Repo on documen ing he Gu be Romani a ie y
in Eas Se bia and c ea ing
he Romani-Se bian dic iona y
Mi jana Mi ić— S e lana Ći ko ić1
The Romani-Se bian Dic iona y o he Knjaže ac Gu be Va ie y (Ći ko ić & Mi ić 2017)
o igina ed om wo k on he p ojec Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in
Knjaže ac, inanced by he Minis y o Cul u e and In o ma ion o he Republic o Se -
bia in wo p ojec cycles, 2016 and 2017. The p ojec was spea headed by he “Njegoš”
Na ional Lib a y in Knjaže ac. The linguis ic eam in coope a ion wi h local Roma ac-
i is s ca ied ou ield documen a ion o he language and olklo e adi ion o he
Roma in Knjaže ac and Miniće o.2 The p ima y goal was he documen a ion o Ro-
mani language and adi ion, he seconda y he de elopmen and p ac ical implemen-
a ion o he speci ic ield wo k me hodology on alanguage insu icien ly mas e ed
by he esea che s. The language ma e ial collec ed was used o compile aRomani-
Se bian dic iona y wi h ab ie collec ion o selec ed ex s in Romani. An impo -
an esul o he p ojec was he o ma ion o acompe en eam o young Roma e-
sea che s, who oday can success ully apply he knowledge acqui ed in ield esea ch
and language da a p ocessing o hei wo k wi h o he Roma communi ies in Se bia.
Wo k on Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac wen ahead in
se e al s ages in bo h p ojec cycles. In he cou se o 2016, local Roma ac i is s ook
1 The au ho s a e esea che s in he p ojec “Language, Folklo e and Mig a ions on he Bal-
kans”, conduc ed by he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies o he Se bian Academy o Sciences
and A s in Belg ade (Se bia), inanced by he Minis y o Educa ion, Science and Tech-
nological De elopmen o he Republic o Se bia.
2 Knjaže ac is a own in eas Se bia, he illage o Miniće o is 15 kilome es away. The Roma
communi y is nume ous in bo h own and illage. Roma used o li e in o he illages in he
icini y, bu due o social and economic ac o s hey mig a ed o Knjaže ac o o he la ge
owns in Se bia. Many Roma om Knjaže ac and he su oundings a e empo a ily wo k-
ing in Wes e n Eu ope. The own o Knjaže ac and neighbou ing Miniće o we e selec ed
as si es o esea ch in o de o econs uc he lexical ma e ial om he a ea, ga he ed in
1873 by he eminen Vienna philologis F anc Miklošič, and published in he six h olume
o his s udy Übe die Munda en und Wande ungen de Zigeune Eu opas, en i led Vocabula -
ien de Munda de Zigeune in Se bien (Mikloshich 1872–1880). I was unclea which a-
ie y o he Romani language ha was. Recons uc ion has es ablished ha he lexemes
om Miklošič’s lis belong o he A li a ie y, which used o be spoken by Roma Black-
smi hs in he own o Knjaže ac and su oundings. They, howe e , in he cou se o ime
abandoned Romani and shi ed en i ely o Se bian (Sikimić 2017).
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106 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018
pa in wo kshops p o iding aining in ield esea ch, ansc ip ion o ma e ial and
w i ing up he wo k. In addi ion o he aining, ield esea ch ook place he same
yea , p oducing abou 14 hou s o audio and ideo ma e ial.3 In he nex p ojec cycle
(2017), aining co e ed he lexicog aphical p ocessing o he documen ed language
ma e ial— exce p ion o ansc ip s, selec ion o lexemes, lexicog aphical p ocess-
ing o selec ed wo ds and ansla ion in o Se bian.4
Resea ch on he g ound showed h ee Roma g oups a p esen li ing in Knjaže ac
and Miniće o: he Gu be s, Leyash and Blacksmi hs, along wi h a ew se led amilies
o A li and Bayash. The Gu be s in Knjaže ac and Miniće o (who also call hemsel es
Za adžije) use he Gu be a ie y, which belongs o he Sou he n Vlax dialec o
Romani (dialec ological di ision acco ding o Ya on Ma as, c . Ma as 2004: 7). The
Leyash use a a ie y belonging o he No he n Vlax dialec o Romani (Ma as 2004:
8, Bo e zky 2003). The Blacksmi hs oday speak only Se bian, ha ing los hei Ro-
mani in he mid 20 h cen u y, and a e conside ed o be he descendan s o he A li,
who speak aBalkan dialec o Romani (Ma as 2004: 7, Sikimić 2017). Since he Gu -
be s a e he mos nume ous g oup in Knjaže ac and Miniće o, he dic iona y is based
on he Gu be Romani a ie y.
