ed essels wi h ag ey o black
su ace slip. Vessels, which do no seem o be slipped a all (such as he so -called Yellow chalky
wa e), a e a e.
Vessels o Fine ed -slipped wa e (1–220), Common ed -slipped wa e (221–234), G ey wa e
(235–281), Yellow chalky wa e (282–284) and Mo led / Ma bled wa e (285–298) a e e y
likely p oduced egionally.15 The p oduc ion o hese is a es ed in one o mo e p oduc ion
cen es ope a ing in Th ace and / o Moesia In e io . These a e all wheel -made essels wi h he
majo i y o he shapes sui able o ood consump ion and d inking. Mos popula a e pla es,
bowls and cups; less common a e able ampho ae, jugs, k a e s, basins and ays, ep esen ed
only in some o he wa es (i.e. in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, Common ed -slipped wa e, G ey
wa e). The mos a iable mo phological o ms a e ela ed o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, which
comp ises abou 98.5% o all he ine wa es ound a he se lemen .
Besides ood consump ion and d inking essels, agmen s o se e al ood p epa a ion
con aine s we e ound. The e a e se e al agmen s o s aine s made in Fine ed -slipped
wa e (215–218), and one pan in G ey wa e (281). The unguen a ia -like essels (282–284), always
made o he Yellow chalky wa e, seem o se e aspeci ic unc ion, likely as p ecious -liquid
based con aine s, possibly con aining oils, pe umes, o medicine.
Much less ep esen ed in he whole assemblage a e impo ed ine wa es. We may iden-
i y se e al ep esen a i es o Çanda lı wa e (Eas e n sigilla a C) (299–307); Pon ic sigilla a
A(308–314); Knidian g ey wa e (315–316); Red -slipped hin -walled wa e o p esumably eas -
e n o igin (317–329); and Th acian hin -walled wa e om he no he n Aegean (330–336).
Unde miscellanea a e se e al o he agmen s o possibly impo ed wa es which a e o now
unclassi iable (337–348).
The majo i y o he impo ed essels include hin -walled wa e, whose p oduc ion is no
ye a es ed in Th ace and Moesia In e io . Consequen ly, we may unde s and he need o i s
supply om elsewhe e. The o he wa es a e mos ly ep esen ed by bowls, pla es and cups,
o en o simila shapes also known in egional p oduc ion; much less ep esen ed a e o he
o ms, such as jugs (316, 335), jugle (342) and alid handle (336).
15 By he exp ession ‘ egional p oduc ion / p oduc ’ Iadd ess po e y made in Th ace and / o Moesia
In e io , i.e., he ex ended egion o he p esen -day Bulga ia o he Danube del a, he Eu opean
pa o Tu key and he no h -eas e n pa o G eece. In his a ea, he p oduc ion o ed -slipped
wa e(s) (and pe haps also cooking wa e[s]) in uni ied shapes is a es ed du ing he Roman Impe ial
pe iod.
30 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
A mi a in I aylo g ad (Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 8–9); and om he a ea o Kabyle.19 O he inds
om awide a ea a e known, e.g., om he umulus nec opolis nea he illage Pe Mogili
(sou h o No a Zago a) which was in use om he end o he 1s ill he beginning o he 4 h
c. AD (Igna o 1996, 78; таб. 3:3, 5:2); om he se lemen a Kasnako o, da ed om he end
o he 3 d o he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Ka sa o a– Pe ko a 2015, ig. 3:7); o om he
p oduc ion cen e o No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13: h ee po s bo om le ), ac i e
om he mid-2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD.
27, wi h adis inc ly a ched im and only one g oo ed line, ep esen s aspeci ic shape o
apla e, equen ly ound in Th ace. We may see i among he abo e -men ioned assemblages
o he nec opolis nea Pe Mogili; he deposi o y o he Kabyle base; as ap oduc o he No a
Nadezhda kiln cen e; and in he ma e ial om Villa Cha alka (Cha alka 2015, 75, ig. 80; da ed
o he 2nd–3 d c. AD). We could go e en u he o Pannonia, o ind a essel o such a o m in
Si mium, ma ked as an imi a ion o e a sigilla a, namely a a ian o he o m D agendo
35, da ed om he end o he 1s ill he 2nd c. AD (B ukne 1981, T72:39–40).
28 is apla e wi h la ing walls hickened on he lip wi h asmall conca e dep ession om he
op o he im, whose d. is 210 mm. Simila pla es come om Sos a (H is o 2015, 78; ig. 1:3),
da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD; om he ill o akiln nea Khan K um, Veliki P esla , da ed o he
u n o he 3 d and 4 h c. AD (H is o – S oe a 2013, обр. 3, Паници Тип 3); and om Villa
K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he 4 h c. AD (Najdeno a 1985, таб. 1:2).
29 is apla e o inne im d. 150 mm, wi h aised im g oo ed wi h h ee lines. The bes pa -
allel o he o m migh be ound di ec ly in he egion, i is apla e unco e ed om abu ial
mound loca ed be ween he illages Boyano o and S oyno, da ed o he u n o he 1s and 2nd
c. AD (Ag e 2013, 354; обр. 15:B).
30 and 31 a e pla es wi h la ing walls, aconca e body and iangula im. The i s she d (30)
has asligh ly o e hanging im wi h one incised line unning a ound he ou e lip, and an
inne im d. 210 mm. Exac ly he same pla e was ecen ly ound in Kabyle in acon ex da ed
o he end o he 4 h c. AD wi h he base in he shape o a ing oo .20 The second im, 31, also
has a e y i ing pa allel, his ime di ec ly wi hin he assemblage o he p oduc ion cen e
a No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13: bo om igh co ne ), and om he icus nea
Go sko Ablano o (Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, 681; таб. I:2); bo h pa allels a e da ed om
he mid-2nd o he mid-3 d c. AD.
32–36 a e pla es wi h s aigh la ing walls and an ou - u ned im, which seem o be inspi ed by
he Çanda lı wa e Hayes Fo m 1 (32) and Fo m 2 (33–36) (c . Hayes 1972, 320; ig. 64; Malamidou
2005, igs. 40–49). The inne im diame e o hese pla es a ies om 200 o 270 mm. The base
is no p ese ed; howe e , hese o ms a e adi ionally associa ed wi h low wide hollowed ee .
Imi a ions o he Hayes Fo m 1– pla es wi h ahea y angula im such as ou she d 32– we e
p oduced locally in S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:4 and 19) om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h c.
AD, and in Ka ano o, om he mid-3 d c. AD, possibly un il he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo-
19 Se e al comple e pla es a e kep a he deposi o y o he a chaeological base unde he A chaeo-
logical Museum o he Th acian and Ancien own Kabile.
20 Unpublished ma e ial om ongoing exca a ion o S e an Baka dzhie in Kabyle, da ed based on
coin inds.
31FINE TABLE WARE
iso 2013, таб. VII:8). A he S a a Zago a p oduc ion cen e we also ound essels o ashape
esembling / imi a ing he Hayes Fo m 2 (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:18)– and as such, simila in
o m o ou 33–35. These she ds oge he wi h 36, migh be ela ed o Kabakchie a’sType 3
(Kabakchie a 1983, 3; обр. 3), da ed om he 2nd c. o he mid-3 d c. AD. Pla es o such shapes
a e commonly ound in Th ace, also in he a ea o Yambol and S a a Zago a Dis ic s– as
in he Villa Cha alka; Villa A mi a (adi ec pa allel o 36); he nec opolis nea S ileng ad
(Kabakchie a 1983, 3; Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 4:72); and he nec opolis nea S aldzha
(Alexand o a 2016, 248; таб. 16:IV/108). Addi ionally, she ds 33–36, as well as 37–39, migh
also be conside ed lids (see 42–46 below), as some o hem ha e bu ned ip o a im, which is
o he wise unseen on he pla es.
37 is adeep pla e wi h s aigh la ing walls and an ou - u ned im. I has an unclea im dia-
me e , which could be wi hin he ange o 240 o 300 mm. The shape migh e en sugges we
a e dealing he e wi h alid. The e a e pa allels among pla es and dishes (e.g. Ruse – Ruse –
V bano 2015, 681; таб. I:3), al hough one sou ce also p o ides ano e saying his o m could
se e as alid (c . Wicenciak 2014, ig. 9:1– adish om he La e Hellenis ic, ea ly Roman pe iod).
38 is adeep pla e wi h s aigh la ing walls and no speci ic im shaping. Simila essels a e
known om he S aldzha umulus nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016, 248; таб. 14:II/95) da ed
o he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD, al hough hese examples ha e asmalle im d. o 140 mm. Possibly, i could
be also alid.
39–41 a e pla es wi h la ing walls and a iangula sligh ly o se im g oo ed wi h one incised
line om he inside. Based on pa allels, hey ha e alow ing oo . The inne im d. a ies be-
ween 200–230 mm. This shape is known om he S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016,
249; таб. 15:IV/106 and таб. 16:IV/109–110); close pa allels migh also be ound a he p oduc-
ion cen e o S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:5); and in o he Roman p o inces, e.g. in
sou he n Pannonia, whe e hey a e known om he same pe iod, i.e. om he 2nd o 3 d c. AD
(B ukne 1981, 39; T 72:37–38).
42–46 a e she ds o unspeci ic shape, likely lids, howe e , hey could also se e as pla es.
The agmen a y s a e does no allow o be e speci ica ion o hei use. The e is asimila
si ua ion o he abo e -desc ibed pla es wi h la ing walls (32–41), whose wall inclina ion is
howe e g ea e , on abase o which Iwould a he see hem as pla es. The di ision is o he wise
in ui i e; egional pa allels a e missing. The inne im diame e o he p ese ed lid -like ims
anges om 130 o 200 mm. Many o he she ds a e, howe e , so agmen a ily p ese ed, ha
e en he diame e has o be app oxima ed o econs uc ed (42, 45–46).
47–53 and 59–62 a e ims o hemisphe ical -shaped pla es o di e en dep hs wi h a im ei he
s aigh o sligh ly bending inwa ds. The e a e also wo bases associa ed wi h hese pla es
(52–53). The inne im diame e o he shallowe pla es 47–50 anges om 240 o 320 mm, wi h
one excep ion o smalle dimensions (51), wi h an inne im o 190 mm. The deepe e sion o
hese pla es, 59–61, ea u es im d. a ound 250–260 mm. She d 62, due o i s small size wi h
im d. 110 mm, could also se e as acup. The wo bases o hese pla es (52–53) ea u e alow
ing oo wi h d. 100 and 120 mm. Pla es o his shape qui e o en p ese e imming ma ks
on he ou e su ace enci cling he essel in wide bands (e.g. 50).
The pla es wi h s aigh o sligh ly inwa dly inclining walls seem o be modelled on he
o ms o Eas e n sigilla a (ESA Fo ms I–III, see Hayes 2008, igs. 1–2; and / o , ESC– Çanda lı
32 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
wa e– Fo ms 4 and 5, see Hayes 1972, ig. 64). These imi a ions a e as well -known om Th ace
and o he eas e n Roman p o inces. Kabakchie a (1983, 2–3) classed hem unde he Type 2,
which is possible o ind all o e Th ace, om Se dika (So ia) and he Uppe S uma Valley
(Kabakchie a 1983, 2; Тип 2) h ough Plo di (Bo usha o a 1959, ab.7:1) o S a a Zago a and
Yambol Dis ic s, wi h inds in he S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 8:I/34–35)
and Villa A mi a (Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 3).
These pla es we e also p oduced a he kiln si e o S a a Zago a om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h
c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:1–3); and in Ka ano o, om he 2nd hal o he 3 d c. AD possibly
un il he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:1–3). Kabakchie a sugges ed he e
we e o he cen es loca ed in eas e n Th ace– in o nea by Kabyle and Villa Cha alka– ac i e
du ing he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD (Kabakchie a 1983, 3). Finds o simila pla es in Th ace con inue un il
he la e 4
h
c. AD as a es ed in Villa K ale Dol loca ed in he Uppe S uma Valley (Najdeno a
1985, ab.2:5). In Moesia In e io , hese pla es a e known om Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne
1999, igs. 9.27, 9:28/544) whe e hey a e along -li ed o m s a ing in he 2nd c. con inuing o
he 5 h c. AD; om No ae, whe e hey a e simila ly da ed, om he mid-3 d o he mid-5 h c. AD
(Klenina 2006, 90: Тарелки Тип 1); and om Ia us (Bö ge 1982, Ta . 39:200–201, 432–433),
da ed om he 2nd hal o he 4 h o mid-5 h c. AD.
54 and 58 a e pla es which sha e some simila i ies wi h he below -desc ibed essels (55–57) as
hei walls a e la ing and a he s aigh , howe e he body is no con ex, and he inwa ds
bending lip is missing.
54 is abigge and hicke she d wi h a im o quad angula sec ion, unde cu om bo h
sides; he im inne d. eaches 250 mm. Simila pla es o bigge dimensions ( im d. up o
280 mm) we e p oduced in Bu o o om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c. AD (Sul o 1985, 65, Type 7;
pl. XXVIII:4). They a e, howe e , missing any unde cu . Sul o no es ha his ype o apla e
is widesp ead in no he n Bulga ia (wi h oo no e 41– e e ing o unpublished ma e ial). In
Dob udzha, simila pla es, again wi hou any unde cu , appea du ing he 2nd hal o he 3 d
c. AD and con inue un il he mid-4 h c. AD (Opaiţ 2004, 74; Dish Type 1). One example wi h
hicke walls and an unde cu inside he lip was ound a he umulus o Suchija Saz nec op-
olis in Paza dzhik Dis ic (Gizdo a 2005, 179; таб. 1: in he middle), which is da ed om he
2nd o 4 h c. AD. And inally, Kabakchie a classes asimila essel wi h s aigh la ing walls,
howe e ape ing owa ds he ip o he im, as aType 11 (Kabakchie a 1983, 6; Тип 11), da ed
wi hin he 1s –3 d c. AD. She gi es he ange o im diame e om 180 o 300 mm which may
co e bo h sizes o ou essels.
58 is asmalle pla e wi h an inne im d. 190 mm, base d. 80 mm and ounded im. This
o m could again be ela ed o he ESA p o o ype (Fo m IV in Hayes 2008, 24). The closes
pa allels om sou h -eas e n Bulga ia come om he S a a Zago a p oduc ion cen e (Kalche
1991, Abb. 7:3), om he nec opolises in S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 9:III 38 and 40)
and Suchija Saz in Paza dzhik Dis ic (Gizdo a 2005, таб. 4: bo om le ). In Moesia In e io ,
a e y simila piece is published om Nicopolis ad Is um, da ed by he con ex o AD 150–175
(Falkne 1999, 185; ig. 9.27:510– i also has he same im d. o 190 mm inside).
Pu ing all his in o ma ion oge he , he bigges concen a ion o pla es wi h such a o m
da es o he 2nd and 3 d c. AD, al hough hey migh be ound wi hin he con ex s o he 4 h c. AD
as well.
55–57 a e h ee essels wi h la ing con ex walls, and he ip o he lip sligh ly bending inwa ds,
c ea ing ap onounced ib on he ou e pa (in he case o he bigge pla e 55 also ma ked
wi h one incised line). The base is ahollowed ing oo . Two di e en sizes o hese pla es
33FINE TABLE WARE
migh be no iced in ou ma e ial– abigge one (55) wi h an inne im d. 270 mm and abase
wi h inne d. 120 mm; and asmalle one, o inne im d. a ound 200 mm (al hough 57 is no
well p ese ed). As in he p e ious case, hese pla es seem o be modelled on he o ms o ESA
(Hayes 2008, ig. 2)– in ac , he bigge size pla e 58 migh be conside ed o be an imi a ion
o ESA Fo m II, and he smalle ones (56–57) o ESA Fo m III (bo h Hayes 2008, 24). Close in
o m and size o he smalle se ies is apla e om he S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a
2016, таб. 12:I-2/73); and o he bigge se ies, apla e om he umulus mound a Suchija Saz
in Paza dzhik Dis ic (Gizdo a 2005, 179; обр. 15). The ch onology o bo h se ies seems o
be he same, 2nd–4 h c. AD.
63 is asmall im agmen o inne d. 180 mm. The im is cu ed and di ided by one g oo e
in o wo pa s. I esembles wo o he o ms o he assemblage– he cu ing makes i look like
he hemisphe ical bowls (69–83) and he di ision o he im esembles he deep hemisphe ical
bowls wi h aledge o alid (148–151). No di ec pa allels we e ound in he published li e a u e.
The wo men ioned mo phological g oups could be da ed, in awide ange, om he 2nd ill
he 4 h c. AD, which seems o also be a easible ch onology o his agmen .
64 is ashe d wi h inwa ds inclined walls and ap onounced dep ession inside o he im wi h
inne d. 210 mm. Exac ly he same o m migh be ound in he G ey wa e (245). Bo h wa es,
howe e , emain wi hou di ec pa allels.
65 is apla e wi h a ully p ese ed p o ile, wi h inne im d. 190 mm, and base d. 100 mm. The
pla e has one small e lex handle placed jus below he im, asecond handle migh be expec ed
on he opposi e side o he im as in he cases o pla es 4 and 7. The pla es’ shape is simila
o asingle ind o asmall bowl 84 (see below) wi h inne im d. 110 mm and base d. 45 mm.
Bo h essels migh ind pa allels in he ma e ial om he p oduc ion cen e nea Ka a elo o
(I ano 2019a, 271; ig. 5:1–4), classed unde he Bowls Type II A, including he same o m o
bowls o a ious sizes wi h he im d. anging om 135–225 mm. The o ms co espond, al-
hough he body o ou essel is lowe and wide , and as such classed as apla e. The inds om
Ka a elo o a e da ed om he end o he 2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD. Ano he pa allel migh be
ound in Diana, aRoman o on he Danube Ri e in Se bia (C je ićanin 2003, # 16), da ed o
he 2nd c. AD. This speci ic essel is, howe e , execu ed in Ma bled wa e, al hough C je ićanin
no es ha mos o ms o he Ma bled wa e, including his one, also appea a he si e in he
ed -slipped ab ic (C je ićanin 2003, 64).
66 is apla e wi h cu ed walls and a hickened olled im wi h wo shallow ace s on he
ou e im o inne d. 190 mm. Simila pla es wi h ace s on he im which we e p oduced a
he po e y cen e nea Ka a elo o we e classed unde he Dishes Type Ida ed om he end
o he 2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD (I ano 2019a, 269; ig. 4), despi e he im p o ile being mo e
iangula , he size co esponds ( im d. 210–220 mm). Mo e o hese essels, his ime wi h
a ounded im, howe e wi hou he ace s, migh be ound on he Lowe Danube, such as in
Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, igs. 9.32:630 and 9.48:988), wi h he i s example da ed o
he con ex o AD 350–450, he second one o AD 250–350; and in No ae (Klenina 2016, 430–431;
ig. 12:2) as Pla es Type 1 (o im d. 180–250 mm), da ed om he second hal o he 3 d o he
end o he 4 h c. AD, and p oduced in alocal po e y wo kshop. Klenina sees ap o o ype o he
essels in A ican ed -slipped wa e– Hayes Fo m 27 –, p oduced in AD 160–220.
34 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
67 is a la ho izon al im o a ay deco a ed by mould -made lo al mo i s, o he wise uncom-
mon among he ma e ial om Yu a -S oyno. Only asmall pa o he im was p ese ed (EVE
6%). The shape and he deco a ion esemble inds om he oad s a ion o Sos a, da ed om
he mid-2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD (c . H is o 2015, ig. 1:1–5), and / o om he p oduc ion
cen e in Bu o o, da ed o he 3 d c. AD (Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 15–17; also
see I ano 2022, 39–44).
68 is ashe d wi h apeculia o m, likely adeco a ed pa o ahandle o a ay (c . H is o
2015, ig.1:1–5). The deco a ion is amould made bea ing an uniden i iable (likely lo al) mo i
placed on he uppe side o he she d; he back side is smoo hed. The agmen is slipped om
bo h sides. Simila looking ays we e p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o
du ing he 2nd and 3 d c. AD (Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 15–17; also see I ano
2022, 39–44).
69–83 is ase ies o hemisphe ical bowls wi h cu ed walls and ims ei he inclined ou wa ds,
inwa ds o s aigh . The inne im d. anges om 140 o 200 mm; he base diame e om 35 o
50 mm inside. The base could be low, hollowed om he inside, as i is on 79; o in he shape
o alow ing oo (c . Kabakchie a 1983, Тип 1; Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 1.1).
These bowls a e a e y common ind in he Yu a -S oyno assemblage. Some o he bowls
migh be deco a ed om he ou side wi h one incised line, placed om 4 up o 15 mm below
he im. Some imes he incised line changes he appea ance o he uppe im, making i mo e
ounded in sec ion (c . 77–82). The e is no o he deco a ion.
Bowls o his shape a e e y common in Th ace, whe e hey expe ienced ap oduc ion boom
du ing he 2
nd
and mid-3
d
c. AD, while some examples a e supposed o be da ed al eady o he e y
end o he 1s c. AD and a he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1983, 1–2; Bo iso 2013,
322). Bo h e sions– wi h and wi hou he incised line– we e p oduced in he po e y wo kshops
o S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 9:1–3) and No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13); bowls
wi h he incised line a e also known om he kiln si e a Ka ano o (Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:4).
84 is ahemisphe ical bowl wi h ap o iled im, be elled inwa ds, and wi h an ou e lip p o-
jec ing upwa ds. The inne im diame e is 110 mm, he base is la , wi h an ou e d. 45 mm. In
i s basic o m, i esembles he pla e 65, which, howe e , has adis inc ly la ge im diame e
(190 mm) and amo e open o m. Agood mo phological pa allel migh be ound in he bowl
om he Vizi sa nec opolis in he S aldzha Moun ains ound in Mound 5 da ed o he begin-
ning o he 4 h c. AD (Ag e– Diche 2005, 50–55, обр. 15). The bowl om Vizi sa has, howe e ,
amuch la ge im diame e (280 mm).
85–93 belong o he langed bowls (o bowls wi h a langed im), ano he majo se ies o essels
ound a he si e o Yu a -S oyno. They a e cha ac e is ic due o ap onounced ib di iding he
uppe and lowe pa o he essel. The wall abo e he lowe ib is mos ly s aigh , al hough
i migh be sligh ly conca e. The bases a e in he shape o alow ing oo (e.g. 92); he e is no
deco a ion ela ed o he essel.
Sligh di e ences among indi idual ims migh be no iced. The majo i y o he bowls ha e
s aigh walls and he wo ibs a e placed abou h ee cen ime es apa , wi h a im diame e
o a ound 160 mm (85–89), he base 92 o inne d. 50 mm would also belong o his g oup.
Fewe bowls ea u e conca e walls be ween he wo ibs, placed close o each o he (90–91).
The im diame e could be ei he as o he p e ious se ies, i.e. 160 mm inside (90), o smalle ,
o d. 120 mm, as in he case o 91.
35FINE TABLE WARE
She d 93 belongs o asmalle se ies wi h im d. 85 mm, o he wise o he same cha ac e -
is ics; hese smalle langed bowls seem o be p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi in he
2nd and 3 d c. AD (I ano 2022, 35; Bowls ype XIV, ig. 10:112). They a e known om he a ea
o Moesia In e io – e.g. om No ae (Klenina 2006, 97; Чашки Тип 5), bu hey do no seem
o be common in Th ace.
The langed bowls a e e y common in Th ace du ing he 2nd–4 h c. AD. Kabakchie a has
so ed hem unde he Type VII б and в(Kabakchie a 1983, 4–5) and no ed ha hey we e,
oge he wi h he Type I(ou hemisphe ical bowls 69–83) he mos common ed -slipped wa e
shapes in Th ace du ing he Roman pe iod, p oduced especially om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c.
o he beginning o he 3 d c. AD, al hough hei p oduc ion con inued o he 4 h c. AD, when
he quali y o hei execu ion isibly declined (Kabakchie a 1983, 5; Kabakchie a 1986, 12).
The quali y o langed bowls om Yu a -S oyno is high, sugges ing hei p oduc ion du ing
he peak pe iod. Ne e heless, he lowe pa s o some o he bowls migh be une enly i ed. I
is a esul o being s acked in he kiln, whe e hey we e placed di ec ly one on op o ano he .
The essels a e known o be p oduced a se e al p oduc ion cen es in Th ace, such as
in S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 8:4, 5 and 7); No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13);
Ka ano o (Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:10– wi h asmall o se ); and also in Moesia In e io – nea
Ka a elo o (I ano 2019a, ig. 4:5–6; Bowls Type 1); and a Ho ni sa, Pa likeni– Va bo ski
li adi, Bu o o (Sul o 1985, ab. 62; XXVI:1–3, Dishes Type 1). P oduc s om he la e kilns
a e o en deco a ed wi h as amp o plan a pedis o wi h oule ing a ound he cen al pa o
he bo om. In ou po e y ma e ial, we ha e only one plan a pedis s amp ound on he essels’
bo om (314), howe e , i is ela ed o adi e en wa e– he Pon ic sigilla a.
94–95 is ano he se ies o pla es wi h langed ims, wi h la ing conca e walls and a aised, la
im o di e en p o iles. She d 94, o inne im d. 220 mm, has asmall g oo e om he uppe
pa o he lip, while 95 is lacking he g oo e, and he lip is mo e ou s e ched. Pla es o asim-
ila o m migh be ound in he ma e ial om he Go sko Ablano o nec opolis, da ed o he
second hal o he 2nd c. AD (To ba o 2012, обр. 13:1–2); u he inds come om Nicopolis ad
Is um, da ed o AD 130–250 (Falkne 1999, ig. 6.3:358); Villa A mi a nea I aylo g ad, da ed
o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 13: Тип VI; таб. 9:145); o om Singidunum (Moesia
Supe io ), da ed o he 2nd and 3 d c. AD (Bojo ić 1977, 35; T. LIV:488–489).
96–99 a e essels o bigge p opo ions, o he wise– especially aking in o accoun he dis-
inc i e ib below he im –, simila o he p e iously desc ibed langed bowls (85–93). The
essels a e bigge in size and ‘hea ie ’ in he body cons uc ion, he im inne diame e anges
om 180 o 190 mm; he she ds a e hicke (up o 10 mm) and some o hem une enly i ed
esul ing in ag ey co e isible on he ac ion. In his las aspec hey emind he Common
ed -slipped wa e, al hough, in o he aspec s hey a e simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e.
96 ea u es one p onounced ib placed unde he im o inne d. 180 mm and a hin dull
slip well p ese ed om he ou side and qui e wo n inside. Bowls like his we e p oduced in
he S a a Zago a wo kshop om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 8:8), and a e
also known om he nea by a ea– e.g. he nec opolis nea he illa Cha alka (Buyuklie
1980, ab.1:1), da ed om he mid-1s ill he beginning o he 3 d c. AD.
97 has a im o inne d. 200 mm and ea u es aspiky ending o he lowe ib. Simila bowls
wi h amo e p o ound lowe ib a e known om he p oduc ion cen e nea Ka a elo o unde
Bowls Type 1, da ed om he end o he 2nd ill he mid-3 d c. AD (I ano 2019a, 272; ig. 4:6).
98 is a agmen ed uppe pa o a langed bowl im wi h a iangula sec ion and inne d.
180 mm, which is ibbed by wo incised lines. No di ec pa allel has been ound.
36 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
99 is an uppe body wi h a im o inne d. 190 mm. Acomple e bowl o his o m was ound
in he nec opolis nea S aldzha wi h a la splaying base (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 20:VI-2/159).
Asimila essel comes om he p oduc ion cen e o Du os o um, classed wi hin he widely
de ined g oup o bowls– Cas oane Tipul 1 (Muşeţeanu 2003, 51–52; pl. 14:4). Bo h pa allels
a e da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
100 is ashallow langed bowl wi h conca e walls be ween he wo ibs. In he middle o he
conca i y uns asmall elie ib. The inne im d. is 230 mm. No published pa allel has been
ound, al hough he same essel o m was collec ed du ing he ield su ey o he Tundzha
Regional A chaeological P ojec a si e 6021, loca ed abou 5 km no h -wes o Yu a -S oyno,
nea he illage o Ka e elo o (Sobo ko a– Ross– Ilie 2018, 146–156; Ilie e al. 2012, 23–27).
21
101–104 a e ou hemisphe ical bowls wi h sho ou - u ned ims o di e en sizes, ei he
bigge , wi h inne im d. a ound 170 mm (101), o smalle , wi h inne im d. a ound 130 mm
(102–104). All o he essels a e deco a ed– mos ly wi h mo i s execu ed in ba bo ine (101, 103,
104), while only one agmen has incised deco a ion (102).
Such bowls a e known om No ae– bo h he smalle size ones (Dyczek 1991, ab.XIV:2),
deco a ed wi h ba bo ino and da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, and he la ge ones (Klenina 2016, 430;
ig. 12:7), classed by Klenina unde he Bowl Type 5 and by Sul o as aType 1c– ‘c’ s anding
o he ich deco a ion on he body (Sul o 1985, 66). Sul o p oposes i s p oduc ion pe iod,
in he po e y cen es o Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o, o be he second hal o he
2nd c. AD– beginning o he 4 h c. AD.
Simila bowls migh also be ound in Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, igs. 82:771–786;
9:38, 9:39), da ed in o he con ex o he mid-3 d o mid-5 h c. AD; in Sos a, da ed o he 2nd and
3 d c. AD (H is o 2015, ig. 3:13); and in he p oduc ion cen e in Du os o um (Muşeţeanu
2003, 55; pl. 20:133, Cas oane Tipul 11), whe e hese bowls a e conside ed o be an imi a ion
o me al essels, and, based on o he inds om His ia, da ed o he i s hal o he 2nd c. AD.
