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
Abs ac -Global elec ici y demands a e inc easing a apid pace.
Ene gy supply, hei usage and echnologies in ol ed need o be
mo e economical, en i onmen iendly and socially sus ainable.
E o s a e being done all o e he globe o educe his g een
house e ec ; and enewable ene gy echnologies o comba
clima e changes, which equi e ex ensi e changes o he cu en
elec ici y gene a ion and dis ibu ion sys ems. To mee his goal,
i is equi ed o op imize he g id ope a ions and a ailable
esou ces o mee he e e inc easing ene gy demands in an
e icien , e ec i e and en i onmen sus ainable way. So s ong
and huge in e es s on sma g id ha e inc eased ex ensi ely in
ecen yea s a ound he wo ld. This scena io could be a
p omising eason o u u e esea ch in his a ea. This nex o m
o elec ici y g id will be able o manage a ious pa s o powe
p oduc ion om powe plan s o he cus ome s. Renewable
ene gy sou ces appea s ongly in sma g id so in his pape he
e ec o his sou ces will be s udied also elec ic ehicles ha e a
g ea e ec on sma g id in as uc u e ,communica ion and
con ol his pape will discuss his e ec i i come om he
elec ic ehicle mode o ehicle o g id mode.
Index Te ms-- Sma g id, Renewable ene gy, Dis ibu ed
Gene a ion, Ba ie s, Pho o ol aic.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE elec ical powe gene a ion and dis ibu ion using
adi ional g ids ha se e consume s o day ha e been
e ol ed o e mo e han a hund ed yea s. Cu en g ids ha e
se ed well in he pas bu will no be adequa e in he u u e
[1,2] in e ms o hei e iciency and en i onmen iendliness.
Howe e , new challenges a e a ising om e e inc easing
consume demands, global wa ming and deple ion o non-
enewable ene gy sou ces a much apid a e [3,4]. Elec ici y
g ids mus ensu e sa e, secu e, unin e up ed and sus ainable
elec ici y supplies; ake ad an age o new echnologies and
in eg a e wi h la ge scale enewable gene a ion sys ems. To
mee equi emen o managing in e mi ency o enewable
ene gy sou ces in elligen ly o a oid u u e supply ailu es,
which p o ide an excellen oppo uni y o he deploymen o
sma g id echnologies adop ion needs o be conside ed as an
excellen oppo uni y [5] he sma g id a chi ec u e is shown
in igu e 1. As peak demand o elec ici y is inc easing a apid
pace in all egions, sma g ids deploymen may also help in
managing
he inc ease in p ojec ed peak demand [6].
1. D i e s o sma g id
The elec ici y supply indus y is acing lo o challenges:
supply-demand gap; ising cos s; low ene gy e iciencies; and
global wa ming, caused by adi ional elec ici y gene a ion
and dis ibu ion p ac ices. Also he e a e many o he ac o s
which a e d i ing he need o adop ion and implemen a ion o
he sma g id echnologies. Some o he key d i e s o sma
g id echnologies a e: inc easing demand o elec ici y; supply
sho alls o elec ici y; need o educ ion losses; peak demand
manage- men ; in eg a ion o enewable ene gy gene a ion
sys ems; solu ion o global wa ming; e ec i e use o elec ic
ehicles; be e cus ome sa is ac ion; o e coming di icul ies
in me e eading; poo e iciencies o con en ional powe
gene a ion sys ems; po en ial o echnological ad ancemen s
and new business oppo uni ies [7]. A summa y o hese
impo an d i e s ha e been gi en below.
Fig. 1. Sma g id powe sys em a chi ec u e.
1.1 Inc easing demand o elec ici y
Global ene gy demand inc eased may be assigned o many
alid easons: inc easing wo ld popula ion; g owing needs o
p oduc s; apid indus ializa ion a e; high cus omized and
digi alized se ices; apid de elopmen o sma home
Alaa . A . Zaky
Depa men o elec ical Powe Enginee ing
Uni e si y o Ka elshiekh
Ka elshiekh, Egyp
E ec o Renewable Ene gy and Elec ic
Vehicles on Sma G id
T
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appliances; communica ion sys ems' elec ici y demand; lazy
la ish li e s yle os e ing au oma ion (using elec ical and
elec ical gadge s); inc eased usage o elec ici y d i en
ehicles; la e hou s wo king cul u e equi ing app op ia e
illumina ion; and inc easing demand o elec ici y in p o iding
human com o s (ai condi ioning) [8]. As pe he In e na ional
Ene gy Agency (IEA), he global ene gy demand will inc ease
by mo e han 50 pe cen ill 2030 [3]. Due o lack o eal- ime
p icing signals, peak demand is also expec ed o inc ease
s eadily o e ime [5].
