Tumul uous ma e ials. Deco a ed coa se wa e
in La e I on Age Emilia
Lo enzo Zamboni
ABSTRACT
In he Emilian Po plain, du ing he La e I on Age (4 h and 3 d cen u y BCE), an unp eceden ed and he e oge‑
neous class o handmade coa se and deco a ed ce amics eme ged in ce ain si es. In compa ison o o he
T anspadane egions, i s p esence is no dominan o s a is ically signi ican , excep o a ew si es ha
a e cha ac e ised by mo e e iden La Tène impo s and bu ial cus oms. This po e y g adually disappea ed
du ing he Roman conques (la e 3 d–2nd cen u y BCE), excep in some u al a eas and in he wes e nmos
colonies. The aim o his pape is o ou line he key ea u es o his dis inc i e and challenging po e y and
o explo e unc ional and po en ial social and cul u al in e p e a ions, while also conside ing c oss ‑cul u al
compa isons.
KEYWORDS
La e I on Age; La Tène pe iod; omaniza ion; Po Valley; coa se wa e; handmade po e y; cul u al in e ac ion.
INTRODUCTION
This con ibu ion ocuses on coa se deco a ed ce amics om he cen al Po Valley a ea be ween
he La e I on Age and he ea ly Roman pe iod. The handmade po e y unde sc u iny is cha ‑
ac e ised by a ew shapes and awide a ie y o o namen al designs, wi h as ong emphasis
on shoulde and su ace deco a ion. Un il a ew yea s ago, he esea ch on locally p oduced
po e y in his ch onological and cul u al con ex , emained episodic, ma ginal, and poo ly
de ined (Vi ali 2014a). Following p e ious o e iews (Vi ali 2014a; Zamboni 2021), his
chap e p o ides asu ey o he cu en s a e o esea ch, ou lining he main issues ela ed
o e minological de ini ions, he ch onological amewo k, and add essing echnological
p ocesses. Addi ionally, his o ical and cul u al implica ions will be discussed, along wi h
po en ial a enues o u u e esea ch.
THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIO ‑CULTURAL BACKGROUND
The Emilian Po Valley is he allu ial plain be ween he Po Ri e and he Apennine oo hills
in he mode n adminis a i e p o inces om Bologna o Piacenza (Fig. 1). A e an alleged
‘E uscan’ p esence in he Ea ly and Middle I on Age (9 h o 5 h cen u ies BCE; Ben inie al. 2019,
bu see Zamboni 2022 o ac i ical o e iew), in he second hal o he 1s millennium BCE
he a ea was a ec ed by he ‘Cel ic in asion’. Acco ding o ancien sou ces, a he beginning o
he 4 h cen u y BCE he whole o no h ‑wes e n I aly, Emilia ‑Romagna, and he Ma che we e
conque ed by ibes om T ansalpine Eu ope (Hauschild 2010; Leja s 2020). In Emilia, he
Boi a e conside ed he leading o ce.
STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1, 89–106
90 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1
Despi e he adi ional, e ic, and simplis ic di usionis accoun s o his o ical sou ces, i is
unce ain whe he ex ensi e e hnic eplacemen s o en i e popula ions occu ed ollowing he
supposed mig a o y phenomena o he 4 h and 3 d cen u ies BCE (Vi ali 2014b). Bo h a chae‑
ology, popula ion pa e ns (Kysela 2010), and limi ed bioa cheological da a (Schee ese al.
2013; So en inoe al. 2018) sugges ins ead small ‑scale mo emen s leading o ag adual
cul u al change, mixing, and in eg a ion be ween local popula ions and g oups o indi iduals
who g ew up in di e en Eu opean egions (Wells 2023).
In e ms o social s uc u e, based on he se lemen layou s and g a e goods, we can
in e ha he La e I on Age g oups a e no clea ly subo dina e o ma ginal, bu also no high‑
‑ anking a is oc a ic g oups, he la e no always isible in he a ea unde conside a ion
(G assi 1995; Zamboni 2024). The e o e, i is bene icial o conside he e a chical in e media e
social classes, no excluding some agg andizing indi iduals, o example weapon bea e s (O ‑
alli 2008) o speci ic kin g oups. O e all, he social scena io is one o people om di e en
backg ounds and o igins adop ing ama e ial cul u e ha combines di e en s ylis ic and
p oduc ion in luences a he han ep esen ing asingle adi ion, as we will see in de ail in
he case s udy o he handmade ce amics.
