Report on documenting the Gurbet Romani variety in East Serbia and creating the Romani-Serbian dictionary

Repo on documen ing he Gu be Romani a ie y in Eas Se bia and c ea ing he Romani-Se bian dic iona y Mi jana Mi ić— S e lana Ći ko ić1 The Romani-Se bian Dic iona y o he Knjaže ac Gu be Va ie y (Ći ko ić & Mi ić 2017) o igina ed om wo k on he p ojec Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac, inanced by he Minis y o Cul u e and In o ma ion o he Republic o Se - bia in wo p ojec cycles, 2016 and 2017. The p ojec was spea headed by he “Njegoš” Na ional Lib a y in Knjaže ac. The linguis ic eam in coope a ion wi h local Roma ac- i is s ca ied ou ield documen a ion o he language and olklo e adi ion o he Roma in Knjaže ac and Miniće o.2 The p ima y goal was he documen a ion o Ro- mani language and adi ion, he seconda y he de elopmen and p ac ical implemen- a ion o he speci ic ield wo k me hodology on alanguage insu icien ly mas e ed by he esea che s. The language ma e ial collec ed was used o compile aRomani- Se bian dic iona y wi h ab ie collec ion o selec ed ex s in Romani. An impo - an esul o he p ojec was he o ma ion o acompe en eam o young Roma e- sea che s, who oday can success ully apply he knowledge acqui ed in ield esea ch and language da a p ocessing o hei wo k wi h o he Roma communi ies in Se bia. Wo k on Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac wen ahead in se e al s ages in bo h p ojec cycles. In he cou se o 2016, local Roma ac i is s ook 1 The au ho s a e esea che s in he p ojec “Language, Folklo e and Mig a ions on he Bal- kans”, conduc ed by he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies o he Se bian Academy o Sciences and A s in Belg ade (Se bia), inanced by he Minis y o Educa ion, Science and Tech- nological De elopmen o he Republic o Se bia. 2 Knjaže ac is a own in eas Se bia, he illage o Miniće o is 15 kilome es away. The Roma communi y is nume ous in bo h own and illage. Roma used o li e in o he illages in he icini y, bu due o social and economic ac o s hey mig a ed o Knjaže ac o o he la ge owns in Se bia. Many Roma om Knjaže ac and he su oundings a e empo a ily wo k- ing in Wes e n Eu ope. The own o Knjaže ac and neighbou ing Miniće o we e selec ed as si es o esea ch in o de o econs uc he lexical ma e ial om he a ea, ga he ed in 1873 by he eminen Vienna philologis F anc Miklošič, and published in he six h olume o his s udy Übe die Munda en und Wande ungen de Zigeune Eu opas, en i led Vocabula - ien de Munda de Zigeune in Se bien (Mikloshich 1872–1880). I was unclea which a- ie y o he Romani language ha was. Recons uc ion has es ablished ha he lexemes om Miklošič’s lis belong o he A li a ie y, which used o be spoken by Roma Black- smi hs in he own o Knjaže ac and su oundings. They, howe e , in he cou se o ime abandoned Romani and shi ed en i ely o Se bian (Sikimić 2017). OPEN ACCESS 106 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018 pa in wo kshops p o iding aining in ield esea ch, ansc ip ion o ma e ial and w i ing up he wo k. In addi ion o he aining, ield esea ch ook place he same yea , p oducing abou 14 hou s o audio and ideo ma e ial.3 In he nex p ojec cycle (2017), aining co e ed he lexicog aphical p ocessing o he documen ed language ma e ial— exce p ion o ansc ip s, selec ion o lexemes, lexicog aphical p ocess- ing o selec ed wo ds and ansla ion in o Se bian.4 Resea ch on he g ound showed h ee Roma g oups a p esen li ing in Knjaže ac and Miniće o: he Gu be s, Leyash and Blacksmi hs, along wi h a ew se led amilies o A li and Bayash. The Gu be s in Knjaže ac and Miniće o (who also call hemsel es Za adžije) use he Gu be a ie y, which belongs o he Sou he n Vlax dialec o Romani (dialec ological di ision acco ding o Ya on Ma as, c . Ma as 2004: 7). The Leyash use a a ie y