1.2 Supply sho alls o elec ici y
Supply-demand ension has aken i s oll in a ious
coun ies a ound he wo ld o e he las se e al yea s.
Go e nmen s and u ili ies ha e aced gaps be ween elec ici y
supply and demand, which has led o blackou s and load
shedding and ansla ed in o elec ici y sho alls [9].
Elec ici y gene a ion is no g owing a he same pace as o
inc ease in demand, causing sho all o elec ici y supply [10].
1.3 Need o educ ion in losses
G ea losses ha e been obse ed aking place in gene a ion,
ansmission, dis ibu ion and usage o elec ici y. These losses
need o be app op ia ely add essed wi h con inuously
moni o ing o s op he common p oblems like he o
elec ici y [11].
1.4 Peak demand managemen
Managing peak demand (which has been obse ed
inc easing apidly o e he las ew decades because o many
alid easons such inc easing numbe o consume s, a o dable
elec ical appliances and se ices e c.) may be ecognized as
challenge o all imes. In ac , peak demand mismanagemen
may lead o: exe ex a bu den on p esen elec ic g id [7];
and equi e highe ese e ma gins o un o eseeable ou ages.
1.5 In eg a ion o enewable ene gy gene a ion sys ems
Renewable ene gy echnologies can educe en i onmen al
as well as social impac s and p o ide low cos al e na i es han
con en ional ene gy echnologies o a ious applica ions
[12]. I will also add o he capaci y o exis ing sys em and
educe he emission o g een house gases, which a e
esponsible o global wa ming and ozone laye deple ion [13].
1.6 Solu ion o global wa ming
I has been accep ed globally ha en i onmen al pollu ion
has been eached o end limi s [11]. I is es ima ed ha he
Uni ed S a es is he sou ce o one- ou h o he wo ld's GHG
emissions and ha he elec ic powe indus y accoun s o
one- hi d o hese [14]. Use o sma g id echnologies may be
ealized as an in elligen and sma answe minimizing GHG.
1.7 E ec i e use o elec ic ehicles
A sma g id may accommoda e elec ic ehicle cha ging
and i may b ing all elemen s o he elec ici y sys em close
oge he o imp o e o e all sys em ope a ion o he bene i o
consume s and he en i onmen [15]. Sma g id echnologies
may be u ilized o gene a e en i onmen iendly elec ici y
and eed huge anspo a ion sys ems like ‗Delhi Me o
Railway Co po a ion‘ ne wo k elec ici y demand.
1.8 Be e cus ome sa is ac ion
Sma g ids gi e consume s a isibili y in o eal- ime
p icing and p o ide oppo uni y o minimize he o al amoun
o hei bills by sma ly choosing he olume and p ice o
consump ion ha bes sui s hei needs [16].
1.9 O e coming di icul ies in me e eading
Sma me e ing may enable he me e eading nea ly
ins an aneous and emo ely [17] leading o many ad an ages:
less ime consuming; cos e ec i e and accu a e. Fu he , i
may also lead o ha e be e main ained cus ome ela ions by
p o iding anspa ency in me e eading sys em.
1.10 Poo e iciencies o con en ional powe gene a ion sys ems
T adi ional powe gene a ion sys ems ha e been obse ed
wi h poo e iciencies. Sma g id echnologies may be good
solu ion o sa e a easonable quan i y o uel and g eenhouse
gas emissions [5].
1.11 Po en ial o echnological ad ancemen s
The echnological ad ancemen in he ield o compu ing
and elecommunica ions may suppo he concep o sma g id
echnologies adop ion as i equi es lo o measu emen s
moni o ing, compu ing and communica ions as a ne wo k [18].
The de elopmen o he sma g id may led o ealize he ull
po en ial o indi idual echnologies (dis ibu ed sola
pho o ol aic's (PV), elec ic ca s, demand-side managemen ,
and la ge cen al s a ion enewable such as wind and sola
a ms) suppo ing non con en ional powe gene a ion [5].