In Se bia, he e a e no dialec dic iona ies o local Romani a ie ies esul ing om
linguis ic esea ch in he ield. Exis ing dic iona ies ha e o he mos pa eme ged
om p ocessing he au ho ’s lexicon (c . Hali i 2011, K asnići 2012) and con ain lexemes
no only om Gu be bu also om he A li a ie y. The dic iona ies, compiled by he
same linguis ic me hodology used o ga he ing ma e ial and lexicog aphical p ocess-
ing, a e mainly based on lexical ma e ial om di e en Romani dialec s and a ie ies
(c . Bo e zky, Igla 1994). Rade Uhlik’s dic iona y (1983) is based on “ he lexical und o
he Gu be a ie y o Se bian Roma”, oge he wi h o he da a om Romani a ie ies o
he o me Yugosla ia o which he had access (Uhlik 1983: 11). I is di icul , howe e , o
de e mine o which pa icula dialec o he Romani he lexemes in i belong.
CORPUS
The co pus o he dic iona y consis s o ansc ip s o in e iews eco ded wi h na-
i e speake s o he Gu be a ie y in Knjaže ac and Miniće o in July 2016. Asample
3 The pa icipan s in he wo kshops, ield esea ch and ansc ip ion o documen ed ma e-
ial we e Da ko Ib ić, Ka a ina Ib ić, Miljan Mus a ić, Željko Mus a ić, Ružica Rakić, I an
Ronić, Ljubinka R.Simić, Ljubinka S.Simić, Ma ija Simić, Romana S e ano ić. Lec u es
we e held by Biljana Sikimić and S e lana Ći ko ić om he SASA Ins i u e o Balkan
S udies. The comple e ield ma e ial was deposi ed in he Digi al A chi e o he Ins i u e
o Balkan S udies in Belg ade and in he “Njegoš” Na ional lib a y in Knjaže ac.
4 In he p ojec cycle o 2017 he e we e ewe Roma associa es: Da ko Ib ić, Ka a ina Ib ić,
Ljubinka R.Simić, Ljubinka S.Simić and Zago ka Simić; lec u es we e held by Biljana
Sikimić, Mi jana Mi ić and S e lana Ći ko ić. In addi ion, he ollowing na i e speake s
o he Gu be Romani p o ided hei help in he o e all p ocess o c ea ing he Dic iona y
and edi ing: Da ko Ib ić, Ka a ina Ib ić, Ljubinka S.Simić (hence o h: edi o s).
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MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 107
was ga he ed om esponden s o bo h gende s and a ying age, bo n in Knjaže ac
and he su ounding a ea o li ing in Knjaže ac o an ex ended pe iod, which makes
hem ep esen a i e speake s o he local Gu be a ie y. We should no e ha all e-
sponden s a e bilingual in Romani and Se bian, while many also speak Ge man, ha -
ing li ed o leng hy pe iods in Ge many.
The eco ded ma e ial amoun ed o abou 14 hou s and con ains Leyash and A li
in addi ion o Gu be , as well as Se bian. Rega ding ansc ip ion, apa om he
segmen s in Se bian, we also ansc ibed agmen s o in e iews in Leyash and A li,
bu o linguis ic easons i was decided no o include his in he inal p oduc . The
dic iona y, he e o e, is based on 7 hou s and 30 minu es o exclusi ely Gu be a i-
e y— o e 45,000 wo ds. The lexemes we e exce p ed om 12 ansc ip s o in e -
iews and ma ked by numbe s and squa e b acke s, deno ing ansc ip s o Gu -
be a ie y: [T 2], [T 4], [T 5], [T 6], [T 8], [T 9], [T 11/1], [T 11/2], [T 11/3], [T 11/4],
[T 16], [T 17]. Reco ded in e iews wi h he Leyash and ansc ibed in e iew ag-
men s a e ma ked: [T 7], [T 13], [T 15]. The e is only one eco ded in e iew in A li
a ie y ([T 1]), and h ee p edominan ly in Se bian: [T 3], [T 12], [T 14].5
The me hod used was he open in e iew: ques ions we e asked in Romani by
na i e speake s, in Se bian by associa es o esea che s whose i s language was
no Romani. They ela ed o adi ional cul u e, since he goal o he p ojec was o
ga he language and olklo e ma e ial, elemen s o adi ional cul u e s ill li ing in
he adi ional p ac ice o he local Roma communi y, bu also elemen s which could
only be econs uc ed om he esponden s’ memo ies. The in e iews also co e ed
opics om o al his o y and (au o)biog aphical s o ies. This me hodology esul ed
in spon aneous p oduc ion o he egis e ed lexical und in na a i es; no special
ques ionnai es we e used o elici lexemes and hei g amma ical o ms. The lexemes
eflec he opic o con e sa ion. A he end o he book he e a e 12 samples o idio-
lec s eflec ing he ealis ic and cu en use o he lexemes gi en in he dic iona y.
