Effect of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles on Smart Grid

Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 1  Abs ac -Global elec ici y demands a e inc easing a apid pace. Ene gy supply, hei usage and echnologies in ol ed need o be mo e economical, en i onmen iendly and socially sus ainable. E o s a e being done all o e he globe o educe his g een house e ec ; and enewable ene gy echnologies o comba clima e changes, which equi e ex ensi e changes o he cu en elec ici y gene a ion and dis ibu ion sys ems. To mee his goal, i is equi ed o op imize he g id ope a ions and a ailable esou ces o mee he e e inc easing ene gy demands in an e icien , e ec i e and en i onmen sus ainable way. So s ong and huge in e es s on sma g id ha e inc eased ex ensi ely in ecen yea s a ound he wo ld. This scena io could be a p omising eason o u u e esea ch in his a ea. This nex o m o elec ici y g id will be able o manage a ious pa s o powe p oduc ion om powe plan s o he cus ome s. Renewable ene gy sou ces appea s ongly in sma g id so in his pape he e ec o his sou ces will be s udied also elec ic ehicles ha e a g ea e ec on sma g id in as uc u e ,communica ion and con ol his pape will discuss his e ec i i come om he elec ic ehicle mode o ehicle o g id mode. Index Te ms-- Sma g id, Renewable ene gy, Dis ibu ed Gene a ion, Ba ie s, Pho o ol aic. I. INTRODUCTION HE elec ical powe gene a ion and dis ibu ion using adi ional g ids ha se e consume s o day ha e been e ol ed o e mo e han a hund ed yea s. Cu en g ids ha e se ed well in he pas bu will no be adequa e in he u u e [1,2] in e ms o hei e iciency and en i onmen iendliness. Howe e , new challenges a e a ising om e e inc easing consume demands, global wa ming and deple ion o non- enewable ene gy sou ces a much apid a e [3,4]. Elec ici y g ids mus ensu e sa e, secu e, unin e up ed and sus ainable elec ici y supplies; ake ad an age o new echnologies and in eg a e wi h la ge scale enewable gene a ion sys ems. To mee equi emen o managing in e mi ency o enewable ene gy sou ces in elligen ly o a oid u u e supply ailu es, which p o ide an excellen oppo uni y o he deploymen o sma g id echnologies adop ion needs o be conside ed as an excellen oppo uni y [5] he sma g id a chi ec u e is shown in igu e 1. As peak demand o elec ici y is inc easing a apid pace in all egions, sma g ids deploymen may also help in managing he inc ease in p ojec ed peak demand [6]. 1. D i e s o sma g id The elec ici y supply indus y is acing lo o challenges: supply-demand gap; ising cos s; low ene gy e iciencies; and global wa ming, caused by adi ional elec ici y gene a ion and dis ibu ion p ac ices. Also he e a e many o he ac o s which a e d i ing he need o adop ion and implemen a ion o he sma g id echnologies. Some o he key d i e s o sma g id echnologies a e: inc easing demand o elec ici y; supply sho alls o elec ici y; need o educ ion losses; peak demand manage- men ; in eg a ion o enewable ene gy gene a ion sys ems; solu ion o global wa ming; e ec i e use o elec ic ehicles; be e cus ome sa is ac ion; o e coming di icul ies in me e eading; poo e iciencies o con en ional powe gene a ion sys ems; po en ial o echnological ad ancemen s and new business oppo uni ies [7]. A summa y o hese impo an d i e s ha e been gi en below. Fig. 1. Sma g id powe sys em a chi ec u e. 1.1 Inc easing demand o elec ici y Global ene gy demand inc eased may be assigned o many alid easons: inc easing wo ld popula ion; g owing needs o p oduc s; apid indus ializa ion a e; high cus omized and digi alized se ices; apid de elopmen o sma home Alaa . A . Zaky Depa men o elec ical Powe Enginee ing Uni e si y o Ka elshiekh Ka elshiekh, Egyp E ec o Renewable