Tumultuous materials. Decorated coarse ware in Late Iron Age Emilia

Tumultuous materials. Decorated coarse ware in Late Iron Age Emilia Lorenzo Zamboni ABSTRACT In the Emilian Po plain, during the Late Iron Age (4th and 3rd century BCE), an unprecedented and heteroge‑ neous class of handmade coarse and decorated ceramics emerged in certain sites. In comparison to other Transpadane regions, its presence is not dominant or statistically significant, except for afew sites that are characterised by more evident La Tène imports and burial customs. This pottery gradually disappeared during the Roman conquest (late 3rd–2nd century BCE), except in some rural areas and in the westernmost colonies. The aim of this paper is to outline the key features of this distinctive and challenging pottery and to explore functional and potential social and cultural interpretations, while also considering cross ‑cultural comparisons. KEYWORDS Late Iron Age; La Tène period; romanization; Po Valley; coarse ware; handmade pottery; cultural interaction. INTRODUCTION This contribution focuses on coarse decorated ceramics from the central Po Valley area between the Late Iron Age and the early Roman period. The handmade pottery under scrutiny is char‑ acterised by afew shapes and awide variety of ornamental designs, with astrong emphasis on shoulder and surface decoration. Until afew years ago, the research on locally produced pottery in this chronological and cultural context, remained episodic, marginal, and poorly defined (Vitali 2014a). Following previous overviews (Vitali 2014a; Zamboni 2021), this chapter provides asurvey of the current state of research, outlining the main issues related to terminological definitions, the chronological framework, and addressing technological processes. Additionally, historical and cultural implications will be discussed, along with potential avenues for future research. THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIO ‑CULTURAL BACKGROUND The Emilian Po Valley is the alluvial plain between the Po River and the Apennine foothills in the modern administrative provinces from Bologna to Piacenza (Fig. 1). After an alleged ‘Etruscan’ presence in the Early and Middle Iron Age (9th to 5th centuries BCE; Bentinietal. 2019, but see Zamboni 2022 for acritical overview), in the second half of the 1st millennium BCE the area was affected by the ‘Celtic invasion’. According to ancient sources, at the beginning of the 4th century BCE the whole of north ‑western Italy, Emilia ‑Romagna, and the Marche were conquered by tribes from Transalpine Europe (Hauschild 2010; Lejars 2020). In Emilia, the Boi are considered the leading force. STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1, 89–106 90 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1 Despite the traditional, etic, and simplistic diffusionist accounts of historical sources, it is uncertain whether extensive ethnic replacements of entire populations occurred following the supposed migratory phenomena of the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE (Vitali 2014b). Both archae‑ ology, population patterns (Kysela 2010), and limited bioarcheological data (Scheeresetal. 2013; Sorrentinoetal. 2018) suggest instead small ‑scale movements leading to agradual cultural change, mixing, and integration between local populations and groups of individuals who grew up in different European regions (Wells 2023). In terms of social structure, based on the settlement layouts and grave goods, we can infer that the Late Iron Age groups are not clearly subordinate or marginal, but also not high‑ ‑ranking aristocratic groups, the latter not always visible in the area under consideration (Grassi 1995; Zamboni 2024). Therefore, it is beneficial to consider heterarchical intermediate social classes, not excluding some aggrandizing individuals, for example weapon bearers (Or‑ talli 2008) or specific kin groups. Overall, the social scenario is one of people from different backgrounds and origins adopting amaterial culture that combines different stylistic and production influences rather than representing asingle tradition, as we will see in detail in the case study of the handmade ceramics. Finally, the Roman conquest of the region began in the late 3rd century BCE and was com‑ pleted, at least from amilitary and administrative point of view, in the early 2nd century BCE with the opening of the Via Aemilia and the foundation of the colonies of Mutina and Parma (Malnati– Manzelli 2015). However, both the re ‑evaluation of archaeological evidence and the adoption of postcolonial theoretical approaches (e.g. Versluys 2021; despite the conservative attitude of Italian scholarship, see Scoppie 2022) point to amore nuanced and multifaceted framework, as the following case study shows. Fig. 1: Map of the Emilia region during the Late Iron Age, location of the main cited sites (author). 