Finally, he Roman conques o he egion began in he la e 3 d cen u y BCE and was com‑
ple ed, a leas om amili a y and adminis a i e poin o iew, in he ea ly 2nd cen u y BCE
wi h he opening o he Via Aemilia and he ounda ion o he colonies o Mu ina and Pa ma
(Malna i– Manzelli 2015). Howe e , bo h he e ‑e alua ion o a chaeological e idence
and he adop ion o pos colonial heo e ical app oaches (e.g. Ve sluys 2021; despi e he
conse a i e a i ude o I alian schola ship, see Scoppie 2022) poin o amo e nuanced and
mul i ace ed amewo k, as he ollowing case s udy shows.
Fig. 1: Map o he Emilia egion du ing he La e I on Age, loca ion o he main ci ed si es (au ho ).
91LORENZO ZAMBONI
‘UGLY WARE’ IN LATE IRON AGE EMILIA– DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION
Agains his b ie ly ske ched socio ‑his o ical scena io, he e Ihighligh he ole o alow ‑ i ed,
handmade, coa se wa e wi h shapes and deco a ions ha seem unusual in bo h he ea lie
(i.e. E uscan) and la e (Roman) ma e ial cul u e.
Medium and small domes ic ja s (ollae) wi h ou u ned ims and ounded shoulde s a e
p edominan . Va ian s wi h an in e ed im and p onounced shoulde a e only a es ed a
Casalecchio di Reno (see below). I is unclea whe he he bowls wi h inge p in s on he im
belong o he same p oduc ion, bu hey a e no included in his o e iew. The dis inc i e
deco a ions consis o incisions (linea , wa y, ha ching, mo e a ely pa e ns o lines, he ‑
ingbone o o he combed mo i s) mainly on he shoulde o he olla, a a ie y o ools and
inge imp essions including dense pa e ns o inge ips and inge nails, and applied clay
elemen s (Zamboni 2021, ig. 3).
This po e y appea s in Emilia no ea lie han he i s hal o he 4 h cen u y BCE in se ‑
lemen s p e iously belonging o he local ‘E uscan’ cul u e, such as Bologna, Casalecchio di
Reno, Cas el anco Emilia, Ma zabo o, and Spina. Wi h he no able excep ion o Casalecchio di
Reno, i emains amino p oduc ion and s a is ically insigni ican , while cooking and s o ing is
assigned o o he wheel h own and plain coa se wa e. I is also wo h no ing ha his po e y
is comple ely excluded om he local une a y eco d (see, o example, Vi ali 1992; 2003).
THE FIRST PHASE (LA TÈNE B–C1)– THE ARRIVAL, CONTINUITY, AND DISCONTINUITY
Following i s dis ibu ion in main and seconda y si es, we no ice o example ha in Bologna/
Felsina his ype o handmade coa se wa e is ex emely unde ep esen ed. Only a ew she ds
a e known om he la e 5 h and 4 h cen u y BCE laye s ( o example, Via Cap amozza, Cu i‑
nae al. 2010) (Fig. 2:1), in he con ex o he a he unclea si ua ion o he own du ing he
supposed Cel ic conques .
Mo e e idence comes om he subu bs and he hin e land. In amino se lemen 1 km
wes o Bologna, ia And ea Cos a (Fig. 2 A), escue exca a ions documen ed asqua e build‑
ing su ounded by di ches, p obably an ou pos o he E uscan pe iod be ween Bologna and
Casalecchio (O alli 2010) (Fig. 2 B). In he La Tène pe iod (mid‑4
h
and 3
d
cen u y BCE),
he domes ic assemblages a e cha ac e ized by black gloss, ine g ey wa e oge he wi h ollae
and bowls in handmade coa se wa e, wi h ha ching and single wa e incisions, single lines o
o oid o inge ip imp essions (Fig. 2:4–6), and inge nail imp ession pa e ns (Fig. 2:2–3)
(Tassina i 2010).
Howe e , he mos ele an si e o his in es iga ion is Casalecchio di Reno, a ew kilo‑
me es o he wes o Bologna (Fig. 2 A). Rescue exca a ions in he ea ly 1990s disco e ed he e
aceme e y wi h inhuma ions and g a e goods showing dis inc i e and exclusi e coppe ‑alloy
La Tène ma e ials da ing o he 4 h and ea ly 3 d cen u y BCE (O alli 2008).
The ela ed se lemen (‘zona A’), only pa ially published, includes e idence o he p e i‑
ous ‘E uscan’ phase and adi ch (‘s u u a 2’) illed du ing he La Tène phase C1 (ca. 250–225
BCE) wi h ma e ials da ing o he second hal o he 4 h and he i s hal o he 3 d cen u y
BCE (Fe a i– Mengoli 2005). This con ex has yielded ala ge quan i y o locally p oduced
g ey ine po e y oge he wi h handmade coa se wa e. The la e includes a ew bowls and
se e al la ge and medium ollae deco a ed on he shoulde by linea o ho izon al incisions,
zigzags, do ed and single ‑line inge nail and inge ip imp essions (Fig. 3:1–8), as well as
dense inge ip and inge nail pa e ns (Fig. 3:9–14).