Ene gy and Elec ic Vehicles on Sma G id T Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 2 appliances; communica ion sys ems' elec ici y demand; lazy la ish li e s yle os e ing au oma ion (using elec ical and elec ical gadge s); inc eased usage o elec ici y d i en ehicles; la e hou s wo king cul u e equi ing app op ia e illumina ion; and inc easing demand o elec ici y in p o iding human com o s (ai condi ioning) [8]. As pe he In e na ional Ene gy Agency (IEA), he global ene gy demand will inc ease by mo e han 50 pe cen ill 2030 [3]. Due o lack o eal- ime p icing signals, peak demand is also expec ed o inc ease s eadily o e ime [5]. 1.2 Supply sho alls o elec ici y Supply-demand ension has aken i s oll in a ious coun ies a ound he wo ld o e he las se e al yea s. Go e nmen s and u ili ies ha e aced gaps be ween elec ici y supply and demand, which has led o blackou s and load shedding and ansla ed in o elec ici y sho alls [9]. Elec ici y gene a ion is no g owing a he same pace as o inc ease in demand, causing sho all o elec ici y supply [10]. 1.3 Need o educ ion in losses G ea losses ha e been obse ed aking place in gene a ion, ansmission, dis ibu ion and usage o elec ici y. These losses need o be app op ia ely add essed wi h con inuously moni o ing o s op he common p oblems like he o elec ici y [11]. 1.4 Peak demand managemen Managing peak demand (which has been obse ed inc easing apidly o e he las ew decades because o many alid easons such inc easing numbe o consume s, a o dable elec ical appliances and se ices e c.) may be ecognized as challenge o all imes. In ac , peak demand mismanagemen may lead o: exe ex a bu den on p esen elec ic g id [7]; and equi e highe ese e ma gins o un o eseeable ou ages. 1.5 In eg a ion o enewable ene gy gene a ion sys ems Renewable ene gy echnologies can educe en i onmen al as well as social impac s and p o ide low cos al e na i es han con en ional ene gy echnologies o a ious applica ions [12]. I will also add o he capaci y o exis ing sys em and educe he emission o g een house gases, which a e esponsible o global wa ming and ozone laye deple ion [13]. 1.6 Solu ion o global wa ming I has been accep ed globally ha en i onmen al pollu ion has been eached o end limi s [11]. I is es ima ed ha he Uni ed S a es is he sou ce o one- ou h o he wo ld's GHG emissions and ha he elec ic powe indus y accoun s o one- hi d o hese [14]. Use o sma g id echnologies may be ealized as an in elligen and sma answe minimizing GHG. 1.7 E ec i e use o elec ic ehicles A sma g id may accommoda e elec ic ehicle cha ging and i may b ing all elemen s o he elec ici y sys em close oge he o imp o e o e all sys em ope a ion o he bene i o consume s and he en i onmen [15]. Sma g id echnologies may be u ilized o gene a e en i onmen iendly elec ici y and eed huge anspo a ion sys ems like ‗Delhi Me o Railway Co po a ion‘ ne wo k elec ici y demand. 1.8 Be e cus ome sa is ac ion Sma g ids gi e consume s a isibili y in o eal- ime p icing and p o ide oppo uni y o minimize he o al amoun o hei bills by sma ly choosing he olume and p ice o consump ion ha bes sui s hei needs [16]. 1.9 O e coming di icul ies in me e eading Sma me e ing may enable he me e eading nea ly ins an aneous and emo ely [17] leading o many ad an ages: less ime consuming; cos e ec i e and accu a e. Fu he , i may also lead o ha e be e main ained cus ome ela ions by p o iding anspa ency in me e eading sys em. 1.10 Poo e iciencies o con en ional powe gene a ion sys ems T adi ional powe gene a ion sys ems ha e been obse ed wi h poo e iciencies. Sma g id echnologies may be good solu ion o sa e a easonable quan i y o uel and g eenhouse gas emissions [5]. 