1.12 New business oppo uni ies
Sma g id echnologies implemen a ion may open hose
o new business oppo uni ies in he ield o manu ac u ing o
inno a i e p oduc s, p ocesses and se ices [7]. Manu ac u ing
o ools, equipmen s, ins umen s and appa a us supposed o be
used in sma powe gene a ion and dis ibu ion (like sma
powe me e ); and sma appliances (elec ic ehicles) may be
seen as good examples o business oppo uni ies in
manu ac u ing sec o . Taking in o accoun he his o y o
published pape s in he a ea o sma g id Fig. 2 shows he
published i ems abou sma g id in a pe iod o 20 yea s. As
shown in Fig. 2, he i ems abou his opic ha e jus been
published om 2001. Thus, i is obse ed ha sma g id is
ex ensi ely new opic. Mo eo e , be o e 2008 he e we e less
han 50 pape s and only a e 2008 his esea ch a ea has
become a ho opic. Ob iously, in 2011 he e was a apid
inc ease in numbe o publica ions and ci a ions (Fig. 3).
Fu he mo e, al hough in 2012 he published wo ks we e abou
1/3 o 2011, howe e , he ci a ion numbe , as shown in Fig. 3,
is equal in 2011 and 2012. The e o e, he p omising u u e o
sma g id will be gua an eed.
II. PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELS
Wi h inc easing conce ns abou ossil uel de ici ,
sky ocke ing oil p ices, global wa ming, and damage o
en i onmen and ecosys em, he p omising incen i es o
de elop al e na i e ene gy esou ces wi h high e iciency and
Low emissions a e o g ea impo ance. Among he enewable
ene gy esou ces, he ene gy h ough he pho o ol aic (PV)
e ec can be conside ed he mos essen ial and p e equisi e
sus ainable esou ce because o he ubiqui y, abundance, and
sus ainabili y o sola adian ene gy. Rega dless o he
in e mi ency o sunligh , sola ene gy is widely a ailable and
comple ely ee o cos . Recen ly, pho o ol aic a ay sys em is
likely ecognized and widely u ilized o he o e on in
elec ic powe applica ions. I can gene a e di ec cu en
elec ici y wi hou en i onmen al impac and con amina ion
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when is exposed o sola adia ion. Being a semiconduc o
de ice, he PV sys em is s a ic, qui e, and ee o mo ing pa s,
and hese make i ha e li le ope a ion and main enance cos s.
E en hough he PV sys em is posed o i s high capi al
ab ica ion cos and low con e sion e iciency, he
sky ocke ing oil p ices make sola ene gy na u ally iable
ene gy supply wi h po en ially long- e m bene i s. PV module
ep esen s he undamen al powe con e sion uni o a PV
gene a o sys em. The ou pu cha ac e is ics o PV module
depends on he sola insola ion, he cell empe a u e and
ou pu ol age o PV module. Since PV module has nonlinea
cha ac e is ics, i is necessa y o model i o he design and
simula ion o maximum powe poin acking (MPPT) o PV
sys em applica ions. The ma hema ical PV models used in
compu e simula ion ha e been buil o o e he pas ou
decades. Almos all well-de eloped PV models desc ibe he
ou pu cha ac e is ics mainly a ec ed by he sola insola ion,
cell empe a u e, and load ol age. Howe e , he equi alen
ci cui models a e implemen ed on simula ion pla o ms o
powe elec onics, such as SPICE. Recen ly, a numbe o
powe ul componen -based elec onics simula ion so wa e
package ha e become popula in he design and de elopmen
o powe elec onics applica ions. The elec omagne ic
adia ion o sola ene gy can be di ec ly con e ed elec ici y
h ough pho o ol aic e ec . Being exposed o he sunligh ,
pho ons wi h ene gy g ea e han he band-gap ene gy o he
semiconduc o a e abso bed and c ea e some elec on-hole
pai s p opo ional o he inciden i adia ion. Unde he
in luence o he in e nal elec ic ields o he p-n junc ion,
hese ca ie s a e swep apa and c ea e a pho ocu en which
is di ec ly p opo ional o sola insola ion. PV sys em na u ally
exhibi s a nonlinea I-V and P-V cha ac e is ics which a y
wi h he adian in ensi y and cell empe a u e.
Fig. 2. Published i ems abou sma g id in ecen 20 yea s
The elec ical ci cui able o ep esen a pho o ol aic module
is shown a Fig.4.The p oposed simula ion model is shown in
igs. 5,6and ig.7.F om Fig.4
Imodule = Iph - ID – IRP (1)
Whe e: Imodule is he pho o ol aic module ou pu cu en ; Iph is
he Pho o-cu en ; ID is he Diode cu en ; IRP is he Pa allel
esis ance cu en . The ol age-cu en cha ac e is ic equa ion
o a sola cell is gi en as
I = IPH − IS[ exp (q(V + IRS) / KTC A) −1 ]− (V + IRS) / RP (2)
Whe e IS is he cell sa u a ion o da k cu en , q (= 1.6
×10−19C) is an elec on cha ge, k (= 1.38 ×10−23J/K) is a
Bol zmann‘scons an , TC is he cell‘s wo king empe a u e, A
is an ideal ac o , RP is a shun esis ance, and RS is a se ies
esis ance. The pho ocu en mainly depends on he sola
insola ion and cell‘s wo king empe a u e, which is desc ibed
as
IPH = [ISC + KI (TC −TRe )]S (3)
Whe e ISC is he cell‘s sho -ci cui cu en a a 25°C and
1kW/m2, KI is he cell‘s sho -ci cui cu en empe a u e
coe icien , TRe is he cell‘s e e ence empe a u e, and S is he
sola insola ion in kW/m2.