105–118 is abig g oup o bowls wi h a ounded body and ou - u ned im wi h asmall dep es-
sion inside he lip. Some o hese bowls a e deco a ed below he im wi h an incised line o
wo, some a e ei he u he incised on he uppe body wi h a ious mo i s (105–106, 111,
117–118) o deco a ed wi h ba bo ine (112). The mos common dimensions o he inne im d.
a e 160–200 mm. One speci ic sub -g oup ea u es smalle sized essels wi h aho izon ally
g oo ed body and inne im d. 100–130 mm (114–116). On he o he hand, 117–118 ep esen
la ge sized essels wi h an inne im d. 240–250 mm.
The bes pa allels o he la ge bowls migh be ound in Moesia In e io – a Nicopolis ad
Is um. Falkne app oxima es hei da e ange o AD 250–450 (Falkne 1999, 82; igs. 9.39:794–
796). Simila o ms a e also known om No ae– Bowls Type 2– ound in he con ex o he
4 h c. AD (Klenina 2006, 94; Миски Тип 2), also ea u ing abigge im d. o 200–300 mm;
and om he ill o apo e y kiln nea he illage o Khan K um (H is o – S oe a 2013, 389;
обр. 12, Купи Тип ІІІ), da ed o he 3 d c.– beginning o he 4 h c. AD, wi h he im d. 205 mm.
In Th ace, all known hemisphe ical bowls which could be conside ed o compa ison,
ha e amo e ounded body and / o an ou - u ned la im. These come om he S a a Zago a
p oduc ion cen e, da ed om he 3 d c. ill mid-4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 8:10); om he
Ka ano o kiln si e, ac i e in he second hal o he 3 d c.– beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso
21 Unpublished ind.
37FINE TABLE WARE
2013, таб. V:7–10); and om he illa K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he 4 h c. AD (Najdeno a
1985, 86; таб. 6:21).
The ch onology o hese essels seems o span om he 3 d o he 4 h c. AD, wi h possible
con inui y o he i s hal o he 5 h c. AD (such as in Nicopolis ad Is um). Fo 107, wi h a a he
massi e lip and amo e sub le body, we could also conside Bowls Type 6 om No ae, da ed
om he end o he 2nd ill he mid-5 h c. AD (Klenina 2006, 95; Миски Тип 6).
119–121 a e hemisphe ical bowls wi h aledge o alid. The inne im diame e anges om
140–180 mm. The size sepa a es hem om simila ly looking cups (148–151) o smalle dimen-
sions, wi h im diame e up o 100 mm. One o he she ds– 121– has body walls inclining
inwa ds, closing he essel. This shape migh ela e o asligh ly di e en essel o m, al hough
in ou po e y assemblage i is closes o his g oup.
Pa allels o he bowls wi h aledge o alid come om apo e y kiln ound in Leshni sa
nea Lo ech (I ano a 2003, обр. 38:6), da ed o he 3 d c. AD; om he Roman icus nea
Go sko Ablano o, da ed om he second hal o he 2nd c. AD o he i s hal o he 3 d c. AD
(Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, таб. VIII:63); and om Du os o um, da ed o he 2nd and 3 d
c. AD (Muşeţeanu 2003, 54, Cas on Tipul 7 and 8; pl. 19:103–117).
122–129 ep esen cups wi h a iangula im o inne d. 100–140 mm wi h one bigge excep ion
o im d. 190 mm (122). The body walls a e s aigh , sligh ly inclining inwa ds in he di ec ion
o he oo . The body is deco a ed wi h eng a ed lines, ei he placed ho izon ally o a anged
in di e en di ec ions. One o he smalle essels bea s he sign o ahandle a achmen (127),
he bigge cup 122 has pa o he handle p ese ed, measu ing in sec ion 31 × 5 mm. Vessels
o such a o m wi h wo handles we e p oduced in he S a a Zago a p oduc ion cen e du ing
he 3 d c. AD and i s hal o he 4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 24:10 and 12). Simila ones, o
he same ch onology, migh also be ound in he pe manen exhibi ion a he S a a Zago a
A chaeological Museum. The size o hese pa allels om S a a Zago a seems o ela e o he
smalle se ies o he cups (123–129).22
Simila essels migh also be ound a he po e y cen e in Ka a elo o unde he Cup Type
1 A– wi h wo handles, and B– wi h ou handles, bo h da ed o he end o he 2nd c. AD– mid-
3 d c. AD (I ano 2019a, 271–272; ig. 6). Despi e ha ing a im diame e close o ou smalle
size essels (110–120 mm), he body o m– wi h e y s aigh walls– esembles a he ou
bigge essel 122. O he cups o asimila size ( im d. 130 mm) also come om Nicopolis ad
Is um, da ed by he con ex o he 2nd c. AD (Falkne 1999, 82; igs. 9.38:760).
These essels a e also acommon in en o y o bu ial mounds. We may ind hem, o exam-
ple, in he umulus nec opolis nea Pe Mogili in he No a Zago a egion, which was supposed
o ha e been in use om he end o he 1s ill he beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Igna o 1996, 89;
таб. IV:1, X:1, XII:1, XIV:1). The ou essels om he nec opolis ha e a im diame e anging
om 140–170 mm, as such, hey ep esen abe e compa ison o ou small size essels.
Ano he pa allel, his ime a he o he bigge sized essel 122, comes om he umulus
nec opolis nea S a a Zago a, da ed o he 3 d–4 h c. AD (Kalche 1994, таб. 3: гроб 6:1 wi h
im d. 220 mm). The majo i y o he pa allels da e o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, whe e he p oduc ion
peak migh be expec ed, wi h an ex ension in o he 4 h c. AD.
22 Bo h pa allels a e missing ascale o any in o ma ion abou he im diame e , bu in bo h cases,
hey a e ei he depic ed o placed nex o he small cups wi h wo handles (he e unde 138–143)
which mos ly ha e a im d. 100 o 110 mm. Consequen ly, he im diame e o he essels om he
Museum, as well as om he p oduc ion cen e, could be app oxima ed a 130–140 mm.
38 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
130–137 a e small cups wi h a aised iangula im, sepa a ed om he ounded body by an
eng a ed line. The im inne d. anges om 90–120 mm. The uppe pa o he body migh be
deco a ed, mos ly wi h ano he eng a ed line and / o wi h di e en mo i s, ei he execu ed
in ba bo ine (130), o incised (131).
Such cups we e p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Sul o
1985, Two -handled ea henwa e ype 6; ab.XXXVI:5; I ano 2022, Cups Type IV; ig. 17:207,
217, 210). Whole essels ea u e asmall ing oo and wo handles wi h an o al sec ion.
138–143 a e cups wi h an o -se im and wo band handles. These cups a e one o he mos
equen essel shapes encoun e ed a he si e o Yu a -S oyno. The cups ha e a ounded
uppe pa o he body wi h he lowe pa sha ply sloping o he base. The im is o se and
ibbed wi h wo incised lines; he base has he shape o ahollowed ing oo . None o he cups
is deco a ed. Based on he size, he e migh be se e al e sions. The mos common size is o
inne im d. 90–110 mm, wi h ou e base d. ca. 30–35 mm. The wo band handles a ached o he
body a e o al wi h dimensions o 10–12 × 5–7 mm (138–142). Ra ely, smalle and bigge e sions
o he cup appea . We ha e asingle she d om each. The smalle se ies is ep esen ed by she d
140, which does no ha e ap ese ed im, only he base, wi h an ou e d. 25 mm and ahandle
o 9 × 7 mm in sec ion. Based on he body size, he im d. would be a ound 60 mm. F om he
bigge se ies, we ha e one agmen o he hicke o -se im wi h an inne d. 130 mm (143).
Di e en sizes do no seem o be ch onologically sensi i e, as hey migh be ound oge he
wi hin one g a e o nec opolis (see Alexand o a 2016, таб. 23:I-1/95 and таб. 24; Kalche
1994, таб. 3: гроб 8).
These cups migh be ound widely sp ead o e he e i o y o Th ace and Moesia In e io .
In he a ea o he Yambol and S a a Zago a Dis ic s, hey we e p oduced a he kiln si e o
S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 9:10–13) and No a Nadezhda, in he la e one e en in di e -
en sizes (Ha izano 2016, ig. 13: op igh ). They a e known om nea by se lemen s such
as om Villa A mi a (Kabakchie a 1986, 17–18; таб. 17:238); and he nec opolises nea No a
Zago a (Igna o 1996, e.g. таб. 3:2); S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 24); Villa Cha alka
(Buyuklie 1980, e.g. таб. 31:444) and Kabyle (Baka dzhie – Miko – Dzhan ezo a 2013,
обр. 3:B). In he a ea o Kabyle, his cup is e y common as i is a es ed by many comple e
essels om bu ial con ex s exhibi ed a he local museum. The peak o i s popula i y seems
o be in he 2nd–3 d c. AD, wi h he con inua ion o p oduc ion un il he 4 h c. AD.
These cups a e also known om o he a eas o Th ace, e.g. om he Plo di (Bo hu-
sha o a 1956, таб. 5:7, 6:19) and Paza dzhik Dis ic s (Gizdo a 2005, 185: oбр. 5; таб. 2); and
om Moesia In e io , e.g. Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, 81; ig. 9.38:756–759), o No ae
(Klenina 2006, 100; Кубки Тип 6). Many o hese cups we e p oduced in Ho ni sa and Pa -
likeni– Va bo ski li adi po e y wo kshops om he mid-2nd c. ill he beginning o he 4 h c.
AD (Sul o 1985, 77; ab.XXXVII:2, Type 7)– p oduc s o hese kiln si es a e o en deco a ed
wi h ba bo ine on he uppe pa o he body.
144–147 a e ou cups o aclose shape wi h a ounded body and im inne d. 50–60 mm. Only
she d 146 has one p ese ed handle o 12 × 7 mm in sec ion. Compa ed wi h o he published
cups, his o m has one handle only. F agmen s 146–147 ha e a ibbed uppe pa o he body,
no o he deco a ion is a es ed.
Qui e anumbe o simila cups a e known om Singidunum (Bojo ić 1977, 39; LXVIII–
LXX), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, om Villa A mi a (Kabakchie a 1986), whe e we can ind
pa allels o all o hese essels: 144 (таб. 17:236–237), 145 (таб. 14:225–226), 146 (таб. 18:251) and
147 (таб. 16:231). She d 145 has u he close pa allels a he S a a Zago a po e y wo kshop
39FINE TABLE WARE
(Kalche 1991, Abb. 9:18) and a he nec opolises nea No a Zago a (Igna o 1996, таб. 4:6)
and S a a Zago a (Kalche 1994, таб. 4: гроб 6); simila ly, mo e pa allels migh be ound
o 146 and 147, such as p oduc s om he po e y cen e nea Ka a elo o (I ano 2019a,
ig. 7:2 Cups Type V= 146; and ig. 7:3 Cups Type VI = 147), and one mo e o 146 om Sos a
(H is o 2015, ig. 2:11).
The ch onology o hese cups seems o be e y simila o he p e ious g oup (138–143),
i.e. he peak p oduc ion om he 2nd o 3 d c. AD, wi h acon inui y o inds un il he 4 h c. AD.
148–151 a e small cups wi h a ounded body and a im wi h aledge o alid. The im inne d.
is 90–100 mm. These cups ha e apa allel in ou assemblage, among he bowls o simila ly
p o iled im, o bigge size (119–121). Ou side ou ma e ial, we may ind exac pa allels in he
assemblages om he nec opolis nea S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 12:I-3/79), al hough
unco e ed in he embankmen and da ed based on pa allels om he 2nd ill he 4 h c. AD; and
om he p oduc ion cen e a S a a Zago a (Kalche 1991, Abb. 25:6), da ed om he 3 d c.
ill mid-4 h c. AD. We can also ind hese cups in Singidunum, da ed o he 2nd c. AD (Nikolić-
-Đo đe ić 2000, 44; Tip 1/65).
152–154 a e h ee agmen s o cups wi h a ounded body and a iangula im o inne
d. 110–130 mm. They sligh ly di e om each o he in he shape o he im, wi h 154 ha ing
amo e p onounced ib on he ou e lip. This she d has agood pa allel in he inds om he
S aldzha nec opolis (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 12:I-3/80), da ed o he 2nd c.– mid-3 d c. AD.
Asimila ch onology migh be expec ed o he o he wo she ds.
155 is acup wi h s aigh la ing walls, a hickened la im o inne d. 120 mm, deco a ed om
abo e wi h wo g oo ed lines. Pa allels migh be ound a he nec opolis eas o S a a Zago a,
da ed o he 3 d–4 h c. AD (Kalche 1994, 178; таб. 5:39) and in a ich g a e a he nec opolis
nea Villa Cha alka da ed o he beginning o he 3 d c. AD (Buyuklie 1980, таб. 127:326).
156 is acup wi h s aigh la ing walls and abended im, g oo ed om he uppe pa by
wo lines; he inne im d. is 100 mm. This o m seems o be inspi ed by he Eas e n sigilla a
B2, c . A lan e 72 / Robinson shape IV (Hayes 1985, a . XV:4; Hayes 2008, 31–32; ig. 12:326),
da ed om he mid-1s c. ill he end o he 2nd c. AD. We may ind asimila shape– wi hou
he g oo es on he im– also in he Pon ic sigilla a B da ed om he mid-2nd c. ill he 3 d c. AD
(Zhu a le 2002, 260; ig. 16:5).
Simila size bowls wi h la ing walls and an a ched im, bu only wi h one incised line, a e
known om Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi, da ed by he con ex o he 2nd c. AD (I ano 2019b,
12–13; ig. 7:5, Bowls Type XII); and wi h one o wo lines om he p oduc ion cen e in S a a
Zago a, da ed om he 3 d c. o he i s hal o he 4 h c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 24:4–6). In
Th ace, hese bowls we e also ound in la e con ex s, such as in he Sli en Dis ic , whe e hey
ha e he im g oo ed by wo lines (Bo iso 1988, 103; рис. 6:з, Тип 3). Bo iso , elying on o he
inds om Mada a and Ka ano o, da es hese bowls om he 4 h o he mid-5 h c. AD. He no es
ha hese la e essels ha e alow -quali y ed slip. Since ou essel has awell -p ese ed slip o
good quali y, we may incline o class i a he wi h he ea lie p oduc ion o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
157 is ak a e wi h a unnel shaped neck and olded im o inne d. 200 mm, ea u ing asmall
elie ib unning a ound he inne im. F om ou side, he she d is deco a ed below he im
wi h oblique eng a ed g oo es. The closes pa allel is ep esen ed by he so -called K a e oid
essel Type III om he po e y kiln o Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi, da ed o he 2
nd
c. AD
46 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
he 4 h c. AD, al hough, based on he gi en pa allels, hey seem o be mos popula wi hin
he 2nd and mid-3 d c. AD.
214 is acylind ical neck o ajug wi h an ou - u ned la ened im o inne d. 65 mm. One
handle a ached o he neck is p ese ed. I is o al in sec ion (29 × 8 mm) and conca e and
g oo ed om he uppe pa . The neck is deco a ed wi h one incised line. The closes pa allel
is he Type 5 om he se ies o ‘Small clay ampho ae om no h -eas e n Th ace’, ound in
ag a e con ex in Sli en, da ed om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c. o he 4 h c. AD (Ko ache 1998,
таб. II.32). The published essel has wo handles.
215–218 a e ou agmen s o s aine s, including one im wi h a olled lip (215) and inne
d. 165 mm; wo bases– one la splaying o ou e d. 80 mm (216), one wi h a ing oo o in-
ne d. 120 mm (217); and abody agmen om abigge -size essel (218). The sizes o he
holes ange om 6 o 9 mm; he agmen s a e ed -slipped om bo h sides, excep he im
215, which is only ligh -b own coa ed. Simila s aine s (wi h a ounded im) we e ound in
he Villa A mi a in I aylo g ad da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 16; обр. 13, таб.
18:206–207). S aine s o a e y di e en uppe body pa bu o simila bases a e known
om elsewhe e. As aine wi h a ing oo and pe o a ed loo was ound in Pa likeni– Va -
bo ski li adi (I ano 2022, S aine s Type I, ig. 28:349); as aine wi h a la splaying base is
known om an a ea o Bu o o and om No ae (I ano 2022, S aine s Type III, ig. 28:362;
Klenina 2006, Цедилки тип 1, 117). The ch onology o he men ioned pa allel is om he 2nd
c. ill mid-4 h c. AD.
219–220 a e wo bases o Fine ed -slipped wa e essels o smalle size, bea ing le e s o he
G eek alphabe on he ou e side o he essels’ bo oms. Only indi idual le e s migh be
ecognized, H and / o A, which we e eng a ed on he essel a e he i ing (Heřmánko á
2022a, 125; ig. 2:1–2). The bases a e o a ing oo (219) and alse ing oo (220), bo h slipped
inside and un -slipped om he ou side; consequen ly, hey migh belong o open essels.
COMMON RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
INTRODUCTION
The Common ed -slipped wa e is acoa se e sion o he Fine ed -slipped wa e wi h pa allels
among he po e y p oduced a Th ace and Moesia In e io . Consequen ly, he same in o ma-
ion abou he egionally p oduced Fine ed -slipped wa e a e also alid he e. Following he
discussion unde he Ch onology o he Fine - ed slipped wa e, he coa se execu ion o he
essels could by caused ei he by di e ences in he quali y o p oduc s o igina ing a di e en
p oduc ion cen es, o by hei la e ch onological classi ica ion (ca. o he 4 h–5 h c. AD); o ,
by acombina ion o bo h o hese ac o s.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The Common ed -slipped wa e is simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, howe e , i is o alowe
quali y execu ion. The ab ic is po ous, i has bigge and mo e abundan inclusions, he she d
is so , and he slip is poo ly p ese ed, some imes ba ely isible on he su ace. The e is no
deco a ion.
47FINE TABLE WARE
The mos popula shapes a e bowls wi h a langed im o di e en sizes (221–230), wi h
much ewe ep esen ed indi iduals o o he essels such as ahemisphe ical bowl (231), k a e
(232), po (233), and ajug (234). The hickness o he she d is abou 4 o 7 mm, i ing is mos ly
une en, lea ing asandwich -like pa e n on he ac ion, wi h ag ey co e (Pl. 10:221–228).
In e ms o numbe s, he ab ic is e y well so ed (4), wi h 20% o inclusions, which a e
p edominan ly iny, wi h ew bigge pelle s eaching up o 4 mm (mos ly qua z). P edominan
a e whi e opaque inclusions, ew o common a e so ed -b own pelle s and iny sil e mica
lakes– p esen bo h in he ab ic and he slip. The colou o he clay is he same as in he case
o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, i.e. ligh ed (2.5YR 6/6, 6/8), ed (2.5YR 5/8) and eddish yellow
(7.5YR 5/6); he slip is again jus a in da ke han he ab ic. The quali y o he slip is e y
low, i is mos ly almos ully wo n; i p ese ed, i is hin and dull (Pl. 3:221–228). The e a e
no ma ks o double dipping o signs o me allic gloss ega ding his wa e.
In mac oscopic obse a ion, he Fine ed -slipped wa e and he Common ed -slipped wa e
seem o be o he same ab ic composi ion. The la e is howe e coa se , so e , wi h alow-
-quali y slip and mo e poo ly execu ed i ing.
CHRONOLOGY
The same ch onology as o he Fine ed -slipped wa e may apply, i.e. peak p oduc ion pe iod
o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, wi h an ex ension o he 4 h c. AD; i we conside he wo s execu ion is
connec ed o he pe iod o p oduc ion, he ime span migh be p olonged ill he 5 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE COMMON RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
Fig. 13: nos. 221–234; Pls. 3: nos. 221–228, 10: nos. 221–228
221–223 a e langed bowls o bigge p opo ions, wi h a aised, inwa dly inclined im, wi h i s
ip uni o mly placed 37 mm om he ib. The inne im diame e anges om 215 o 280 mm
(measu ed on i e samples). The essels a e no only bigge in size bu also ‘hea ie ’ in he
body cons uc ion, he she ds a e hicke (ca. up o 10 mm). The she ds a e so and wo n, in
some places wi h he emains o a iny laye o a ed slip, well abso bed in o he she d. One o
he agmen s is sc a ched a e i ing (222), bu pe haps acciden ally. These essels a e well-
-known om Th ace, desc ibed by Kabakchie a (1983, 5) as Type VI, bowls, whose appea ance
did no signi ican ly change om he 1s un il he 4 h c. AD. No ha ing he kilns in he egion
secu ely a es ed in he 1s c. AD, he local p oduc ion could hen co e he 2nd–4 h c. AD. Bowls
o such ashape we e also p oduced in Paphlagonian Had ianopolis (sou he n Black Sea, o-
days no he n Tu key) ca. in he 3 d–4 h c. AD, whe e hey a e conside ed o be modelled on
Phocaean ed -slipped wa e (La lı– Kan Şahin 2012, 51; pl. 16:243).
224 is ano he o m o a langed bowl o bigge p opo ion, om all (221–226) mos esembling
he ‘classical’ e sion o he bowls wi h a langed im (85–92), al hough wi h he uppe ib olled
inwa ds, no ou wa ds. The inne im d. is 250 mm. Simila agmen s a e known om he a ea
o Yu a -S oyno– such as om he ield su ey o he Nabucco gas pipeline (Sec o 1, Re ision E),
nea he illage o Bolya o o (Boyadzhie 2013, 580: objec 1031; oбр. 3: bo om igh ), and om
he nec opolis nea S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016, таб. 15:III-1/102). The i s ind has no con ex ;
he nec opolis is da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. Simila bowls, wi h asligh ly hicke im, we e also
p oduced in Paphlagonian Had ianopolis ca. in he 3 d–4 h c. AD whe e hey a e again conside ed
o be modelled on Phocaean ed -slipped wa e (La lı– Kan Şahin 2012, 51, 75, 79; pl. 19:262).
48 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
225 is ye ano he shape o a langed bowl o bigge size wi h inne im d. 270 mm, wi h he
aised pa o he im ibbed by wo incised lines. Apa allel migh again be ound a Paphlago-
nian Had ianopolis, among he locally p oduced e a sigilla a, da ed o he 1
s
–2
nd
c. AD (La lı–
Kan Şahin 2012, pl. 6:35); he example published om Had ianopolis does no , howe e , ha e
he wo incised lines unning a ound he uppe pa o he essel.
226 is a im o a langed bowl o bigge size, so agmen a ily p ese ed, ha i s im inne
diame e migh be only es ima ed a 230 mm. Apo o he same shape was ound a he
embankmen a he nec opolis nea S aldzha (Alexand o a 2016; таб. 15:III-2/103), da ed
based on he pa allels o he 2nd–4 h c. AD. Asimila agmen also comes om he ield su ey
nea Bolya o o (Boyadzhie 2013, 580: objec 1031; oбр. 3: lowe igh , second up). Also, o
his she d, which is he las one o he bigge se ies o he langed bowls, anicely i ing o m
pa allel migh be ound among he local e a sigilla a a Paphlagonian Had ianopolis da ed
o he 1s –2nd c. AD (La lı– Kan Şahin 2012, pl. 6:34).
227–230 is ag oup o langed bowls o smalle size. The im inne diame e anges om 120 o
170 mm; one elie ib is placed abou 20 mm below he op o he im. The inclina ion o he
pa abo e he ib migh be ei he s aigh o inclined inwa ds. Each she d is sligh ly di e -
en in shape, while hey all sha e he o m o a langed bowl and cha ac e is ics o he wa e.
231 is ahemisphe ical bowl wi h he ou e wall hickened and sligh ly unde cu jus below
he lip. The inne im d. is 200 mm. Abowl like his was ound in he mound embankmen
o he S aldzha nec opolis da ed, based on he pa allels, o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (Alexand o a
2016, таб. 12:I-2/76).
232 is ak a e wi h cylind ical, sligh ly closing walls and a la im wi h a ip poin ing up
-
wa ds. The inne im diame e is 210 mm. The essel is deco a ed on he uppe body pa
wi h simple incised lines. In e ms o shape, i is simila o k a e s 158–159 made in Fine ed-
-slipped wa e. These belong o he Two -handled ea henwa e Type 1b (Sul o 1985, 76; таб.
XXXV:4) / K a e oid essels ype II (I ano 2019b, 18–19; ig. 10:3), p oduced du ing he 2nd
c. AD in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi. Fo his speci ic she d agood pa allel migh be ound
in he ma e ial om No ae, da ed by he con ex o he 3 d–4 h c. AD (Dyczek 1991, ab.XIII:4).
The No ae essel co esponds wi h ou s bo h in shape and s yle o deco a ion, al hough he
sc a ched lines a e a anged in achecke boa d pa e n.
233 is he only po execu ed in he Common ed -slipped wa e. I has a aised ounded im
sepa a ed om he bulging body by ashallow g oo e. The im inne d. is 230 mm; he e is
an incised line unning app oxima ely in he middle o he im ounding. The uppe body is
deco a ed wi h an incised wa y line.
234 is he uppe pa o a able ampho a wi h a u ned hooked im and cylind ical ibbed neck.
In shape, he essel esembles Type 5 o ‘Small clay ampho ae om no h -eas e n Th ace’ ound
in ag a e con ex in Sli en, da ed om he 2nd hal o he 2nd c. o he 4 h c. AD (Ko ache
1998, 62; таб. 3:33). Ou agmen howe e has asligh ly bigge im diame e (100 mm ins ead
o he 70 mm om Sli en).
49FINE TABLE WARE
GREY WARE
INTRODUCTION
The G ey able wa e is aless common al e na i e o he ed -slipped wa e. Compa ing i o he
ed -slipped wa e in Th ace and Moesia In e io , he g ey wa e is ex emely unde esea ched
(also Kabakchie a 2005, 91; Alexand o a 2015, 146). So a , we know mos abou he so -called
Macedonian g ey wa e (Macedonian e a sigilla a g ise), which was i s desc ibed by Hayes
in 1972, who assumed i was p oduced in Macedonia a he end o he 4 h c. / beginning o he
5 h c. AD (Hayes 1972, 405–406). The ypology o his wa e, based on he La e An ique inds
om S obi and compa ed wi h o he g ey wa es om G eece, Macedonia and Bulga ia, was
conduc ed by Ande son–S ojano ić, who iden i ied 11 di e en o ms, om which he Fo ms
1, 2 ( he mos popula ones) and 8, we e also p oduced in oxidized e sions (= in he ed slip).
In S obi, his wa e was p esen in he con ex s o he las qua e o he 4 h c. ill he mid-6 h
c. AD, and as such ex ending he ch onology gi en p e iously by Hayes deepe in o he La e
An iqui y (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984; 1992, 62–65).
As no ed by Ande son -S ojano ić, he G ey wa e has along adi ion in Macedonia, as
well as in Th ace, spanning om he B onze Age, h oughou he I on Age. In Macedonia– o
a leas in S obi– he G ey wa e seems o anish in he 1s c. AD and o appea again a he
end o he 4 h c. AD (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984, 99).25 This phenomenon, howe e , does no
seem o apply o Th ace and Moesia In e io , whe e he G ey wa e pe sis s du ing he Roman
Impe ial pe iod, bu also appea s in he con ex s o he La e An iqui y.
This e olu ion is e y well e lec ed in he po e y ma e ial om Nicopolis ad Is um, whe e
he G ey wa e appea s in he con ex s o he 2nd and 3 d c. AD, and hen again in he mid-5 h c.
AD, o con inue un il he end o he 6 h c. AD (Falkne 1999, 85–86). Falkne sugges s, hese
a e wo simila wa es, used in di e en pe iods, om which he ea ly one could be alocal
p oduc and he la e one migh be an impo . This seems o be akey idea, i.e., o admi ha
we may be dealing he e wi h wo di e en wa es and p oduc ions.
The majo i y o he G ey wa e inds om Bulga ia migh be da ed om he 2nd ill he u n
o he 4 h/5 h c. AD, as a e he inds om Pau alia and he Uppe S uma Valley (S ajko a 1989);
illa K ale Dol nea Pe nik (Najdeno a 1985, e.g. таб. 15:176); Cas a Ma is (Kabakchie a
2005, 91–91); Koche ino o nea Blagoe g ad (Ka sa o a 2005, таб. 8); So ia (Bo iso a-
-Ka sa o a 2022); o om He aclea Sin ica (Alexand o a 2015; Nanko – Tsone a 2017).
Since he G ey wa e inds a e accumula ed in wes e n Bulga ia, Kabakchie a sugges ed ha
he p oduc ion cen e, ac i e du ing his pe iod, is loca ed somewhe e in he a ea o Se dika
(So ia), Pau alia (Kyus endil) and / o Nicopolis ad Nes um (Kabakchie a 2005, 91–92).
Since qui e asmall numbe o G ey wa e inds ha e been published, and es ablished ch o-
nologies and o m ypologies o Th ace and Moesia In e io a e missing, we do no ha e much
o abasis o compa ing ou inds wi h o he ma e ial. Wha is, howe e , in e es ing, is he
pa allel p oduc ion o he same o ms o he egionally made Fine ed -slipped wa e and he
G ey wa e. This obse a ion was no ed and men ioned– besides Ande son -S ojano ić– also
by S ajko a (1989, 139–141), Falkne (1999, 85), Kabakchie a (2005, 92) and Ka sa o a (2005,
227–228). Kabakchie a gi es aspeci ic example o apla e ound a he p oduc ion cen e o Bu-
o o, made om he same mould (i.e. o he same shape and deco a ion)– which was p oduced
25 The decline o he G ey wa e du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD is also no ed in he assemblages om G eece
ega ding inds om A hens, Co in h, Amphipolis, Philippi, Kepia, Abde a and Thasos (c . Hayes
1972; Malamidou 2005, 52).