Each sample gi es he ansc ip numbe oge he wi h he o igin and gende o he
esponden . Fo e hical easons, he names o he esponden s ha e no been gi en.
The ex s ha e been chosen so as o gi e ab oade con ex o he use o wo ds ha
ound hei way in o he dic iona y, and o illus a e elemen s o adi ional cul u e,
he pas and p esen li e o he esponden .6 Due o limi ed space,7 he selec ed ex s
a e sho , one agmen being chosen o each esponden .
5 Al hough in he Gu be a ie y, he in e iew and ansc ip s ma ked [T 10] we e no
used due o echnical p oblems.
6 Amo e ex ensi e selec ion o ex s in Romani wi h Se bian ansla ion will be ound in
amonog aph o be published la e .
7 Fo echnical easons, he publishe de ined he numbe o pages be o e wo k on he dic-
iona y was comple ed, which esul ed in adecision o include, in addi ion o Romani
lexemes, only he mos equen bo owings om Se bian adap ed in o he Romani lan-
guage sys em. Howe e , he dic iona y could ha e included non-adap ed loanwo ds which
would ha e demons a ed he en i e lexical sys em in cu en use.
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108 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018
SPELLING AND ALPHABET
The spelling used in he dic iona y ollows he model ecommended by Rajko Đu ić
(Đu ić 2012), wi h some sligh de ia ions o eflec he dialec ological ansc ip ion o
he ma e ial. As such i is non-s anda d, bu a he se es o ma k he dialec ological
cha ac e is ics o local o al speech.
The ollowing g aphemes we e used in he dic iona y: a, b, c, č, čh, ć, ćh, d, dj, đ
(only in he Se bian, non-adap ed wo ds), dž, e, ә, , g, h, x, i, j, k, kh, l, lj, m, n, nj, o,
p, ph, , , s, š, , h, u, , z, ž.
LEXICAL CHOICE
Fo dic iona y equi emen s, all wo ds om Romani we e aken om he in e iew
ansc ip s; howe e , also included a e some ob iously ecen loanwo ds om Se -
bian adap ed in o he Romani mo phological sys em. The dic iona y also con ains
e ms ha deno e he elemen s o ma e ial and in angible adi ional cul u e, whose
occu ence in he in e iews is he esul o s ee ing he con e sa ions owa ds op-
ics o adi ional cul u e. Besides hese e ms (e.g. Bibijako dji e ‘Aun ’s day’), we also
eco ded some ha came om Se bian (e.g. Božić ‘Ch is mas’).
I is impo an o no e ha he p esence o absence o wo ds om he lexicon o
some idiom may be an impo an indica o o he di e en social, his o ical o cul-
u al ci cums ances in which language de elops. The ma e ial poin s o a endency o
lose ce ain Romani wo ds and an ine i able bo owing om Se bian, as he domi-
nan language o ab oade communi y. The loanwo ds ha e become he in eg al pa
o he lexicon o he speake s and ha e mos ly been adap ed in o he Romani mo pho-
logical sys em; he way in which hey a e adap ed eflec s i al language p ocesses.
Though ele an , ce ain exce p ed and p ocessed wo ds did no make i in o he
inal e sion o he dic iona y due o es ic ed space. These a e nouns, adjec i es,
e bs and ad e bs (and an insigni ican numbe o p eposi ions) o iginally om Se -
bian (mo e a ely om o he languages, such as Ge man) whose use in he ma e ial is
qui e a e, usually egis e ed o only one speake and o en ahapax. Some o iginally
Se bian wo ds ha e hei equi alen in Romani (e.g. učil— sićol ‘lea n’), while o
some he e is no con i med Romani al e na i e ei he in he ansc ip s o known o
he edi o s (e.g. m zol ‘ha e’).