belonging o he No he n Vlax dialec o Romani (Ma as 2004: 8, Bo e zky 2003). The Blacksmi hs oday speak only Se bian, ha ing los hei Ro- mani in he mid 20 h cen u y, and a e conside ed o be he descendan s o he A li, who speak aBalkan dialec o Romani (Ma as 2004: 7, Sikimić 2017). Since he Gu - be s a e he mos nume ous g oup in Knjaže ac and Miniće o, he dic iona y is based on he Gu be Romani a ie y. In Se bia, he e a e no dialec dic iona ies o local Romani a ie ies esul ing om linguis ic esea ch in he ield. Exis ing dic iona ies ha e o he mos pa eme ged om p ocessing he au ho ’s lexicon (c . Hali i 2011, K asnići 2012) and con ain lexemes no only om Gu be bu also om he A li a ie y. The dic iona ies, compiled by he same linguis ic me hodology used o ga he ing ma e ial and lexicog aphical p ocess- ing, a e mainly based on lexical ma e ial om di e en Romani dialec s and a ie ies (c . Bo e zky, Igla 1994). Rade Uhlik’s dic iona y (1983) is based on “ he lexical und o he Gu be a ie y o Se bian Roma”, oge he wi h o he da a om Romani a ie ies o he o me Yugosla ia o which he had access (Uhlik 1983: 11). I is di icul , howe e , o de e mine o which pa icula dialec o he Romani he lexemes in i belong. CORPUS The co pus o he dic iona y consis s o ansc ip s o in e iews eco ded wi h na- i e speake s o he Gu be a ie y in Knjaže ac and Miniće o in July 2016. Asample 3 The pa icipan s in he wo kshops, ield esea ch and ansc ip ion o documen ed ma e- ial we e Da ko Ib ić, Ka a ina Ib ić, Miljan Mus a ić, Željko Mus a ić, Ružica Rakić, I an Ronić, Ljubinka R.Simić, Ljubinka S.Simić, Ma ija Simić, Romana S e ano ić. Lec u es we e held by Biljana Sikimić and S e lana Ći ko ić om he SASA Ins i u e o Balkan S udies. The comple e ield ma e ial was deposi ed in he Digi al A chi e o he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies in Belg ade and in he “Njegoš” Na ional lib a y in Knjaže ac. 4 In he p ojec cycle o 2017 he e we e ewe Roma associa es: Da ko Ib ić, Ka a ina Ib ić, Ljubinka R.Simić, Ljubinka S.Simić and Zago ka Simić; lec u es we e held by Biljana Sikimić, Mi jana Mi ić and S e lana Ći ko ić. In addi ion, he ollowing na i e speake s o he Gu be Romani p o ided hei help in he o e all p ocess o c ea ing he Dic iona y and edi ing: Da ko Ib ić, Ka a ina Ib ić, Ljubinka S.Simić (hence o h: edi o s). OPEN ACCESS MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 107 was ga he ed om esponden s o bo h gende s and a ying age, bo n in Knjaže ac and he su ounding a ea o li ing in Knjaže ac o an ex ended pe iod, which makes hem ep esen a i e speake s o he local Gu be a ie y. We should no e ha all e- sponden s a e bilingual in Romani and Se bian, while many also speak Ge man, ha - ing li ed o leng hy pe iods in Ge many. The eco ded ma e ial amoun ed o abou 14 hou s and con ains Leyash and A li in addi ion o Gu be , as well as Se bian. Rega ding ansc ip ion, apa om he segmen s in Se bian, we also ansc ibed agmen s o in e iews in Leyash and A li, bu o linguis ic easons i was decided no o include his in he inal p oduc . The dic iona y, he e o e, is based on 7 hou s and 30 minu es o exclusi ely Gu be a i- e y— o e 45,000 wo ds. The lexemes we e exce p ed om 12 ansc ip s o in e - iews and ma ked by numbe s and squa e b acke s, deno ing ansc ip s o Gu - be a ie y: [T 2], [T 4], [T 5], [T 6], [T 8], [T 9], [T 11/1], [T 11/2], [T 11/3], [T 11/4], [T 16], [T 17]. Reco ded in e iews wi h he Leyash and ansc ibed in e iew ag- men s a e ma ked: [T 7], [T 13], [T 15]. The e is only one eco ded in e iew in A li a ie y ([T 1]), and h ee p edominan ly in Se bian: [T 3], [T 12], [T 14].5 The me hod used was he open in e iew: ques ions we e asked in Romani by na i e speake s, in Se bian by associa es o esea che s whose i s language was no Romani. They ela ed o adi ional cul