92 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1
Fig. 2: The a ea wes o Bologna in he La e I on Age: loca ion o he main si es (A) and plan o he
exca a ion in Via And ea Cos a (B) (5 h cen u y BCE phase; a e O alli 2010). 1– Bologna, ia
Cap amozza (a e Cu inae al. 2010); 2–6– Bologna, ia And ea Cos a (a e Tassina i 2010).
93LORENZO ZAMBONI
The p ima y dis inc ion be ween Casalecchio di Reno and o he si es in he egion is ha
handmade deco a ed wa e is he dominan domes ic class. Addi ionally, i is associa ed wi h
shapes and mo phologies (such as he la ened in e ed im, he p onounced shoulde ) ha
do no align wi h local adi ions.
Ano he signi ican con ex is Cas el anco Emilia ‑Fo e U bano, a u al illage co e ‑
ing app oxima ely one hec a e loca ed o he eas o Modena, da ing o he 5 h and ea ly 4 h
cen u ies BCE. A ew she ds in he handmade coa se wa e unde sc u iny appea in he
ecen laye s be o e he si e’sabandonmen (Buoi e– Zamboni 2008). Medium and small
size ollae a e a es ed, wi h ha ching incisions, wa y lines, combed pa e ns, ‘co ee bean’
imp essions, and applied clay pa e ns (Fig. 4:1–9). O e all, he deco a ions show mixed
in luences, which a e a ibu ed o bo h he Ligu ian a ea and he ansalpine wo ld, as
discussed u he below.
Fig. 3: Casalecchio di Reno, ‘s u u a 2’, selec ion o deco a ed coa se po e y she ds (a e Fe a‑
i– Mengoli 2005).

94 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1
Fig. 4: Sample o deco a ed coa se wa e. 1–9– Cas el anco Emilia, Fo e U bano (a e Buoi e–
Zamboni 2008); 10–21– Spina (a e Buoi e– Zamboni 2013); 22–25– Ma zabo o (modi ied a e
B agae al. 2022; Mo pu go 2016); 26– Mon e Bibele (Vi alie al. 1987).
95LORENZO ZAMBONI
This si ua ion is simila in he se lemen o Spina. Exca a ions in he no h Ad ia ic
ading hub yielded a ew ou u ned im small jugs in he same handmade low ‑ i ed wa e
ha a e associa ed wi h 4 h and ea ly 3 d cen u y BCE laye s (Buoi e– Zamboni 2013), when
he si e is al eady declining and close o i s end (Buoi ee al. 2022). The main deco a ions a e
lines, ha ching and wa e incisions, bu also applied clay and inge ip and inge nail pa e ns
co e ing he en i e body o he ollae, excep o he im (Fig. 4:10–21).
In he E uscan colony o Ma zabo o, ecen s udies highligh ed he p esence o handmade
wa e deco a ed wi h zig ‑zag incisions, inge ip and inge nail imp essions, and applied clay
deco a ions, in a ew i ual con ex s including emples, sh ines (‘San ua io on ile’, ‘ e za
s ipe’, Tinia emple) and wells belonging o he la e phases o he se lemen , 4 h–3 d cen u y
BCE (Fig. 4:22–25) (Mo pu go 2016; B agae al. 2022).
I is also wo h no ing ha his ype o po e y is a e in Mon e Bibele and Mon e enzio,
he well ‑known La Tène si es in no he n I aly. Long conside ed as apa adigma ic ‘Cel ic’
con ex , ecen o e iews and bioa chaeological esea ch (Schee ese al. 2013) sugges ha
Mon e Bibele and Mon e enzio we e inhabi ed by amixed and he e ogeneous communi y wi h
ama e ial cul u e in eg a ing ‘E uscan’, ‘Umb ian’, and Cen al Eu opean ea u es. Besides
a ew impas o ollae deco a ed wi h asingle line o inge imp essions be ween he im and he
shoulde (Fig. 4:26), appa en ly he low ‑ i ed, handmade wa e deco a ed wi h complex pa ‑
e ns o incisions o imp essions was no pa o he e e yday needs o his hyb idised socie y.