The ollowing g oups o wo ds ha e been omi ed om he dic iona y: he en i e
onomas ic sys em, ecen bo owings om Ge man and mos nouns bo owed om
Se bian whose meaning emains anspa en , despi e hei mo phological adap a ion
in o he Romani language sys em. Excep ionally, lexemes o igina ing om Se bian
and used by only one esponden ha e been included. They ha e he alue o a e m
in iew o he ac ha he opics o he in e iews also ela ed old c a s and he
memo ies o olde echnological p ocedu es.
The dic iona y does no con ain e ymological in o ma ion ( hose in e es ed in e y-
mology ha e nume ous ele an sou ces a hei disposal). I is impo an , howe e ,
o no e ha apa om au och honous wo ds, p e-Eu opean and Eu opean loanwo ds
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MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 109
cha ac e is ic o Vlax Romani a ie ies (c . Bo e zky, Igla 1994 311–338) ha e been in-
cluded. Also included a e olde loanwo ds om Sla ic languages (e.g. čeljado ‘achild’),
o which some may ha e en e ed he Gu be a ie y h ough Romanian, as well as
olde Tu kish wo ds a ely in use oday (e.g. boča a ‘an ap on’). In such en ies he
Se bian equi alen is always gi en as pa o ase ies o ansla ion synonyms.
ENTRIES
The dic iona y numbe s 920 en ies (wi hou e e ences o exp essions). In o ming
an en y, he accen ed lemma is gi en i s in Romani, hen he p e e i e o ms (o
e bs), he plu al (o nouns), he pa o speech wi h i s g amma ical ca ego ies, and
inally he meaning is ansla ed in o Se bian.
The wo ds a e ansc ibed om he audio-ma e ial jus as he esponden s spoke
hem. The e is ano able a ia ion in he p onuncia ion o phonemes no only among
esponden s bu e en wi h he same esponden . When i became clea ha he e o
was an acciden o p onuncia ion, in ag eemen wi h he edi o s ce ain wo ds we e
co ec ed in he en y while he au hen ic p onuncia ion was eco ded in he examples.
I awo d appea s in mo e han one meaning in he ma e ial, hen i is sepa a ely
ci ed in he en y, wi h addi ional meanings ha we e no egis e ed in he ma e ial
bu which he edi o s singled ou as ele an o he dic iona y. Each wo d is used
in he con ex ha bes illus a es how i may ac ually be used, hus enabling e i i-
abili y o he meaning and lexicog aphical p ocedu e. The con ex may also se e o
elemen a y linguis ic analysis.
Each en y is illus a ed by examples om he ansc ip s, and each example ca -
ies he ma k o he ansc ip om which he wo d was exce p ed.
LEXICOGRAPHICAL PROCESSING OF WORDS
In he dic iona y, all wo-syllable and mul i-syllable wo ds (as he main ea u e o
he en y wi h exp essions gi en sepa a ely) a e ma ked wi h accen s which can
be e i ied om he eco ded ma e ial. Examples o use a e no accen ed since his
would hampe eading. We should unde line ha accen s we e addi ionally checked
and co ec ed by he edi o s. Excep in a e cases (c . Bo e zky, Igla 1994), au ho s o
exis ing Romani dic iona ies o he mos pa do no p o ide he accen (c . Hali i
2011, Kaj azi 2008, K asnići 2012, Uhlik 1983, Romlex). We conside ha he inclusion
o accen s is in aluable, no only o dic iona y use s o lea n he p onuncia ion o
agi en wo d, bu also o linguis s who can ollow he manne in which o ms o plu-
al nouns o he p e e i e o a e b a e accen ed, o how he accen o loanwo ds is
adap ed and he like.
The o m o he en y and g amma ical ca ego ies ci ed depend on he pa o
speech.
Nouns a e mainly gi en in he nomina i e singula , while o plu ale an um
nouns i is poin ed ou ha his is a o m o he plu al. The nomina i e plu al is also
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110 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018
econs uc ed and he gende is gi en (masculine o eminine). Recons uc ion o
he plu al o m o nouns is based on he ansc ip s; howe e , i he ma e ial does
no con i m he plu al o m, i is econs uc ed by he edi o s. Fo ce ain conc e e
uncoun ables (e.g. a o ‘flou ’), o abs ac nouns (e.g. bax ‘ o une’) he plu al o m
is no gi en since i has no been con i med ei he in he ma e ial o by he edi o s.