u e, since he goal o he p ojec was o ga he language and olklo e ma e ial, elemen s o adi ional cul u e s ill li ing in he adi ional p ac ice o he local Roma communi y, bu also elemen s which could only be econs uc ed om he esponden s’ memo ies. The in e iews also co e ed opics om o al his o y and (au o)biog aphical s o ies. This me hodology esul ed in spon aneous p oduc ion o he egis e ed lexical und in na a i es; no special ques ionnai es we e used o elici lexemes and hei g amma ical o ms. The lexemes eflec he opic o con e sa ion. A he end o he book he e a e 12 samples o idio- lec s eflec ing he ealis ic and cu en use o he lexemes gi en in he dic iona y. Each sample gi es he ansc ip numbe oge he wi h he o igin and gende o he esponden . Fo e hical easons, he names o he esponden s ha e no been gi en. The ex s ha e been chosen so as o gi e ab oade con ex o he use o wo ds ha ound hei way in o he dic iona y, and o illus a e elemen s o adi ional cul u e, he pas and p esen li e o he esponden .6 Due o limi ed space,7 he selec ed ex s a e sho , one agmen being chosen o each esponden . 5 Al hough in he Gu be a ie y, he in e iew and ansc ip s ma ked [T 10] we e no used due o echnical p oblems. 6 Amo e ex ensi e selec ion o ex s in Romani wi h Se bian ansla ion will be ound in amonog aph o be published la e . 7 Fo echnical easons, he publishe de ined he numbe o pages be o e wo k on he dic- iona y was comple ed, which esul ed in adecision o include, in addi ion o Romani lexemes, only he mos equen bo owings om Se bian adap ed in o he Romani lan- guage sys em. Howe e , he dic iona y could ha e included non-adap ed loanwo ds which would ha e demons a ed he en i e lexical sys em in cu en use. OPEN ACCESS 108 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018 SPELLING AND ALPHABET The spelling used in he dic iona y ollows he model ecommended by Rajko Đu ić (Đu ić 2012), wi h some sligh de ia ions o eflec he dialec ological ansc ip ion o he ma e ial. As such i is non-s anda d, bu a he se es o ma k he dialec ological cha ac e is ics o local o al speech. The ollowing g aphemes we e used in he dic iona y: a, b, c, č, čh, ć, ćh, d, dj, đ (only in he Se bian, non-adap ed wo ds), dž, e, ә, , g, h, x, i, j, k, kh, l, lj, m, n, nj, o, p, ph, , , s, š, , h, u, , z, ž. LEXICAL CHOICE Fo dic iona y equi emen s, all wo ds om Romani we e aken om he in e iew ansc ip s; howe e , also included a e some ob iously ecen loanwo ds om Se - bian adap ed in o he Romani mo phological sys em. The dic iona y also con ains e ms ha deno e he elemen s o ma e ial and in angible adi ional cul u e, whose occu ence in he in e iews is he esul o s ee ing he con e sa ions owa ds op- ics o adi ional cul u e. Besides hese e ms (e.g. Bibijako dji e ‘Aun ’s day’), we also eco ded some ha came om Se bian (e.g. Božić ‘Ch is mas’). I is impo an o no e ha he p esence o absence o wo ds om he lexicon o some idiom may be an impo an indica o o he di e en social, his o ical o cul- u al ci cums ances in which language de elops. The ma e ial poin s o a endency o lose ce ain Romani wo ds and an ine i able bo owing om Se bian, as he domi- nan language o ab oade communi y. The loanwo ds ha e become he in eg al pa o he lexicon o he speake s and ha e mos ly been adap ed in o he Romani mo pho- logical sys em; he way in which hey a e adap ed eflec s i al language p ocesses. Though ele an , ce ain exce p ed and p ocessed wo ds did no make i in o he inal e sion o he dic iona y due o es ic ed space. These a e nouns, adjec i es, e bs and ad e bs (and an insigni ican numbe o p eposi ions) o iginally om Se - bian (mo e a ely om o he languages, such as Ge man) whose use in he ma e ial is qui e a e, usually egis e ed o only one speake and o en ahapax. Some o iginally Se bian wo ds ha e hei equi alen in Romani (e.g. učil— sićol ‘lea n’), while o some he e is no con i med Romani al e na i e ei he in he ansc ip s o known o he edi o s (e.g. m zol ‘ha e’). The ollowing g oups o wo ds ha e been omi ed om he dic iona y: he en i e onomas ic sys em, ecen bo owings om Ge man and mos nouns bo owed om Se bian whose meaning emains anspa en , despi e hei mo phological adap a ion in o he Romani language sys em. Excep ionally, lexemes o igina ing om Se bian and used by only one esponden ha e been included. They ha e he alue o a e m in iew o he ac ha he opics o he in e iews also ela ed old c a s and he memo ies o olde echnological p ocedu es. The dic iona y does no con ain e ymological in o ma ion ( hose in e es ed in e y- mology ha e nume ous ele an sou ces a hei disposal). I is impo an , howe e , o no e ha apa om au och honous wo ds, p e-Eu opean and Eu opean loanwo ds OPEN ACCESS MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 109 cha ac e is ic o Vlax Romani a ie ies (c . Bo e zky, Igla 1994 311–338) ha e been in- cluded. Also included a e olde loanwo ds om Sla ic languages (e.g. čeljado ‘achild’), o which some may ha e en e ed he Gu be a ie y h ough Romanian, as well as olde Tu kish wo ds a ely in use oday (e.g. boča a ‘an ap on’). In such en ies he Se bian equi alen is always gi en as pa o ase ies o ansla ion synonyms. ENTRIES The dic iona y numbe s 920 en ies (wi hou e e ences o exp essions). In o ming an en y, he accen ed lemma is gi en i s in Romani, hen he p e e i e o ms (o e bs), he plu al (o nouns), he pa o speech wi h i s g amma ical ca ego ies, and inally he meaning is ansla ed in o Se bian. The wo ds a e ansc ibed om he audio-ma e ial jus as he esponden s spoke hem. The e is ano able a ia ion in he p onuncia ion o phonemes no only among esponden s bu e en wi h he same esponden . When i became clea ha he e o was an acciden o p onuncia ion, in ag eemen wi h he edi o s ce ain wo ds we e co ec ed in he en y while he au hen ic p onuncia ion was eco ded in he examples. I awo d appea s in mo e han one meaning in he ma e ial, hen i is sepa a ely ci ed in he en y, wi h addi ional meanings ha we e no egis e ed in he ma e ial bu which he edi o s singled ou as ele an o he dic iona y. Each wo d is used in he con ex ha bes illus a es how i may ac ually be used, hus enabling e i i- abili y o he meaning and lexicog aphical p ocedu e. The con ex may also se e o elemen a y linguis ic analysis. Each en y is illus a ed by examples om he ansc ip s, and each example ca - ies he ma k o he ansc ip om which he wo d was exce p ed. LEXICOGRAPHICAL PROCESSING OF WORDS In he dic iona y, all wo-syllable and mul i-syllable wo ds (as he main ea u e o he en y wi h exp essions gi en sepa a ely) a e ma ked wi h accen s which can be e i ied om he eco ded ma e ial. Examples o use a e no accen ed since his would hampe eading. We should unde line ha accen s we e addi ionally checked and co ec ed by he edi o s. Excep in a e cases (c . Bo e zky, Igla 1994), au ho s o exis ing Romani dic iona ies o he mos pa do no p o ide he accen (c . Hali i 2011, Kaj azi 2008, K asnići 2012, Uhlik 1983, Romlex). We conside ha he inclusion o accen s is in aluable, no only o dic iona y use s o lea n he p onuncia ion o agi en wo d, bu also o linguis s who can ollow he manne in which o ms o plu- al nouns o he p e e i e o a e b a e accen ed, o how he accen o loanwo ds is adap ed and he like. The o m o he en y and g amma ical ca ego ies ci ed depend on he pa o speech. Nouns a e mainly gi en in he nomina i e singula , while o plu ale an um nouns i is poin ed ou ha his is a o m o he plu al. The nomina i e plu al is also OPEN ACCESS 110 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018 econs uc ed and he gende is gi en (masculine o eminine). Recons uc ion o he plu al o m o nouns is based on he ansc