Fig. 3. Ci a ion i ems abou sma g id in ecen 20 yea s.
Fig. 4: Pho o ol aic module elec ical ci cui .
Fig. 5 Gene alized PV model.
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Fig.6 Subsys em implemen a ion o gene alized PV model.
Fig. 7 Masked implemen a ion o gene alized PV model.
П.1 Sola cells modules simula ion
The i s simula ion esul is p esen ed o check da a-shee
in o ma ion. In his case, jus one module will be simula ed,
i.e., Ns =Np=1. Figu e shows a compa ison be ween I-V
simula ions gene a ed cu es and da a-shee ones. The
pho o ol aic module in o ma ion was ex ac om Kyoce a
KC200GT da a-shee . Table I summa izes he main
in o ma ion
TABLE I
KYOCERA KC200GT PHOTOVO LTAIC MODULE SPECIFICAIONS
Analyzing Figu e.8, i is possible o no ice ha bo h, da ashee
and simula ion esul s, a e in o al acco dance. The p oposed
modeling is able o ep esen he pho o ol aic issue o a wide
ange o adia ion and empe a u e a ia ion. In o de o check
he p ecision o he modeling, simula ion esul s, speci ic
en i onmen condi ion, a e p esen ed in Fig. 9. The p esen
esul s con i m and alida e he modeling. The measu ed
poin s a he g aphic, p ac ically, coincide o he Table I da a.
Fig.8 Da a-shee and simula ion I-V cu es o he pho o ol aic module. (a)
and (c): da a-shee ;(b) and (d): simula ion
Fig.9 Simula ion esul s. (a) and (b) : S=1000W/m2 , T=25°C ; (c) and (d):
Speci ica ions @ S=1000W/m2 , T=25°C and AM=1,5
Maximum Powe ( Pmax )
200W
Maximum Powe Vol age ( Vmpp )
26.3V
Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp )
7.61A
Open Ci cui Vol age ( Voc )
32.9V
Sho Ci cui Cu en ( Isc)
8.21A
Tempe a u e Coe icien o Isc ( UI
)
3. 18·10"A C
Speci ica ions @ S=800W/m2 , T=47°C and AM= 1,5
Maximum Powe ( Pmax )
142.2W
Maximum Powe Vol age ( Vmpp )
23.2V
Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp )
6.I3A
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800W/m2 , T=47°C .
Nex simula ion will conside a pho o ol aic associa ion,
cons i u ed by 54 modules. The a ay con igu a ion is shown a
Table 2. TABLE 2
KYOCERA KC200GT PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS
Speci ica ions @ S= l000W/m2, T=25°C and AM= 1,5
Np
3
Ns
18
Maximum Powe (Pmax)
10.8kW
Maximum Powe Vol age (Vmpp)
473.4V
Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp)
22.83A
Open Ci cui Vol age ( Voc )
592.2V
Sho Ci cui Cu en ( Isc)
24.63A
F om he ma hema ical modeling and a ay speci ica ions
some simula ions we e ealized. The main esul s a e p esen ed
in Figu e 10.
Fig.10 Da a-shee and simula ion I-V cu es o he pho o ol aic a ay unde
di e en alue o adia ion and empe a u e
Fo a PV cell wi h an ideal I-V cha ac e is ic, i s open ci cui
ol age and sho -ci cui cu en a e gi en as Voc = 0.596V and
Isc = 2.0 A , espec i ely. In addi ion, NS = NP = 1 o a PV
cell. Bo h I-V and P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics o gene alized
PV model o a cell a e shown in Figs. 11-12. The nonlinea
na u e o PV cell is appa en as shown in he igu es, i.e., he
ou pu cu en and powe o PV cell depend on he cell‘s
e minal ope a ing ol age and empe a u e, and sola
insola ion as well. We ind om Figs. 11(a) and 11(b) ha
wi h inc ease o wo king empe a u e, he sho -ci cui cu en
o he PV cell inc eases, whe eas he maximum powe ou pu
dec eases. Inasmuch as he inc ease in he ou pu cu en is
much less han he dec ease in he ol age, he ne powe
dec eases a high empe a u es. On he o he hand, we obse e
om Figs. 12(a) and 12(b) ha wi h inc ease o sola
insola ion, he sho -ci cui cu en o he PV module
inc eases, and he maximum powe ou pu inc eases as well.