Adjec i es a e gi en in he masculine and eminine gende singula and plu al,
while he ansla ion in o Se bian con ains only he masculine singula (e.g. ba o,
ba i, ba e adj. ‘big’). The same applies o adjec i al p onouns which ha e o ms in mas-
culine and eminine gende and singula and plu al numbe (e.g. aka a, akaja, akala
dem. p on. ‘ his’), while pe sonal p onouns a e gi en in he nomina i e singula as
hei basic o m, and all o he egis e ed case o ms a e gi en as sepa a e en ies
which e e o he main en y (e.g. manca p on. c . me ‘I’).
The nume ical ca ego y includes ca dinal and o dinal numbe s as well as ce ain
wo ds which, o he equi emen s o his dic iona y, ha e been ma ked as anumbe .
Viewed linguis ically, i is possible o classi y hem di e en ly (e.g. he numbe milja,
‘ housand’— may be ea ed as anoun).
Since he a icles do no exis in he Se bian language, Romani a icles we e no
ansla ed. I is impo an o poin ou ha in he sys em o a icles desc ibed in he
exis ing li e a u e which indica es he p esence o he a icles o, i, e (c . among o h-
e s, Đu ić 2005, Leggio 2011), nei he he ma e ial no he edi o s ound con i ma ion
o he a icle i. The a icle ois used wi h masculine nouns in he singula , while he
a icle e is used wi h eminine nouns in he nomina i e singula , nouns o bo h gen-
de in he nomina i e plu al, and also wi h nouns o bo h gende and numbe used
in he oblique case.
Ve bs a e gi en in he o m o he hi d pe son singula , p esen ense, which is
s anda d in cu en Romani lexicog aphy (c . o ins ance Bo e zky, Igla 1994, Rom-
lex, Kaj azi 2008, Hali i 2011, K asnići 2012). Reflexi e e bs a e gi en wi h he eflex-
i e p onoun pe, bu some e bs can also ha e anon- eflexi e meaning. In such cases
he eflexi e p onoun pe is placed in ab acke , e.g. i il (pe), žalil (pe), ženil (pe), and
he meanings a e gi en sepa a ely o he eflexi e and non- eflexi e o m. The hi d
pe son singula o he pas ense is also gi en in b acke s, ano he lexicog aphical
s anda d. As he examples om he co pus do no always con i m he p esen o pas
ense, he missing o ms we e econs uc ed wi h he help o an edi o . The use o all
o ms o e bs ound in he in e iew ansc ip s is illus a ed by examples. Besides
e bs, exp essions a e also gi en wi h examples, e.g. del and e, xal so li. Since in some
exp essions anoun has been used wi h he e b, he noun lexeme is e e enced o he
e b.
Al hough in he sys em o pa s o speech, he copula does no igu e as asepa a e
pa bu as asyn ac ical unc ion o he e b ‘ o be’, in he dic iona y he e b ‘ o be’
has been ma ked g amma ically as acopula. We decided on his in acco dance wi h
he p esen p ac ice o Romani lexicog aphy (c . o example Bo e zky, Igla 1994: 258,
Romlex s. . si).
In he lexicog aphical p ocessing o ad e bs, he lexeme is gi en in he o m
in which i p edominan ly appea s. Apa om monolexemic ad e bs, ad e bial
ph ases a e also ci ed. These may be Romani in o igin, e.g. ha a (o) dji e ‘ omo ow,
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MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 111
he nex day’, de kana ‘since’, o acombina ion o aRomani and aSe bian wo d, e.g.
p eko d om ‘ac oss’, kozom god ‘wha e e ( he quan i y)’. Also included in he dic io-
na y a e ad e bs ha o iginally came om Se bian, bu he equency o hei use
and he possible non-use o aRomani wo d o equi alen meaning signals ha hey
a e becoming pa o he lexicon o he local Gu be Romani a ie y and as such ough
o be included, e.g. oba ezno ‘necessa ily’, ek ‘jus ’.