50 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
simul aneously, and on pu pose, in ed and g ey wa e du ing he 3 d and a he beginning o
he 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a– Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 14; nos. 69 and 75). Asimila case o
simul aneous p oduc ion was no ed in Koche ino o nea Blagoe g ad, whe e he same o ms
o he ed -slipped wa e and he g ey wa e we e ound oge he in he con ex s o he 2nd–4 h
c. AD (Ka sa o a 2005, 227–228).26
We may use hese in o ma ion o p esume ha hese a e pa allel p oduc s o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e, made in en ionally in g ey o black colou . We may also an icipa e hei
egional p oduc ion as sugges ed by he ind om he Bu o o p oduc ion cen e. This e ela-
ion should acili a e he ch onology, and he classi ica ion o he wa e, in o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
Howe e , we need o be cau ious no o con use i wi h di e en ypes o g ey wa e, such as
he Macedonian g ey wa e, o di e en cha ac e is ics and la e ch onology.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The G ey wa e s ands o essels o ag ey ab ic wi h asu ace co e ed by g ey o black slip
(Pl. 3:237–277). This desc ip ion is common o all he p esen ed she ds, wi h some a ia ions
in he colou o he ab ic, colou and quali y o he slip, and some imes also in he numbe
o inclusions. Mos equen ly, he ab ic is e y well le iga ed and well so ed (4) wi h up
o 10% o inclusions commonly sized be ween 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm, wi h a e bigge pieces o
whi e pa icles up o 1 mm. Ra e o ew inclusions a e iny lakes o sil e mica, a e a e ed
so pelle s and shells; abou 10% o he ab ic a e po es (Pl. 10:236–248).
The numbe o inclusions sligh ly a ies om she d o she d, wi h he whi e so pelle s
being he bigges ype o inclusion eaching up o 1 mm in smalle essel o ms, and up o
2 mm in bigge ones. The ed pelle s a e he a es ones, eaching up o he size o 1 mm. The
she ds a e ha d, he majo i y a e e enly i ed, he ac ion is smoo h / ine, and some ag-
men s seem o ha e asmoo hed su ace. On some essels, especially on he pla es, we may
no e imming ma ks– qui e wide cu ace s (e.g. 235–238, 243–244 and 257). The hickness
o he body she ds commonly anges om 3 o 6 mm.
The slip is spa se, as in he case o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, co e ing only speci ic pa s
o he body. Rega ding he open o ms, i ully co e s he inne pa o he essel, bu om
he ou side, i ends abo e he base (Pl. 3:237–259). In he case o he closed shapes, such as
ja s and jugs, he ou e su ace is co e ed in he same manne as o he open shape essels,
while inside, i is applied only on he im o on he uppe pa o he mou h (Pl. 3:275–277).
The she d colou is mos ly g ey, al hough many o he she ds p ese e a eddish / b own-
ish co e o ma gins and as such a es o no ully accomplishing he educ ion a mosphe e
du ing he i ing p ocess (Pl. 10:236–244). The slip migh ha e se e al di e en colou s, mos
equen ly black (43 pcs.; Pl. 3:237, 244, 259, 275), much less common a e in s o g ey (3 pcs.–
235, 243, 250; Pl. 3:250) and o ed -b own (2 pcs.– 242 and 269; Pl. 3:242). The e a e also cases
whe e he slip seems o be comple ely missing (3 pcs.– 240, 252 and 274).
Vessels wi h he black slip– he slip, i applied in a hicke laye , lakes in bigge ields and
c acks on b eakages (e.g. below he im o on he deco a ion, e.g. 249). Ra ely, he ou e slip
26 Made in ed and g ey wa e means i ed ei he in an oxidised o educed a mosphe e. We could
p esume he e we e no o he di e ences ega ding he ab ic, o he slip, used o he p oduc ion
o hese wo colou s. Ne e heless, a ecen ly p esen ed pos e a he RCRF con e ence in A hens
by I. Bo iso a -Ka sa o a discussed he aised con en o g aphi e in connec ion o he La e An ique
G ey wa e ound in So ia (Se dika), compa ing i o he same shapes made in he ed -slipped wa e
o he same pe iod (Bo iso a -Ka sa o a 2022).
51FINE TABLE WARE
seems o be o aligh e colou and hinne . The common ab ic colou is ligh g ey (2.5YR 7/1),
g ey (2.5YR 6/1, 10YR 5/1 and 6/1), g eyish b own (10YR 5/2) o ligh b ownish g ey (10YR 6/2).
The slip is black (Gley 1 2.5/N) o e y da k g ey (Gley 1 3/N).
Vessels wi h he g ey slip– he slip is ligh e , up o he colou o he ab ic, and i is well
abso bed in o he she d. The mos common ab ic colou is ligh oli e b own (2.5Y 5/3), while
he slip colou a ies be ween g ey (5Y 6/1), yellowish b own (10YR 5/4), o da k g eyish
b own (10YR 4/2).
In bo h cases, he slip can be ei he ma (279) o glossy (275), in some cases eaching
ame allic shine (264 and 275).
CHRONOLOGY
2nd–4 h/5 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE GREY WARE
Figs. 14–16: nos. 235–281; Pls. 3: nos. 237–277, 10: nos. 236–248
235–242 a e hemisphe ical -shaped pla es wi h acu ed im o a e y di e en inne im di-
ame e anging om 150 o 440 mm inside. She d 242 does no ha e well p ese ed im. The
hickness o he body she d also signi ican ly di e s, eaching om 4 o 9 mm. Such abasic
shape o a pla e has adi ec pa allel in he Fine ed -slipped wa e (c . 47–51, 59–61), whe e also
adi e en ange o sizes appea s, as well as he ace s on he su ace which a e highly no ice-
able. In he ed -slipped wa e, such pla es we e mos popula du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD, howe e ,
in Th ace, hey a e known un il he end o he 4 h c. AD, in Moesia In e io e en longe , un il
he mid-5 h c. AD. They we e also p oduced egionally, in S a a Zago a and Ka ano o nea No a
Zago a, du ing he 3
d
c. and mid-4
h
c. AD (Kalche 1991, Abb. 7:1–3; Bo iso 2013, таб. VII:1–3).
In Moesia In e io , we may ind pa allels also in he G ey wa e, such as in Nicopolis ad
Is um, whe e hese pla es we e also ound in many di e en sizes ( im d. 160–320 mm) and
hicknesses. Falkne , wi h hesi a ion, da es hem o he 4 h and 5 h c. AD (Falkne 1999, 85;
ig.9.48:983–986). His da ing seems o be based on he Macedonian g ey wa e, whe e his shape
o pla es migh be ound unde he Fo m 5 (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984, 105; Ande son-
-S ojano ić 1992, 69–70).
243–244 a e pla es which sha e asimila shape o he im, al hough bo h di e in i s inclina ion,
wi h 243 being mo e open wi h he inne im d. o 170 mm, while 244 ep esen s awide pla e
wi h inne im d. 250 mm. These do no ha e di ec pa allels in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, bu
we may no ice a leas some esemblance wi h 28 and, by he di ided im in o wo pa s, wi h
119–120; bo h da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
245 is apla e agmen wi h ahighly aised im sligh ly inclined inwa ds, and wi h ap o-
nounced dep ession inside o he im. I has an exac shape pa allel in he Fine ed -slipped
wa e (64), e en he inne im d. is simila – 195 mm in he case o he g ey wa e o 210 mm
in he case o he ed -slipped wa e. These wo agmen s indeed look like he same essel
p oduced in wo di e en colou s. Un o una ely, none o he a ian s has adi ec pa allel.
246 is apla e wi h a olle im o inne d. 205 mm. In shape i is close o Fine ed -slipped wa e
66, da ed om he u n o he 2nd/3 d c. ill he mid-5 h c. AD, al hough i is missing he ace s
52 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
on he im. Asimila G ey wa e shape is known om Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, ig.
9.48:988), da ed om he mid-3 d c. AD o ca. AD 400.
247 has amassi e iangula im in ashape close o 246and 248, i s sec ion is howe e sligh ly
econs uc ed as he she d is qui e wo n on he lip. The inne im d. is unmeasu able, ap-
p oxima ed a 160 mm. I we we e o use an ex ended ch onology o hese wo -su ounding
she ds, we would a i e a he 2ndc. – mid-5 h c. AD, which migh se e as an o ien a ion da e.
248 wi h an inne im d. 300 mm, inds ape ec pa allel in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, unde
he pla es wi h la ing walls and iangula im (39–41); i is especially simila o he im 39.
All his g oup is da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
249 is apla e o inne im d. 235 mm and o asimila shape o he she d abo e– 248– only
wi h aless p onounced iangula im. In he Fine ed -slipped wa e assemblage, i would be
closes o she d 35, da ed om he mid-2nd c. o he mid-3 d c. AD, and, by he incised line inside
he im, o he abo e -men ioned agmen s 39–41 da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
250 is awide pla e o inne im d. 240 mm, wi h a la ing im sha ply di ided om he body.
The ab ic colou is sligh ly ligh e han he o he she ds, wi h ayellowish b own she d (10YR
5/6) and g ey (mo led) su ace. In ou assemblage i is unique o i s shape and su ace colou ,
howe e , exac ly he same shape migh be ound in he S aldzha nec opolis in he G ey wa e
(Alexand o a 2016, таб. 9:III/41), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
251 is ex emely agmen a y, wi h asmall im EVE, and as such adiame e anging om 260
o 300 mm. Despi e his, i ep esen s ashape e y well -known om he Fine ed -slipped
wa e o pla es wi h an a ched, ou - u ned im (3–9), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. Asimila pla e
in he G ey wa e is also published om Cas a Ma is, da ed o he 3 d c. AD (Kabakchie a
2005, таб. VI:32); and om Nicopolis ad Is um, da ed o he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD (Falkne 1999, 85–86;
ig. 9.48:993).
252 is a agmen o awide ho izon al im eng a ed wi h one line unning all a ound he es-
sel. I is a e y small agmen wi h an unmeasu able im diame e , which (i known) could
help o de e mine i his is abowl o apla e. The inne d. o 70 mm, used in he d awing, is
only app oxima ed. The she d is qui e ough, no slipped. This shape could be linked o he
Macedonian g ey wa e– essels wi h adeco a ed im– ei he o Fo m 1 o 2– depending on
i s o iginal size (Ande son -S ojano ić 1984, 103–105). Howe e , aG ey wa e pla e wi h a la
im eng a ed wi h wo lines was also ound in Nicopolis ad Is um in he con ex da ed o AD
175–250 (Falkne 1999, 242; ig. 9.48:991); and in Pau alia, wi h one eng a ed line on he lip,
da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD (S ajko a 1989, обр. 3:a).
253 is ashe d o ashallow bowl o apla e, wi h aledge o alid o inne d. 110 mm, which migh
ind some simila i y in he Fine ed -slipped wa e– see 63, 119–121, 148–150. Howe e , in his
case, he ledge is so dis inc ly spli we may e en conside his shape o be alid. Based on he
simila shapes om he Fine ed -slipped wa e we may da e i app oxima ely o he 2
nd
–4
h
c. AD.
254–255 a e wo bases o open shape essels, likely o pla es. 254 is a alse ing oo base o ou e
d. 150 mm, slipped ully on bo h sides. In shape, i esembles Phocaean ed -slipped wa e. 255
has an unusual shape o alow la base wi h an a ached s ip o aclay, i is slipped only inside.
53FINE TABLE WARE
256–258 a e h ee bowls which sha e an ou - u ned im, double ibbed om abo e. The in-
ne im d. o 256 is 270 mm, o he wo o he she ds, 257 and 258, i is 190 mm. She d 257
p ese es pa o ahandle in he shape o ex a clay applied di ec ly on he im and ounded.
I looks mo e like a hickening o he im o be e manipula ion, han ap ope handle. The
body o he same essel bea s he isible emains o ace ing. She d 256, wi h i s e ical walls
and up - aised ip o he im, does no ha e pa allels among he Fine ed -slipped wa e. On he
o he hand, 257–258 wi h amo e ounded body, sha e simila i ies wi h pla es 12–15, da ed
om he end o he 1s / beginning o he 2nd c. AD o he mid-3 d c. AD, in Moesia In e io and
Pannonia un il he 4 h c. AD.
259 is ahemisphe ical bowl wi h aledge o alid o inne im d. 190 mm, and abody deco a -
ed wi h wo eng a ed lines. I migh ind some shape simila i y in he Fine ed -slipped wa e
she ds 119–120 da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
260–262 a e hemisphe ical bowls wi h s aigh / inwa ds inclined walls wi h a im d. anging
om 120 o 160 mm, wi h di e en ly p o iled ims. She ds 262 and 263 a e deco a ed wi h
one incised / shallow g oo ed line below he im. All h ee shapes migh ind pa allels among
he Fine ed -slipped wa e bowls 69–83, which we e mos popula du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD,
al hough hey we e p oduced un il he 4 h c. AD.
263 is abowl wi h a ounded body and ou - u ned im wi h asmall dep ession inside he lip;
he inne im d. is 260 mm. The e is no deco a ion, only one shallow incised line below he
im. Simila essels a e known om he Fine ed -slipped wa e, c . 105–118. The ch onology
o hese essels seems o span om he 3 d o 4 h c. AD, in Moesia In e io possibly in o he
i s hal o he 5 h c. AD.
264 is a ing oo base o abowl o some bigge essel (such as aja / able ampho a). The base
is ully slipped inside, ou side only pa ly, abo e he ee . The base d. is 120 mm.
265 is acup wi h sligh ly ou - u ned im, la ened om abo e, o inne d. 130 mm. I bea s
he emains o deep eng a ed lines deco a ing he uppe body. I s shape looks like he abo e
men ioned Fine ed -slip wa e bowls (105–118), howe e wi h he im la ened om he op
and wi h asmalle diame e . Some simila i y migh also be ound in he ed -slipped wa e Cups
Type X o I ano p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o, and widely dis ibu ed
o e Moesia In e io om he 2nd ill 3 d c. AD (I ano 2022, 49; ig. 18). None o hese pa allels
is, howe e , ape ec i .
266 is acup wi h ba ely measu able im diame e , bu i seems o be equal o o bigge han
150 mm inside. The body is deco a ed wi h ba bo ine, pe haps wi h aplan / lo al mo i , he
exac image is uniden i iable. I s shape is closes o he G ey wa e she d wi h inne im d.
80 mm deco a ed wi h as amped mo i ound in he illa K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he
4 h c. AD (Najdeno a 1985, 73; таб. 15:176). In he Fine ed -slipped wa e, he closes in shape
a e she ds unde 130–137 p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD.
267 is ak a e wi h awide la ho izon al im o inne d. 210 mm and high neck eng a ed
wi h ase ies o ho izon al lines. Below he neck s a s abulky body as in he case o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e k a e s wi h im d. 135–210 mm (c . 162–167). Consequen ly, we may expec
54 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
asimila o m, o a he bigge dimensions. The ed -slipped essels a e da ed om he 2nd
ill he 4 h c. AD.
268–270 a e smalle size k a e s / po s, all o aunique shape. She d 268 has a la ened, sligh ly
aised im, wi h inne d. 140 mm. She d 269 also has a aised la ened im, eng a ed om he
ou side wi h one deep line, he inne d. is 120 mm. I is deco a ed wi h as oked o namen ,
se e al mm deep (bu no pene a ing h ough he she d). Vessel 270 has s aigh walls and
an oblong im wi h ap onounced ib inside o he essel. Jus below he im is placed a e lex
handle (19 × 8 mm). To be unc ional, we may expec one mo e handle on he o he side o he
po . This essel is o e i ed, esul ing in a e y sha p b i le she d.
271 is a im o a able ampho a wi h inne im d. 110 mm; he uppe pa o he lip is eng a ed
wi h one line. Adis an ly simila im migh be ound among he able ampho ae o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e (c . 182), wi h peak p oduc ion om he second hal o he 2nd c. ill he 3 d
c. AD, al hough hey seem o be p oduced un il he 4 h c. AD.
272–273 a e jugs wi h simila ly p olonged necks wi h a ounded im o inne d. 60 and 70 mm,
none o hem bea s he ma k o ahandle. They likely belong o asimila shape o ajug. Such
asmall shape o ajug was no ound in he Fine ed -slipped wa e, al hough abigge a ian
o asimila shape, wi h im d. 130 mm, migh be seen unde 195, which, howe e , does no
ha e aclea pa allel. In he ed -slipped wa e assemblages published elsewhe e, we may ind
jugs o asimila im diame e , bu wi h amo e la ing im. These a e essels om he nec op-
olis Pe Mogili in No a Zago a egion (Igna o 1996, таб. XIX:3), da ed om he end o he
1s ill he beginning o he 4 h c. AD, and om bu ial mounds in en o y deposi ed in he No a
Zago a Museum (Velko 1996, таб. I:1, III:2, IV:3), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, which ep esen
he closes pa allels.
274 is ajugle o inne im d. 30 mm, wi h he ma ks o wo handle a achmen s placed below
he im, bo h badly p ese ed, wi h unclea sec ion / hickness. Fo mo e see 277.
275 is ajugle which has only hal o he neck p ese ed, wi h one handle (7 × 17 mm). The
exis ence o he second handle is unclea . The inne im d. is 43 mm.
276 is he only G ey wa e jugle wi h a e oil im. The ounded pa o he lip has an ou e d.
o 45 mm. In his case i is e y clea he e is only one handle, which was a ached below he
im, measu ing in sec ion 11 × 6 mm. Fo mo e see 277.
277 is a agmen o a ounded uppe body o ajugle deco a ed wi h mo i s o pinecones ex-
ecu ed in ba bo ine. The im is no p ese ed, bu he maximal body diame e could be meas-
u ed, being ca. 120 mm ou side. Two jugle s made in G ey wa e, o asimila size wi h exac ly
he same body deco a ion, a e exhibi ed a he Regional Museum o His o y in S a a Zago a
and da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. They bo h ha e adi e en uppe ending. The i s o hem has
a ounded im, such as 274, bu la ened om he op, wi h one p ese ed handle a ached
jus below he neck; also, aspou is placed on he maximal body diame e . The second one has
a e oil im and looks like 276. Consequen ly, we may conside he ch onology o he 2nd and
3 d c. AD o he body 277 as well as o he ims 274 and 276.
55FINE TABLE WARE
278 is asingle handle o ajugle , wi h ap o usion o a humb. In sec ion i is 17 × 10 mm.
The e we e some handles wi h asimila p o usion among he Fine ed -slipped wa e, al hough
since hey we e missing any o he diagnos ic ea u es o hei ch onological classi ica ion,
hey we e excluded om he published ma e ial.
279–280 a e wo alse ing oo bases. 279 has abase d. 54 mm and migh belong o ajugle /
ja as well as o a able ampho a. 280 has ad. o jus 25 mm and belonged o asmall size essel
such as ajugle . The bases a e ully slipped inside, ou side only pa ly, abo e he ee .
281 is o aunique shape among he whole assemblage. I has s aigh walls o app oxima e
inne im d. 270 mm. Di ec ly on he im is a ached a ounded handle (26 × 27 mm), wi h ahole
in he middle (d. 8 mm). I looks like a ying pan, al hough he agmen does no bea any
signs o bu ning (howe e , only he im wi h apa o he handle is p ese ed). Idid no ind
any pa allel in ine ed -slipped o g ey wa e.
YELLOW CHALKY WARE
INTRODUCTION
Asmall g oup o essels o he same wa e and he same shape migh be designa ed as Yellow
chalky wa e. These a e small essels wi h a la o sligh ly conca e bo om and ana ow long
neck. Apossible explana ion o hese essels’ unc ion is a ied and o now inconclusi e. One
o he common in e p e a ions is ha hese a e ampho a s oppe s (e.g. Hayes 1997, 35; ig. 12,
da ed om he 1s –2nd c. AD). R. K. Falkne no es ha hese essels a e oo small (max. body
d. 65 mm) o accomplish his unc ion (Falkne 1999, 85; ig. 9.47:980–981). B. Sul o (1985,
82; ab.XLI: a ia), ega ding he pieces p oduced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o,
besides gi ing he possibili y o being s oppe s, also sugges s a eligious unc ion, as some
essels o his shape we e ound in g a es. C. Băjena u, ega ding he ma e ial om Tomis
( he end o he 2nd–3 d c. AD), poin s ou he simila i y o he p esumed ampho a s oppe s (Bă-
jena u 2013, pl. 12:99 and 100) and unguen a ia (Băjena u 2013, pl. 12:97–98), wi h he la e
ones indeed being ound in g a es. Pe haps we a e dealing he e wi h wo di e en essels
o simila shape– one o unguen a ia and asecond one o ampho a s oppe s. The p esumed
da ing ange o bo h a e om he 1s ill he 3 d/4 h c. AD. Taking in accoun hei dissimila i y
wi h ampho ae ab ic and na ow body shape, Ip e e o in e p e hem as unguen a ia.
The closes pa allel o ou inds comes om he cen al g a e o he bu ial mound in an
a ea called Koz Buna , loca ed abou 4 km sou h -wes o Yu a -S oyno. The g a e is da ed o
he e y end o he 1s – beginning o he 2nd c. AD (Ag e 2013, 354). Simila essels we e p o-
duced in Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi and Bu o o (Sul o 1985, 82; ab.XLI:2–3); and Th acian
Had ianopolis (A lı Akbuz 2008, le ha 24:84–85). Consequen ly, also o hese small essels
egional p oduc ion migh be an icipa ed.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The ab ic is well so ed (4), ine, e y so and po ous, o eddish yellow colou (5YR 6/6, 7.5YR
6/6). I con ains abou 10% o inclusions up o 1 mm in size wi h common b own - ed pa icles
and lime, and common o a e sil e mica (Pl. 10:283); he e is no su ace slip (Pl. 4:283–284).
The she d is chalky, lea ing clay ma ks on one’s inge s; i is easy o b eak. The hickness o he
62 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
The wo langed bowls o Fo m 4 ha e a ed she d (10R 5/8) wi h aligh ed slip (10R
6/8, 7.5R 6/8). The ab ic is ine, well so ed (4), wi h common sil e mica and a e lime and
qua z pa icles. 308 has adull slip, ully co e ing he ou e su ace; inside, i ends abo e he
ca ina ion. A he ou e lange pa , he slip c ea es ho izonal lines o da ke colou as i is
concen a ed in shallow ibbing le by he po e . 309 is ully co e ed by auni -colou ed slip
o sligh gloss, so is he base wi h aplan a pedis imp in (314), acommon s amp associa ed
wi h he Pon ic sigilla a A.
Fo m 6 essels a e cha ac e is ic o he p onounced di e ence be ween he ab ic and slip
colou . The ab ic colou is eddish yellow (5YR 7/6), he slip is ed (10R 4/6) o high quali y,
lus ous. All h ee agmen s a e ully slipped inside, while ou side he slip ends jus below
he e e ed im. The slip migh c ea e a hicke laye which c acks on b eaks (such as below
he im). The ab ic is ha d; all he she ds a e e enly i ed. The ab ic is e y well so ed (4),
wi h up o 10% o incisions sized be ween 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm; a ely wi h occasional bigge
pelle s (1–2 mm). The p edominan inclusion is lime, ew a e so ed -b own inclusions (g og?)
and lakes o sil e mica, qua z is a e. In he ab ic o 312 we may also ind small lakes o
golden mica.
One mo e agmen o apla e migh belong o he Pon ic sigilla a A– 313. In hand specimen,
i seems o be o he same ab ic as 310–312, also he ab ic / slip colou co esponds, howe e ,
such ashape is no (ye ?) known o Pon ic sigilla a.
CHRONOLOGY
End o he 1s . c. AD– 3 d c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE PONTIC SIGILLATA A
Fig. 18: nos. 308–314; Pls. 5: nos. 308–314, 10: nos. 308–309
308–309 a e langed bowls o Zhu a le Fo m 4, da ed om he 2nd o mid-3 d c. AD (Zhu a le
2010, 45–49). The inne im diame e o ou essels is 120 and 180 mm. Simila langed bowls
o egional p oduc ion a e common a Yu a -S oyno (c . 85–92), howe e , hese a e di e en
no only o he wa e, bu also mo phologically as he bowls a e conca e below he im and
be ween he p onounced ib; he body o he bowl unde he ib is con ex.
310–312 a e hemisphe ical bowls o Zhu a le Fo m 6 wi h an e e ed im deco a ed wi h
incised lines (310) o oule ing (311–312), da ed o he end o he 1s c. AD and beginning o
he 2nd c. AD; he im inne d. anges om 190 o 230 mm. In he a ea o Th ace and Moesia
In e io , his mo phological shape is no well ep esen ed. We may encoun e single inds om
he ea ly Roman pe iod– such as he (undeco a ed) pla e om he umulus Dulga a Mogila
nea Ka ano o, No a Zago a egion, da ed o he end o he 1s c. AD– beginning o he 2nd c.
AD (Kanche – Kanche a -Rousse a 1996, таб. 18:5, g a e 3:83). Mo e o hese essels migh
be ound in Moesia Supe io a Bu genae (B ukne 1981, 88; T.72:30 and 32) o Singidunum
(Nikolić -Đo đe ić 2000, 34; Tip I/38). Bo h au ho s ma k hese essels as imi a ions o e a
sigilla a ( ypes D agendo 35 o Cu le 11), da ed om he 1s c. o he mid-3 d c. AD.
313 is awide pla e o inne im d. 350 mm, in shape and size simila o pla es 1–2 o Fine ed-
-slipped wa e and o 285 o Mo led wa e. Based on he hand specimen obse a ion, i s ab ic
and slip cha ac e is ics seem o ela e he pla e o he Pon ic sigilla a A, howe e , no such
63FINE TABLE WARE
shape has ye been iden i ied o ha wa e. I we accep ed such an a ibu ion, we could da e
i om he end o he 1s c. ill he 3 d c. AD.
314 is a e y hin (3 mm) agmen o abase wi h as amp o plan a pedis ( he only one ound a
he si e), which belongs o an open o m, likely o apla e. F om he bo om, he base is un -slip-
ped and hea ily sc a ched (in en ional g a i i?), on he uppe pa , he slip is qui e wo n. The
s amp i sel ep esen s an imp in o a oo in asandal (as we can in e p e he c oss o e
he a ea o an ins ep).
The s amp o plan a pedis is common o he A ezzo p oduc ion o e a sigilla a whe e i
appea s in ca. 30 AD. In A ezzo, he s amp howe e con ains he name o he wo kshop owne
o o he c a sman (Zhu a le 2009, 56). In he no he n Black Sea a ea, he plan a pedis
appea s on he Pon ic sigilla a by he mid-1s c. AD, and i migh be ound on he essels un il
he 2nd qua e o he 2nd c. AD. I is ypical o Pon ic sigilla a A Fo m 1. The di e ence in he
s amp use o he A ezzo and he Pon ic sigilla a p oduc ion is, ha he second one does no
bea names (Zhu a le 2009, 56).
We may also ind plan a pedis on he Fine ed -slipped wa e p oduced in Th ace and Moesia
In e io , whe e he unc ion o he plan a pedis is a he deco a i e– as a es ed by he ou
clay s ampe s ound a he p oduc ion cen e a Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi, om which h ee
a e double -sided wi h a ose e as he second mo i (Vladko a 2011, каталог на печатите).
The s amp is o en applied on one essel in highe numbe s. The mos common essel o m,
whe e he plan a pedis appea s in Th ace and Moesia In e io , is abowl wi h a langed im
(he e 85–92), asimila shape o he Pon ic sigilla a AFo m 1 (c . Sul o 1985; Zhu a le
2009; Vladko a 2011).
KNIDIAN GREY WARE
INTRODUCTION
Two essels om he whole assemblage migh be a ibu ed o he so -called Knidian g ey wa e.
Like he Knidian hin -walled wa e, he Knidian g ey wa e o he Roman pe iod ep esen s
acon inua ion o local La e Hellenis ic p oduc ion (Hayes 2008, 64), in luenced, om abou
he Augus an pe iod, by he I alian wo kshops (Kögle 2005, 56). The wa e was expo ed in
smalle quan i ies o e he Medi e anean; i is mos ly iden i ied in he Aegean a ea, wi h he
peak pe iod om Augus us o Claudius (Kögle 2005, 57–58); howe e , he e a e s ill inds,
om he same a ea, da ed ill he mid-2nd c. AD (see Kögle 2010, Abb. M–N). In Halasa na,
on he island o Kos, essels o Knidian ab ic a e ound in con ex s da ed e en o he 2nd and
3 d c. AD, some a e p obably e en la e (G igo opoulos 2021, 224).
Acco ding o Hayes (2008 63), his wa e has a hin and clean -b eaking she d, ab ic wi h
aces o ine mica and li le lime; he colou is no mally o ange o pinkish wi h ag ey co e.
The hin slip migh ha e many di e en colou s, anging om o ange -b own h ough pu plish
b own and sepia o da k g ey. I co e s he inside and he uppe pa o he ou side, ending on
he line below he ca ina ion (i he e is one). The lowe pa o he ex e io and he oo a e
gene ally ca e ully ooled. G igo opoulos also no ed ha he g ey wa e in he Augus an pe iod
has ame allic slip anging om black o da k b own and pu plish - ed, which p og essi ely
becomes dulle and ma . La e p oduc ion, da ed om he end o he 2nd ill 3 d c. AD ound a
Halasa na includes essels which lack aslip o ha e asel -slip i ed o he colou o he body
agmen (G igo opoulos 2021, 223–224).
64 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
WARE DESCRIPTION
See he indi idual she ds.