The eason is he open-ci cui ol age is loga i hmically
dependen on he sola i adiance, ye he sho -ci cui cu en
is di ec ly p opo ional o he adian in ensi y. By he same
oken, he Sola ex MSX 60 PV module is aken o example.
The key speci ica ions a e lis ed in Table 3 in which he
nominal ope a ing cell empe a u e (NOCT) is he empe a u e
ha he cells will each when hey a e ope a ed a open ci cui
in an ambien empe a u e o 20°C unde AM 1.5 i adiance
condi ions wi h S=0.8kW/m2 and a wind speed less han 1 m/s.
The elec ical cha ac e is ics o PV module a e gene ally
ep esen ed by he cu en e sus ol age and powe e sus
ol age cu es. Bo h I-V and P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics o PV
module a a ious insola ion and empe a u es a e ca ied ou
and he esul s a e shown in Figs. 13-14. We also see om
Figs. 13(a) and 13(b) ha wi h inc ease o wo king
empe a u e, he sho -ci cui cu en o he PV module
inc eases, whe eas he maximum powe ou pu dec eases. The
inc ease in he sho -ci cui cu en is much less han he
dec ease in he open-ci cui ol age, and he e ec makes
maximum powe dec easing by abou 0.45%/°C a high
empe a u es. On he o he hand, om, we also obse e ha
wi h inc ease o sola insola ion, he sho -ci cui cu en and
he maximum powe ou pu o he PV module inc ease as
shown in Figs. 14(a) and 14(b). The eason is he open-ci cui
ol age is loga i hmically dependen on he sola i adiance,
ye he sho -ci cui cu en is di ec ly p opo ional o he
adian in ensi y. Fo easy simula ion, he sola adia ion
in ensi y o a sample day is assumed o be a unc ion o
Gaussian unc ion which is de ined as
S ( ) = Smax exp[ − ( – C )2 / 2σ2 ]
whe e Smax is he maximal adia ion in ensi y a a gi en ime,
C is he cen e ime, and σ is he s anda d de ia ion o
Gaussian unc ion. Fig. 9 shows a plo o he Gaussian
unc ion o he sola adia ion in ensi y o a sample day wi h
he condi ions Smax =1kW/m2 , C =12 , and σ = 0.5 . The peak
o sunligh in ensi y occu s a noon. The cell empe a u e o a
sample day is assumed o be a a ixed empe a u e o nominal
ope a ing cell empe a u e (NOCT) by igno ing he e ec o
he sola i adia ion. Gi en sunligh i adiance o a sample
day, he ou pu cu en is go e ned by i s ou pu ol age which
is de e mined by he ensuing load. Wi hou aking cell
empe a u e a ia ions in o conside a ion, he maximum powe
is de e mined by bo h adia ion in ensi y and ou pu ol age.
Fo di e en ou pu ol age, he ou pu powe is shown in Fig.
16 o a sample day. Fo easy compa isons, he oo mean
squa e (R.M.S.) alues o ou pu powe o a ious ou pu
ol age o a sample day a e calcula ed an depic ed in Fig. 17.
The maximum R.M.S. powe du ing he cou se o a sample
day occu s wi h he ou pu ol age in he ange o 15-16V.

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Fig.11(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc
Fig.11(b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc
Fig.12(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S
Fig.12(b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S.
Fig.13(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc
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Fig.13 (b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc
Fig.14(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S.
Fig.14(b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S.
Fig.15 Sola adia ion in ensi y o a sample day in he o m o Gaussian
unc ion
Fig.16 Powe cha ac e is ics du ing a sample day o di e en ol age.