1.11 Po en ial o echnological ad ancemen s The echnological ad ancemen in he ield o compu ing and elecommunica ions may suppo he concep o sma g id echnologies adop ion as i equi es lo o measu emen s moni o ing, compu ing and communica ions as a ne wo k [18]. The de elopmen o he sma g id may led o ealize he ull po en ial o indi idual echnologies (dis ibu ed sola pho o ol aic's (PV), elec ic ca s, demand-side managemen , and la ge cen al s a ion enewable such as wind and sola a ms) suppo ing non con en ional powe gene a ion [5]. 1.12 New business oppo uni ies Sma g id echnologies implemen a ion may open hose o new business oppo uni ies in he ield o manu ac u ing o inno a i e p oduc s, p ocesses and se ices [7]. Manu ac u ing o ools, equipmen s, ins umen s and appa a us supposed o be used in sma powe gene a ion and dis ibu ion (like sma powe me e ); and sma appliances (elec ic ehicles) may be seen as good examples o business oppo uni ies in manu ac u ing sec o . Taking in o accoun he his o y o published pape s in he a ea o sma g id Fig. 2 shows he published i ems abou sma g id in a pe iod o 20 yea s. As shown in Fig. 2, he i ems abou his opic ha e jus been published om 2001. Thus, i is obse ed ha sma g id is ex ensi ely new opic. Mo eo e , be o e 2008 he e we e less han 50 pape s and only a e 2008 his esea ch a ea has become a ho opic. Ob iously, in 2011 he e was a apid inc ease in numbe o publica ions and ci a ions (Fig. 3). Fu he mo e, al hough in 2012 he published wo ks we e abou 1/3 o 2011, howe e , he ci a ion numbe , as shown in Fig. 3, is equal in 2011 and 2012. The e o e, he p omising u u e o sma g id will be gua an eed. II. PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELS Wi h inc easing conce ns abou ossil uel de ici , sky ocke ing oil p ices, global wa ming, and damage o en i onmen and ecosys em, he p omising incen i es o de elop al e na i e ene gy esou ces wi h high e iciency and Low emissions a e o g ea impo ance. Among he enewable ene gy esou ces, he ene gy h ough he pho o ol aic (PV) e ec can be conside ed he mos essen ial and p e equisi e sus ainable esou ce because o he ubiqui y, abundance, and sus ainabili y o sola adian ene gy. Rega dless o he in e mi ency o sunligh , sola ene gy is widely a ailable and comple ely ee o cos . Recen ly, pho o ol aic a ay sys em is likely ecognized and widely u ilized o he o e on in elec ic powe applica ions. I can gene a e di ec cu en elec ici y wi hou en i onmen al impac and con amina ion Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 3 when is exposed o sola adia ion. Being a semiconduc o de ice, he PV sys em is s a ic, qui e, and ee o mo ing pa s, and hese make i ha e li le ope a ion and main enance cos s. E en hough he PV sys em is posed o i s high capi al ab ica ion cos and low con e sion e iciency, he sky ocke ing oil p ices make sola ene gy na u ally iable ene gy supply wi h po en ially long- e m bene i s. PV module ep esen s he undamen al powe con e sion uni o a PV gene a o sys em. The ou pu cha ac e is ics o PV module depends on he sola insola ion, he cell empe a u e and ou pu ol age o PV module. Since PV module has nonlinea cha ac e is ics, i is necessa y o model i o he design and simula ion o maximum powe poin acking (MPPT) o PV sys em applica ions. The ma hema ical PV models used in compu e simula ion ha e been buil o o e he pas ou decades. Almos all well-de eloped PV models desc ibe he ou pu cha ac e is ics mainly a ec ed by he sola insola ion, cell empe a u e, and load ol age. Howe e , he equi alen ci cui models a e implemen ed on simula ion pla o ms o powe elec onics, such as SPICE. Recen ly, a numbe o powe ul componen -based elec onics simula ion so wa e package ha e become popula in he design and