CHRONOLOGY
The Roman Impe ial p oduc ion is da ed om Augus us ill he 3 d c. AD / mid-4 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE KNIDIAN GREY WARE
Fig. 18: nos. 315–316; Pls. 5: no. 316, 10: no. 316
315 is ashallow bowl wi h a langed im and ca ina ed body; he inne im d. is 130 mm, he
base ou e d. is 60 mm. The essel is ha d i ed wi h a ed ab ic colou and asu ace o wo
in s, eddish b own (5YR 5/4) and yellow eddish (5YR 4/3).31 The she d is hin, ca. 4 mm.
Thanks o i s dis inc i e colou , hin body she d, and ca e ul inish o he ou e su ace, we
could link he base and he im oge he ; he pa in be ween is missing. I belongs o Kögle
Fo m VII, Type D, da ed om ca. AD 25 o he mid-2nd c. AD (c . Kögle 2010, Abb. 57:Kn. 85).
316 is a agmen o ajug wi h o e hanging im and unnel -shaped neck, wi h im inne d.
180 mm. The ab ic is ed (2.5YR 5/6), he slip is con inuous; inside o he ab ic colou ; he
ou e su ace has ayellow ed (5YR 5/4) con inuous coa ing; i is bu ned on he lip. I ela es
o Kögle Fo m XXX, Type C, da ed om he mid-1s ill mid-2nd c. AD (Kögle 2010, Abb. 74).
The ch onological e olu ion o hese jugs is no ully clea , bu ou agmen , due o he p o-
nounced a icula ion o he o e hanging im migh be ea lie – da ed om he mid-1s c. o
he beginning o he 2nd c. AD (G igo opoulos 2021, 226).
THIN ‑WALLED RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
INTRODUCTION
Thin -walled essels s a ed o be p oduced in I aly a he beginning o he 2nd c. BC and un il
he Augus an pe iod hey we e no ed -slipped (Ma abini Moe s 1973, 140–150). Abou wo
hund ed yea s la e , a he end o he 1s c. BC / beginning o he 1s c. AD, hei ed -slipped
p oduc ion s a ed in some o he wes e n p o inces (e.g. Gallia, and in he a ea o he Ibe ian
Peninsula), which a i s imi a ed he I alian o ms, bu sho ly a e s a ed o p oduce hei
own o iginal shapes (Ge asini 2005, 290–291). The I alian p oduc s we e also expo ed in
g ea numbe s o he Eas e n Medi e anean du ing he La e Republic and Ea ly Impe ial
pe iod, whe e hey a e ound in he con ex s da ed o he end o he 1s c. BC (Kögle 2010,
339). By he 1s c. AD, hei local p oduc ion also s a ed he e, which con inued un il he 3 d c.
AD (Hea h– Tekkök 2006-2009, ea ly Roman Thin -wall– Roman -pe iod cups/jugs).32 Among
he known Impe ial pe iod p oduc ion cen es loca ed in he Eas e n Medi e anean belongs
31 Fo he ab ic and su ace colou see Ri e – Hea h 2013-2022: Kench eai A chaeological A chi e.
Knidian G ay-Wa e Bowl KE 1891.
32 The so -called I alian jugs, o Th acian hin -walled wa e cups, likely p oduced in Ainos (he e unde
nos. 330–333) also belong o he g oup imi a ing I alian p oduc s (e.g. Hayes 1997, 67–71).
65FINE TABLE WARE
Pe gamon, Ephesus, Knidos (Kögle 2010, 339–340) and Phocaea (Özyiği 1991, 137–139;
Hayes 1997, 68).
In Th ace and Moesia In e io p oduc ion o hin -walled wa e has no ye been a es ed.
Despi e some isual simila i y wi h he egionally made Fine ed -slipped wa e,33 we may
expec hese essels we e impo ed.
The mo phological o ms o all he ed -slipped hin -walled wa e she ds ound in Yu a-
-S oyno migh be linked o aknown ypology o wes e n p oduc s– ei he o Ma abini Mo-
e s (1973; ega ding ma e ial om Cosa) o Maye (1975; essels om he Ibe ian Peninsula).
Despi e he mo phological simila i y, hei o he ea u es a he poin o an eas e n o igin
o he essels. One ea u e is he ed she d and good quali y ed slip, applied in he eas e n
manne spa sely on he su ace; he o he is he p onounced ca ina ion o he body, especially
isible on he ca ina ed cups (Ma abini Moe s XLII / XLIII; Kögle Dk.1), which is, as sugges -
ed by Kögle (2010, 347), likely connec ed o he Knidian and Pe gamene p oduc ion. We may
an icipa e aKnidian o igin o he ca ina ed cups (317–321) which we e he mos popula
Knidian essels widely sp ead o e he Aegean and Medi e anean a ea (Kögle 2005, 57; o
dis ibu ion see Kögle 2010, 58–59, 340; Abb. N/Ka e 3b; G igo opoulos 2021, 259). I he
Knidian o igin is co ec , hey would be da ed o he second hal o he 1s c.– i s hal o he
2
nd
c. AD. F om he o he possible impo e s known up o da e, we may likely exclude Phocaea,
as he known essels we e o di e en shapes and a g ey su ace; and Ephesus, whe e he
hin -walled essels we e made o aso micaceous ab ic simila o he La e Roman Ampho ae
3 (G igo opoulos 2021, 268–270), which lea es us wi h Pe gamon as i s possible p o ide .
Since we do no ha e ully p ese ed shapes, we canno always con iden ly link ou she ds
o one speci ic ypological o m on he basis o which i was modelled, consequen ly, mo e
o ms o one she d need o be conside ed. The e a e also some di e ences in he appea ance,
mos ly in he su ace ea men o colou , which will be indi idually desc ibed. These small
di e ences migh poin o di e en places o p oduc ion.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The Thin -walled ed -slipped wa e is cha ac e is ic o i s hin body she d, up o 3 mm hick,34
and e y ine ed ab ic (Pl. 11:318–329). The inne slip was applied only pa ially, on he
uppe pa / lip o he im (Pl. 5:321–329). The ou e su ace was slipped o ala ge ex en ,
ending ei he unde he body ca ina ion (317–319) o se e al cen ime es below he ou e
im (328–329). Some o he she ds ha e he ou e su ace ully slipped (320–322, 326). We
may only assume he slipped pa migh ha e e en ually ended lowe han on he p ese ed
agmen . The agmen s a e no deco a ed; he only use o an incised line is o enhance he
p o ile o a im in he case o se e al cups (324–327); no su ace sanding (ou e o inne )
has been documen ed. Rega ding he mo phology, he only o ms execu ed in his wa e a e
d inking essels, cups and bowls.
The ab ic colou is ed (2.5YR 5/6), eddish yellow (5YR 6/6), a ely also b ownish yellow
(10 YR 6/4); he slip, applied in a hin laye , is mos ly ed (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8, 4/6, 4/8), a ely dusky
ed (10R 3/4). The ab ic so ing is e y good (5), i is dense, wi h a e o ew ounde po es.
The small numbe o inclusions is ba ely isible wi hou amagni ica ion lens, ea u ing ew
33 They ha e simila ab ic and slip colou and he slip dis ibu ion o e he su ace ( hey a e only
pa ly slipped).
34 Wi h one excep ion being 329, which has awall hickness o almos 4 mm.
66 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
whi e inclusions (so and ha d) and a e so ed inclusions, likely clay pelle s. Few o common
iny lakes o sil e mica migh be no iced on he su ace.
CHRONOLOGY
The p oduc ion o he hin -walled wa e in he Eas e n Medi e anean s a ed a he beginning
o he 1
s
c. AD; he majo i y o he p oduc s a e da ed om hen ill he mid-2
nd
c. AD (Kögle
2010; G igo opoulos 2021, 259–273), while some essels migh s ill be da ed ill he mid-4 h
c. AD (c . G igo opoulos 2021, 262; ig. 138).
CATALOGUE OF THE THIN ‑WALLED RED ‑SLIPPED WARE
Fig. 19: nos. 317–329; Pls. 5: nos. 321–329, 11: nos. 318–329
317–321 a e ca ina ed cups which migh ha e had wo handles (c . 318; sec ion 9 × 7 mm). They
ha e e ical walls sligh ly inclined inwa ds, inne im d. 70–85 mm / 110 mm. None o he
bases is p ese ed. All a e pa ly ed -slipped inside, some also ou side, such as he longe
agmen s wi h he slip ending jus below he body ca ina ion (317–319). The sho e she ds
a e ully slipped ou side (320–321). The o iginal shape ela es ei he o Ma abini Moe s XLII
o XLIII. Compa ing he I alian and eas e n o ms, he body ca ina ion (whe e p ese ed) is
mo e dis inc , in as yle o cups Type Dk.1. o Knidian o igin (Kögle 2010 Abb. E/b; also c .
G igo opoulos 2021, ig. 139:626–630). I Knidian, hei peak would be da ed om he mid-
1s ill mid-2nd c. AD.
322 is aconical cup / beake wi h la ing walls o inne im d. 90 mm. This agmen is co e ed
on bo h sides by acon inuous coa ing, a he han aslip, as i does no ha e adi e en colou
o he ab ic; bo h– ab ic and he coa ing– a e b ick ed. The co e is dull, and he ou e
su ace combines wide shallow ho izon al bands o oughe × smoo he appea ance and eel;
he e is ahighe amoun o sil e mica in he ab ic. By o m, i mos esembles he beake s
ype Ma abini Moe sXII.
323 is a la base o aconical cup / beake wi h ou e d. 50 mm. I has asmoo h ou e su ace
wi hou any co e , while he inne pa is ully ed -slipped. The bo om is only 2 mm hick.
Close a ibu ion o aspeci ic ypology is impossible.
324–325 a e cups wi h an o oid body and ounded im, he p ese ed agmen s ha e no han-
dles. The inne im d. is uni o mly 75 mm. Bo h she ds ha e adi e en slip in a ying colou s,
mixing da ke in s o b own wi h eddish ones. The slip is also da ke , almos black in he
dep ession below he ounded im. Inside, he d ipping d ops o he slip o 325 a e da k ed
wi h asli e lus e, while o 324 we may see only a ew cen ime es wide ed line unning
unde he im. In shape, hey a e simila o h ee o ms o Maye : XXX, XXXVII and XLIV, o
o Ma abini Moe sLXVI.
326–327 a e cups, in hei basic o m simila o he abo e -men ioned essels, al hough he
ounded im is eng a ed wi h one deep line; he inne d. is sligh ly bigge han be o e– 90 mm.
One o he she ds has a– no ully– p ese ed handle (14 × 9< mm). The agmen s a e ully
ed slipped ou side, pa ially (unde he im) inside. In shape, hey a e simila o Ma abini
Moe sLXIII.
67FINE TABLE WARE
328–329 a e simple hemisphe ical bowls wi h an inne im d. o 160–170 mm, ypologically
ela ed o he ype Ma abini Moe sLIII. Simila in asec ion and sha ing a he coa se ab ic
( han is usual o he wa e), bo h agmen s a e isually di e en . 328 has alowe quali y slip
which is laking. The slip co e s he majo i y o he ou e su ace and abou wo cen ime es
below he inne im; i is ligh o da k b own. Rim 329 is simila in appea ance o he conical
cup / beake 322, he ou e coa ing is dull and blends wi h he she d, c ea ing alaye which
is ha dly isible. I ully co e s he inne side, ou side i ends a he lowe pa . The ab ic is
dusky ed (10R 3/4), likely o e i ed, wi h a ough ou e su ace and ashallow wide ho izon-
al band a abou he mid -poin o he body; he she d is sligh ly hicke , almos 4 mm; i is
coa se and mo e micaceous han he es o he Thin-walled ed-slipped wa e (see Pl. 11).
THRACIAN THIN ‑WALLED WARE
INTRODUCTION
The globula one -handled cups made in Th acian hin -walled wa e ollow he I alian adi-
ion o hin -walled po e y, o mally known as ‘I alian mugs’, o ‘boccalini acolla ino’. Thei
p oduc ion cen e is assumed o be in he No he n Aegean, likely a Ainos, on he Ma i za
Ri e es ua y. The cen e seems o be ac i e om he mid-1s c. AD un il he 3 d c. AD, wi h
he highes p oduc ion pe iod un il he end o he 2nd c. AD (Ma abini Moe s 1973, 237–238;
Malamidou 2005, 57; Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009). Many inding places a e known
om he Aegean and Eas e n Medi e anean, e.g. Ilion (Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009);
Paphos on Cyp us (Hayes 1991, ig. XXII:17); Amphipolis, Abde a, Thasos (Malamidou 2005,
57); Co in h (Adamsheck 1979, pl. 22/LRB11a); Halasa na on Kos (G igo opoulos 2021, 271);
o Benghazi in Libya (Ken ick 1985, 310; B452).
Vessels execu ed in his wa e o en ha e a i i ied su ace om he use o sal ed wa e o
he inal wash (Hayes 1997, 70). Cups o la e p oduc ion (3 d c. AD) a e commonly deco a ed
wi h whi e spi al / lo al mo i s, do s, o la ge w i en le e s / messages (Adamsheck 1979;
Malamidou 2005, 57; Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009). The ou e coa ing migh be missing
abo e he base– see, e.g. he cup exhibi ed a he His ia A chaeological Museum (da ed o
he 2nd–3 d c. AD).
While he one -handled globula cups a e ypical o his wa e (330–334), much less ep-
esen ed a e jugs (335), ea u ing howe e he same ab ic and su ace ea men cha ac e -
is ics, including high empe a u e i ing necessa y o he i i ica ion. The o igin o hese
cups and jugs om asingle loca ion was p oposed by Băjena u (2013, 57), ha ing ound bo h
essel o ms oge he in Tomis (Cons anța) he p oposed hey we e used oge he as ase o
d inking essels. Alid handle (336) o simila looking wa e was also ound a Yu a -S oyno.
Fo ms o he I alian mugs / Th acian hin -walled wa e cups seem o be also p oduced (imi-
a ed?) egionally, especially in Moesia In e io , whe e hey we e execu ed in ed -slipped wa e.
Thei p oduc ion is a es ed in Bu o o, Ka a elo o (Kazan Chei ), p obably also in Ho ni sa (Kash
-
la a) and Du os o um (see I ano 2022, 51, Cups ype XIII; nos. 265–273). Some Fine ed -slipped
wa e cups om Yu a -S oyno, especially 146, migh also be conside ed o be such an imi a ion.
WARE DESCRIPTION
The so -called Th acian hin -walled wa e ound a Yu a -S oyno comp ises o essels wi h
a2–3 mm body hickness, o e y dense ab ic, b ick ed she d and g eyish– o en i i-
68 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
ied– ou e su ace (Pl. 6:330–336). The ab ic is e y well so ed (4), wi h 10–20% o sandy
inclusions up o 0.5 mm big. The mos no iceable inclusions on he sec ion a e whi e ounded
pa icles (Pl. 11:335). Ra e o ew sil e mica lakes migh be no iced on he su ace i no
i i ied. The ab ic colou is ed (2.5YR 5/8, 4/6, 4/8); he su ace coa ing is o ag ey (2.5YR
5/1) o pu plish -b own colou ( om weak ed 10R 4/2 o shiny black 10YR 2/1). None o he
p ese ed agmen s is deco a ed.
CHRONOLOGY
Mid-1s c. AD– 3 d c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE THRACIAN THIN ‑WALLED WARE
Fig. 19: nos. 330–336; Pls. 6: nos. 330–336, 11: nos. 335
330–332 a e h ee im agmen s o cups wi h inne d. 60–65 mm. Only one o hem has abend
below he im (332), o he wise ypical o hese cups. 330 is ha d i ed wi h asha p and b i -
le she d, wi h dull su aces, he ou e – da k eddish g ey (2.5YR 4/1), he inne – eddish
b own (2.5 YR 4/4). The handle is a ached di ec ly o he im, i is 11 × 8 mm in sec ion. 331
and 332 bo h ha e dull su aces, 331 is simila in colou o 330, sligh ly mo e g eyish, while
332 has aweak ed (2.5YR 4/2) ou e su ace and ed inne su ace (10R 4/6). These a e all o
he Ma abini Moe s o m LXVIII, da ed om he mid-1s c. o he la e 2nd c. AD (1973, no. 431,
pls. 46 and 85).
333 is amo e ounded and hickened im o acup, wi h inne d. 90 mm. I is sligh ly ligh e in
colou , wi h a eddish b own ou e su ace (2.5YR 4/3) and ligh ed (2.5YR 6/6) inne su ace.
No di ec pa allels ha e been ound.
334 is a la base o acup wi h a i i ied ou e su ace o a e y da k g ey colou (5YR 3/1); he
base ou e d. is 50 mm.
335 is aone -handled e oil‐mou hed jug. The wides im diame e is 45 mm; he handle sec-
ion is 17 × 13 mm. The su ace colou is he same as o he cup 331– ou e da k eddish g ey
(2.5YR 4/1), inne is eddish b own (2.5 YR 4/4).
336 is ahandle o alid, wi h ou e d. 35 mm. The uppe pa o he lid bea s s ing ma k om
cu ing o he wheel, combined wi h pa allel shallow lines, pe haps om smoo hing. I ea-
u es simila cha ac e is ics as he abo e -men ioned cups and ajug, he ab ic is e y dense,
e y ine, o a ed colou (2.5YR 5/6). The su ace is ligh b ownish g ey (2.5Y 6/2).
MISCELLANEOUS FINE WARES
Unde miscellaneous ine wa es a e g ouped agmen s whose ab ic is di e en om he
es ablished wa es desc ibed abo e and hei close classi ica ion is unsecu e o unknown.
Some agmen s migh be pu oge he in o smalle g oups based on hei wa e wi h some
possible e e ences o hei o igin (337–339, 340–341), o he s a e indi idually desc ibed, and
hei possible iden i ica ion le o he eade (342–348).
69FINE TABLE WARE
Rega ding he shape and ab ic, Iwould assume she ds 337–339, 340–341, 343, 344, 345
and 346 a e o impo ed essels while 342 has ashape known om Th ace and Moesia In e-
io , which migh poin o i s egional p oduc ion. O apeculia shape a e he wo bases 347
and 348 o one essel, which a e un -slipped (o pe haps he slip did no each o he base)
and une enly i ed. The epe i i e eng a ing made be o e i ing is s ange, i could be con-
nec ed o he essels’ speci ic ( eligious o cul ?) unc ion.
CATALOGUE OF MISCELLANEOUS FINE WARES
Figs. 19–20: nos. 337–348; Pls. 6: nos. 337–345, 11: no. 339
337–339 a e ims o langed bowls, simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e langed bowls o e-
gional p oduc ion, howe e hei ab ic and shape di e . They ha e ex emely ine ab ic, o
eddish yellow colou (5YR 6/8) and a ed slip (2.5YR 5/8). 337 is ully slipped ou side, spa sely
inside, whe e he slip has asligh me allic lus e; 338 is e y wo n ou side, whe e he slip is
p ese ed only in he eng a ed line below he im, inside he slip is only sligh ly wo n, con-
inuous; 339 is ully slipped om bo h sides. Addi ionally, each she d has asligh ly di e en
shape. 337 is he bigges essel, wi h inne im d. 140 mm, s aigh walls and p onounced
lange; 338 has sligh ly la ing walls wi h he im d. 110 mm and wi h ap onounced incision
below he lip; 339 has s aigh walls, hickened lip wi h asmall unde cu , he inne im d. is
90 mm. The mos ep esen a i e indi idual om his g oup is 337 wi h ashape common o
se e al di e en p oduc ion a eas, mos ly o eas e n o igin, c . Eas e n sigilla a A(Hayes 1985,
a . V:7–9), Eas e n sigilla a B (Hayes 1985, a . XV:1; 2008, ig. 11:310) o Knidian p oduc ion
(Hayes 2008, ig. 52:1620); also, we may ind simila shapes, al hough adi e en ab ic, in he
I alian p oduc ion (Hayes 2008, igs. 16–17).
340–341 a e bowls wi h an ou - u ned conca e im. The im d. o bo h essels is e y di e en ,
150 mm and 250 mm inside. 340 has a eddish yellow ab ic (5YR 6/8) and good quali y ed slip
(2.5YR 5/8). Inside, he slip is con inuous, ou side, i ends below he lange. In adi ec ligh he
slip has asligh me allic lus e. The ab ic is ex emely ine, wi h 5% o po es. 341 ea u es he
same ab ic and slip cha ac e is ics as he abo e -desc ibed she d, howe e , he slip is ully
con inuous also ou side; he conca e im is deco a ed wi h incised lines.
The closes pa allel in shape is ep esen ed by he so -called Colou coa ed wa e,35 in Moesia
Supe io commonly ound along he Roman LIMES in he T aianic laye s (C je ićanin 2004,
123; ab.IV). C je ićanin emphasises he wa e connec ion o amili a y en i onmen .
342 is by he shape simila o he Fine ed -slipped wa e jugle s (196–201) wi h awide ing on
he im. In his case, he ing is howe e placed di ec ly on he lip o he essel in he o m o
adisk. The inne im d. is 29 mm. The bigges di e ence is howe e he ab ic, which is e y
dense wi h no po es, wi h ap edominan amoun o iny whi e pa icles and common da k
pelle s. The colou is uni o mly b own (7.5YR 5/4). The su ace is no slipped, bu i seems
smoo hed. Pa allels o he shape migh be ound in he publica ion o A amo a, whe e i is
classed oge he wi h he abo e -men ioned Fine ed -slipped wa e jugle s, al hough unde he
Type 1, da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD (A amo a 2005, Тип 1).
35 C je ićanin desc ibed his as ine ed -slipped wa e wi h high quali y coa ing made in all shades o
ed o o ange o da k b own o eddish -b own, highly bu nished o wi h in ensi e me allic gli e
(C je ićanin 2004, 123).
70 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
343 is alse ing oo wi h an inne d. 90 mm, slipped om bo h sides, wi h h ee s amped
lea e -like mo i s o he same shape. The ab ic is ed (2.5YR 5/8), he slip is ligh ed (2.5YR
6/8). The e a e abou 10% o inclusions 0.3–0.5 mm big, common is qua z and di e en sizes
o sil e mica lakes, up o 1 mm big.
344 is he middle pa o abase, slipped only inside, wi h wo imp in ed palme es om he
same s amp. The base is no comple e, bu i s inne ing d. is abou 100 mm. The slip is ligh
ed (2.5YR 6/8), so is he ab ic colou ; he inne su ace is smoo hed. The ab ic is e y ine,
p edominan a e iny li le lakes o asil e mica, especially isible on he un -slipped su ace.
The e a e wo mo e she ds in he assemblage bea ing apalme e b anch s amp, bo h e y
agmen ed. Simila s amps a e published om Villa A mi a, da ed om he 2nd o 4 h c. AD
(Kabakchie a 1986, обр. 7). S amps o apalme e b anch a e popula on he La e An ique
po e y, as hey a e on Phocaean ed -slipped wa e (Hayes 1972, ig. 72; 2008, pl. 64) and, es-
pecially, on he A ican ed -slipped wa e da ed o he 4 h–5 h c. AD (Hayes 1972, igs. 38–39;
2008, pls. 53–55, 57–58).
345 is a ing oo wi h an inne d. 80 mm, slipped om he inside, un -slipped om he ou side.
The s amp (amo i ) imp in ed in he middle is uniden i iable. I has apink o eddish yellow
ab ic (5YR 8/6– 5YR 7/6) and aligh ed slip (2.5YR 7/8).
346 is a e y low la base wi h asmall oo a ached o he bo om, he inne d. is 140 mm.
A ound he inne su ace uns one incised line. The e a e no such bases in he assemblage.
The she d is wo n, bu i was o iginally co e ed om bo h sides by slip. The ab ic is e y ine,
o apink colou (7.5YR 7/4) wi h iny lakes o sil e mica; he slip is ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8).
347–348 a e wo pieces o asingle base wi h an inne d. 100 mm. The base has apeculia shape,
which is unique in he assemblage. The she d is une enly i ed, o yellow colou (10YR 7/6)
wi h ag ey co e, he e is no slip. The wo pieces p ese e adepic ion esembling he lowe
pa s o h ee G eek le e s: ‘X’ (chi) unning a ound he lowe pa o he base. The mo i was
eng a ed wi h a hicke s ick be o e i ing.
71
Wheel made cooking wa e
The main body o he coa se cooking wa e is ep esen ed by he wheel -made essels used o
ood p epa a ion, which we e p oduced o wi hs and ahigh empe a u e and hea changes,
ei he di ec ly placed o e a i e, o s anding by i . Consequen ly, he ab ic is coa se, sandy
and i s colou migh ha e many di e en shades o da k (- ed, -b own, -g ey). The she ds
a e commonly bu ned on he ou side, especially a ound he base. Open essels also ea u e
bu ning ma ks on he uppe pa o he body and below he im. In e ms o p opo ions, in
ou assemblage essels o aclosed shape a e he mos common, wi h amuch lowe numbe
o open shape essels. Ase ies o lids made in wide anges o sizes accompany he essels.
The coa se cooking wa e om Yu a -S oyno is mos ly ep esen ed by cooking po s o
aclosed shape (361–407, 435, 443–444), much less by open o closed shape casse oles (349–357,
439), and open shape ying pans (358–360, 438). Many o ms a e o he La e Hellenis ic
adi ion, such as he casse oles, ying pans and po s wi h a ounded body and cylind ical
neck– he s ewing po s (400–407). P e -Roman p edecesso s migh also be expec ed o he
po s wi h an s -shaped im (389–392).
The cooking wa e om Yu a -S oyno is ep esen ed by wo ypes o ab ic, he Coa se
cooking wa e, and he Golden mica wa e. The Coa se cooking wa e is he main coa se wa e o
he si e (98.5% o all he ma e ial); and exis s in wo sub - a ian s, ine and coa se . The main
ab ic composi ion is he same, howe e , i di e s in coa seness and so ing o indi idual
she ds. We may p esume a egional o igin o his wa e, as many o i s o ms we e p oduced
in Th ace and Moesia In e io . The Golden mica wa e is much less ep esen ed (1.5% o all he
ma e ial) and includes a a iable se o inds, ea u ing wo g oups o essels. The i s g oup
consis s o h ee unique o ms (435–437) wi hou any pa allels among he Coa se cooking wa e;
while he second g oup migh ind simila / he same shapes among he Coa se cooking wa e
(438–441). Fo now, he p o enance o his wa e is no clea , al hough he e a e some hin s
sugges ing an Aegean a ea o igin, wi h some o he she ds possibly om Phocaea (438–439).
COARSE COOKING WARE
INTRODUCTION
P oduc ion o he Coa se cooking wa e is a es ed bo h in Th ace and Moesia In e io , e en
a he same po e y p oduc ion cen es whe e he Fine and Common ed -slipped wa es we e
p oduced (Tab.1).
36
The coa se cooking wa e seems o ha e been p oduced in smalle quan i ies
compa ed o he ine able wa e, only a he Ho ni sa p oduc ion cen e, in Moesia In e io , i
is p esumed he coa se cooking wa e was he dominan p oduc (Sul o 1969; Kabakchie a–
Sul o a– Vladko a 1988, 45).
36 An excep ion is he p oduc ion cen e a Leshni sa (I ano a 2003, 58), whe e coa se wa e was no
ound; and he si e o Ka a elo o in Shumen Dis ic , om whe e only he ine ed -slipped wa e
was published, howe e , om he ex i is no clea i he au ho was only in e es ed in he ed-
-slipped able wa e, o , he coa se cooking wa e was no a es ed a he cen e a all.
78 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
2000, 65; Tip 1/129); and in Si mium, da ed om he 2nd o 4 h c. AD (B ukne 1981, 107; ab.122,
Tip 28). Fo Sado e s inds see Kuzmano (1992, Ta . 92–93).
382–384 a e h ee agmen s pu in o one g oup on he bases o asmall inne im d.
90–95 mm and he body deco a ed wi h ho izon al ibbing on he uppe pa , which is no
common o he o he agmen s. The handle is banded, ibbed wice om he uppe pa ,
wi h sec ions o 27 × 12 mm (382) and 23 × 9 mm (384).
Po s wi h wo o h ee ibbed ho izon al lines and no handles ha e along adi ion in Dacia
du ing he i s h ee cen u ies AD, and akiln si e p oducing (besides o he o ms) hese po s
wi h a ibbed body is known om Valea Mo ilo (nea Tulcea in Dob udzha), ac i e in he 4 h
c. AD (Baumann 1996, 46; ig. 4:4, Type II). She ds 383–384 ha e a im shape compa able o
he po published om Ka ano o, da ed o he mid-3 d c.– beginning o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso
2013, таб. I:2); asimila shape, wi h one handle and a ibbed body, migh also be ound a illa
K ale Dol, da ed o he end o he 4 h c. AD (Najdeno a 1985, таб. 41:149). Fo he Sado e s
inds see Kuzmano (1992, Ta . 96:11).
385–388 a e ou po agmen s wi h asho ou - u ned hooked im di ec ly connec ed o he
ounded body, wi hou aneck. The missing neck is adis inc i e di ision om o he kinds o
po s wi h he same im p o ile, bu , wi h as aigh neck (c . Klenina 2006, 113–114; Горшки
Тип 22– known e.g. om No ae, Ia us, Nicopolis ad Is um o Sado e s); all da ed solely o
he La e An iqui y.
F om ou assemblage, only one po has ahandle, wi h asec ion 24 × 9 mm (385). Based on
he pa allels om No ae and Ia us, he po s should ha e wo handles, di ec ly connec ed o
he im. Acco ding o he u he desc ip ion, he body is ound, some imes g oo ed in he
uppe pa , wi h a la , sligh ly conca e base (Bie nacki– Klenina 2014, 152; Bö ge 1978, 30).