Fig.17 R.M.S. alues o ou pu powe o a ious ou pu ol age
TABLE 3
SOLAREX MSX 60 SPECIFICATIONS (1KW/M2, 25°C)
Typical Maximum Powe (Pmax)
60W
Maximum Powe Vol age (Vmpp)
17.1V
Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp)
3.5A
Sho -ci cui cu en (ISC)
3.8A
Open-ci cui ol age (VOC)
21.1V
Tempe a u e coe icien o open-
ci cui ol age
73mV/ C
Tempe a u e coe icien o sho -
ci cui cu en (KI)
3mA/ C
App oxima e e ec o
empe a u e on powe
0.38W/ C
Nominal ope a ing cell
empe a u e (NOCT)
49 C
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2. Ba ie s o sma g id Technologies adop ion iden i ica ion
Today's g ids a e based on he mal powe gene a ion sys ems
obse ed wi h less e iciency and emission o GHG gases,
which in u n causes global wa ming and ozone laye
deple ion. These a e connec ed o la ge cen al powe s a ions
high ol age ansmission sys ems and supply powe o
medium; and low- ol age local dis ibu ion sys ems [1]. These
con en ional g ids ha e been epo ed lacking in ad ance
moni o ing and con olling ea u es. Con en ional sou ces o
ene gy a e also deple ing a e y apid pace and hey a e
expec ed o anish wi hin ew decades. In his scena io, sma
g id echnologies adop ion becomes mo e impo an and
ele an . The bene i s o he sma g id a e subs an ial; and i
has he po en ial o educe GHG emissions, educe ene gy
cos s, ul ill g owing needs and imp o e load con ol [2].
Howe e , he po en ial ad an ages o sma g id echnologies
a e e y a ac i e, he ex en o sma g id echnologies
adop ion and ac ual ealiza ion o bene i s is e y low. Only a
small po ion o he companies ha e begun expe imen ing o
ad ancemen and making i p ac ically easible o adop [23].
Va ious ba ie s o implemen sma g id echnologies
adop ion ha e been iden i ied om he li e a u e e iew;
so ed a e discussions wi h expe s; and alida ed by expe s'
opinions and b ain s o ming session. Li e a u e was e iewed
o iden i y po en ial ba ie s o sma g id echnologies
adop ion ollowed by conduc ion o an idea enginee ing
wo kshop wi h expe s (academia and indus y) o alida e he
iden i ied ba ie s om li e a u e e iew. Fou expe s we e
om academia and h ee expe s we e om indus y. B ain
s o ming session was conduc ed o each consensuses abou
he con ex ual ela ionships (pai wise) o o m a s uc u al sel
in e ac ion ma ix Twel e mos impo an ele an ba ie s in
adap a ion o sma gi d echnologies, esul ed om abo e
men ioned exhaus i e exe cise, ha e been b ie ly de ailed.
2.1. Huge amoun o in es men and lack o inancial esou ces
Implemen a ion o sma g ids will equi e addi ional
in es men and inancial ese es o he sma g id
echnology ans e , p o ision o adequa e in as uc u e,
communica ion sys ems, hi ing o skilled p o essionals
(enginee ing and o he p o essionals), R&D wo k and
in eg a ion wi h enewable ene gy sou ces. Howe e , he
payback pe iod is ela i ely long compa ing agains high
ini ial in es men [24]. Al hough, subs an ial en i onmen al
and socie al bene i s may be achie ed by implemen a ion o
sma g id echnologies, go e nmen au ho i ies may need o
ha e su icien p oo s o jus i ica ion o high in es men
[19]. Vendo s' and o iginal equipmen manu ac u e s'
eluc ance has o be p ope ly emo ed by ensu ing gua an eed
e u n (long e m) o sys ema ic payback scheme suppo ed by
incen i es and subsidies p o ided by go e nmen au ho i ies
[25]. Also, many de eloped and de eloping na ions a ec ed
by he global ecession a e s uggling o pay o enewal o he
en i e majo in as uc u e and a e acing inancial challenges
[26].
2.2. Ma ke unce ain y
The e a e no ye speci ic policies and egula ions o ee
ma ke s a i s [27]. The s anda ds and business modes o
sma g ids ha e o be es ablished owa ds uni e sally
accep ed s anda dized egula o y de ini ions o gene a e
e enue [29–31]. Adequa e in In e na ional bodies 'consensus
and go e nmen consensus, s ong poli ical commi men and
global coope a ion a e lacking o o ganize he dynamics o
ene gy ma ke [1].
2.3. Lack o egula o y ame wo k
Mos o he elec ical sys ems o wo ld egula e elec ic
powe h ough policies and egula o y ame wo ks designed
along back ago [32]: al hough app op ia e o hose imes,
many o hose egula ions a e now obsole e. T adi ional
egula o y sys ems a e no ha monized and end o discou age
in es men in inno a i e echnologies like sma g id. The
egula o y aspec s o he sma g ids a e cu en ly ambiguous
[33–36]. Powe u ili y ela ed policies and p ocedu es may be
amed o assu e compliance wi h legisla i e o egula o y
equi emen s o sma g id echnologies implemen a ion [37].