Being an unchangeable and unc ional pa o speech, p eposi ions a e g amma i-
cally ma ked in he dic iona y. Since some ha e wo a ian s depending on he a icle
o he noun hey accompany, e.g. ande, ando ‘in, in o’; pe, po ‘on’, bo h o ms a e gi en
sepa a ed by acomma, bu he o m wi h an a icle o he masculine gende , e.g.
ando, po is se apa as an en y e e ing o he main en y, e.g. ande, pe. The eason,
bo h in he dic iona y and he e e ence, is he alphabe ical o de . The p eposi ions
bo owed om Se bian a e za ‘ o ’ and sa ‘wi h’, con i med in ala ge numbe o ex-
amples om he co pus.
Almos all conjunc ions a e bo owed om Se bian, excep ions being ke ‘because’
and haj ‘and’, wi h he a ian he, bu his conjunc ion also has aseman ic a ian
bo owed om Se bian, he conjunc ion i‘and’, con i med in he co pus by ala ge
numbe o examples.
In e jec ions as unc ional wo ds a e no con i med in la ge numbe s. We ha e
abs ac ed ake (‘e o’, ‘he e’), eke (‘e o’ ‘ he e’).
Pa icles in he Romani language a e ep esen ed by wo ds wi h amo pho-syn-
ac ic unc ion— hey a e used o o m he analy ic u u e— he pa icle ka, o
nega ion— he pa icle ma, na, ni, o compa ison— he pa icle maj, o he con-
junc i e— he pa icle e. The pa icle e is in some examples used as aconjunc ion
meaning ‘i ’, and hese meanings a e gi en sepa a ely. We should single ou he pa -
icle naj which is used as he nega ion o m o he hi d pe son singula o he copula
‘ o be’ in he p esen ense and he nega ion o m o he e b ‘ o ha e’ in he p esen
ense.
THE USAGE VALUE OF THE DICTIONARY
The main mo i a ion in making he dic iona y was o illus a e he local Gu be a-
ie y h ough aselec ion o en ies, examples and spoken models. I can be o use
and in e es o he exponen s hemsel es, pa icula ly o younge speake s who a
he c ucial s ages o language acquisi ion, a e inc easingly less exposed o Romani
and a e shi ing o Se bian, o e idence ea u es o an asymme ic bilingualism. To
hose knowledgeable in o he a ie ies and dialec s o Romani, he dic iona y can be
in e es ing o compa a i e pu poses, and o linguis s o esea ch, since i p o ides
comple e mo phological in o ma ion on each en y as well as gi ing acon ex o use
o he wo d: asou ce o ma e ial o linguis ic esea ch a a ious le els o linguis ic
s uc u e. Fo an h opologis s and e hnologis s, he use o pa icula e hnog aphic
e ms can indica e adi ional cul u e, he ex en o which i is p esen and aluable
in daily li e. Ul ima ely, he dic iona y is in ended o all who a e in e es ed in lea n-
ing Romani.
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112 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018
Since he dic iona y was c ea ed based on asample o o al speech, we should
poin ou ha i is no in ended o be p esc ip i e. I is cha ac e is ic o spon aneous
o al speech ha i de ia es om o he o ms, especially om he w i en language.
E en hough he examples gi en in he en ies may appea incomp ehensible o be
conside ed ‘w ong’ o ‘co up ed’, hey a e no . They demons a e he ypical ea-
u es o o al speech a di e en le els o language s uc u e, such as a ia ion in
speed o he u e ance, omi ing wo ds, equen e e ence o con ex , alse s a s
and co ec ions, he accompanying elemen s o non- e bal communica ion which
isually complemen he s a emen ; di e ences in syn ac ic s uc u e a e especially
pe cep ible.
The samples o idiolec s quo ed a he end o he book poin o di e ences in in-
di idual use o Romani wi h di e en esponden s, depending on hei language bi-
og aphy, and also he use o di e en g oups o wo ds in acco dance wi h he opic
o con e sa ion.
The UNESCO A las o Wo ld Languages in Dange egis e s Romani in 28 Eu opean
coun ies and classi ies i as ‘de ini ely endange ed’. In 2006, Se bia a i ied he he
Eu opean Cha e o Regional o Mino i y Languages (ECRML) whe e Romani was
gi en mino i y language s a us.
Field documen a ion o he language and olklo e ma e ial in he Explo ing he
Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac p ojec complemen s published s udies o
Romani by majo Wes Eu opean uni e si ies (Manches e , G az, P ague e c.). A local
le el in Se bia, his p ojec can se e as amodel o documen ing he local a ie y o
Romani and he p o ec ion o endange ed languages. In documen ing olklo e adi-
ions and elemen s o adi ional cul u e, amodel has also been p o ided o selec ing
hose elemen s o he in angible cul u al he i age o he Roma ha me i he p o ec-
ion o cul u al ins i u ions in he Republic o Se bia.