de elopmen o powe elec onics applica ions. The elec omagne ic adia ion o sola ene gy can be di ec ly con e ed elec ici y h ough pho o ol aic e ec . Being exposed o he sunligh , pho ons wi h ene gy g ea e han he band-gap ene gy o he semiconduc o a e abso bed and c ea e some elec on-hole pai s p opo ional o he inciden i adia ion. Unde he in luence o he in e nal elec ic ields o he p-n junc ion, hese ca ie s a e swep apa and c ea e a pho ocu en which is di ec ly p opo ional o sola insola ion. PV sys em na u ally exhibi s a nonlinea I-V and P-V cha ac e is ics which a y wi h he adian in ensi y and cell empe a u e. Fig. 2. Published i ems abou sma g id in ecen 20 yea s The elec ical ci cui able o ep esen a pho o ol aic module is shown a Fig.4.The p oposed simula ion model is shown in igs. 5,6and ig.7.F om Fig.4 Imodule = Iph - ID – IRP (1) Whe e: Imodule is he pho o ol aic module ou pu cu en ; Iph is he Pho o-cu en ; ID is he Diode cu en ; IRP is he Pa allel esis ance cu en . The ol age-cu en cha ac e is ic equa ion o a sola cell is gi en as I = IPH − IS[ exp (q(V + IRS) / KTC A) −1 ]− (V + IRS) / RP (2) Whe e IS is he cell sa u a ion o da k cu en , q (= 1.6 ×10−19C) is an elec on cha ge, k (= 1.38 ×10−23J/K) is a Bol zmann‘scons an , TC is he cell‘s wo king empe a u e, A is an ideal ac o , RP is a shun esis ance, and RS is a se ies esis ance. The pho ocu en mainly depends on he sola insola ion and cell‘s wo king empe a u e, which is desc ibed as IPH = [ISC + KI (TC −TRe )]S (3) Whe e ISC is he cell‘s sho -ci cui cu en a a 25°C and 1kW/m2, KI is he cell‘s sho -ci cui cu en empe a u e coe icien , TRe is he cell‘s e e ence empe a u e, and S is he sola insola ion in kW/m2. Fig. 3. Ci a ion i ems abou sma g id in ecen 20 yea s. Fig. 4: Pho o ol aic module elec ical ci cui . Fig. 5 Gene alized PV model. Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 4 Fig.6 Subsys em implemen a ion o gene alized PV model. Fig. 7 Masked implemen a ion o gene alized PV model. П.1 Sola cells modules simula ion The i s simula ion esul is p esen ed o check da a-shee in o ma ion. In his case, jus one module will be simula ed, i.e., Ns =Np=1. Figu e shows a compa ison be ween I-V simula ions gene a ed cu es and da a-shee ones. The pho o ol aic module in o ma ion was ex ac om Kyoce a KC200GT da a-shee . Table I summa izes he main in o ma ion TABLE I KYOCERA KC200GT PHOTOVO LTAIC MODULE SPECIFICAIONS Analyzing Figu e.8, i is possible o no ice ha bo h, da ashee and simula ion esul s, a e in o al acco dance. The p oposed modeling is able o ep esen he pho o ol aic issue o a wide ange o adia ion and empe a u e a ia ion. In o de o check he p ecision o he modeling, simula ion esul s, speci ic en i onmen condi ion, a e p esen ed in Fig. 9. The p esen esul s con i m and alida e he modeling. The measu ed poin s a he g aphic, p ac ically, coincide o he Table I da a. Fig.8 Da a-shee and simula ion I-V cu es o he pho o ol aic module. (a) and (c): da a-shee ;(b) and (d): simula ion Fig.9 Simula ion esul s. (a) and (b) : S=1000W/m2 , T=25°C ; (c) and (d): Speci ica ions @ S=1000W/m2 , T=25°C and AM=1,5 Maximum Powe ( Pmax ) 200W Maximum Powe Vol age ( Vmpp ) 26.3V Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp ) 7.61A Open Ci cui Vol age ( Voc ) 32.9V Sho Ci cui Cu en ( Isc) 8.21A Tempe a u e Coe icien o Isc ( UI ) 3. 