2.4. Low public awa eness and engagemen
Cus ome equi emen s o he sma g id echnologies a e
lacking due o inadequa e incen i es o consume s o adop
sys ems o manage hei elec ici y consump ion [38]. Gene al
public need o be educa ed and awa e h ough p ope ly
managed awa eness p og ams educa ing hem abou bene i s
o sma g id and echnicali ies o usage sma g id may be
ins alled wi h ad anced me e ing and wo-way communica ion
along wi h ime-o -use a es. Reluc ance o public o adop ion
o sma g id ins alla ions is o be ca e ully ackled. Consume
ad oca es may objec o ce ain sma g id unc ionali y, such
as emo e disconnec and new a es in he in e es o
p o ec ing disad an aged consume s [25].
2.5. Lack o inno a i eness in he indus y
O ganiza ional a i udes owa ds inno a ion may be e y
discou aging [23]. Ins ead o looking o inno a i e solu ions
o he p oblems o socie al bene i s, hey wan o wo k wi h
adi ional me hods o sa e and gua an eed e u n on
in es men . F om a company's poin o iew, implemen ing a
sma ene gy solu ion in a p e iously well- unc ioning
en i onmen may educe eliabili y and e okes wo ies abou a
loss o con ol, i au oma ic swi ching ope a ions a e in ended.
Companies ha e ea o losing hei adi ional cus ome s i
hey s a using inno a i e echnologies [29]. Inno a ion in
echnologies and sys ems like sma me e s, ene gy
con olle s, communica ion sys ems ha e been equi ed o
imp o ing e iciencies in he sma g ids [39].
2.6. Lack o in as uc u e
Addi ional in a s uc u e will be equi ed o he
deploymen and ope a ion o sma g id echnologies. The
sma g id maybe unde s ood as mode n elec ic powe g id
in as uc u e o imp o ing e iciency and eliabili y h ough
au oma ed con ol, high powe con e e s, mode n
communica ions in as uc u e, sensing and me e ing
echnologies, and mode n ene gy managemen echniques
based on he op imiza ion o demand, ene gy and ne wo k
a ailabili y, and soon [17]. A well de ined communica ion
a chi ec u e, senso s, in elligen elec onic de ices, dis ibu ed
ene gy esou ces, cybe secu i y de ices, ad anced me e ing
sys em and o he end-use de ices a e key elemen s o sma
g id which need o be added in he p esen elec ici y sys em
[33]. Addi ional s and-by capaci y o elec ici y gene a ion
Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2.
DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15.
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migh be equi ed o he imes when he in e mi en
enewable ene gy esou ces cease o gene a e powe [1].
2.7. Technology imma u i y
As he sma g id echnology is s ill eme ging and
s anda ds a e no in place, all o i s ea u es a e no ye es ed
and p o ed [32] and echnology need o alida e es ima es o
cus ome load wi h cus ome da a [31]. The p ocesses o sma
g id deploymen maybe slow due o echnology imma u i y;
and non con i ma ion abou small scale capi al in es men s
and e u ns on i [23]. Fu he , because o his imma u i y o
echnology, ancilla y acili y canno cop up wi h he
equi emen s o sma g ids [30].
2.8. Lack o necessa y echnical skills and knowledge
As we mo e owa ds achie ing echnology ans e
p ocess comple ion and u he u ilizing he echnology, he e
would be con inuous demand o new cad e o ained
enginee s and manage s o b idge he gap and o de elop new
skills in analy ics, da a managemen and decision suppo [32].
The u ili y indus ies ind echnical compe ence as one ba ie
o he adop ion o sma g id echnologies and o ganiza ions
may pos pone o e en cancel he adop ion decision because o
he lack o necessa y echnical skills and knowledge [23].
2.9. In eg a ion o he g id wi h la ge scale enewable gene a ion
To enhance he capaci y o elec ici y sys ems and educe
hei dependency on non- enewable ene gy sou ces,
In eg a ion o bo h cen al and dis ibu ed gene a ion may be
iden i ied impo an ; and in eg a ion o he g id wi h la ge
scale enewable gene a ion equi es coo dina ion among
di e en supplie s o ene gy [7]. I may also equi e e icien ly
linking he di e en powe sou ces wi h he g owing demands
o consume [1]. An impo an ea u e o sma g ids is he
in e connec ion be ween la ge numbe o dissimila ene gy
dis ibu ion ne wo ks, powe gene a ing sou ces and ene gy
consume s [21] leading o many bene i s: economic;
en i onmen al; social; ope a ional e c. P oposed sma g id
may be an ul a la ge scale sys em o sys ems whe e di e en
sys ems need o exchange meaning ul, ac ionable in o ma ion,
wi h common meaning and ag eed ypes o esponses o a
deg ee which has no been used in he indus y be o e [35].