THE SECOND PHASE (LA TÈNE C2–D2)– ‘ROMANISATION’ AND PERSISTENCE
Du ing he La e I on Age and he ‘Romanisa ion’ pe iod (La Tène C2 o D2), adi e ging pa e n
be ween Cispadana (sou h o he Po) and T anspadana (no h o he Po) a eas is no iceable. In
ac , he deco a ed coa se wa e s a is ically inc eases in he egions no h o he Po, especially
in p esen ‑day eas e n Piedmon and Lomba dy (including Do melle o, Ange a, Como, Milan,
Lodi, B escia; see Bu i 2024; Bine al. 2024; and o he con ibu ions in his olume), bu also
in wes e n Vene o (see Biondani 2024), wi h an ‘explosion’ o deco a i e pa e ns du ing he La
Tène D1 pe iod (Zamboni 2021). Con e sely, in Emilia be o e and du ing he Roman conques ,
he deco a ed handmade wa e is dec easing wi hin he main colonies o Bologna (Bononia),
Modena (Mu ina), Reggio Emilia (Regium Lepidi), Pa ma, and hei e i o ies. He e he La e
I on Age s yle coa se wa e su i ed, al hough i appea s o be es igial.
The deco a ed she ds om Bologna (Fig. 5:1) (Via D’Azeglio, Neg elli 2010; see also
Cossen ino 2022) o om he ea ly phases o some domus o Modena (Fig. 5:2–6) (Guanda‑
lini– Benassi 2018), Reggio Emilia (Biondani 2014), Pa ma (Fig. 5:38–42) (Ma ini Cal ani
2012; Ma chi 2023) and i s hin e land (Fig. 6:1–3) (Ca a si Dall’Aglio 2004) a e o li le
s a is ical signi icance, and his class o po e y was soon eplaced by Roman ‑s yle cooking
wa e al eady du ing he second hal o he 2nd cen u y BCE.
In only a ew u al a eas, he echo o p e ious adi ions appea s o ha e pe sis ed. In
Cas el anco Emilia’s e i o y, o example, in he Riolo and Ras ellino a ea, se e al ag‑
men s om unsys ema ic su eys (Buoi e– Zamboni 2012) exhibi ag ea e densi y o he
deco a i e pa e ns, i compa ed o he Fo e U bano assemblage and p e ious La Tène B/C1
pe iods (Fig. 5:7–19). Finge imp essions– including bo h inge ips and inge nails– appea ,
while he incisions a e less a es ed.
The zigzag and mul iple wa y incisions, as well as he ins umen imp essions (poin , ci cu‑
la , and o al), which likely co e asigni ican po ion o he ase’sbody, a e also a es ed om
he Roman mansio in Cas el anco ‑ ia Valle a (Fig. 5:20–31) (C o i 2019; Ne ie al. 2024).
Spo adic e idence is also a es ed in he lowe plain no h o Modena (Fig. 5:32–33) (Solie a:
96 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1
Fig. 5: Selec ion o deco a ed she ds. 1– Bologna, ia D’Azeglio (Neg elli 2010); 2–6– Modena, ia
Uni e si à (Guandalini– Benassi 2018); 7–19– Cas el anco Emilia, Riolo ‑Ras ellino a ea (Buo‑
i e– Zamboni 2012); 20–31– Cas el anco Emilia, ia Valle a (C o i 2019); 32–33– Solie a (A ‑
lan e 2003); 34–37– Chiunsano (Co i 2018); 38–42– Pa ma (Ma ini Cal ani 2012; Ma chi 2023).
97LORENZO ZAMBONI
A lan e 2003, 187, ig. 120) and in Roman u al si es u he no h (Fig. 5:34–37) (Chiunsano:
Co i 2018).
The wes e nmos case in he Emilia egion is he Roman colony o Piacenza (Placen ia)
whe e, p obably due o i s p oximi y o Lomba dy, he pic u e is a he di e en . He e
amo e consis en local p oduc ion o handmade deco a ed wa e is a es ed wi hin he same
po e y kilns and wo kshops p oducing black gloss ine wa e and o he Roman ‑s yle po e y
(Fig. 6:4–6) (Ma ini Cal ani 1990; Be uzzie al. 2021). Asimila pa e n is isible in he
Fig. 6: Deco a ed coa se wa e. 1–3– Fidenza and Medesano (Ca a si Dall’Aglio 2004); 4–5– Piacen‑
za (Ma ini Cal ani 1990; Be uzzie al. 2021); 7–12– Pianello Val Tidone (G osse i 2002), no
o scale.
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Lo enzo Zamboni
Uni e si y o Milan
Depa men o Cul u al He i age and En i onmen
ia Fes a del Pe dono 7, 20122 Milano, I aly
lo enzo[email p o ec ed]