ip s; howe e , i he ma e ial does no con i m he plu al o m, i is econs uc ed by he edi o s. Fo ce ain conc e e uncoun ables (e.g. a o ‘flou ’), o abs ac nouns (e.g. bax ‘ o une’) he plu al o m is no gi en since i has no been con i med ei he in he ma e ial o by he edi o s. Adjec i es a e gi en in he masculine and eminine gende singula and plu al, while he ansla ion in o Se bian con ains only he masculine singula (e.g. ba o, ba i, ba e adj. ‘big’). The same applies o adjec i al p onouns which ha e o ms in mas- culine and eminine gende and singula and plu al numbe (e.g. aka a, akaja, akala dem. p on. ‘ his’), while pe sonal p onouns a e gi en in he nomina i e singula as hei basic o m, and all o he egis e ed case o ms a e gi en as sepa a e en ies which e e o he main en y (e.g. manca p on. c . me ‘I’). The nume ical ca ego y includes ca dinal and o dinal numbe s as well as ce ain wo ds which, o he equi emen s o his dic iona y, ha e been ma ked as anumbe . Viewed linguis ically, i is possible o classi y hem di e en ly (e.g. he numbe milja, ‘ housand’— may be ea ed as anoun). Since he a icles do no exis in he Se bian language, Romani a icles we e no ansla ed. I is impo an o poin ou ha in he sys em o a icles desc ibed in he exis ing li e a u e which indica es he p esence o he a icles o, i, e (c . among o h- e s, Đu ić 2005, Leggio 2011), nei he he ma e ial no he edi o s ound con i ma ion o he a icle i. The a icle ois used wi h masculine nouns in he singula , while he a icle e is used wi h eminine nouns in he nomina i e singula , nouns o bo h gen- de in he nomina i e plu al, and also wi h nouns o bo h gende and numbe used in he oblique case. Ve bs a e gi en in he o m o he hi d pe son singula , p esen ense, which is s anda d in cu en Romani lexicog aphy (c . o ins ance Bo e zky, Igla 1994, Rom- lex, Kaj azi 2008, Hali i 2011, K asnići 2012). Reflexi e e bs a e gi en wi h he eflex- i e p onoun pe, bu some e bs can also ha e anon- eflexi e meaning. In such cases he eflexi e p onoun pe is placed in ab acke , e.g. i il (pe), žalil (pe), ženil (pe), and he meanings a e gi en sepa a ely o he eflexi e and non- eflexi e o m. The hi d pe son singula o he pas ense is also gi en in b acke s, ano he lexicog aphical s anda d. As he examples om he co pus do no always con i m he p esen o pas ense, he missing o ms we e econs uc ed wi h he help o an edi o . The use o all o ms o e bs ound in he in e iew ansc ip s is illus a ed by examples. Besides e bs, exp essions a e also gi en wi h examples, e.g. del and e, xal so li. Since in some exp essions anoun has been used wi h he e b, he noun lexeme is e e enced o he e b. Al hough in he sys em o pa s o speech, he copula does no igu e as asepa a e pa bu as asyn ac ical unc ion o he e b ‘ o be’, in he dic iona y he e b ‘ o be’ has been ma ked g amma ically as acopula. We decided on his in acco dance wi h he p esen p ac ice o Romani lexicog aphy (c . o example Bo e zky, Igla 1994: 258, Romlex s. . si). In he lexicog aphical p ocessing o ad e bs, he lexeme is gi en in he o m in which i p edominan ly appea s. Apa om monolexemic ad e bs, ad e bial ph ases a e also ci ed. These may be Romani in o igin, e.g. ha a (o) dji e ‘ omo ow, OPEN ACCESS MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 111 he nex day’, de kana ‘since’, o acombina ion o aRomani and aSe bian wo d, e.g. p eko d om ‘ac oss’, kozom god ‘wha e e ( he quan i y)’. Also included in he dic io- na y a e ad e bs ha o iginally came om Se bian, bu he equency o hei use and he possible non-use o aRomani wo d o equi alen meaning signals ha hey a e becoming pa o he lexicon o he local Gu be Romani a ie y and as such ough o be included, e.g. oba ezno ‘necessa ily’, ek ‘jus ’. Being an unchangeable and unc ional pa o speech, p eposi ions a e g amma i- cally ma ked in he