91LORENZO ZAMBONI ‘UGLY WARE’ IN LATE IRON AGE EMILIA– DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION Against this briefly sketched socio ‑historical scenario, here Ihighlight the role of alow ‑fired, handmade, coarse ware with shapes and decorations that seem unusual in both the earlier (i.e. Etruscan) and later (Roman) material culture. Medium and small domestic jars (ollae) with outturned rims and rounded shoulders are predominant. Variants with an inverted rim and pronounced shoulder are only attested at Casalecchio di Reno (see below). It is unclear whether the bowls with fingerprints on the rim belong to the same production, but they are not included in this overview. The distinctive decorations consist of incisions (linear, wavy, hatching, more rarely patterns of lines, her‑ ringbone or other combed motifs) mainly on the shoulder of the olla, avariety of tools and finger impressions including dense patterns of fingertips and fingernails, and applied clay elements (Zamboni 2021, fig. 3). This pottery appears in Emilia no earlier than the first half of the 4th century BCE in set‑ tlements previously belonging to the local ‘Etruscan’ culture, such as Bologna, Casalecchio di Reno, Castelfranco Emilia, Marzabotto, and Spina. With the notable exception of Casalecchio di Reno, it remains aminor production and statistically insignificant, while cooking and storing is assigned to other wheel thrown and plain coarse ware. It is also worth noting that this pottery is completely excluded from the local funerary record (see, for example, Vitali 1992; 2003). THE FIRST PHASE (LA TÈNE B–C1)– THE ARRIVAL, CONTINUITY, AND DISCONTINUITY Following its distribution in main and secondary sites, we notice for example that in Bologna/ Felsina this type of handmade coarse ware is extremely underrepresented. Only afew sherds are known from the late 5th and 4th century BCE layers (for example, Via Capramozza, Curi‑ naetal. 2010) (Fig. 2:1), in the context of the rather unclear situation of the town during the supposed Celtic conquest. More evidence comes from the suburbs and the hinterland. In aminor settlement 1 km west of Bologna, via Andrea Costa (Fig. 2 A), rescue excavations documented asquare build‑ ing surrounded by ditches, probably an outpost of the Etruscan period between Bologna and Casalecchio (Ortalli 2010) (Fig. 2 B). In the La Tène period (mid‑4 th and 3 rd century BCE), the domestic assemblages are characterized by black gloss, fine grey ware together with ollae and bowls in handmade coarse ware, with hatching and single wave incisions, single lines of ovoid or fingertip impressions (Fig. 2:4–6), and fingernail impression patterns (Fig. 2:2–3) (Tassinari 2010). However, the most relevant site for this investigation is Casalecchio di Reno, afew kilo‑ metres to the west of Bologna (Fig. 2 A). Rescue excavations in the early 1990s discovered here acemetery with inhumations and grave goods showing distinctive and exclusive copper ‑alloy La Tène materials dating to the 4th and early 3rd century BCE (Ortalli 2008). The related settlement (‘zona A’), only partially published, includes evidence of the previ‑ ous ‘Etruscan’ phase and aditch (‘struttura 2’) filled during the La Tène phase C1 (ca. 250–225 BCE) with materials dating to the second half of the 4th and the first half of the 3rd century BCE (Ferrari– Mengoli 2005). This context has yielded alarge quantity of locally produced grey fine pottery together with handmade coarse ware. The latter includes afew bowls and several large and medium ollae decorated on the shoulder by linear or horizontal incisions, zigzags, dotted and single ‑line fingernail and fingertip impressions (Fig. 3:1–8), as well as dense fingertip and fingernail patterns (Fig. 3:9–14). 92 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1 Fig. 2: The area west of Bologna in the Late Iron Age: location of the main sites (A) and plan of the excavation in Via Andrea Costa (B) (5th century BCE phase; after Ortalli 2010). 1– Bologna, via Capramozza (after Curinaetal. 2010); 2–6– Bologna, via Andrea Costa (after Tassinari 2010). 93LORENZO ZAMBONI The primary distinction between Casalecchio di Reno and other sites in the region is that handmade decorated ware is the dominant domestic class. Additionally, it is associated with shapes and morphologies (such as the flattened inverted rim, the pronounced shoulder) that do not align with local traditions. Another significant context is Castelfranco Emilia ‑Forte Urbano, arural village cover‑ ing approximately one hectare located to the east of Modena, dating to the 5th and early 4th centuries BCE. Afew sherds in the handmade coarse ware under scrutiny appear in the recent layers before the site’sabandonment (Buoite– Zamboni 2008). Medium and small size ollae are attested, with hatching incisions, wavy lines, combed patterns, ‘coffee bean’ impressions, and applied clay patterns (Fig. 4:1–9). Overall, the decorations show mixed influences, which are attributed to both the Ligurian area and the transalpine world, as discussed further below. Fig. 3: Casalecchio di Reno, ‘struttura 2’, selection of decorated coarse pottery sherds (after Ferra‑ ri– Mengoli 2005). 94 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1 Fig. 4: Sample of decorated coarse ware. 1–9– Castelfranco Emilia, Forte Urbano (after Buoite– Zamboni 2008); 10–21– Spina (after Buoite– Zamboni 2013); 22–25– Marzabotto (modified after Bragaetal. 2022; Morpurgo 2016); 26– Monte Bibele (Vitalietal. 