Lack o coo dina ion be ween elec ic ene gy and elecom
agencies is a ba ie o e ec i e sma g id de elopmen [27].
2.10. Need o ad anced bi-di ec ional communica ion sys ems
Bi-di ec ional low o ene gy and in o ma ion may be
ecognized as backbone o sma g id; and ad anced
communica ions echnology is an essen ial enabling
componen o he u u e sma g id. The sma me e ing
communica ions is a majo componen o he o e all sma
g id communica ions a chi ec u e [21]. Dis ibu ion o eal
ime con ol o elec ici y ne wo ks among di e en gene a ing
poin s, ansmission ne wo ks and end-use s may be a
challenging job [40]. Con ol sys ems will ha e o be modi ied
and new ope a ing p ocedu es will need o be de eloped like
dealing no only wi h he bidi ec ional powe as well as wo-
way da a communica ion sys em [41].
2.11. Lack o open s anda ds
Lack o clea s anda ds and guidelines ac oss he g id o
suppo sys em in e ope abili y, has been iden i ied as a
ba ie o sma g id deploymen [29]. In e ope abili y
s anda ds se o ene gy dis ibu ion ne wo ks, powe
gene a ing sou ces and ene gy consume s, may no keep pace
wi h sma g id ins alla ions. Many p op ie a y s anda ds
which a e in use oday a e equi ed o be eplaced by open
s anda ds and open s anda ds will help in encou aging
mul iple supplie s o inno a e new echnologies and compe e
wi h ega ds o ea u es and pe o mance [35]. The sma g id
ins alla ion may become e y success ul ollowing he success
s o y o in e ne adop ing consis en and open s anda ds
wo ldwide like HTML and in e ne p o ocol. In ac , open
s anda ds o sma g id ins alla ion ha e been obse ed in
ei he in oduc ion phase o de elopmen phase in a ious
de eloping and e en in de eloped coun ies. I is going o ake
long ime in comple ing, s abilizing and no malizing hem
[42].
2.12. Cybe secu i y and da a p i acy
Sma g id communica ions may play an impo an ole in
main aining high le els o elec ic sys ems': eliabili y;
pe o mance and manageabili y. Bu a he same ime, he g id
may o subjec ed o a ack because many o he echnologies
being deployed o suppo sma g id p ojec s, like sma
me e s, senso s, and ad anced communica ion ne wo ks, a e
in e ope able and open [7,24]. F equen sma me e ing da a
collec ion and analysis may help in imp o ing ene gy
e iciency and aming u u e policy, howe e his comes a
he cos o use p i acy [21]. Cybe sys ems may be
ulne able o wo ms, i uses, denial-o - se ice a acks,
malwa e, phishing, and use e o s ha comp omise in eg i y
and a ailabili y [43]. Analyzing and implemen ing sma g id
secu i y may be a challenging ask, conside ing he scale o
he po en ial damages ha could be caused by cybe a acks
[44].
2.13 E ec o sola cells and elec ic ehicles on sma g id
Sola cells ene gy is widely used in now a days and i is
he u u e o ene gy wi h wind ene gy and o he enewable
ene gy esou ces. Elec ic ene gy can be p oduced om sola
ene gy in wo ways one is di ec and i is he sola cells he
o he is indi ec and his way use sola ene gy as a sou ce o
hea and hen use he hea ene gy o p oduce he s eam ha
d i e he s eam u bine which ac as a p ime mo e o
synch onous gene a o . The sola ene gy a ec on sma g id
as a ype o dis ibu ed gene a ion (DG) i 's e ec is in he way
o connec ion is i di ec ly o g id in o he wo ds is used as a
supply o i is connec ed o he consume load di ec ly
(isola ed mode) o i is connec ed o he consume load and in
peak o sola cells ou pu i gi e he o e ene gy o he g id. In
he way o a connec ion as a supply and a he consume load
and in peak o sola cells ou pu i gi e he o e ene gy o he
g id he da a way is a ec ed because o di e en adia ion o
sun and empe a u e o sola cells and hei e ec on sola
cells ou pu (I-V and P-V) as discussed p e iously. Elec ic
ehicles is he u u e o ca s and i has wo modes he i s is
Elec ic ehicles(EV) cha ging om he g id as shown in
ig.18 and ig.19 he o he mode is ehicle o g id (V2G) in
his mode he ca is connec ed o g id as a backup sou ce o
elec ic ene gy. Elec ic ehicles is cha ging when he ene gy
in he g id comes om sola o wind o less he emission gases
o con en ional s a ions his equi e a good da a and a