385–386, wi h sha pe edges, ela e o he shapes known e.g. om Hie apolis (Ana olia),
whe e hey ep esen he mos popula La e An ique cooking wa e, which was p oduced lo-
cally (al hough in awide a ea),38 om ca. he 5 h c. o 7 h c. AD (Co ica 2005, 657; 4:1–4). Opaiţ
(2004, 46) has asimila ch onological classi ica ion o apo om Ibida (Scy hia), da ed om
he second hal o he 5 h o he 6 h c. AD (‘local po s ype IV’). He also sugges s his is alocal
imi a ion o po s p oduced in he Aegean (and ound e.g. a Chios o he Yassi Ada shipw eck).
The same shape is also known om No ae– da ed o he 5 h– 6 h c. AD (Bie nacki– Klenina
2014, 152; ig. 3:2). The La e An ique da ing o hese po s migh also be con i med by Hayes,
who no es, hese po s a e known in Th ace and Cons an inople om laye s o he 6 h c.– ea ly
7 h c. AD (Hayes 1992, 158).
387–388, wi h mo e ounded edges, seem o be da ed he same as he p e ious ones, wi h
agood example being published om Ia us (Bö ge 1982, Ta . 48:595, Töp e Typ VII, Pe iod
D), known al eady by he 5 h c. AD (Pe iod C), while being acha ac e is ic shape o he 6 h c.
AD, when hei dimensions a e supposed o sh ink (Bö ge 1978, 29–30).
389–392 a e g oups o wos po s. The agmen s ha e an s -shaped im wi h ei he ounded
(389–390) o sha p (391–392) edges, he la e one wi h asmall dep ession on he ou e lip.
The she ds a e e y agmen ed, and he diame e s o h ee ou o ou a e no possible o
measu e p ecisely, only wi hin a ange. The only measu able she d (390) gi es us apossible
s anda d o he im diame e – 160 mm inside; no handles we e p ese ed.
The ea lies pa allels come om No ae (Genche a 2002, 32; таб. VI:7–8, таб. VII:1–
TypeI.2.3. Гърнета сизтънени устия). Genche a sees an I alian o igin o hese po s, as hey
38 In he a icle no u he speci ied.
79WHEEL MADE COOKING WARE
we e ound he e in he con ex s o he end o he 1s c. BC un il he mid-1s c. AD (Genche a
2002, 32; San o – San o 1995, 194; ig. 63:524). Po s o his shape migh , howe e , also
be ound la e , e.g. a he Villa A mi a in I aylo g ad, whe e hey a e da ed om he 3 d c. o
4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 28–29, Гърнета Тип 2; таб. 42:486);39 o om awide a ea, e.g.
om Zag eb in C oa ia, in he con ex o he 2
nd
c. o 4
h
c. AD (B ukne 1981, 107; ab.120:109)
and Singidunum in Se bia, da ed om he end o he 3 d c. o he beginning o he 5 h c. AD
(Nikolić -Đo de ić 2000, 66; Tip II/1 and Tip II/2).
Fo ou a ea, we could bes associa e he agmen s wi h he po s known and published
om he Sli en Dis ic (Bo iso 1988, 92–93; рис 1, Горшки Тип 1–2). Bo iso ’sType 1 pe -
ec ly i s ou 389–390, and his Type 2 ou 391–392. He no es, hese wo ypes a e equen ly
being ound oge he in Th ace, in he con ex s o he mid- o 2nd hal o he 4 h c. AD. Po s o
he same shape as 389–390 we e p oduced in Ka ano o om he mid-3 d c. o he beginning
o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso 2013, таб. I:6–7).
393 is ano he po wi h an ou - u ned s -shaped im, ounded lip om he ou side and mo e
p onounced inne dep ession wi h inne im d. 130 mm. The body pa sugges s i has amo e
ounded o m han he she ds discussed abo e, wi h amo e dis inc i ely o se im. Ne e -
heless, such ashape is o en g ouped oge he wi h he abo e -men ioned po s (389–392) (see
Falkne 1999, 67; ig. 9.7:103–106; Bö ge 1982, Ta . 45:84–85, Typ I– Pe iod A). Fo he a ea
o Th ace, we may consequen ly p opose ach onological classi ica ion om he mid-3 d c. o
he 4 h c. AD.
394 is aglobula po wi h a hick body she d, s aigh neck and iangula im o inne d.
90 mm. No exac pa allels ha e been ound, he closes in appea ance is he ollowing she d 395.
395 is a ounded po wi h a aised neck, ou - u ned im wi h an ou e hooked lip o inne d.
100 mm. This kind o shape has adi ec pa allel in he ma e ial om he Roman icus nea
Go sko Ablano o, whe e i is da ed, wi h a e e ence o he Dacian inds, o he beginning o
he 3 d c. AD (Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, 690; Гърнета Тип II; таб. XVII:165; Popilian
1979, 89). The shape also esembles Tip II/5 om Singidunum da ed om he 3 d c. o mid-4 h
c. AD (Nikolić -Đo đe ić 2000, 67–68) and B ukne Tip 17, da ed o he 4 h c. AD (B ukne
1981, 106; T.117:90).
396 is apo wi h as aigh neck and ou - u ned hickened im o inne d. 155 mm, which has
one incised line on he uppe body. This agmen has wo main pa allels om he a chaeo-
logical con ex s. The i s one is om Nicopolis ad Is um, da ed in o he ange o he mid-3 d c.
and mid-5 h c. AD (Falkne 1999, 83; ig. 9.41:846–847). Acco ding o Falkne , his po is o local
ab ic, bu was no p oduced in Ho ni sa, Bu o o o Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi. O he such
po s we e ound in Aegyssus in he con ex s o he 2nd c. o mid-3 d c. AD (Nuţu– S anc 2017,
616; 2:1–2 po s o ype 1). They ha e aglobula body, ei he a la o conca e base. P oduc ion
o such po s du ing he 2nd–4 h c. AD is a es ed egionally bo h in Th ace and Moesia In e io ,
as in Ka ano o (Bo iso 2013, таб. II:10) and Du os o um (Bâl âc 2018, ig. 9:4). These po s
o en ha e a elie ib below he im, hey a e ichly deco a ed on he uppe body pa wi h
incisions, and hey ha e wo handles.
39 Kabakchie a no es ha some o he po s a e supposed o ha e handles a ached o he im.
80 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
397 is apo she d simila in shape and im d. (140 mm) o he p e ious one, howe e he ou e
lip is no ha ounded, and he incised deco a ion is missing (a leas on he p ese ed pa ).
This shape has adi ec pa allel in he ma e ial om he Roman icus nea Go sko Ablano o,
wi h a e e ence o he Dacian inds, da ed in o he ange o he 2nd c. o mid-4 h c. AD, wi h
apeak a he beginning o he 3 d c. AD (Ruse – Ruse – V bano 2015, 690; Гърнета Тип I;
таб. XVI:157; Popilian 1979, 67). We may also ind apa allel in Th ace, as simila po s wi h he
wo handles placed di ec ly a he im we e p oduced a No a Nadezhda (Ha izano 2016,
ig. 12: hi d po om he op).
398 is apo she d wi h a olded ou e im o inne d. 130 mm. These cha ac e is ics ind pa -
allels in he ma e ial om No ae, whe e hey we e so ed by Klenina unde he Горшки Тип
25, po s wi h a im d. 120 mm (Klenina 2006, 114). These po s a e common in No ae (as well
as in he es o Moesia P ima and Secunda) om he end o he 3 d c. o he i s hal o he
5 h c. AD (Klenina 2006, 114).
399 is apo wi h im o aspeci ic shape– ap onounced ib enci cling he inne pa o he lip,
pe haps o accommoda ing he lid. The im’sinne d. is 160 mm, he body she d is abou 10 mm
hick. Agood pa allel migh be ound a he Ka ano o p oduc ion si e, in apo o he same
shape deco a ed on he uppe pa o he body wi h oule ing (Bo iso 2013, 314; таб. IV:2).
400–407 a e eigh po s wi h a ounded body and high cylind ical neck, ei he sligh ly in-
clined inwa ds (400–401), ou wa ds (405–407), o s aigh (402–404). The im shape a ies
be ween iangula and ounded. The inne diame e anges om 100 o 150 mm, wi h one
wide im she d o 170 mm (403). The p ese ed agmen s a e no g oo ed o in any o he
way deco a ed; no handles, o handle a achmen s, we e ound. Based on he pa allels, hese
po s om he Roman Impe ial pe iod had wo handles (c . Bo iso 2013; таб. IV:8–10); while
he la e Republican / la e Hellenis ic p o o ypes had one handle a ached di ec ly on he im
and ano he one ully placed on he uppe body (see Robinson 1959, pl. 3:F84–85).
Vessel o ms o such ashape seem o ha e ea ly oo s, eaching back o he La e Hellen-
is ic pe iod, whe e mo e compa able ma e ial migh be ound. Good examples a e he la e 1s
c. BC po s om he A henian Ago a (Robinson 1959, pl. 3:F83–85), wi h acylind ical im and
ounded body, likely modelled on he La e Hellenis ic s ew po s (c . Edwa ds 1975, 122; pl. 27;
Hayes 1991, 78; 28:W11.61; 29; San o – San o 1995, 224; igs. 58–59).
Rega ding Roman Th ace, hese po s we e p oduced in Ka ano o du ing he Roman Im-
pe ial pe iod (Bo iso 2013, таб. IV:8–10; o 400 also simila таб. IV:11). Thei o ms, howe e ,
seem o be uncommon in he po e y deposi s known om he Balkans, whe e e y li le
compa able ma e ial migh be ound. Close in shape (especially o 405–407), a e inds pub-
lished om Oescus, da ed o he ea ly Roman con ex s o he 1s c. AD (Kabakchie a 2000,
таб. XVIII:74–75). The wo agmen s om Oescus a e howe e pain ed (Рисувана керамика).
The o he examples a e om S obi (Ande son -S ojano ić 1992, 134–135 + pla es below);
ei he da ed o he ea ly Roman pe iod ( he 1s c.– mid-2nd c. AD) c . Ande son -S ojano ić
1992, pl. 134:1156–1157 wi h 405–407; o o he middle Roman pe iod (mid-2nd c.– 3 d c. AD) c .
Ande son -S ojano ić 1992, pl. 137:1183 and pl. 138:1192 wi h 400–401 and 405. Based on hese
compa isons, hey migh be da ed o he 1s –3 d/4 h c. AD.
408–412 is a ep esen a i e collec ion o he mos common bases a ibu ed o he po s, al-
hough 411 likely belongs o a ying pan. S a is ically, 46 coa se cooking wa e bases o po s
we e ound in he Rooms A, B and C, wi h hei ou e d. anging om 60 o 170 mm, wi h 70
81WHEEL MADE COOKING WARE
and 80 mm being he mos common size (22 she ds ou o 46). The majo i y (41 pcs.) o he
bases we e la (e.g. 408); much ewe (3 pcs.) we e la splaying (409); and a e we e o he
shapes such as he la base wi h s aigh walls (410), o wi h amoulded base (412).
413–433, in o al 44 wheel -made coa se wa e lids we e ound a he si e, wi h 21 agmen s
p esen ed he e (18 ims and 3 handles). The im inne diame e a ies om 160 o 350 mm,
wi h he highes numbe o lids in he ange o 200–250 mm (16 ims ou o 21). 43% o he
lids a e o Coa se cooking wa e ab ic, 37% o he ine and 17% o he coa se ab ic. The ine
e sion o he Coa se cooking wa e ab ic is connec ed solely o he lids (Pls. 7:422, 11:420),
likely made on pu pose, as hey we e no di ec ly exposed o i e, and hey did no need o
ha e he same he mal esis ance abili y as he po s– which we e he e o e coa se .
The ims o he lids a e simple, ei he s aigh , ounded, o hickened a he end– bo h
om abo e and below; some migh ha e asligh ly hooked im (e.g. 413 and 415). Despi e
ahigh agmen a ion we may no ice ha some we e mo e a ched (e.g. 414) han he o he s.
Such a ea u e migh be connec ed o he di e en ypes o essels hese lids we e co e ing,
and / o o di e en ways o ood p epa a ion (Opaiţ 2004, 57). The majo i y o he lids a e
bu ned on he im om he inside and / o om he ou side, while he es o he body keeps
i s o iginal colou (commonly a eddish yellow o yellowish ed).
The uppe lid handles migh ha e a a ie y o diame e s, in he ou examples we ha e
p ese ed ( h ee shown he e, 431–433), i anges om 36 o 66 mm. One o hem (433) has
aseconda ily d illed hole in he middle o he handle (d. 16 mm). This is no an isola ed case
in he Roman wo ld, and i has been sugges ed, he holes we e made in en ionally o elease
s eam du ing cooking (Nuţu– S anc 2017, 618). Indeed, his lid handle is la ge han he es ,
wi h a hicke she d, made o co e abig size po o casse ole.
The La e An iqui y lids (5 h–6 h c. AD) a e o en wide , la ened / o ked, a he end (c .
Bö ge 1982, Ta . 49:217–514; Bo iso 1988, рис. 15; Kuzmano 1992, Ta . 108–109; Kuzmano
2009, таб. XX:198–200, XXI:201–204; Kuzmano – G ude 2013, таб. XVII; e c.); while Roman
Impe ial pe iod lids include simple o ms like ou s, da ed o he con ex s o he 2nd–4 h c. AD
(c . Sul o 1985, 86; ab. XLIV:2–3; Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 43:500, 503; Bo iso 2013, таб. 10;
Klenina 2006, 119; Тип 2; e c.). Consequen ly, we may incline o da e hem all o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod. The lid handles seem o keep he same shapes du ing all he Roman– La e
An ique pe iods, consequen ly, hey a e no ch onologically sensi i e.
434 is awheel -made enes a ed s and (py aunos). I is he only p ese ed agmen o such
a essel, which had e y big dimensions, as he body she d is only sligh ly cu ing. The ‘win-
dow’ was cu om he ou side inwa ds, lea ing ex a clay inside, he opening has he shape
o a ec angle, wi h ounded edges. Asimila s and was ound in Kabyle, da ed o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod (Dimi o a 1982, таб. IX:a).
GOLDEN MICA WARE
INTRODUCTION
The Golden mica wa e is adesigna ion e lec ing he main cha ac e is ics o he included
she ds, which a e inclusions o golden mica lakes in he ab ic which makes i e y dis in-
guishable om he Coa se cooking wa es. Fab ic wi h golden mica was no ed by Hayes on
some ying pans he p ocessed in Knossos, and o which he expec ed an Aegean p o enance
82 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
(Hayes 1983, 107). Since his inclusion is no common ac oss ou wa es, we may an icipa e
a o eign o igin o his wa e as well. In heo y, we could di ide i in o wo g oups o hicke
(435–437, 438? 441?) and hinne she ds (439–440), howe e , he sca ci y o he ma e ial,
limi ed o eigh diagnos ic she ds and se e al body agmen s, is no su icien o amo e
de ailed di ision. I is, howe e , good o bea in mind, we may be dealing wi h wo di e en
wa es o asimila dis inguishable ea u e.
Fo he agmen s o he hick body she d (ca. 10 mm) and o aunique shape (435–437) only
a ew ele an shape pa allels we e ound, bo h in Moesia In e io , da ed o he Roman Impe ial
pe iod. F ying pan 438 also has a hicke body, bu i is o e y common shape. Casse ole 439 has
a hin she d and acommon shape. Fo hese wo, Phoacean p o enance in he 1s –3 d c. AD could
be an icipa ed based on he shape and he ab ic simila i ies. The base (440) has aneu al shape
which does no allow o any close classi ica ion; he lid (441) is hicke han is common o he
lids, i could be, in heo y, ela ed o he se ies o he essels wi h hicke body she d 435–438.
WARE DESCRIPTION
Golden mica wa e ela es o asmall se ies o coa se cooking wa e essels o cha ac e is ic
ab ic wi h golden mica lakes,40 which a e especially isible on he su ace. The lakes ha e
di e en sizes, om iny o ca. 4 mm big, hey shine ou dis inc ly om he su ace, which is
o he wise ed -b own o bu ned o black. I is mo e isible in he ab ic o he hicke essels
(435–438). In sec ion, he mos common inclusion is qua z, py oxene, and he golden mica.
The ab ic so ing is ai (3), he e is abou 20% o 30% o inclusions, and ca. 10% o po es. All
he open essels a e ex ensi ely bu ned om he ou side; he closed shape po 435 and he
casse ole 438 a e only sligh ly bu ned on he im and ahandle; he lid and he base a e sligh ly
bu ned as well on he lip / bo om. The ab ic colou is b own o ed, i will be indi idually
desc ibed o each essel in he ollowing ca alogue.
CHRONOLOGY
Fo ch onology see indi idual she ds.
CATALOGUE OF THE GOLDEN MICA WARE
Fig. 26: nos. 435–441; Pls. 8: nos. 435–439, 11: nos. 435–438
435 is ala ge po wi h one p ese ed handle wi h asec ion o 34 × 17 mm, and inne im d.
170 mm (Pls. 8, 11). I is une enly i ed, wi h ag ey co e and a ed ab ic (2.5YR 5/6). Po s
wi h asimila ly la ing im migh be ound in he Roman icus nea Go sko Ablano o (Ru-
se – Ruse – V bano 2015, 690; Гърнета Тип III; таб. XVIII:185), da ed o he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
436 is an open deep bowl (?) wi hou handles, o inne im d. 200 mm (Pls. 8, 11). I s ou e
ma gin and su ace a e bu ned o black; he inne ma gin and he ou e su ace a e s ong
b own (7.5 YR 5/4). F om all he essels wi h a hick body she d (435–438) i has he bigges
amoun o he golden mica. No exac pa allels ha e been ound.
40 The mine alogical composi ion o he ab ic is mo e complica ed and i will be ho oughly desc ibed
la e , o now, Iuse his e m o he sake o simplici y and he desc ip ion o he in hand specimen
obse a ion. I ela es o small lakes in he ab ic which, in he di ec sun, shine wi h agolden in .
83WHEEL MADE COOKING WARE
437 is an open shape bowl ( ying pan?) wi h aledge o alid and an inne im d. 280 mm
(Pls. 8, 11). The ou e ma gin and su ace a e bu ned o black; he inne ma gin and su ace
a e b own (7.5YR 5/3). Such bowls we e p oduced in His ia du ing he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Iliescu–
Bo iş 2018, ig. 5:1). They a e also known om Nicopolis ad Is um as bowls wi h a la base
and a im d. 240 mm (Falkne 1999, 70; ig. 9.11:176). They we e p oduced om he local clay
(G ey coa se wa e 1), which includes ali le mica, and da ed by inding con ex o he ange o
he mid-3 d c.– mid-5 h c. AD.
438 belongs among he la ying pans (c . 358–360). I has an inne im d. 190 mm and ou e
base d. 170 mm (Pls. 8, 11). The ou e ma gin and he su ace a e bu ned o black; he inne
ma gin and su ace a e eddish yellow (5YR 6/6). Regional mo phological pa allels migh be
ound in Nicopolis ad Is um da ed o he 2nd–4 h c AD (Falkne 1999, 70; ig. 9.11:177– o he
same diame e ), howe e , he e is no (no e o ) golden mica in he ab ic; o he pa allels come
om Amphipolis, da ed om he 1s c. o 4 h c. AD (Malamidou 2005, ig. 94:1427) and Villa
A mi a, da ed om he 2nd ill he 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, 28; таб. 41:464); again bo h o
hese ha e no in o ma ion abou golden mica inclusions in he ab ic. Simila pans we e also
p oduced in Ho ni sa and Pa likeni– Va bo ski li adi (Sul o 1985, 84; ab. XLII/4, Dishes
Type 3) and Bu o o (Sul o 1976, 110; he cul essel) du ing he 2
nd
and 3
d
c. AD. Consequen ly,
we may expec he o m o be mos popula in egional p oduc ion om he 2nd o 3 d c. AD,
p oduced possibly un il he 4 h c. AD.
The speci ic ab ic migh howe e poin o an impo ed cha ac e o his essel as simila
shapes a e also known om he Medi e anean a ea. Pu ing oge he he shape and he golden
mica ab ic, we may ind he closes pa allels in he Phoacean cooking wa e, common om
he 1s ill 3 d c. AD (c . Tekkök -Biçken 1996, 107; ig. 62:D47; Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009,
Roman cook wa e: 8–11).
439 is acasse ole (c . 349–357), which has a hin she d, inne im d. 185 mm and ahandle sec-
ion o 19 × 10 mm (Pl. 8). I has a eddish yellow (7.5YR 6/4) su ace wi h yellowish ed co e
(5YR 5/6). The shape is mo e closed, in con as o he o he casse oles om he si e. Rega ding
his ea u e, i esembles he Aegean cooking wa e ecognized by Hayes in Knossos da ed o
he 1s /2nd–3 d c. AD (Hayes 1983, 105; Type 2). Aclose pa allel migh be ound in he Phoacean
cooking wa e o he same ab ic colou , ypical o con aining golden mica, da ed o he 1s –3 d
c. AD (Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009, Roman cook wa e: 5).
440 is a la splaying base wi h ou e d. 70 mm. The ab ic is ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), ou side i is
colou ed o pa chy g ey om he i e. The base migh belong o asmalle size po .
441 is alid wi h i egula im, which does no allow o ap ecise measu emen o he diame e ,
which is o e 250 mm. The lid is qui e hick, ca. 7 mm, and big, compa ed o he o he Coa se
cooking wa e lids; o he wise, he im p o ile is common. I is bu ned on he unde side, he
ab ic is ed (2.5 YR 5/6), so is he unbu ned su ace (2.5YR 5/4).
MISCELLANEOUS COARSE WARES
CATALOGUE OF MISCELLANEOUS COARSE WARES
Fig. 26: nos. 442–444; Pls. 8: no. 442, 11: no. 442
84 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
442 is a ying pan wi h ag ey she d and su ace, bu ned on he im, which is o inne d.
190 mm; he e is no su ace coa ing (Pls. 8, 11). The ab ic is well so ed (4), wi h inclusions
up o 1 mm (Pl. 11:442). P edominan inclusions a e qua z and so whi e pelle s, likely lime.
In shape, i ep esen s acommon Eas e n Aegean ype o cooking wa e, widely sp ead along
he Medi e anean, modelled on he Phocaean wa e
41
(Reynolds 2010, 92). Bo h impo ed and
local imi a ions migh be ound a a chaeological si es e.g. in A gos (Abadie -Reynald 2005,
23). Agood example is also known om he Villa Dionysus a Knossos, wi h she ds o his ype
da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Hayes 1983, ig. 9:104–109, Type 2), whe e hei local p oduc ion–
wi h a ed -b own coa ing inside– was ecen ly con i med (Bone oe al. 2017, 729; ig. 5:8).
Simila inds a e also known om he A henian Ago a, om he mid-3 d c. AD– desc ibed as
a la bo om dish wi h no handles (Robinson 1959, 67; pl. 72:K89); om S obi o he mid-2nd–3 d
c. AD (Ande son -S ojano ić 1992, Middle Roman Cooking Wa e Fo m 1, 135; pl. 135:1164);
Be enice, also o he 2nd–3 d c. AD (Riley 1979, ig.128:947), and om Amphipolis o acon ex
da ed wi hin he ange o he 1s o 4 h c. AD (Malamidou 2005, igs. 94:1428, 95:1433 and 1435).
P oduc ion o simila looking ying pans o awell so ed ab ic, g ey colou , and no inne
slip, was a es ed a he Ka ano o p oduc ion si e, ac i e om he mid-3 d c. o he beginning
o he 4 h c. AD (Bo iso 2005, 137, обр. 12; Bo iso 2013, 318, таб. 8). Mo e o he essel o ms
a es ed a Yu a -S oyno migh howe e ind simila i ies wi h Ka ano o p oduc s, all o hem
a e o he Coa se cooking wa e. Consequen ly, close a ibu ion o his she d o i s possible
p oduc ion cen e is a his poin impossible.
443–444 a e wo aised ims o globula po s, wi h he inne d. o 140 mm. These po s ha e
e y hin body she ds, which sepa a es hem om he main g oup o he Coa se cooking wa e.
O he wise, he basic cha ac e is ics co espond, hey a e o coa se sandy ab ic wi h ag ey
co e and bu ned ou e su aces. They belong o he mos common cooking po s o he La e
An iqui y, da ed om he 4 h o he 6 h c. AD– see inds om Sado e s (Kuzmano 1992, 213;
Ta . 73–79; Töp e Typ 1); G adish e o nea Dichin (Kuzmano 2009, 169; таб. 18:162–178; таб.
19:177, Тип V); No ae (Klenina 2006, 113–114, Тип 22); he Sli en a ea (Bo iso 1988, 99–100;
рис. 5, Тип 10); and Dodopa on (Tušlo á 2019, ig. 7:19–23).
41 We may ule ou he possible impo om Phocaea, ypical o golden mica inclusions (and apink
wa e) (Hea h– Tekkök eds. 2006–2009, Roman cook wa e).
85
Handmade cooking wa e
Handmade po e y is coa se wa e o hicke walls (6–12 mm) wi h ai ly o poo ly so ed
ab ic, hackly -lamina ed ac ions, and ha d, bu b i le, she ds (Pl. 9:448–473). The po s
we e i ed a alowe empe a u e, p obably in api o in simple kilns wi h li le ai egula-
ion causing une en i ing. Consequen ly, he ab ic colou anges om ed– b own– g ey
o black in s, which mu ually in e wine. Acommon ea u e is he sandwich -like ac u e
wi h aligh e -colou ed ma gins and da ke co e (Pl. 12:459, 472, 473); he e is no su ace
slip. In he Yu a -S oyno assemblage, hese essels a e ep esen ed only by closed shaped
po s likely used o cooking and s o ing; and wo lids. O he shapes a e known om Bulga ia,
such as bowls, cups and jugs; howe e , s a is ically, he po s make up o h ee qua e s o all
he handmade po e y p ocessed om Bulga ia ill 2013, making i he mos ep esen ed o m
(Alexand o a 2013b, 62–71).
Two dominan wa es migh be no iced a he se lemen o Yu a -S oyno, denomina ed as
G ani ic and Dio i ic wa es based on he mos abundan inclusions.42 They a e e y dis inc i e
al eady in he hand specimen, easy o di ide in o he app op ia e wa es. Po s o he G ani ic
wa e sligh ly p edomina e (58%);43 hei shape is also mo e a iable, including wo di e en
shapes o apo ; while inds o he Dio i ic wa e a e ep esen ed only by one main o m.
The handmade po e y o he Roman pe iod in Th ace ollows alocal adi ion o po e y
making, al eady s a ing in he La e I on Age.44 Du ing his pe iod, he main shapes o he
essels, oge he wi h he deco a ion, a e o med, keeping hei simple appea ance o almos
one millennium ( om he 6 h c. BC o ca. he 4 h c. AD). The a ou i e o m, bo h o he LIA
and Roman pe iod, being apo wi h s aigh o sligh ly cu ed walls and an ex a applied e-
lie band wi h imp in ed inge s / incised lines, accompanied by ho izon al handles applied
di ec ly on he uppe body.
Du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod, handmade po e y migh be ound in he se lemen
con ex s as well as in nec opolises. I is, ypically, ep esen ed by asmalle numbe o inds
han wheel made po e y, o by single pieces only. Rega ding he se lemen s, handmade po -
e y migh be ound, e.g., in Oescus, da ed o he 1s c. AD (Kabakchie a 2000, таб. XXI:93–95,
XXII–XXIII); No ae, da ed om he 1s c. AD (Genche a 2002, таб. XXXIX–XLI); Villa A mi a
nea I aylo g ad, da ed om he 2nd c. o 4 h c. AD (Kabakchie a 1986, таб. 45–46); o Pole o
nea Simi li (S aldzha Valley), da ed om he 2nd c. o 3 d c. AD (Kulo 2007, обр. 11). Finds
om bu ial mounds and pi s come, e.g., om Velichko o nea Paza dzhik, da ed om he 2nd
c. o 4 h c. AD (Gizdo a 2005, таб. 5:3); S edina nea Dob ich, da ed om he 2nd c. o 3 d c. AD
(To ba o 1992, таб. 6); Cha da nea S aldzha in Yambol Dis ic , da ed om he 2nd c. o 4 h
c. AD (Alexand o a 2016, 102–105); Pe Mogili nea S a a Zago a, da ed om he 1s c. ill he
4 h c. AD (Igna o 1996, таб. XIX:6); bu ial pi s a Gledache o, da ed om he 1s c. ill he 4 h
42 Thin sec ions we e made and p elimina ily e alua ed in coope a ion wi h Sil ia Amicone, A chae-
ome y Resea ch G oup, Ebe ha d Ka ls Uni e si ä Tübingen. De ailed esul s o he pe og aphy
will be p esen ed in ollow up s udies.
43 n=49 diagnos ic she ds.
44 Fo he LIA o ms see, e.g., inds om Seu hopolis (e.g. Chichiko a 1977; 1984); Kabyle (e.g.
Handzhijska 2006); o Pis i os (e.g. Bouzek– Musil 2002).
86 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
c. AD (Alexand o a 2013b, 57–58); o om D ashan illage nea V a sa, da ed om he 2nd c.
o he mid-4 h c. AD (Masho 1975, обр. 7).