1987). 95LORENZO ZAMBONI This situation is similar in the settlement of Spina. Excavations in the north Adriatic trading hub yielded afew outturned rim small jugs in the same handmade low ‑fired ware that are associated with 4th and early 3rd century BCE layers (Buoite– Zamboni 2013), when the site is already declining and close to its end (Buoiteetal. 2022). The main decorations are lines, hatching and wave incisions, but also applied clay and fingertip and fingernail patterns covering the entire body of the ollae, except for the rim (Fig. 4:10–21). In the Etruscan colony of Marzabotto, recent studies highlighted the presence of handmade ware decorated with zig ‑zag incisions, fingertip and fingernail impressions, and applied clay decorations, in afew ritual contexts including temples, shrines (‘Santuario fontile’, ‘terza stipe’, Tinia temple) and wells belonging to the later phases of the settlement, 4th–3rd century BCE (Fig. 4:22–25) (Morpurgo 2016; Bragaetal. 2022). It is also worth noting that this type of pottery is rare in Monte Bibele and Monterenzio, the well ‑known La Tène sites in northern Italy. Long considered as aparadigmatic ‘Celtic’ context, recent overviews and bioarchaeological research (Scheeresetal. 2013) suggest that Monte Bibele and Monterenzio were inhabited by amixed and heterogeneous community with amaterial culture integrating ‘Etruscan’, ‘Umbrian’, and Central European features. Besides afew impasto ollae decorated with asingle line of finger impressions between the rim and the shoulder (Fig. 4:26), apparently the low ‑fired, handmade ware decorated with complex pat‑ terns of incisions or impressions was not part of the everyday needs of this hybridised society. THE SECOND PHASE (LA TÈNE C2–D2)– ‘ROMANISATION’ AND PERSISTENCE During the Late Iron Age and the ‘Romanisation’ period (La Tène C2 to D2), adiverging pattern between Cispadana (south of the Po) and Transpadana (north of the Po) areas is noticeable. In fact, the decorated coarse ware statistically increases in the regions north of the Po, especially in present ‑day eastern Piedmont and Lombardy (including Dormelletto, Angera, Como, Milan, Lodi, Brescia; see Butti 2024; Binetal. 2024; and other contributions in this volume), but also in western Veneto (see Biondani 2024), with an ‘explosion’ of decorative patterns during the La Tène D1 period (Zamboni 2021). Conversely, in Emilia before and during the Roman conquest, the decorated handmade ware is decreasing within the main colonies of Bologna (Bononia), Modena (Mutina), Reggio Emilia (Regium Lepidi), Parma, and their territories. Here the Late Iron Age style coarse ware survived, although it appears to be vestigial. The decorated sherds from Bologna (Fig. 5:1) (Via D’Azeglio, Negrelli 2010; see also Cossentino 2022) or from the early phases of some domus of Modena (Fig. 5:2–6) (Guanda‑ lini– Benassi 2018), Reggio Emilia (Biondani 2014), Parma (Fig. 5:38–42) (Marini Calvani 2012; Marchi 2023) and its hinterland (Fig. 6:1–3) (Catarsi Dall’Aglio 2004) are of little statistical significance, and this class of pottery was soon replaced by Roman ‑style cooking ware already during the second half of the 2nd century BCE. In only afew rural areas, the echo of previous traditions appears to have persisted. In Castelfranco Emilia’sterritory, for example, in the Riolo and Rastellino area, several frag‑ ments from unsystematic surveys (Buoite– Zamboni 2012) exhibit agreater density of the decorative patterns, if compared to the Forte Urbano assemblage and previous La Tène B/C1 periods (Fig. 5:7–19). Finger impressions– including both fingertips and fingernails– appear, while the incisions are less attested. The zigzag and multiple wavy incisions, as well as the instrument impressions (point, circu‑ lar, and oval), which likely cover asignificant portion of the vase’sbody, are also attested from the Roman mansio in Castelfranco ‑via Valletta (Fig. 5:20–31) (Crotti 2019; Nerietal. 2024). Sporadic evidence is also attested in the lower plain north of Modena (Fig. 5:32–33) (Soliera: 96 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVIII/1 Fig. 5: Selection of decorated sherds. 1– Bologna, via D’Azeglio (Negrelli 2010); 2–6– Modena, via Università (Guandalini– Benassi 2018); 7–19– Castelfranco Emilia, Riolo ‑Rastellino area (Buo‑ ite– Zamboni 2012); 20–31– Castelfranco Emilia, via Valletta (Crotti 2019); 32–33– Soliera (At‑ lante 2003); 34–37– Chiunsano (Corti 2018); 38–42– Parma (Marini Calvani 2012; Marchi 2023). 97LORENZO ZAMBONI Atlante 2003, 187, fig. 120) and in Roman rural sites further north (Fig. 5:34–37) (Chiunsano: Corti 2018). The westernmost case in the Emilia region is the Roman colony of Piacenza (Placentia) where, probably due to its proximity to Lombardy, the picture is rather different. 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Nemesis 2, Cultural Representa‑ tion and Self ‑Representation in Iron Age Europe, 29–52. https://una ‑editions.fr/autorepresentations ‑et‑ ‑representations ‑culturelles ‑en ‑europe/ Lorenzo Zamboni University of Milan Department of Cultural Heritage and Environment via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy lorenzo[email protected]