LITERATURE
Bo e zky, N.— Igla, B. 1994. Wö e buch
Romani— Deu sch— Englisch ü den
südos eu opäischen Raum. Wiesbaden:
Ha assowi z Ve lag.
Bo e zky, N. 2003. Die Vlach-Dialek e des
Romani. S uk u en— Sp achgeschich e—
Ve wand scha s e häl nisse— Dialek ka en.
Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z Ve lag.
Ći ko ić, S.— Mi ić, M. 2017. Romsko-s pski
ečnik knjaže ačkog gu be skog go o a.
Knjaže ac: Na odna biblio eka “Njegoš”.
Đu ić, R. 2005. G ama ika omskog jezika.
Beog ad: O k o enje.
Đu ić, R. 2012. S anda dizacija omskog jezika.
Sa aje o: Ud uženje „Kali Sa a”, Romski
in o ma i ni cen a .
Hali i, B. 2011. S psko- omski ečnik sa
g ama ikom ip a opisnim sa e nikom.
No i Sad: P ome ej.
Kaj azi, V. 2008. Romano-k oacijako haj
k oacijako- omano al a i. Zag eb: Odjel
za o ijen alis iku H a skog ilološkog
d uš a i„Kali Sa a”, Ud uga za p omicanje
ob azo anja Roma uRepublici H a skoj.
K asnići, A. 2012. Angluno omano-s bikano,
s bikano- omano al a i. Subo ica: R omane
pus ika.
Leggio, D.V. 2011. The dialec o he Mi o ica
Roma. Romani S udies 5: 21(1), 57–114.
Ma as, Y. 2004. Romani. ALinguis ic
In oduc ion. Camb idge Uni e si y
P ess.
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MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 113
Mikloshich, F. 1872–1880. Übe die Munda en
und Wande ungen de Zigeune Eu opas I–XII.
Wien: Ka l Ge old’s Sohn.
Romlex Lexical Da abase— a ailable a : omani.
uni-g az.a / omlex/lex.xml
Sikimić, B. 2017. Mikošiče a zbi ka eči „Iz Timoka”.
Knjaže ac: Na odna biblio eka „Njegoš”.
Uhlik, R. 1983. S pskoh a sko- omsko-engleski
ečnik. Sa aje o: „S je los ”, OOUR Izda ačka
djela nos .
Mi jana Mi ić is a esea ch associa e a he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies o he Se bian Academy o
Sciences and A s (Belg ade, Se bia), engaged on he p ojec Language, Folklo e and Mig a ions in he
Balkans. She holds aB.A. deg ee in Linguis ics and MPhil deg ee in Language Acquisi ion (Uni e si y
o Belg ade). She comple ed he Specializa ion in Linguis ics (Uni e si y o Gene a) in 2010, and de-
ended he doc o al hesis in 2016 a he Uni e si y o Niš, Se bia. In 2017 she collabo a ed on he p oj-
ec Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac (The “Njegoš“ Na ional lib a y, Knjaže ac,
Se bia). He esea ch in e es s include Balkan linguis ics, Romani linguis ics, bilingualism, mino i y
and endange ed languages, i s and second language acquisi ion, and co pus linguis ics.
Con ac : mandic.mi [email protected]
S e lana Ći ko ić is asenio esea ch associa e a he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies o he Se bian
Academy o Sciences and A s (Belg ade, Se bia), engaged on he p ojec Language, Folklo e and Mi-
g a ion in he Balkans. She holds aB.A. and MPhil deg ee in Se bian Language and Li e a u e. She
de ended he doc o al hesis in 2011 a he Uni e si y o Belg ade (Se bia). She was engaged on nu-
me ous na ional and in e na ional p ojec s, ocused on documen ing a ious languages and lan-
guage idioms in he Balkans. In 2016 and 2017 she collabo a ed on he p ojec Explo ing he Language
and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac (The “Njegoš” Na ional lib a y, Knjaže ac, Se bia). He esea ch in-
e es s include Balkan linguis ics, Romani linguis ics, endange ed languages, language documen a-
ion, and linguis ic an h opology.
Con ac : sci ko ic@ho mail.com
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