Gi en hese examples we may demons a e ha handmade po e y is acommon ind in
he se lemen s and nec opolises om he 1s c. ill he 4 h c. AD. On he o he hand, e y ew,
i any, inds come om la e con ex s. Se e al agmen s da ed o he i s hal o he 5 h c. AD
migh be ound in Nicopolis ad Nes um (Kuzmano 1993, обр. 10:г); Ia us (Con ad 2007);45
T ansma isca (Vagalinski 2002, 200:B); and Deul um (Alexand o a 2013b, nos. 744, 747–748,
754, 756). In Nicopolis ad Is um (Falkne 1999, 65; ig. 9.1), handmade po e y was ound
ac oss he con ex s da ed om he ea ly Impe ial Roman o La e An ique pe iod (2nd c. AD–
AD 600), Falkne does howe e wonde , i he younge ma e ial could be esidual. O he wise,
he handmade po e y inds, om he well da ed La e An ique si es / con ex s, a e ex emely
a e. Alexand o a made a ailable se e al inds om Deul um, da ed om he 5 h o 6 h c. AD
(Alexand o a 2013b, nos. I-2/27–28; III/89; IV:101; 745–746;749–753, 755, II/1107–1109, II/1147).
Simila ly da ed handmade po e y was also published om Scy hia by Opaiţ (2004, 52–53;
pl. 40), who associa es hese inds wi h anew mig a o y popula ion coming om he no h
du ing he 5 h–7 h c. AD. Simila ly, Alexand o a a gues (2013b, 75), ha he La e An ique inds
om Deul um could be connec ed wi h adi e en popula ion, as she does no see asimila -
i y be ween he La e An ique essels and he ones o aTh acian adi ion.46 I seems, he e is
ab eaking poin in he egional handmade po e y p oduc ion a he end o he 4 h c. AD, o
a he beginning / i s hal o he 5 h c. AD, when he adi ional shapes o he Th acian essel
o ms decline in numbe and new shapes, o adi e en adi ion, appea . Finds o he la e
ones a e, howe e , ex emely sca ce in Th ace.
The mo phological o ms o he handmade po e y a e no ch onologically sensi i e.
Consequen ly, he essel shapes ep esen ed in Yu a -S oyno migh all be da ed o he ime
ange o i s p oduc ion du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod, s e ching om he 1s c. ill he
4
h
c. / mid-5
h
c. AD. The only excep ion migh be some o he she ds wi h deco a i e pa e ns,
o which Idid no ind pa allels in he Roman Impe ial pe iod ma e ial, such as he im
wi h wo pe o a ed holes below he lip (449), and he e ically applied s ip o clay on he
ansi ion o he neck o he body pa o apo wi h a ounded body and an o se im (476).
These migh jus be lacking published pa allels, al hough, wi h ahighe p obabili y han
o he o he s we may also assume, hey could be o ei he p e -Roman,47 o , al e na i ely,
o La e An ique o igin. This possibili y applies especially o he she d 476, which also has
adi e en ab ic.
45 S. Con ad (2007, Abb. 40:1252 and 1253) also published se e al handmade she ds om con ex s
ma ked as D1 and D2 which a e da ed o he 6 h c. AD. Howe e , as he no es, hese con ex s a e
hea ily dis u bed. Consequen ly, as in he case o Nicopolis ad Is um, Ip e e no o include hem
in o he La e An iqui y inds, as hey migh ha e been esidual.
46 Alexand o a, howe e , does no w i e exac ly whe e she sees he di e ences be ween he p oduc s
o he Th acian adi ion and he La e An ique inds, which she conside s as p oduc s o adi e en
people; she only s a es ha he e is asimila i y wi h po e y p oduced by he Ge man ibes.
47 Ahoa d o 195 sil e coins wi h e minus an e quem in 81/80 BC was ound in 1961 abou 1.5 km
sou h -wes o Yu a, a he si e known as S e i Ilija (Pauno 2013, 727). Addi ionally, some o he
anspo ampho ae ound a he si e a e o he La e Hellenis ic adi ion. Mo e such inds poin o
he possibili y o ap e -Roman se lemen es ablished in he hin e land o Yu a -S oyno al eady
be o e he ounda ion o he Roman icus.
87HANDMADE COOKING WARE
GRANITIC WARE
WERE DESCRIPTION
The ab ic o his wa e is domina ed by angula o sub -angula qua z and g ani ic inclusions.
The so ing anges om e y poo (2) o ai (3), wi h he common size o qua z 1–2 mm, oc-
casionally eaching up o 5 mm (Pls. 11:448–452, 12:455). The e is qui e adi e ence be ween
he ine and he coa se ac ion sugges ing empe ing by he qua z -based ock. The ab ic
u he includes a ew shiny -sil e pa icles (sil e mica?) and a a e amoun o ound ed-
-b own pelle s. We may also ind a e o ew pieces o dio i ic inclusions, cha ac e is ic o
he second ab ic. Two she d 458–459 also con ain common amoun o golden mica (Pl. 12:459
cu and su ace).
The majo i y o he she ds a e poo ly so ed wi h o e 30% o inclusions, howe e , se e al o
hem ha e a ine ab ic wi h alowe amoun o ai ly so ed admix u es (446, 458), also includ-
ing he wo lids (456–457). The assemblage is oo small o any meaning ul conclusions, bu we
should men ion he e, ha he same phenomenon o lids made o a ine ab ic was p e iously
no ed ega ding he lids o he Coa se cooking wa e (420–423, 425, 427–428, 432). The su ace
seems o be smoo hed, bu no ma ks o ins umen s a e isible. The ab ic and he su ace
colou a y depending on he i ing; one essel migh ha e di e en colou combina ions and
in s. The epe i i e ab ic colou s a e ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), ed (2.5YR 5/6) and b own (7.5YR 5/3).
CHRONOLOGY
1s – 4 h c. AD / mid-5 h c. AD.
CATALOGUE OF THE GRANITIC WARE
Fig. 27: nos. 445–459; Pls. 9: nos. 448, 459, 11: nos. 448–452,12: nos. 455–459
445–455 a e po s o aclosed shape, ounded body, and an o se im ei he inclined inwa ds
(445–447, 449–450), s aigh (448), o sligh ly ben ou wa ds in an s -shape (451–453). F om
he measu able ims, he inne d. anges om 130 o 190 mm. Some ims, howe e , a e p e-
se ed in a agmen a y s a e and ha e an unmeasu able diame e (e.g. 450). Fo he wo
bodies wi h ahandle (454–455), he inne body diame e could only be app oxima ed (120 and
140 mm). The handle sec ion on he ou p ese ed samples (451–452, 454–455) anges om
12–15 × 30–33 mm; he handles a e ei he placed di ec ly on he im (451–452) o on he uppe
body (454–455). F agmen 449 has aunique pe o a ed deco a ion wi h no pa allels among
he Roman pe iod ma e ial, al hough simila shapes o hicke she ds no mally appea (e.g.
Alexand o a 2013b, nos. III/81, 328, 345; e c.). O he wise, some ims ha e asmall elie idge
on he ou e su ace (447–448, Pl. 9:448), o he s ha e alip shallowly g oo ed om he uppe
pa (445–446). The deco a ion includes di e en pa e ns, such as eng a ed ‘lea es’ (446),
wa es (447) and a elie band (450 and 453).
456–457 a e he only p ese ed handmade lids; bo h a e o a ine ab ic han he es o he
wa e. 456 has an une en im, no pe mi ing ap ope measu emen o i s diame e , howe -
e i seems o be smalle , ca. o 90 mm o sligh ly bigge han ha ; i has acomple ely black
su ace. 457 is, on he o he hand, o la ge dimensions wi h a im d. 290 mm; i has ab own
ab ic and i e -blackened inne su ace.
94 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
cen es, we may ind simila i ies o he E y h aean ab ic Awhich has many whi e calca eous
inclusions and no mica (Bezeczky 2013, 73; nos. 105–109, 117, 122–123, 126).
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH RED CLAY AND GREY SURFACE
Fig. 29: nos. 477–484; Pl. 12: nos. 478–484
477
Con ex : su ey; ench: H13; sec o : NE
Pa : lid; ou e d. im: 100 mm; EVE: 100%; ou e d. handle: 25 mm
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
478
Con ex : su ey; ench: I12; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 19%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
479
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 130 mm (?); EVE: 7%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
480
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: 110E_115N; sec o : S
95TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Pa : im; inne d.: 130 mm (?); EVE: 5%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ma gin ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8); g ey co e
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
481
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU041; ench: 105E_105N; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 12%
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : same as he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
482
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 33%
Fab ic: e y ha d, dense, o e i ed
Inclusions: 20%, no mally up o 0.5 mm, wi h se e al bigge pcs. o whi e inclusion (up o
5 mm), oids a e exploded lime
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 4/6)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
483
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU061; ench: 110E_100N; sec o : NW
Pa : body nea base; ou e max. d.: 445 mm
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
96 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
No e: inside he essel a e sc a ched e ical lines, likely om adippe ex ac ing he con en
484
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : base ( oe); ou e d.: 20 mm
Fab ic: ha d, dense, wi h e y li le po es, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, e y iny (below 0.3 mm), p edominan ly sandy, well isible whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6; 2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ligh g ey (5Y 7/2), pale b own (2.5Y 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (E y h ae?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH MICACEOUS FABRIC
Fi e (+ h ee) agmen s belong o his ab ic g oup (485–492), which is cha ac e is ic o sandy
inclusions, ed pelle s and, especially, amicaceous ab ic. This g oup shows mo e a iabili y
han he o he ones, ega ding he ab ic colou , p opo ion o inclusions, bu also he essel
shape. Wha is, howe e , common o all he agmen s, is he highly micaceous ab ic, which
is, om he known p oduc ion cen es, connec ed wi h Chios (e.g. Opaiţ– Tsa a opoulos
2011, 293). Compa ing he ab ic appea ance in hand specimens o ou ampho ae wi h he
published Chian samples, hey a e indeed simila , sugges ing he possible a ea o hei o igin
(e.g. compa e pl. XIII/74 o Opaiț– Ionescu 2016 and 489 (Pl. 12); o mo e ab ic examples
see Opaiţ– Tsa a opoulos 2011 and Dob e a 2017, a . XXXV and XXXVII).
Twice wo agmen s ea u e amo e p onounced shape simila i y– 485–486 and 487–488.
The inne diame e o he i s h ee she ds anges be ween 100 and 120 mm, while o he las
one i canno be p ecisely measu ed. F agmen 489 has asligh ly di e en shape, wi h an almos
s aigh ou e wall and alow elie ib; while he las wo ims, 490–491, di e mo phologically
he mos om he o he s. The im 490 has abigge diame e (140 mm inside) and is a he
iangula , al hough i s ill has a unnel / cup -shaped im. The im 491 has aspeci ic shape
de ia ing om he classical o m o he D essel 24 amily, howe e , i migh s ill be conside ed
as i s de i a i e o m.50 I s ab ic in hand specimen looks iden ical o 487 o his g oup. The
las agmen , a oe 492, has he cha ac e is ic shape o he D essel 24 amily ampho ae bases.
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH MICACEOUS FABRIC
Fig. 28: nos. 485–492; Pl. 12: nos. 486–492
485
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling II; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 14%
50 Classi ica ion o his she d in o he D essel 24 amily was sugges ed– independen ly o each o he –
by And ei Opaiţ and Diana Dob e a.
97TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, no mally up o 0.5 mm, sandy, wi h common ed pelle s, iny lakes o sil e
mica and ew bigge pcs. (up o 1 mm) o whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou , pink sel -slip on andom places (7.5YR 8/3)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
486
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : FA07; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NW
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 35%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, up o 0.5 mm, sandy, p edominan whi e inclusions and iny lakes o sil e
mica, ew ed pelle s
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3), sel -slip on bo h sides
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
487
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 120 mm; EVE: 10%
Fab ic: ha d, well so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, p edominan sil e mica, common whi e inclusions, ed pelle s and
ew pieces o golden mica and qua z
Fab ic colou : co e ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), ma gins pink (7.5YR 8/4)
Su ace colou : pink (7.5YR 8/4)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
488
Con ex : su ey; ench: H13; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm (?); EVE: 7%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, up o 0.5 mm, sandy, ew lakes o sil e mica ( isible only on he su ace)
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
98 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
No e: less sil e mica han in he o he she ds o his g oup; he im diame e is unmeasu a-
ble, o he d awing i was se on he smalles ange o he o he im agmen s in his g oup
489
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling II; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 120 mm; EVE: 19%
Fab ic: ha d, chalky su ace (hea ily e oded), good so ing, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, wi h andom bigge pcs. up o 2 mm, p e-
dominan iny lakes o sil e mica, ew ed so pelle s (g og?)
Fab ic colou : ma gins e y pale b own (10YR 7/3), co e pink (5YR 7/4)
Su ace colou : same as he ma gins colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
490
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU032; ench: 100E_100N; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 140 mm; EVE: 10%
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, no mally up o 0.5 mm, p edominan lime and ed ounded pelle s
( he la e up o 2 mm), common iny lakes o sil e mica
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (6YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : ou e e y pale b own (10YR 8/2), inne o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
491
Con ex : su ey; ench I12; sec o : SW
Pa : im, handle a achmen ; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 22%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed, micaceous
Inclusions: 20%, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan lakes o sil e and gold mica, ew ed pelle s
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : inne su ace o he ab ic colou , ou e closes o e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
99TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
492
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : base (a oe); ou e d.: 27 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 0.5 mm, p edominan ed pelle s ( a ely up o 1.5 mm) and
sil e mica, common whi e ha d inclusions (qua z?)
Fab ic colou : co e ligh ed 2.5YR (7/8), ma gins eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean (Chios?)
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH LIGHT FABRIC
Th ee (+ one) ims belong o his g oup (493–496), which is cha ac e is ic o a a he so
ab ic wi h achalky su ace, ei he o ayellow (10YR 8/6) o e y pale b own (10YR 8/3) colou ,
wi h ew inclusions isible a i s sigh (many mo e a e, howe e , isible on close inspec ion,
as hey a e mos ly ligh in colou and camou laged well in he ab ic). The she d is e enly i ed,
he ab ic is ai ly so ed, wi h 10–20% inclusions no mally up o 1 mm big, p edominan a e
whi e inclusions and ed pelle s, common is qua z.
The mo phology o he ims di e s. The i s h ee agmen s (493–495) ha e an inne d.
anging om 80 o 110 mm, and acha ac e is ic dep ession on he op o he ou e im which
enci cles he whole pe ime e . Wi h his speci ic ea u e, hei shape esembles he ampho ae
Knossos 15 (c . Au iemma– Qui i 2004, ig. 10:A). The las agmen (496) has adi e en shape
han he o he s, wi h a im inne d. 120 mm and a iangula ly shaped ib leaning inwa ds.
This mo phological ea u e esembles ims o ampho ae Knossos 18 (c . Au iemma– Qui i
2004, ig. 10:B), whose im opening is howe e supposed o be bigge , be ween 190 and 240 mm
(Dob e a 2017, 233).
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH LIGHT FABRIC
Fig. 29: nos. 493–496; Pl. 12: nos. 493–496
493
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU018; ench: 95E_105N; sec o : SW
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 25%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan whi e and ed pelle s; common qua z
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
100 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
494
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU027; ench: 90E_105N; sec o : SE
Pa : im; inne d.: 80 mm; EVE: 11%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan whi e and ed pelle s; common qua z
Fab ic colou : yellow (10YR 8/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
495
Con ex : su ey; ench: I09; sec o : SE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 12%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan whi e and ed pelle s; common qua z
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
496
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU006; ench: 100E_100N; sec o : S
Pa : im; inne d.: 120 mm; EVE: 10%
Fab ic: so -ha d, ai ly so ed, chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, p edominan whi e inclusions, ed pelle s and oids; common qua z
Fab ic colou : yellow (10YR 8/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH NORMAL FABRIC
The las ab ic o he D essel 24 amily looks simila o he micaceous one, howe e , i is missing
he key ing edien – sil e mica. Sandy inclusions, qua z, lime and ed pelle s a e cha ac e -
is ic. The ab ic is pale / ligh b own and po ous. Since he e is no main cha ac e is ic, Icall
i ‘no mal ab ic’, no ha ing any speci ic ea u e o poin ou . The g oup con ains h ee ims
(497–499), wi h inne d. 100–140 mm, which a e qui e mo phologically di e en .
101TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY WITH NORMAL FABRIC
Fig. 30: nos. 497–499; Pls. 12–13: nos. 497–499
497
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 46%
Fab ic: ha d, po ous, good so ed, he hicke im une enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, p edominan lime, qua z and ed pelle s;
andom bigge whi e pa icles (up o 3 mm) well isible on he su ace
Fab ic colou : pink (7.5YR 7/4)
Su ace colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/4)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
498
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU033; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : SE
Pa : im; inne d.: 140 mm; EVE: 7%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ing, po ous, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, p edominan qua z, ew ed pelle s
Fab ic colou : ligh b own (7.5YR 6/4)
Su ace colou : pale b own (2.5YR 8/2)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
499
Con ex : su ey; ench: G12; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 21%
Fab ic: ha d, po ous, e enly i ed, inne su ace e oded
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, no mally up o 0.3 mm, p edominan qua z, ew so ed pelle s;
andom bigge whi e inclusions
Fab ic colou : s ong b own (7.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : e y pale b own (10YR 7/3)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
102 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
DRESSEL 24 FAMILY– UNCLASSED TOES
The ab ic o he wo emaining oes is closes o he no mal ab ic, howe e , hei colou is
eddish, and he clay mo e dense han po ous. Each o he she ds has u he speci ics. The
oe 500 is e y ich in big size pa icles o so e whi e mine als. I s shape is also simila o
he oes o he La e An ique ampho ae se ies– LRA 2 (c . Bădescu 2012, pl. 1:10; Klenina
2013, 88; pис. 5/27). Consequen ly, we may also conside his oe o be o ala e p oduc ion
(ca. beginning o he 4 h c. o 5 h c. AD). The base pa o e he oe 501, o he wise also simila
o he no mal ab ic, is howe e missing he ed pelle s, cha ac e is ic o he no mal ab ic.
Bo h hese oes bea echnological ma ks o ampho ae p oduc ion– he oe was a ached
o he bo om o he ampho a sepa a ely, now c ea ing adouble laye on he bo om wi h
a isible di ision be ween he body and he oe.
CATALOGUE OF THE DRESSEL 24 FAMILY– UNCLASSED TOES
Fig. 30: nos. 500–501; Pl. 13: nos. 500–501
500
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : base (a oe); ou e d.: 26 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d, poo ly so ed, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, no mally up o 2 mm, p edominan so e whi e pelle s, ew ed inclusions
Fab ic colou : co e ed (5R 5/8), ma gins eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)– as a e he ma gins
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 2nd–5 h c. AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
501
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU008; ench: 100E_100N; sec o : SW
Pa : body o e he base / oe; d. base/a achmen : 64 mm
Fab ic: ha d, good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan whi e so pelle s and qua z
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (5YR 7/6)
Classi ica ion: D essel 24 amily
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean / Aegean
Ch onology: ca. 50–250 AD
P obable con en : mainly oli e oil
Capaci y: ca. 75 l
103TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
KAPITÄN II AMPHORAE
The Kapi än II ampho ae
51
a e one o he mos ep esen ed anspo con aine s in he Roman
wo ld om he end o he 2nd c. o he beginning o he 5 h c. AD (Opaiț– Ionescu 2016, 62),
wi h he peak pe iod o hei p oduc ion / dis ibu ion in he 3 d c. and 4 h c. AD (Dyczek 2001,
143–144; Bezeczky 2013, 149). In Moesia In e io , hese a e he p edominan Aegean p o enance
ampho ae o he 3 d c. AD (Opaiţ– Pa aschi 2013, 322).
The Kapi än II ampho ae migh be ound all o e he Roman wo ld (Dyczek 2001, 141;
2010, 994; Opaiț– Ionescu 2016, 62; e c.). In Moesia In e io , his ype is well -known om
he Lowe Danube and he wes e n Black Sea coas , especially om Romanian Dob udzha ( o
acomp ehensi e lis o ind places in he Lowe Danube and wes e n Black Sea see Dyczek
2001, 141–143 and Dob e a 2017, 240–241).
The appea ance o he Kapi än II ampho ae in sou h -eas e n Th ace seems o be a he
sca ce, wi h agmen s published only om se e al cen es on he Black Sea coas – Apollo-
nia Pon ica and Deul um (Dob e a 2017, 240). Howe e , in he unpublished PhD hesis, Bo-
isla o a (2018) men ions o he inds om Anchialos, Ainos, Neseba , Plo di , S a a Zago a
and So ia. Rega ding he qui e high numbe o inds om Yu a -S oyno, Iwould p esume
hei sca ci y in sou h -eas e n Bulga ia / Th ace is caused by he s a e o publica ions a he
han by hei absence in he a ea.
No p oduc ion si e has been ound so a , al hough a leas h ee di e en ab ics migh
be ecognized poin ing o se e al di e en p oduc ion a eas. Thei loca ions ha e been mos
equen ly sugges ed as being in he Aegean a ea, such as in he Ephesus egion, pe haps also
in Samos, Kos and / o Rhodes (e.g. Peacock– Williams 1986, 193; Bjelajac 1996, 41; Dyczek
2001, 141; Bezeczky 2013, 149; Dob e a 2017, 238); Reynolds (2010, 90) also p oposed he place
o o igin as being loca ed in he Black Sea a ea, nea he C imea.52
As he main con en o he ampho ae, i is widely accep ed o be wine (Keay 1984, 137;
Peacock– Williams 1986, 194; Bjelajac 1996, 41; Reynolds 2010, 90; Dyczek 2001, 143;
Opaiț 2004, 13; e c.). Opaiţ and Pa aschi (2013, 320) e en sugges high quali y wine o Chian
o igin. The es ima ed essel capaci y anges om ca. 9 li es (Opaiţ 2004, 13) up o 15 li es
(Dyczek 2001, 140).
The Kapi än II ampho ae om Yu a -S oyno a e he second mos ep esen ed in he
assemblage. In o al, nine diagnos ic she ds we e iden i ied (502–510), including h ee bases,
i e ims and one cha ac e is ic body agmen . The im inne d. anges om 45 o 100 mm,
he hollow ee d. is uni o mly 60 mm inside.
The mo phological a ia ions o his ampho a ype, especially isible on ims and bases,
migh be a ibu ed o di e en p oduc ion cen es (e.g. Neg u– Bǎdescu– A am 2003, 209).
Some changes in he o m migh also be a ibu ed o adi e en ch onology– i is commonly
accep ed ha he olume (and so he size) s a s dec easing in he 2nd c. AD (e.g. Bjelajac
1996, 41; Dyczek 2001, 140). Also, he ea lie essels, da ed o he beginning o he 3
d
c. AD, a e
supposedly be e made, wi h auni o m body hickness, aca e ully execu ed g oo e unde
51 This ype is known unde many di e en names, among he mos equen ly used a e: Ago a/Rob-
inson K113; Benghazi MRA7; Bjelajac XII; Dyczek 18; Knossos 37; Kuzmano VII (1973), Kuzmano
XII (1985); Keay XII (on he Wes ); Niede biebe 77; Peacock and Williams 47; Rădulescu 6; Sco pan
I–E; Zees 79.
52 Reynolds based his hypo hesis on he ab ic obse a ion and i s simila i y o ampho ae Zees 72
(p oduced in he no he n Pon ic a ea). Since he chemical analyses (conduc ed a e he published
he pape ) u ned in a ou o he Ephesus egion (Bezeczky 2013, 149), Iconside hese ampho ae
o be o Aegean p oduc ion.
110 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
which was aking place om he mid-1
s
c. ill he 3
d
c. AD. I seems ha hese Cyp io ampho ae
we e dis ibu ed mo e equen ly o e he Medi e anean han he Cilician ones (Lund 2010,
569–571). The p oduc ion con inued un il he 4 h c. AD wi h a isible decline in expo powe and
wi h mo phological changes o he con aine s s a ing om he mid-3 d c. AD, when, besides
he capaci y educ ion and o he changes, he mush oom -shaped oe was eplaced by asolid
spike wi h no hickening (Lund 2010; Be oldi 2012, 141; Dob e a 2017, 285).
In Th ace and Moesia In e io , he ea ly e sion– wi h he mush oom -shaped oe– is a e,
and he ampho ae a e bes known om he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD con ex s o No ae, T imammium
and Sozopol (see Kuzmano 1985, аб. 4/A36a; Dyczek 2001, 160–161; Dob e a 2017, 286).
The olume o he known ampho ae anges om 36 l (ampho ae om he 1s c. AD), o 46–53 l
(Dyczek 2001, 161).
San Lo enzo 7
The wo ims 517–518 migh be classed among he ampho ae San Lo enzo 7. The ch onology
o hese ampho ae is qui e b oad, s a ing in he 2nd c. AD con inuing o he 6 h c. AD, wi h he
peak dis ibu ion o he wes e n Pon ic coas (Dob udzha) om he 2nd c. o 4 h c. AD (Opaiţ
2004, 42; Pa aschi 2006, 10; Dob e a 2017, 318). Two sub ypes migh be ecognized by he
shape o he body; ou di e en ab ics a e known, and e en mo e a e expec ed o exis
(Opiaţ– Ionescu 2016, 68, 98; pl. XIV/85–86, pl. XV/87–89). The ampho ae a e dis ibu ed
o e he whole Medi e anean as hei ep esen a i es a e known om Spain, I aly, No h
A ica, Sy o -Pales ine, he Aegean, he Lowe Danube and he Black Sea a ea (Be oldi 2012,
137; Dob e a 2017, 319). The place o p oduc ion is unknown; as well as he ela ion o he
di e en ab ic o possible places o o igin. The Aegean a ea and Asia Mino a e commonly
supposed as places o o igin (Be oldi 2012; Opaiţ– Ionescu 2016). Opaiţ and Pa aschi also
men ion ha some o he ampho ae migh be p oduced in Cilicia (2013, 323). The con en is
unknown, bu oli e oil was p oposed (Opiaţ– Ionescu 2016, 67). The capaci y o he ype was
es ima ed by Opaiţ and Pa aschi (2013, 322) a 50 li es.
The wo ims om Yu a -S oyno, 517 and 518, sha e asimila shape and inne d. o 80 mm,
bu he ab ic is di e en . The i s she d (517) is a he coa se, and oughly esembles he
second ype o ab ic desc ibed by Opaiţ and Ioanescu (2016, 68). The o he she d (518) migh
co espond o he i s ab ic ( e y ine) iden i ied by he same au ho s. In hand specimen, i
also esembles he ligh ab ic o he D essel 24 amily desc ibed abo e.
Micaceous wa e ja s– La e Roman Ampho ae 3
The body agmen 519 shows all he cha ac e is ics o he ‘micaceous wa e ja s’ / LRA 3 ( e y
compac ed -b own micaceous ab ic and a hin she d), howe e , om his small piece we a e
no able o speci y i s ch onology and classi ica ion mo e closely.
The ‘Micaceous wa e ja s’, also known as Ago a F65–66, o he cha ac e is ic ed -b own
ab ic, we e p oduced on eas e n Aegean, in he coas al a ea s e ching om Ephesus o
Pe gamon, om he mid-1s c. ill he mid-7 h c. AD. Thei la e p oduc ion ( om he end o
he 4 h c. AD) is bes known as he La e Roman Ampho ae 3 (LRA 3) (Opaiţ 2017, 585–589).
They a e supposed o ca y wine in he con aine s whose size diminished om 6–4 li es
in he ea ly p oduc ion o 2–1 li es in he la e p oduc ion. Thei p esence in he wes e n
Pon ic a ea / Lowe Danube is no e y high, wi h a isible dec ease om he 4 h c. AD
(Opaiţ 2017, 597).
111TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Ephesus 56
These wo bases, 520 and 521, bo h wi h missing oe ips, ha e a ab ic simila o he p e i-
ously desc ibed ‘Micaceous wa e ja s’ / LRA 3 ampho ae– i.e. o auni o m ed colou , e y
well so ed and le iga ed, wi h inclusions o sil e mica. They a e, howe e , o a hicke body
she d, mo e ounded nea he bo om, which is comple ed by asolid spike. Thanks o hese
mo phological di e ences and good pho os o he ampho ae om Ephesus published by Bez-
eczky we can p opose hei classi ica ion among he ampho ae Ephesus 56 (Bezeczky 2013,
pl. 54:862–871 and pl. 83:393). These ampho ae a e pa allel p oduc ion o he LRA 3, da ed ca.
om he end o he 4 h c. o he end o he 6 h c. / beginning o he 7 h c. AD. They a e no known
e y well ou side o Ephesus, bu agmen s we e ound in Zada and on he island o Samos.
The con en is unknown, oli e oil was sugges ed (Bezeczky 2013, 167–169).
Uniden i ied ampho ae o Eas e n Aegean and Eas e n Medi e anean o igin
The ollowing wo agmen s ha e a ab ic o he Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
ampho ae, howe e , hei p o enance is unknown. These a e he im 522 wi h inne d. 110 mm
and he oe / spike 523, wi h an ex a applied band o clay u ned a ound i s lowe pa (ou e
d. 46 mm) and asmall hole (d. 4 mm) om ou side he base.
CATALOGUE OF THE OTHER EASTERN AEGEAN AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
AMPHORAE
Figs. 30–31: nos. 515–523; Pls. 13–14: nos. 515–522
515
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : oe (spike); ou e d.: 34 mm in he middle o he ounded spike; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, p edominan ed pelle s, common whi e so inclusions o bigge size (5 mm;
lime?), ew qua z
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 6/8), sel -slip
Classi ica ion: Ago a M273 (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Medi e anean
Ch onology: mid-4 h–6 h c. AD
P obable con en : wine
Capaci y: 30–40 l
516
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : FA09; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NW
Pa : base (a oe); ou e d.: 57 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d wi h good so ing, so / chalky su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan lime, common ed pelle s, ew qua z
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Ago a G199– Bu Cyp io non -micaceous ab ic
A ea o p oduc ion: Cyp us
Ch onology: ca. 50–200 AD
112 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Con en : wine
Capaci y: ca. 36–53 l
517
Con ex : su ey; ench: D11
Pa : im; inne d.: 80 mm; EVE: 25%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, p edominan whi e so pelle s, qua z, ed and dull black inclusions;
many oids om allen ou s ones, no mica
Fab ic colou : pink (7.5YR 7/4)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic
Classi ica ion: San Lo enzo 7
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean (?), Asia Mino (?)