dic iona y. Since some ha e wo a ian s depending on he a icle o he noun hey accompany, e.g. ande, ando ‘in, in o’; pe, po ‘on’, bo h o ms a e gi en sepa a ed by acomma, bu he o m wi h an a icle o he masculine gende , e.g. ando, po is se apa as an en y e e ing o he main en y, e.g. ande, pe. The eason, bo h in he dic iona y and he e e ence, is he alphabe ical o de . The p eposi ions bo owed om Se bian a e za ‘ o ’ and sa ‘wi h’, con i med in ala ge numbe o ex- amples om he co pus. Almos all conjunc ions a e bo owed om Se bian, excep ions being ke ‘because’ and haj ‘and’, wi h he a ian he, bu his conjunc ion also has aseman ic a ian bo owed om Se bian, he conjunc ion i‘and’, con i med in he co pus by ala ge numbe o examples. In e jec ions as unc ional wo ds a e no con i med in la ge numbe s. We ha e abs ac ed ake (‘e o’, ‘he e’), eke (‘e o’ ‘ he e’). Pa icles in he Romani language a e ep esen ed by wo ds wi h amo pho-syn- ac ic unc ion— hey a e used o o m he analy ic u u e— he pa icle ka, o nega ion— he pa icle ma, na, ni, o compa ison— he pa icle maj, o he con- junc i e— he pa icle e. The pa icle e is in some examples used as aconjunc ion meaning ‘i ’, and hese meanings a e gi en sepa a ely. We should single ou he pa - icle naj which is used as he nega ion o m o he hi d pe son singula o he copula ‘ o be’ in he p esen ense and he nega ion o m o he e b ‘ o ha e’ in he p esen ense. THE USAGE VALUE OF THE DICTIONARY The main mo i a ion in making he dic iona y was o illus a e he local Gu be a- ie y h ough aselec ion o en ies, examples and spoken models. I can be o use and in e es o he exponen s hemsel es, pa icula ly o younge speake s who a he c ucial s ages o language acquisi ion, a e inc easingly less exposed o Romani and a e shi ing o Se bian, o e idence ea u es o an asymme ic bilingualism. To hose knowledgeable in o he a ie ies and dialec s o Romani, he dic iona y can be in e es ing o compa a i e pu poses, and o linguis s o esea ch, since i p o ides comple e mo phological in o ma ion on each en y as well as gi ing acon ex o use o he wo d: asou ce o ma e ial o linguis ic esea ch a a ious le els o linguis ic s uc u e. Fo an h opologis s and e hnologis s, he use o pa icula e hnog aphic e ms can indica e adi ional cul u e, he ex en o which i is p esen and aluable in daily li e. Ul ima ely, he dic iona y is in ended o all who a e in e es ed in lea n- ing Romani. OPEN ACCESS 112 STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA 1/2018 Since he dic iona y was c ea ed based on asample o o al speech, we should poin ou ha i is no in ended o be p esc ip i e. I is cha ac e is ic o spon aneous o al speech ha i de ia es om o he o ms, especially om he w i en language. E en hough he examples gi en in he en ies may appea incomp ehensible o be conside ed ‘w ong’ o ‘co up ed’, hey a e no . They demons a e he ypical ea- u es o o al speech a di e en le els o language s uc u e, such as a ia ion in speed o he u e ance, omi ing wo ds, equen e e ence o con ex , alse s a s and co ec ions, he accompanying elemen s o non- e bal communica ion which isually complemen he s a emen ; di e ences in syn ac ic s uc u e a e especially pe cep ible. The samples o idiolec s quo ed a he end o he book poin o di e ences in in- di idual use o Romani wi h di e en esponden s, depending on hei language bi- og aphy, and also he use o di e en g oups o wo ds in acco dance wi h he opic o con e sa ion. The UNESCO A las o Wo ld Languages in Dange egis e s Romani in 28 Eu opean coun ies and classi ies i as ‘de ini ely endange ed’. In 2006, Se bia a i ied he he Eu opean Cha e o Regional o Mino i y Languages (ECRML) whe e Romani was gi en mino i y language s a us. Field documen a ion o he language and olklo e ma e ial in he Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac p ojec complemen s published s udies o Romani by majo Wes Eu opean uni e si ies (Manches e , G az, P ague e c.). A local le el in Se bia, his p ojec can se e as amodel o documen ing he local a ie y o Romani and he p o ec ion o endange ed languages. In documen ing olklo e adi- ions and elemen s o adi ional cul u e, amodel has also been p o ided o selec ing hose elemen s o he in angible cul u al he i age o he Roma ha me i he p o ec- ion o cul u al ins i u ions in he Republic o Se bia. LITERATURE Bo e zky, N.