Ch onology: 2nd c.– 6 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
Capaci y: ca. 50 l
518
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 80 mm; EVE: 16%
Fab ic: so , ai ly so ed, chalky, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, p edominan lime, ed pelle s, ew qua z
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/3)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic
Classi ica ion: San Lo enzo 7
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean (?), Asia Mino (?)
Ch onology: 2nd c.– 6 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
Capaci y: ca. 50 l
No e: he sample in hand specimen esembles he ligh ab ic o D essel 24 amily ampho ae
519
Con ex : su ey; ench: I12; sec o : SE
Pa : body; hickness: 4 mm
Fab ic: ha d -so wi h smoo hed su ace, e y good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, p edominan iny lakes o sil e mica, a e qua z
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 4/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: ‘micaceous wa e ja s’ / LRA 3
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean– a ea be ween Ephesus o Pe gamon
Ch onology: 1s c. o mid-7 h c. AD
P obable con en : wine
Capaci y: 6–4 l o ea ly ones, 2–1 l o la e ones
520
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU016; ench: 95E_105N; sec o : NW
Pa : body; ou e body d.: 70 mm
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, e y ine -clay wi h smoo hed -b igh su ace
113TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Inclusions: 10%, iny lakes o sil e mica
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Ephesus 56 (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean– a ea be ween Ephesus o Pe gamon / elsewhe e
Ch onology: end o he 4 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
521
Con ex : su ey; ench: H13; sec o : NW
Pa : body wi h base a achmen ; ou e d.: 21 mm (on he base– body a achmen )
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, e y ine -clay wi h smoo hed -b igh su ace
Inclusions: 10%, iny lakes o sil e mica
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Ephesus 56 (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Eas e n Aegean– a ea be ween Ephesus o Pe gamon / elsewhe e
Ch onology: end o he 4 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
P obable con en : oli e oil (?)
522
Con ex : su ey; ench: D13; sec o : NW
Pa : im; inne d.: 110 mm; EVE: 16%
Fab ic: ha d, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan qua z, whi e inclusions (lime?) and ed-
-b own pelle s, common da k inclusions and po es
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6)
Su ace colou : ou e su ace o he ab ic colou , inne co e ed by calca eous sedimen s
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
523
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : base (spike); ou e d.: 46 mm; EVE: 100%
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, up o 0.5 mm, p edominan whi e inclusions (lime?), common da k
and ed pelle s, ew qua z
Fab ic colou : ligh ed (2.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6)
A ea o p oduc ion: Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
BLACK SEA AMPHORAE
The assemblage o he Black Sea ampho ae om Yu a -S oyno includes he sou h Pon ic p o-
duc ion, mainly he Sinopean ampho ae o o ange ab ic wi h ahigh amoun o shiny black
pa icles (py oxenes), which a e ep esen ed by ou ims (524–525 and 527–528), one body
agmen wi h i uli pic i (526) and a oe (529). Only one handle o aligh -colou ed ampho a
om He aclea Pon ica was iden i ied (530). Se e al body agmen s and undiagnos ic pieces
114 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
o Sou h Pon ic ab ic we e addi ionally ound in he exca a ion a ea, howe e , only in asmall
numbe coun ed in he ens.
The Sou h Pon ic egion expo ed ampho ae al eady du ing he Classical and, especially,
Hellenis ic pe iod, and con inued wi h his adi ion un il he La e An iqui y, e.g. wi h he
so -called ‘ca o ampho ae’. The main p oduc o he a ea was wine wi h some oli e oil and
ish p oduc s (Dyczek 2001, 220; Opaiţ– Pa aschi 2013, 330; Vnuko 2017, 100).
On he Lowe Danube and he wes e n Black Sea coas (especially in Dob udzha) hese
ampho ae a e qui e common, bo h in u al and u ban si es (Opaiţ 2004, 26–32). In Th ace,
hey a e a he a es ed on he coas , al hough hey migh be ound, in lowe numbe s, also
inland ( o asumma y o he inding places in Bulga ia and acomp ehensi e map o indi idual
ype’sdis ibu ion see Dob e a 2017, 246–272). The main ma ke a ea o he sou he n Black
Sea coas cen es seems o be he no he n Black Sea coas , wi h he wes e n one– especially
Th ace– being o ma ginal in e es (see he dis ibu ion map in Vnuko 2017, ig. 5.3).
AMPHORAE OF SINOPE
The i s wo ims, 524 and 525, a e agmen a ily p ese ed, which complica es hei classi i-
ca ion. The she d unde 524 has asmall olled im wi h inne d. 35 mm. The closes ampho a
shape is he ype D Snp I,57 da ed o he 6 h c. AD, wi h apossible con inua ion o he 7 h c. AD.
The capaci y o he con aine is app oxima ed o 6–7 li es wi h oli e oil as i s possible con-
en (Kassab Tezgö 2009, 134–137; c . pl. 20:1, 5 and 6). This ype was also classed by D. Pie i
as asub ype o he LRA 1 A p oduced in he Demi ci wo kshop a Sinope (Pie i 2005, 76–77;
Kassab Tezgö 2009, 135).
The agmen 525 has an opening neck wi h ahighe im, ounded om he ou side and
la ened om he inside, wi h inne im d. 70 mm. This is qui e a a e shape which does no
gi e us many possibili ies o pai ing. The closes in o m is he ecen ly iden i ied ‘ ansi ional
a ie y’ (in he sense o ansi ion om he ea ly o la e p oduc ion, namely om Sin II o
Sin VI) by Vnuko (2010, 366; ig. 2:3–4). These ampho ae a e ew and no ye well s udied,
and hei ch onology is no de eloped, howe e , he ansi ioning pe iod should ake place
du ing he 2
nd
c. AD. Ano he possibili y o classi ica ion would be he la e ype, Sin VI, which,
howe e , has ahighe and la ened im. I da es o he la e 2nd c. and ea ly 3 d c. AD, and i was
used o ca ying wine (Vnuko 2010, 366; ig. 2:5–8).
The body agmen unde 526 belongs o an unspeci ied Sinopean ampho a wi h ma ks
o he i uli pic i in ed colou on he neck. Two le e s a e s ill isible […Γω…]; mo e o hem
migh be expec ed, as andom, un eadable spo s o ed colou con inue u he on he igh ;
on he le hey a e in e up ed by a ac ion. The oe 529 wi h ab oken ip is also o he Sino-
pean ab ic. I is only asmall piece, bu since he ea ly Sinopean ampho ae do no end in such
aplain, hollow and spiky oe, we may conside i s la e p oduc ion, especially esembling he
wine ‘ca o ampho ae’ o he 4 h and 5 h c. AD, when he lowe body s a s o na ow and ends
in asha p conical base. These ampho ae a e known in small numbe s om he wes e n Black
Sea coas – Mesamb ia and Top aichioi (Opaiţ 2010, 378; c . wi h he ig. 1.7 o he Sub ype 3,
da ed o he 5 h c. AD).
57 S. Vnuko sugges ed ha his agmen could also belong o ajug p oduced in Sinope. Rega ding
he non -exis en po e y impo om he sou h Pon ic egion besides ampho ae, Ip e e he in-
e p e a ion o he agmen as such. Al hough, he e is always apossibili y o o he objec s and
essels a elling alongside he ampho ae as aside p oduc .
115TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
The las wo ims o igina e a he Sinopean p oduc ion cen e a Demi ci, ac i e om he
2nd/3 d o 6 h c. AD. Mos ele an o ou assemblage is he local g oup B Snp I -III,58 especially
he las ype B Snp III, wi h i s peak dis ibu ion om he 2nd c. ill he 1s hal / end o he 3 d c.
AD (Vnuko 2010, ig. 2). While ampho ae o he i s wo ypes ha e acylind ical neck, he
las one has aconical shape– as do ou 52759 and 528 (c . Kassab Tezgö 2010, 126; Vnuko
2010, 367; ig. 2; Dob e a 2017, 261–263). The ampho ae wi h aconical shaped neck o his g oup
may also be conside ed o be ype Zees 84a (Zees 1960, 171). Opaiţ and Ionescu (2016, 60 and
pl. II/10) desc ibed a e y simila im / neck agmen as a ansi ional ampho a ype om
Vnuko Sin II o Tezgö B SinI. As acon en i is conside ed o be wine (e.g. Opaiţ– Ionescu
2016, 58), bo h wine and oli e oil (Vnuko 2010, 368), o ish p oduc s / ga um ( his in e p e-
a ion is epea edly s essed by Reynolds [2010, 90; 2013, 102], poin ing ou he con inui y o
he Hellenis ic adi ion o ish p ocessing in he a ea). The capaci y o he con aine B Snp
III is expec ed o be mo e han 30 li es (Vnuko 2010, 366–368).
CATALOGUE OF THE SINOPEAN AMPHORAE
Fig. 31: nos. 524–529; Pls. 9: no. 526, 14: nos. 525–529
524
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 35 mm; EVE: 64%
Fab ic: good so ing, ough su ace ( he ‘sandy’ eel), e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mally up o 0.5 mm, p edominan black shiny pa icles, ew whi e
lime and a e ed pa icles
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: D Snp I/ jug and no an ampho a?
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 6 h c. AD, possibly also 7 h c. AD
P obable con en : p esumably oli e oil
525
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 70 mm; EVE: 11%
Fab ic: Sou h Pon ic, coa se, ha d, wo n ou e sel -slip, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, p edominan black shiny pa icles, no mally up o 1 mm big wi h ew bigge
(one 4 mm long); common ed pelle s wi h ew whi e pa icles
Fab ic colou : co e and inne ma gin pinkish g ey (5YR 6/2)
Su ace colou : ou e su ace and ou e ma gin a e ligh eddish b own (2.5YR 7/4); e y
pale b own (10YR 7/4) sel -slip p ese ed inside
Classi ica ion: possibly he ansi ional pe iod om Sin II × Sin VI (?)
58 This g oup o ampho ae migh also be called Knossos 26/27, based on he ma e ial om C e e (Hayes
1983, 153).
59 S. Vnuko ag ees wi h he simila i y in shape wi h B SNP III, al hough, he ab ic– om apho o–
looks o him mo e like i is om Abkhazia (no h -wes e n Colchis); howe e , in his a ea is no ye
a es ed such a o m (pe sonal communica ion, summe 2019).
116 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 2nd c.– ea ly 3 d c. AD
P obable con en : wine (?)
526
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : neck wi h i uli pic i in ed slip; max. ou e d.: 150 mm; insc ip ion: […Γω…]
Fab ic: ha d, ough su ace, ai ly so ed, une enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mally up o 1 mm, Sou h Pon ic ab ic– wi h p edominan black
shiny inclusions (py oxenes?) and andom bigge pcs. o ed pelle s (up o 4 mm)
Fab ic colou : inne ma gin– ed (2.5YR 5/8), ou e ma gin– yellow (10YR 8/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in colou s o inne and ou e ma gins
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
527
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU001; ench: Rooms A, B, C
Pa : im; inne d.: 140 mm; EVE: 14%
Fab ic: ha d, po ous, e enly i ed, coa se, good so ing wi h ough su ace
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mal size o 0.5 mm, andom bigge pelle s up o 2 mm, common
black shiny and whi e (qua z and lime) inclusions, ew ed pelle s o bigge dimensions
Fab ic colou : ed (2.5YR 5/8)
Su ace colou : ed (2.5YR 4/8) sel -slip– by a in da ke han he ab ic
Classi ica ion: B Snp III
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope × Eas e n Black Sea (?)
Ch onology: 2nd–3 d c. AD
P obable con en : wine / oli e oil / ish p oduc s
Capaci y: mo e han 30 l
528
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU079; ench 105E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im, handle a achmen ; inne d.: 100 mm; EVE: 35%; handle a .: 76 × 38 mm
Fab ic: ha d wi h ough, qui e e oded, su ace, good so ing, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mal size 0.5 mm, p edominan shiny black pelle s, common ed
and whi e pa icles, ew sil e mica lakes
Fab ic colou : yellowish ed (5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : sel -slip in he colou o he ab ic
Classi ica ion: B Snp III
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 2nd–3 d c. AD
P obable con en : wine / oli e oil / ish p oduc s
Capaci y: o e 30 l
529
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU033; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : SE
Pa : oe / spike; d.: 20 mm abo e he ip
Fab ic: ha d wi h ough su ace, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 20%, sandy ab ic, p edominan black shiny inclusions, common qua z, sil e
mica, ew ed pelle s
117TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6)
Su ace colou : o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: ‘Ca o ampho ae’ (?)
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– Sinope
Ch onology: 5 h c. AD
P obable con en : wine
Capaci y: 5.6–5.9 l
AMPHORAE OF HERACLEA PONTICA
The only diagnos ic agmen o an ampho a o igina ing om He aclea Pon ica is ahandle
530, which p ese es he cha ac e is ic ab ic o his p oduc ion cen e. I can be classed in o
he ligh -clay ampho ae o he ype Vnuko SIV (Ko ale skaja 1998, ab.2; Vnuko 2003,
126, рис. 49; Vnuko 2016, 40; рис. 3). These ampho ae a e he mos common con aine s o
he Black Sea egion om he 1s c. ill he 3 d c. AD, du ing which hey a e expo ed in high
numbe s o he main consump ion a ea– he no he n Black Sea. Thei exclusi e con en was
wine (Vnuko 2017, 113–115, 121; Vnuko 2016, 36). The ype has many a ian s, om which ou
handle migh belong o se e al o hem, especially o Vnuko ypes SIVA2, SIVB and SIVC,60
da ed om he la e 1s c. ill he la e 2nd c. AD (Vnuko 2016, 43).
In Th ace and Moesia In e io hese ampho ae a e well a es ed, concen a ed mos ly along
he Lowe Danube and he Black Sea coas . The mos widely sp ead ype is Vnuko SIVC /
Shelo C, which migh be ound in highe numbe s also inland, as a as in he S uma Valley
(Dob e a 2017, 246–259).
CATALOGUE OF THE HERACLEAN AMPHORAE
Fig. 31: no. 530; Pl. 14: no. 530
530
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : g oo ed -handle; dimensions: >40 × 30 mm
Fab ic: ha d wi h ough su ace, good so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, no mally up o 1 mm, p edominan ed inclusions– ei he bigge
pelle s o long eins up o 1.5 cm –, common black shiny inclusions, qua z and lime
Fab ic colou : e y pale b own (10YR 8/2)
Su ace colou : colou o he ab ic
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n Black Sea– He aclea Pon ica
Classi ica ion: Vnuko ype SIV (‘ligh -clay ampho ae’)
Ch onology: om he la e 1s c. o he la e 2nd c. AD
P obable con en : wine
UNIDENTIFIED BLACK SEA AMPHORAE
F agmen s 531 and 532 a e wo pa s o acup -shaped neck / im wi h he handles a ached
jus below he im. These wo agmen s seem o be om he same essel; he di e ences in
he p o iling a e caused by he handle a achmen – as bo h p ese ed ims a e di ec ly con-
60 This classi ica ion e e s o Shelo ypes A, B and C (Shelo 1986, 395–400).
118 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
nec ed o he handle. The inne im d. o bo h is 70 mm, he handles ha e sligh ly di e en
sec ions– 31 × 22 and 27 × 24 mm. The su ace is ough, he ab ic is eddish yellow (5YR 6/8),
e y sandy, wi h an abundan amoun o well so ed inclusions. The mos isible inclusions
a e bigge pcs. o so whi e pelle s, wi h much less ep esen ed da k shiny pa icles. The
ab ic esembles He aclea Pon ica, al hough he composi ion o he inclusions is di e en ,
wi h oo many whi e and oo ew da k shiny inclusions.
CATALOGUE OF THE UNIDENTIFIED BLACK SEA AMPHORAE
Fig. 31: nos. 531–532; Pl. 14: no. 532
531
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : SU023; ench/sec o : 95E_105N SE– 100E_105N SE/SW
Pa : im wi h handle; inne d.: 70 mm; EVE: 16%; handle sec ion: 31 × 22 mm
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, ough/sandy su ace
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, p edominan whi e (qua z and lime), ed pa icles and po es, a e
black shiny inclusions
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : wo n sel -slip o he ab ic colou
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n– Eas e n Black Sea (?)
No e: same cha ac e is ics as 532, hose wo pcs. a e p obably om one essel
532
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im wi h handle; inne d.: 70 mm; EVE: 12%; handle sec ion: 27 × 24 mm
Fab ic: ha d, e enly i ed, ough / sandy su ace
Inclusions: 30%, sandy, p edominan whi e (qua z and lime), ed pa icles and po es, a e
black shiny inclusions
Fab ic colou : eddish yellow (5YR 6/8)
Su ace colou : wo n sel -slip o he ab ic colou
A ea o p oduc ion: Sou he n– Eas e n Black Sea (?)
No e: same cha ac e is ics as 531, hose wo pcs. a e p obably om one essel
AFRICAN AMPHORAE
The expo o he A ican ampho ae s a ed in highe numbe s by he end o he 2nd c. AD
and con inued un il he 7
h
c. AD (Ca a ale– To ole i 1997, 140–141). The main expo ing
cen es we e loca ed in he Roman p o inces o Zeugi ana, Byzacena and T ipoli ana (Boni-
ay 2015, 7), in mode n -day e ms in he a ea o cen al -no h Tunisia and no h -wes e n
Libya.
The A ican ampho ae a e ound on he wes e n Black Sea coas and in he Lowe Danube
in small numbe s, mos ly ep esen ed by se e al pieces (see Dob e a 2017, 309–317). Highe
numbe s– especially om nec opolises– a e epo ed om Scy hia (Opaiţ 1997-1998, 47;
Opaiţ 2004, 33–40).
As amain con en o he ampho ae, i is expec ed o be oli e oil, bu also ish p oduc s and
wine a e a es ed (see ab.IV in Boni ay 2004). Some o he con aine s seem o be designed o
one speci ic con en , while o he s could ca y many di e en p oduc s (Dob e a 2017, 313–314).
119TRANSPORT AMPHORAE
The A ican ampho ae a he si e o Yu a -S oyno a e ep esen ed by h ee ims only
(533–535); wo a e om he exca a ion, one om he su ey. The i s she d, im 533, is cha -
ac e is ic o i s speci ic shape and ou e g ey su ace, which classes i in o he wide g oup
o he ype Keay LXII (Keay 1984, 309–350), ampho ae, sp ead along he (mainly wes e n)
Medi e anean, bes known om Spain and I aly. Some indi iduals a e, howe e , also known
om he wes e n Black Sea coas (e.g. Tomis– Cons anța: Opaiţ 1997-1998, igs.11 and 12). The
ype has abou 22 di e en sub ypes p oduced a se e al places mos ly in cen al Tunisia.
F om hese, he closes o ou example is he ype Q, also known unde Albenga 11-12, da ed
om he las qua e o he 5 h c. o he mid/ hi d qua e o he 6 h c. AD (Boni ay 2004, 137;
Fan uzzi– Cau On i e os 2018). The con en o he ampho ae is unknown, he capaci y
gi en he e (70–78 l) is es ima ed om wo di e en essels o he Keay LXII g oup ound in
Tomis (Opaiţ 1997-1998, 53).
Rim 534 migh ind pa allels among he La e A ican Cylind ical Ampho ae o he 5 h–7 h c.
AD. I is e y agmen a y, bu he ab ic desc ip ion in hand specimen– as well as he shape–
co espond o he p oduc ion o he wo kshop in Nabeul -Sidi Zah uni in Tunisia (‘o ange
o ed ab ic wi h ou e su ace co e ed by ligh colou , he inclusions a e whi e o yellow
and ed–pu ple– e ic’). Boni ay e e s o his im shape, which is no ha common o he
wo kshop, as a a ian o Keay LXI (Boni ay 2004, 37–39, 125–141; ig. 18:24; planche I20/21).
Fo he las im, 535, o ab own - ed she d and awhi ish sel -slip on bo h sides, wo possi-
bili ies migh be sugges ed. The i s is ha i belongs o he ampho a ype A icana IIA wi h
an almond shaped im ma ked by asmall unde cu (Boni ay 2004, 111). Se e al ampho ae o
he wide g oup o A icana II (wi h he sub ypes A, B, C and D), p oduced om he mid-2nd c.
ill he beginning o he 4 h c. AD, we e ound on he Lowe Danube and wes e n Pon us (Opaiţ
1997-1998, 50; Dob e a 2017, 313). The second possibili y, sugges ed by A. Opaiţ,61 is, ha his
migh be a im o he ampho a ype Os ia LIX– o he la e phase (da ed om he 2nd c. ill he
mid-3 d c. AD) o Lep imian p oduc ion (eas e n coas o Tunisia). I we we e o p e e his
possibili y, no much would change, as he ch onology o hese wo ampho ae is e y simila
(mid-2
nd
–3
d
c. AD), as well as he a ea o p oduc ion– A ica P oconsula is. Wha would di e
is he con en , which in he case o ype Os ia LIX is unknown– possibly oli e oil; in he case
o A icana IIA i is salsamen a, pe haps also wine (Boni ay 2004, ab.IV).
CATALOGUE OF THE AFRICAN AMPHORAE
Fig. 32: nos. 533–535; Pl. 14: nos. 533–535
533
Con ex : exca a ion; laye : le elling I; ench: 100E_105N; sec o : NE
Pa : im; inne d.: 90 mm; EVE: 25%
Fab ic: ha d, ai ly so ed, e enly i ed
Inclusions: 10%, p edominan lime (up o 1 mm), common qua z, ew sil e mica
Fab ic colou : yellowish ed (5YR 5/6)
Su ace colou : ou side g ey (10YR 6/1), inside o he ab ic colou
Classi ica ion: Keay LXIIQ, Albenga 11-12
A ea o p oduc ion: (cen al -eas e n) Tunisia (A ica P oconsula is)
Ch onology: las hi d o he 5 h c. o he mid/ hi d qua e o he 6 h c. AD
61 Pe sonal communica ion, summe 2019.
126 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
299 SY15_130 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
302 SY15_142 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
303 SY15_092 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d/4 h c. AD
304 SY15_180 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
305 SY15_419 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
306 SY15_178 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
307 SY15_179 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Çanda lı wa e
/ ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
315 SY15_131+132 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Knidian g ey
wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos) ca. AD 25–mid-2nd c. AD
316 SY15_062 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Knidian g ey
wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
324 SY15_150 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
326 SY15_149 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
328 SY15_159 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
330 SY15_182 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
337 SY15_123 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
338 SY15_126 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
339 SY15_129 SU001 Room_ABC × FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
435 SY15_029 SU001 Room_ABC × CW Golden mica
wa e ( a e mica) Aegean (?) 2nd–4 h c. AD
436 SY15_032 SU001 Room_ABC × CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean (?) ×
437 SY15_031 SU001 Room_ABC × CW Golden mica
wa e ( a e mica) Aegean (?) 2nd–3 d
( o mid-5 h?) c. AD
439 SY15_057 SU001 Room_ABC × CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean
(Phoacea?) 1s –3 d c. AD (?)
Tab.5: O e iew o he 61 impo ed diagnos ic ine ed ‑slipped wa es, coa se cooking wa es, and
anspo ampho ae agmen s ound in he sample o he exca a ed ma e ial. The majo i y a e da ed
o he Roman Impe ial pe iod wi h ampho ae 515, 524, 533–534 da ed o he La e An iqui y. PG = main
po e y g oup; FW = ine able wa es; CW = coa se cooking wa es; TA = anspo ampho ae.
127POTTERY IN THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
479 SY15_233 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
482 SY15_232 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
497 SY15_231 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
500 SY15_225 SU001 Room_ABC × TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
502 SY15_229 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean beginning o he
3 d c. AD
508 SY15_223 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
514 SY15_226 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Koan adi ion Eas e n Aegean
(Kos? / Ephesus?) 1s BC/AD–1s c. AD
515 SY15_222 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Ago a M273 (?) Eas e n
Medi e anean mid-4 h–6 h c. AD
523 SY15_217 SU001 Room_ABC × TA ?Eas e n Aegean /
Medi e anean ×
525 SY15_228 SU001 Room_ABC × TA S II×S VI (?) Sou he n Black
Sea (Sinope) 2nd–2nd/3 d c. AD
526 SY15_423 SU001 Room_ABC × TA ?Sou he n Black
Sea (Sinope) ×
527 SY15_219 SU001 Room_ABC × TA B Snp III (?)
Sou he n (Sinope)
× Eas e n Black
Sea (?)
2nd–3 d c. AD
534 SY15_216 SU001 Room_ABC × TA Keay L×I a . (?) No h A ica 5 h–7 h c. AD
438 SY15_252 Le elling I 100E_105N NE CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean
(Phoacea?) 1s –3 d c. AD (?)
342 SY15_298 Le elling I 100E_105N NE FW Impo (?) ?2nd–3 d c. AD
344 SY15_312 Le elling I 100E_105N NE FW A ican ed-
slipped wa e (?) No h A ica (?) 4 h–5 h c. AD (?)
484 SY15_236 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
487 SY15_235 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
492 SY15_238 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
505 SY15_548 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
518 SY15_350 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA San Lo enzo 7 Eas e n Aegean /
Aegean 2nd–6 h c. AD
524 SY15_547 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA D Snp I / jug (?) Sou he n Black
Sea (Sinope) 6 h–7 h c. AD
530 SY15_351 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA B Snp III (?)
Sou he n Black
Sea (He aclea
Pon ica)
la e 1s –2nd c. AD
532 SY15_255 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA S×E Pon ic Sou he n ×
Eas e n Black Sea ×
533 SY15_237 Le elling I 100E_105N NE TA Keay L×IIQ No h A ica 5 h/6 h–mid-6 h c. AD
128 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
441 SYP16_094 Le elling II 100E_105N NE CW
Golden
mica wa e
( equen mica)
Aegean (?) ×
323 SYP16_146 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
331 SYP16_133 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
332 SYP16_156 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
333 SYP16_110 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
334 SYP16_147 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
336 SYP16_085 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
346 SYP16_153 Le elling II 100E_105N NE FW Impo ? Roman Impe ial pe iod
485 SYP16_105 Le elling II 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
489 SYP16_104 Le elling II 100E_105N NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
538 SY15_549 Le elling II 100E_105N NE TA ? ? ×
440 SY14_091 SU008 100E_100N SW CW Golden mica
wa e ( a e mica) Aegean (?) ×
501 SY14_069 SU008 100E_100N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
507 SY14_070 SU008 100E_100N SW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
510 SY14_071 SU008 100E_100N SW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
442 SY15_340 SU057 100E_105N SE CW Miscellaneous
Aegean /
Medi e anean
impo (?)
2nd–3 d c. AD
wa es and he coa se cooking wa es ep esen ed jus a ac ion o he whole po e y assembled
o he Yu a -S oyno se lemen .
In o de o gi e acomple e pic u e, we also need o include he anspo ampho ae. 28
diagnos ic agmen s ( ims and bases plus one handle) we e ound in he sample o he ex-
ca a ed ma e ial, and many mo e body agmen s, wi h he mos dis inguishable and mos
abundan agmen s o D essel 24 amily and Kapi än II ampho ae. The 28 diagnos ic ag-
men s include he ampho ae o D essel 24 amily (11 gs.), Kapi än II (5 gs.), ano he ou
agmen s o Eas e n Aegean / Eas en Medi e anean o igin; ampho ae om he Black Sea
a ea (6 gs.), mos ly Sinope; and wo No h A ican ampho ae. I is qui e amix u e, wi h he
majo i y da ed o he Roman Impe ial pe iod wi h se e al ampho ae om he La e An iqui y
(515, 524, 533–534) which migh be ound bo h in he le elling laye (524, 533) and Rooms A, B,
and C (515, 534) a es ing o hei dis u bed na u e as well as o alimi ed se lemen li e a e
i s peak pe iod in he 2nd–4 h c. AD.
129POTTERY IN THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
The majo i y o impo ed essels (33 gs.) was ound in Rooms A, B and C, combining ou
agmen s o coa se cooking wa e o possible Aegean o igin and 16 agmen s o ine - ed
slipped wa es including Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C; Knidian g ey wa e; Red -slipped
hin -walled wa e, possibly om he Eas e n Aegean; and Th acian hin -walled wa e. Ano h-
e 13 gs. we e o anspo ampho ae, mos ly o Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean
o igin; h ee we e om he Black Sea a ea– Sinope; and one om he No h A ica (Tab.5).
In he le elling laye s Iand II abou 23 agmen s o impo ed po e y we e ound, wi h
wo coa se cooking wa e agmen s possibly o Aegean o igin and nine ed -slipped agmen s
mos ly including Th acian hin -walled wa e, wi h some Thin -walled ed -slipped wa e and
possibly a agmen o A ican ed -slipped wa e. The p opo ion o he anspo ampho ae is
e y simila as in Rooms A, B and C, wi h se en agmen s om he Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n
Medi e anean, h ee agmen s om he Black Sea a ea and one om A ica (Tab.5).
The ills o he di ches include in o al i e agmen s. They ha e one agmen o coa se
cooking wa e each one o hem bu one, [SU021]; while [SU008] yields also agmen s o h ee
Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean ampho ae (Tab.5).
Looking ou side he main sample o he exca a ed ma e ial, we may enla ge he iden i ied
wa es by ano he 59 agmen s o impo ed diagnos ic po e y (Tab.6). These include Pon ic
sigilla a Awi h agmen s unco e ed om he o he exca a ed a eas– h ee she ds (309,
311–312) a e om he con ex [SU077], loca ed ou o he house o he eas , nex o he wall
[SU076] and one comes om each o he ollowing con ex s [SU001] (314); [SU036] (308) and
[SU053] (313). F om hese, [SU036] is he mos in e es ing one as i seems o be an o iginal
con ex , e e ing o a ounda ion ench o he no he n wall o he house [SU018], whe e
acoin o Diadumenian, da ed o AD 217–218, was ound (see Heřmánko á 2022b, no.8; ab.1).
Based on pa allels, exac ly he same ch onology is expec ed o he she d 308. One mo e ag-
men o Pon ic sigilla a Awas ound wi hin he su eyed ma e ial (310), which is expec edly
wo n, damaged by e osion.
Bo h agmen s o p esumably he Colou coa ed wa e (340, 341) we e also ound ou side
he main assemblage, one in [SU075] which u ned ou o be soil exca a ed by he loo e s,
[SU001]; and ano he one, ound in he SE sec o o he squa e F13, du ing he su ace su ey.
All o he Thin -walled ed slipped wa e agmen s o p esumably Knidian o igin we e also
ound in he loo ed soil o squa es 110E_110N and 110E_115N (317, 319–321) and wi hin he
su ace su ey, in he SE sec o o squa e E12 (318). In consequence, due o he su ace su ey
and comple e documen a ion o he ex ended po e y ma e ial, h ee mo e ed -slipped wa es
could ha e been iden i ied.
The o he wa es ound wi hin he su ace su ey po e y and ex ended assemblage om
he exca a ions included he same ma e ial as al eady iden i ied wi hin he examined po e y
sample and as such enla ging i s numbe ; hese a e Çanda lı wa e / ESC (300–301); Thin -walled
ed -slipped wa e (322, 325, 327, 329) and Th acian hin -walled wa e (335).
Rega ding he su ace su ey ma e ial, no su p isingly, he bigges clus e s o inds a e
wi hin he in ensi ely in es iga ed squa es, whe e pick -ups we e ca ied ou – squa es D13,
F13, G12, H13 and I12. The inds a e mos ly made up o ampho ae (17 gs.), less so o impo ed
ine wa e (8 gs.), while impo ed coa se wa e is comple ely missing. The ampho ae ea u e
simila endencies as in he exca a ed ma e ial, wi h six diagnos ic agmen s o D essel 24
amily (477–478, 488, 491, 495, 499), wo Kapi än II (504, 506), six agmen s om he Eas e n
Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean a ea (511–512, 517, 519, 521–522) and one om A ica (535).
The la es ampho a agmen ound wi hin he su ace su ey, Ephesus 56 (521), migh be
da ed om he u n o he 4 h/5 h o he u n o he 6 h/7 h c. AD, he es is da ed o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod wi h some possible o e each o he La e An iqui y (506, 517, 519).
130 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Tab.6: O e iew o he 59 impo ed diagnos ic ine ed ‑slipped wa es, coa se cooking wa es, and
anspo ampho ae agmen s ound ou side he sampled ma e ial om he exca a ion and wi hin
he su ace su ey. PG = main po e y g oup; FW = ine able wa es; CW = coa se cooking wa es;
TA = anspo ampho ae.
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
486 SY16_063 FA07 100E_105N NW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
516 SY16_062 FA09 100E_105N NW TA Ago a G199
Eas e n
Medi e anean
(Cyp us)
mid-1s –2nd/3 d c. AD
347 SY15_415 SU001 110E_100N NW FW Impo (?) ? ×
348 SY15_414 SU001 110E_100N NW FW Impo (?) ? ×
314 SY16_033 SU001 110E_105N WFW Pon ic sigilla a A
(?)
No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
319 SY16_024 SU001 110E_110N
W om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
320 SY16_023 SU001 110E_110N
W om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
321 SY16_036 SU001 110E_110N
E om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
325 SY17_029 SU001 110E_110N SFW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
335 SY16_032 SU001 110E_110N SFW Th acian hin-
walled wa e
No he n Aegean
(Ainos?) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
317 SY17_031 SU001 110E_115N
N om
wall
SU083
FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
480 SY16_039 SU001 110E_115N STA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
496 SY14_174 SU006 100E_100N STA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
343 SY15_463 SU015 100E_105N NW FW Impo ? ×
345 SY14_161 SU016 95E_105N NW FW Impo ?Roman Impe ial pe iod
509 SY14_122 SU016 95E_105N NW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
520 SY14_126 SU016 95E_105N NW TA Ephesus 56
Eas e n Aegean
(Ephesus–
Pe gamon?)
4 h/5 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
493 SY14_110 SU018 95E_105N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
531 SY14_004 SU023 95E_105N
100E_105N
SE /
SE/
SW
TA S×E Pon ic Sou he n × Eas e n
Black Sea ×
131POTTERY IN THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
503 SY14_002 SU023 95E_105N
100E_105N
SE /
SE/
SW
TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
494 SY14_193 SU027 90E_105N SE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
490 SY14_184 SU032 100E_100N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
498 SY15_428 SU033 100E_105N SE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
529 SY15_427 SU033 100E_105N SE TA Ca o Amph. (?) Sou he n Black Sea
(Sinope) 5 h c. AD
308 SY15_531 SU036 100E_105N SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 2nd–mid-3 d c. AD
481 SY15_521 SU041 105E_105N SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
313 SY15_507 SU053 105E_105N SW FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd–3 d c. AD
483 SY15_348 SU061 110E_100N NW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
340 SY16_019 SU075 110E_100N EFW Colou coa ed
wa e (?) ?1s hal o he 2nd c. AD
309 SY16_061 SU077 110E_105N EFW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 2nd–mid-3 d c. AD
311 SY16_056 SU077 110E_105N SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd c. AD
312 SY16_057 SU077 110E_105N SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd c. AD
513 SY16_059 SU077 110E_105N ETA Koan/Rhodian
adi ion
Eas e n Aegean
(Rhodes + pe ea /
Kos)
mid-1s –3 d c. AD
528 SY16_051 SU079 105E_105N NE TA B Snp III Sou he n Black Sea
(Sinope) 2nd–3 d c. AD
517 SY16_D11_01 Su ey D11 ×TA San Lo enzo 7 Eas e n Aegean /
Aegean 2nd–6 h c. AD
310 SY16_D13_SE_07 Su ey D13 SE FW Pon ic sigilla a A No he n Black Sea
(C imea?) 1s /2nd c. AD
329 SY16_D13_SE_05 Su ey D13 SE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
522 SY16_D13_NW_02 Su ey D13 NW TA ?Eas e n Aegean /
Medi e anean ×
536 SY16_D13_NW_01 Su ey D13 NW TA ? ? ×
537 SY16_E10_01 Su ey E10 ×TA ? ? ×
318 SY16_E12_SE_01 Su ey E12 SE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Knidos?) mid-1s –mid-2nd c. AD
300 SY16_F13_NE_10 Su ey F13 NE FW Çanda lı wa e /
ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
132 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
No. SY # SU T ench Sec . PG Wa e/Type P o enance Ch onology
301 SY16_F13_SW_02 Su ey F13 SW FW Çanda lı wa e /
ESC
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon -
Çanda lı)
end o 1s –3 d c. AD
341 SY16_F13_SE_01 Su ey F13 SE FW Colou coa ed
wa e (?) ?1s hal o he 2nd c. AD
506 SY16_F13_SW_03 Su ey F13 SW TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h/5 h c. AD
322 SY16_G12_NE_04 Su ey G12 NE FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
327 SY16_G12_NW_06 Su ey G12 NW FW Thin-walled ed-
slipped wa e
Eas e n Aegean
(Pe gamon?)
mid-1s –mid-2nd/
4 h c. AD
499 SY16_G12_NE_21 Su ey G12 NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
504 SY16_G12_SE Su ey G12 SE TA Kapi än II Eas e n Aegean 3 d–4 h c. AD
511 SY16_G12_NW_04 Su ey G12 NW TA Rhodian
adi ion
Eas e n Aegean
(Rhodes + pe ea /
Chios)
1s –2nd c. AD (?)
477 SY16_H13_NE_16 Su ey H13 NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
488 SY16_H13_NE_17 Su ey H13 NE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
521 SY16_H13_NW_03 Su ey H13 NW TA Ephesus 56
Eas e n Aegean
(Ephesus–
Pe gamon?)
4 h/5 h–6 h/7 h c. AD
535 SY16_H13_SE_07 Su ey H13 SE TA A icana IIA /
Os ia LIX No h A ica mid-2nd–3 d/4 h c. AD
495 SY16_I09_SE_01 Su ey I09 SE TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
478 SY16_I12_SW_08 Su ey I12 SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(E y h ae?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
491 SY16_I12_SW_07 Su ey I12 SW TA D . 24 amily Eas e n Aegean
(Chios?) mid-1s –mid-3 d c. AD
519 SY16_I12_SE_12 Su ey I12 SE TA Mic. Ja / LRA 3
Eas e n Aegean
(Ephesus–
Pe gamon)
1s –mid-7 h c. AD
512 SY16_J13_SE_06 Su ey J13 SE TA Rhodian
adi ion
Eas e n Aegean
(Rhodes + pe ea) mid-1s –3 d c. AD
133
Po e y ou o he con ex o Yu a ‑S oyno
REGIONALLY PRODUCED POTTERY
Fine able wa e
The majo i y (98.5 %) o he ine able wa e unco e ed a he se lemen o Yu a -S oyno in-
cludes egional p oduc s made in Moesia In e io and Th acian wo kshops. These a e essels
o Fine ed -slipped wa e (1–220), Common ed -slipped wa e (221–234), G ey wa e (235–281),
Yellow chalky wa e (282–284)
64
and Mo led / Ma bled wa e (285–298). All o hese wa es wa e
e y likely p oduced in he a ea du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod om he beginning o he
2
nd
c. AD. Some o he ep esen ed essels a e e y well known om Th ace and Moesia In e io
and seem o be e y popula a he local households, hese being he Fine ed -slipped wa e
pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched im (1–10), pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched and ounded
im (16–27), hemisphe ical bowls (69–83), langed bowls (85–92), and he wo handled cups
(138–143). All o hese ep esen ed he mos equen shapes made in Fine ed -slipped wa e
ound a Yu a -S oyno. These, bu also o he shapes o he named ine and coa se wa es
ind good pa allels among he egional p oduc s, which migh be linked o speci ic kiln si es
known in he a ea (see Tab.1, Map 4). Based on he ab ic / wa e simila i y, o he she ds, o
less known shapes, we e g ouped unde he speci ic wa e.
Whe e he wo kshop(s) p o iding o Yu a -S oyno we e loca ed is impossible o say a
his poin . I also emains amys e y as o whe he he same essel shapes made in di e en
wa es we e p oduced a one p oduc ion cen e / a ea o a di e en p oduc ion cen es /
a eas. This ela es o he Fine ed -slipped wa e pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched im (1–10)
which we e also ound in he Mo led wa e (285–288) and he G ey wa e (251); o he Fine
ed -slipped wa e pla es wi h an ou - u ned a ched and ounded im (16–27), ound as well in
he Mo led wa e (290–291); and he hemisphe ical deco a ed bowls o he Fine ed -slipped
wa e (101–104) wi h e y simila p oduc s execu ed also in he Mo led wa e (293–295). The
highes simila i y o shapes made in di e en wa es is howe e he mos appa en o he
Fine ed -slipped wa e and he G ey wa e, whe e we can ei he ind he same o ms– such as
he hemisphe ical pla es and bowls (c . 47–50, 59–62, 69–83 × 235–242, 260–262) o exac ly
he same shapes o di e en o ms (c . 39–40 × 248; 64 × 245; 66 × 246; 105–110 × 263; 1–10 × 251).
This simila i y seems o suppo he al eady suspec ed p oduc ion o he same shapes o
essels wi h di e en su ace ea men s and colou s, known om some o he in es iga ed
p oduc ion cen es, such as om Va bo ski li adi nea Pa likeni. In ou po e y assemblage,
his phenomenon o mu ual shape simila i y ela es o he Fine ed -slipped wa e, he G ey
wa e and he Mo led wa e.
The e ha e been e y ew inds o he G ey wa e po e y so a iden i ied in eas e n Bul-
ga ia. Consequen ly, he p oduc ion cen e was assumed o be loca ed in wes e n Bulga ia
whe e he inds we e concen a ed. Despi e he small p opo ion o he G ey wa e in he whole
assemblage (2%), we a e s ill alking abou 548 she ds (Tab.2), which is no inconside able
amoun . Consequen ly, we may sugges i was also p oduced locally in eas e n Bulga ia, likely
64 Also o au ili a ian unc ion.
134 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
as aside p oduc o he ed -slipped wa e which o he wise comple ely domina ed he local
able wa e ma ke .
Coa se cooking wa e
Coa se cooking wa e ound a Yu a -S oyno consis s o wheel made (349–434, 443–444) and
handmade (445–476) essels. Coun ing all he diagnos ic agmen s om he co e exca a ion
assemblage (i.e. excluding body agmen s), coa se wheel made is ep esen ed by 519 gs.
while handmade po e y by 74 gs. (Tab.4), making i in pe cen age e ms 87.5% o 12.5%.
The much less ep esen ed handmade po e y (445–476) consis s o simple po s o low
mo phological a iabili y wi h wo main ab ics, g ani ic (445–459) and dio i ic (460–475).
The o ms a e based on Th acian po e y common o he a ea since he beginning o he Ea ly
I on Age, s ill in use du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod. The wo ab ics a e e y dis inc i e,
and hey clea ly e e o a leas wo di e en p oduc ion cen es, loca ed in geologically di-
e se a eas. The wa e is ch onologically unsensi i e, p oduced in unchanged shapes om he
beginning o he Roman Impe ial pe iod ill he mid-5 h c. AD, when i is p esumably eplaced
by di e en handmade po e y o o eign o igin.
The dominan coa se wa e is ep esen ed by wheel made essels o Coa se cooking wa e
(349–434, 443–444), mainly including di e en shapes o po s (361–412), wi h much less ep e-
sen ed casse oles (349–357) and ying pans (358–360). Lids (413–433) make up 8.5% o all he
coa se wheel made po e y. Many shapes, including all he h ee main po e y o ms, migh
be ound in egional p oduc ion, many o which ind pa allels especially in he p oduc ion
cen e in Ka ano o, nea No a Zago a. As in he case o he egional ine wa e, he ab ic was
aken as he main ac o o g ouping, e en in he case o she ds wi h unknown mo phological
pa allels in he egional p oduc ion.
The wheel made coa se wa e p o ed o me he mos di icul o inding i ing pa allels
o , as many shapes pe sis om he Roman Impe ial pe iod ill La e An iqui y, consequen ly,
only a ew she ds could be da ed mo e closely. The ab ic seems o pe sis as well, as no majo
di e ences in i s composi ion we e no ed. Only in he case o she ds 443–444, da ed based
on he shape o La e An iqui y, he body hickness was aken in o conside a ion and hese
she ds, isibly hinne han he es o he wa e, we e sepa a ed om he Coa se cooking
wa e. O he wise, in hand specimen, hei ab ic seems he be he same.
IMPORTED POTTERY
In o al, abou 120 diagnos ic agmen s ela ing o long dis ance impo we e iden i ied a
Yu a -S oyno. These consis o 115 MNI,65 including 46 MNI o ine able wa es, eigh MNI
o coa se cooking wa es, and 62 MNI o anspo ampho ae (see Appendix – Summa y
ca alogue).
Fine able wa e
The impo ed ine able wa e is compound o 50 agmen s which ep esen 46 MNI.66 The big-
ges pa , 22 MNI, is made up by he hin -walled wa e– ei he by he Thin -walled ed -slipped
wa e (13 gs.), o Th acian hin -walled wa e (7 gs.). These a e mos ly ep esen ed by cups
(14 gs.), wi h a ew beake s (2 gs.), bowls (2 gs.) and ajug. We may also add o hese he
wo Knidian g ey wa e essels, abowl and ajug, as hese we e also p oduced wi h hin -walls,
65 Minimum numbe o indi iduals.
66 Body agmen s 304–307 a e o one essel, so a e he base agmen s 347–348.
135POTTERY OUT OF THE CONTEXT OF YURTA ‑STROYNO
especially he bowl 315. Vessels made in he hin -walled wa e a e equen ly connec ed wi h
eas ing, especially wi h d inking, which is a ole we may also expec o ou assemblage.
All hese 22 agmen s ep esen possibly he ea lies ine -wa e impo o he si e o Yu a-
-S oyno, wi h hei expo da ed al eady om he second hal o he 1s c. AD. The ed -slipped
hin -walled wa e ound in Yu a -S oyno seems o be p oduced in he Eas e n Aegean, likely
in Knidos (315–321) and he Pe gamon egion (322–329). The p oduc ion o he Th acian hin-
-walled wa e (330–336) is connec ed wi h he no he n Aegean, speci ically wi h he a ea o
Ainos, loca ed in he es ua y o he Ma i sa Ri e .
Ano he wo majo ine able wa es in he assemblage a e he nine agmen s (6 MNI) o
Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C (299–307) and he six o se en agmen s o Pon ic sigilla a
A(308–314). All o hese a e ep esen ed by bowls, apa om one, a agmen o apla e 313,
which is, in e ms o i s ab ic, simila o Pon ic sigilla a A, al hough such ashape has no ye
been a es ed in his wa e.
Çanda lı wa e / Eas e n sigilla a C was p oduced in he Eas e n Aegean, in as ip o land
s e ching om he a ea o Pe gamon o Çanda lı. The o ms a es ed a Yu a -S oyno (H3–H5)
migh be da ed om he end o he 1s c. ill he mid-3 d c. AD, H5 e en o he beginning o he
4 h c. AD. P oduc ion cen es o Pon ic sigilla a Aa e expec ed o be loca ed in he No he n
Black Sea a ea, likely in he C imea, ac i e since he mid-1s c. ill he 3 d c. AD. This wa e is
especially in e es ing o ou a ea as i sha es some essel shapes wi h he egional Th acian
and Moesian p oduc ion, he bes example being Zhu a le ’sFo m 1, ou langed bowls made
in Fine ed -slipped wa e (he e 85–92).
The emaining impo ed ine wa es consis o wo bowls o e y speci ic shape and ab-
ic, possibly o Colou coa ed wa e (340–341), al hough hei classi ica ion is no comple ely
secu e. Based on shape pa allels hey migh be da ed o he beginning– i s hal o he 2nd c.
AD. The es o he impo is mos ly unsecu e– hese a e agmen s o speci ic ab ics, wi h
no eliable classi ica ion (337–339, 342–348). The only excep ion is he base agmen 344
wi h palma e b unch imp in s, simila o No h A ican p oduc ion o he 4 h–5 h c. AD. We
do, ac ually, ha e wo agmen s o No h A ican anspo ampho ae a he si e which a e
da ed acco dingly (533–534); consequen ly, i is possible he pla e could ha e been b ough o
Yu a -S oyno oge he wi h he anspo ampho ae.
The essel mo phology o secu ely impo ed wa es is somehow limi ed in compa ison o
egionally p oduced ones. The impo ed essels include 20 bowls, 14 cups, 2 pla es, 2 beake s,
2 jugs, and possibly one lid handle.67 Besides he wo jugs, hese a e mos ly small essels o
epe i i e shapes. In he egional p oduc ion, we may ind all o he abo e -men ioned o ms,
as well as bigge essels including able ampho ae, k a e s, and basins. The only wa e, which
could no ha e been p oduced egionally, is he hin -walled we e, whose p oduc ion has no
ye been a es ed a any o he known Th acian and Moesia In e io kiln si es.68 O he wise,
he egional p oduc ion seems o co e all he necessa y ablewa e possibly needed by he
se lemen inhabi an s.
67 Ido no coun he nine she ds o unsecu ed impo : 337–339, 342–343, 347–348.
68 The Th acian hin -walled wa e is asepa a ed ca ego y. Being loca ed di ec ly on he Aegean coas
in he G eek– Hellenis ic en i onmen , close o he di ec in luence o he wes e n impo , Ido
no pe cei e i , no coun i , among he Th acian and Moesia In e io p oduc ion cen es, which a e
loca ed deep inland, p oducing epe i i e shapes o he ed -slipped able wa e and coa se cooking
wa e, common a he local se lemen s and nec opolises.
142 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
ROMAN IMPERIAL PERIOD
Pu ing oge he he in o ma ion gained by combined ypes o he impo ed po e y ound a
Yu a -S oyno, we may ace he po e y o i s app oxima e a ea o o igin. Du ing he Roman
Impe ial pe iod he main sou ce o po e y was loca ed in he Eas e n Aegean, om whe e
abou 69% o all impo comes. Two main a eas migh be de ec ed. The i s one is ep esen -
ed by as ip o land abou 135 km long s e ching om he Pe gamon o he Ephesus egion,
including Pe gamon, Çanda lı, Phocaea, E y h ae, Chios Island, Ephesus and he Maean-
de Valley; we may possibly also include Samos Island, loca ed u he sou h. F om his a ea,
we ha e a es ed impo o ine able wa es– Thin -walled ed -slipped wa e (322–329) and
Çanda lı wa e / ESC (299–307), possibly also coa se cooking wa e (438–439), and anspo
ampho ae– he main body o D essel 24 ampho ae (477–492), he ampho ae wi h micaceous
ab ic (519–521), and pe haps some o he Kapi än II ampho ae. The second a ea, which is less
ep esen ed, is loca ed u he sou h, delimi ed by he islands o Kos and Rhodes wi h Knidos
in he middle. F om he e, we ha e a es ed he Knidian g ey wa e (315–316), he Thin -walled
ed -slipped wa e (317–321), anspo ampho ae o he Rhodian and Koan adi ions (511–514),
and pe haps also some o he Kapi än II ampho ae.
Mo e essels a e o an Aegean o igin, such as he Th acian hin -walled wa e (330–336) com
-
ing om i s no he n coas ; he cooking wa e (435–441) and he anspo ampho ae (517–518,
Map 6: Map depic ing he places and a eas o he impo ed po e y o igin da ed o he Roman
Impe ial pe iod. Two clus e s in he Eas e n Aegean migh be no ed– one a ound Phocaea, ano‑
he one mo e o he sou h in aline Kos– Knidos– Rhodes. Fo p oduc ion o Pon ic sigilla a Aand
No h A ican ampho ae bigge a ea han ep esen ed on he map by he do needs o be expec ed.
143IMPORTED POTTERY OVER TIME
522–523) which canno be mo e closely loca ed. These add ano he ca. 15% o he Aegean o igin,
c ea ing al oge he 83% o all he impo s iden i ied a he se lemen o Yu a -S oyno du ing
he Roman Impe ial pe iod o igina ing om he Aegean a ea. To ha , we may add abou 3%
o ampho ae om he Eas e n Medi e anean.
Much less subs i u ed a e he she ds om he Black Sea a ea and No h A ica, wi h he
la e ep esen ed by one anspo ampho a she d only (535), da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD. Re-
ga ding he Black Sea a ea, he ed -slipped ine wa es migh be aced o i s no he n pa
(Pon ic sigilla a A, 308–314), while he anspo ampho ae we e o asou he n, possibly also
eas e n (527, 531–532) o igin. Sinopean ampho ae (525, 527–528) a e he mos ep esen ed,
wi h asingle she d om He aclea Pon ica (530). The Black Sea a ea du ing he Roman Im-
pe ial pe iod is ep esen ed by 12.5% o he impo s; 8% is ine wa e om he no h, 4.5% a e
anspo ampho ae om he sou h.
LATE ANTIQUITY
Impo s da ed o he La e An iqui y (5
h
–6
h
c. AD) a e much less ep esen ed a Yu a -S oyno,
al oge he by 8 MNI. The e is only one agmen o ine ed -slipped wa e (344) while he es
a e anspo ampho ae. Rega ding he Eas e n Aegean a ea, he e a e only wo agmen s
o Ephesus 56 (520–521), u he , one agmen possibly o Ago a M273 (515) om he Eas e n
Map 7: Map depic ing he places and a eas o he impo ed po e y o igin da ed o La e An iqui y.
In he Eas e n Aegean i is he coas al a ea be ween Pe gamon and Ephesus.
144 THE YURTA-STROYNO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT
Medi e anean. All h ee o hem da ed om he mid-4 h c. AD ei he o he 6 h c. AD (515) o o
he 7 h c. AD (520–521). F om he Black Sea a ea, wo Sinopean ampho ae migh be iden i ied,
529, i co ec ly classi ied as aca o ampho a, da ed om he 4 h o 5 h c. AD, and 524, da ed
o he 6 h–7 h c. AD.
F om No h A ica, we ha e wo anspo ampho ae, da ed o he 5 h–6 h c. AD (533), and
o he 5 h–7 h c. AD (534). The agmen o he ine ed -slipped wa e is da ed o he 4 h–5 h c. AD
and i ep esen s he only agmen o A ican po e y o he han ampho ae ound a he
se lemen . I migh ha e been b ough as aside p oduc o he ampho ae shipmen .
Many o he agmen s migh be da ed om he 4 h c. AD and as such s ill b ough o he
si e du ing he Roman Impe ial pe iod. The e a e only h ee agmen s which a e uniquely
da ed o he La e An iqui y, he Sinopean (524) and A ican (533–534) ampho ae. Howe e , i
we accep he la e ch onology o he eigh she ds, he p opo ions o impo a e as ollows:
Eas e n Aegean 25%, Eas e n Medi e anean 12.5%, sou he n Black Sea 25%, and No h A ica
37.5%.
145
Concluding ema ks on he po e y s udies om
Yu a ‑S oyno
In he s yle o he i s olume, Iwould like o add some in o ma ion o he esul s o he Yu a-
-S oyno A chaeological P ojec based on he po e y s udies, ela ed mos ly o i s ch onology
and in e connec ion wi h he es o he Roman wo ld.
The po e y assemblage yielded ahuge amoun (ca. 98.5% o he whole) o he egionally
p oduced ine able wa es and coa se cooking wa es, wi h pa allels aceable a he p oduc ion
cen es in Th ace and Moesia In e io , he majo i y da ed o he 2nd–3 d c. AD, wi h an ex ension
o he 4 h c. AD. Du ing he same pe iod, we may no ice he main body o he impo ed po e y
accumula ing a he se lemen , mos ly da ed ill he end o he 3 d c. AD, wi h a ew o ms
con inuing ill he 4 h c. AD. The mos in e es ing hing is, howe e , he ea ly ho izon o he
impo ed ine able wa es, da ed al eady om he second hal o he 1s c. AD. Fo his pe iod,
he e a e no secu ely da ed kilns in he lands o he wo p o inces, and i makes us wonde
i hese could ha e se ed as he i s able essels used a he se lemen , be o e hey we e
eplaced by he egional p oduc ion, iche in shapes and essel a iabili y. Un o una ely,
ou po e y does no come om s a i ied con ex s, and we also need o admi apossible la -
e o igin o hese agmen s. O he wise, he impo s do no seem o b ing many inno a i e
wa es, apa om one, he hin -walled wa e, whose p oduc ion has no ye been a es ed in
he egion, which migh explain i s abundancy a he se lemen (48%)71 in compa ison o he
o he impo ed able wa es.
The i s impo s o anspo ampho ae a e also connec ed o he ea ly Roman pe iod, wi h
he i s agmen s a ibu ed o he ime ange o he 1s c. BC– 1s c. AD. The bigges body o
ampho ae inds migh hen be da ed om he mid-1s c. AD o he mid-3 d c. AD, wi h possible
con inua ion ill he 4 h c. AD. We may no e by now he epe i i e ch onology, con i ming ou
p e ious s udies on he egionally made po e y, impo ed po e y and he small inds and o h-
e ma e ials p ocessed wi hin he p e ious olume, pu ing he peak pe iod o he se lemen
o he 2
nd
–3
d
c. AD, wi h some possible ac i i ies aking place al eady in he second hal o he
1s c. AD and, ce ainly, in he 4 h c. AD. Du ing he peak pe iod, we may no e as ong ie wi h
he Aegean a ea, especially wi h he Eas e n Aegean coas and islands, whe e he majo i y
o he able wa es, cooking wa es and ampho ae o igina ed. We may connec ha a ea wi h
he majo supplie s o Yu a -S oyno, p o iding i wi h wine and oli e oil, pe haps also wi h
a e essels, which migh ha e been b ough o he se lemen alongside he ampho ae. A
he same ime, much less ep esen ed impo s come om he No he n and Sou he n Black
Sea a ea and om No h A ica.
As we ha e also seen in connec ion wi h he o he ma e ial s udies, i ems da ed o he
La e An iqui y migh also be iden i ied a he se lemen , howe e , in much smalle amoun s.
Rega ding po e y, hese a e especially agmen s o anspo ampho ae, o igina ing on he
Eas e n Aegean / Eas e n Medi e anean, Sou he n Black Sea coas and No h A ica. Thei
amoun is small, bu almos equal, no poin ing o any p e e ed a ea o impo a ha ime.
Thei me e p esence, howe e , a es o limi ed se lemen li e a Yu a -S oyno also in he
La e An iqui y.
71 22 MNI / 46 MNI o all impo ed ine wa e.
147
Bibliog aphy
Abb e ia ions
AB = A chaeologia Bulga ica
AOR = Археологически открития иразкопки
BAR = B i ish A chaeological Repo s
BAR IS = B i ish A chaeological Repo s In e na ional Se ies
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