— Igla, B. 1994. Wö e buch Romani— Deu sch— Englisch ü den südos eu opäischen Raum. Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z Ve lag. Bo e zky, N. 2003. Die Vlach-Dialek e des Romani. S uk u en— Sp achgeschich e— Ve wand scha s e häl nisse— Dialek ka en. Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z Ve lag. Ći ko ić, S.— Mi ić, M. 2017. Romsko-s pski ečnik knjaže ačkog gu be skog go o a. Knjaže ac: Na odna biblio eka “Njegoš”. Đu ić, R. 2005. G ama ika omskog jezika. Beog ad: O k o enje. Đu ić, R. 2012. S anda dizacija omskog jezika. Sa aje o: Ud uženje „Kali Sa a”, Romski in o ma i ni cen a . Hali i, B. 2011. S psko- omski ečnik sa g ama ikom ip a opisnim sa e nikom. No i Sad: P ome ej. Kaj azi, V. 2008. Romano-k oacijako haj k oacijako- omano al a i. Zag eb: Odjel za o ijen alis iku H a skog ilološkog d uš a i„Kali Sa a”, Ud uga za p omicanje ob azo anja Roma uRepublici H a skoj. K asnići, A. 2012. Angluno omano-s bikano, s bikano- omano al a i. Subo ica: R omane pus ika. Leggio, D.V. 2011. The dialec o he Mi o ica Roma. Romani S udies 5: 21(1), 57–114. Ma as, Y. 2004. Romani. ALinguis ic In oduc ion. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. OPEN ACCESS MIRJANA MIRIĆ— S ETLANA ĆIRKO IĆ 113 Mikloshich, F. 1872–1880. Übe die Munda en und Wande ungen de Zigeune Eu opas I–XII. Wien: Ka l Ge old’s Sohn. Romlex Lexical Da abase— a ailable a : omani. uni-g az.a / omlex/lex.xml Sikimić, B. 2017. Mikošiče a zbi ka eči „Iz Timoka”. Knjaže ac: Na odna biblio eka „Njegoš”. Uhlik, R. 1983. S pskoh a sko- omsko-engleski ečnik. Sa aje o: „S je los ”, OOUR Izda ačka djela nos . Mi jana Mi ić is a esea ch associa e a he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies o he Se bian Academy o Sciences and A s (Belg ade, Se bia), engaged on he p ojec Language, Folklo e and Mig a ions in he Balkans. She holds aB.A. deg ee in Linguis ics and MPhil deg ee in Language Acquisi ion (Uni e si y o Belg ade). She comple ed he Specializa ion in Linguis ics (Uni e si y o Gene a) in 2010, and de- ended he doc o al hesis in 2016 a he Uni e si y o Niš, Se bia. In 2017 she collabo a ed on he p oj- ec Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac (The “Njegoš“ Na ional lib a y, Knjaže ac, Se bia). He esea ch in e es s include Balkan linguis ics, Romani linguis ics, bilingualism, mino i y and endange ed languages, i s and second language acquisi ion, and co pus linguis ics. Con ac : mandic.mi [email protected] S e lana Ći ko ić is asenio esea ch associa e a he Ins i u e o Balkan S udies o he Se bian Academy o Sciences and A s (Belg ade, Se bia), engaged on he p ojec Language, Folklo e and Mi- g a ion in he Balkans. She holds aB.A. and MPhil deg ee in Se bian Language and Li e a u e. She de ended he doc o al hesis in 2011 a he Uni e si y o Belg ade (Se bia). She was engaged on nu- me ous na ional and in e na ional p ojec s, ocused on documen ing a ious languages and lan- guage idioms in he Balkans. In 2016 and 2017 she collabo a ed on he p ojec Explo ing he Language and Folklo e o Roma in Knjaže ac (The “Njegoš” Na ional lib a y, Knjaže ac, Se bia). He esea ch in- e es s include Balkan linguis ics, Romani linguis ics, endange ed languages, language documen a- ion, and linguis ic an h opology. Con ac : sci ko ic@ho mail.com OPEN ACCESS