18·10"A C Speci ica ions @ S=800W/m2 , T=47°C and AM= 1,5 Maximum Powe ( Pmax ) 142.2W Maximum Powe Vol age ( Vmpp ) 23.2V Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp ) 6.I3A Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 5 800W/m2 , T=47°C . Nex simula ion will conside a pho o ol aic associa ion, cons i u ed by 54 modules. The a ay con igu a ion is shown a Table 2. TABLE 2 KYOCERA KC200GT PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS Speci ica ions @ S= l000W/m2, T=25°C and AM= 1,5 Np 3 Ns 18 Maximum Powe (Pmax) 10.8kW Maximum Powe Vol age (Vmpp) 473.4V Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp) 22.83A Open Ci cui Vol age ( Voc ) 592.2V Sho Ci cui Cu en ( Isc) 24.63A F om he ma hema ical modeling and a ay speci ica ions some simula ions we e ealized. The main esul s a e p esen ed in Figu e 10. Fig.10 Da a-shee and simula ion I-V cu es o he pho o ol aic a ay unde di e en alue o adia ion and empe a u e Fo a PV cell wi h an ideal I-V cha ac e is ic, i s open ci cui ol age and sho -ci cui cu en a e gi en as Voc = 0.596V and Isc = 2.0 A , espec i ely. In addi ion, NS = NP = 1 o a PV cell. Bo h I-V and P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics o gene alized PV model o a cell a e shown in Figs. 11-12. The nonlinea na u e o PV cell is appa en as shown in he igu es, i.e., he ou pu cu en and powe o PV cell depend on he cell‘s e minal ope a ing ol age and empe a u e, and sola insola ion as well. We ind om Figs. 11(a) and 11(b) ha wi h inc ease o wo king empe a u e, he sho -ci cui cu en o he PV cell inc eases, whe eas he maximum powe ou pu dec eases. Inasmuch as he inc ease in he ou pu cu en is much less han he dec ease in he ol age, he ne powe dec eases a high empe a u es. On he o he hand, we obse e om Figs. 12(a) and 12(b) ha wi h inc ease o sola insola ion, he sho -ci cui cu en o he PV module inc eases, and he maximum powe ou pu inc eases as well. The eason is he open-ci cui ol age is loga i hmically dependen on he sola i adiance, ye he sho -ci cui cu en is di ec ly p opo ional o he adian in ensi y. By he same oken, he Sola ex MSX 60 PV module is aken o example. The key speci ica ions a e lis ed in Table 3 in which he nominal ope a ing cell empe a u e (NOCT) is he empe a u e ha he cells will each when hey a e ope a ed a open ci cui in an ambien empe a u e o 20°C unde AM 1.5 i adiance condi ions wi h S=0.8kW/m2 and a wind speed less han 1 m/s. The elec ical cha ac e is ics o PV module a e gene ally ep esen ed by he cu en e sus ol age and powe e sus ol age cu es. Bo h I-V and P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics o PV module a a ious insola ion and empe a u es a e ca ied ou and he esul s a e shown in Figs. 13-14. We also see om Figs. 13(a) and 13(b) ha wi h inc ease o wo king empe a u e, he sho -ci cui cu en o he PV module inc eases, whe eas he maximum powe ou pu dec eases. The inc ease in he sho -ci cui cu en is much less han he dec ease in he open-ci cui ol age, and he e ec makes maximum powe dec easing by abou 0.45%/°C a high empe a u es. On he o he hand, om, we also obse e ha wi h inc ease o sola insola ion, he sho -ci cui cu en and he maximum powe ou pu o he PV module inc ease as shown in Figs. 14(a) and 14(b). The eason is he open-ci cui ol age is loga i hmically dependen on he sola i adiance, ye he sho -ci cui cu en is di ec ly p opo ional o he adian in ensi y. Fo easy simula ion, he sola adia ion in ensi y o a sample day is assumed o be a unc ion o Gaussian unc ion which is de ined as S ( ) = Smax exp[ − ( – C )2 / 2σ2 ] whe e Smax is he maximal adia ion in ensi y a a gi en ime, C is he cen e ime, and σ is he s anda d de ia ion o Gaussian unc ion. Fig. 9 shows a plo o he Gaussian unc ion o he sola adia ion in ensi y o a sample day wi h he condi ions Smax =1kW/m2 , C =12 , and σ = 0.5 . The peak o sunligh in ensi y occu s a noon. The cell empe a u e o a sample day is assumed o be a a ixed empe a u e o nominal ope a ing cell empe a u e (NOCT) by igno ing he e ec o he sola i adia ion. Gi en sunligh i adiance o a sample day, he ou pu cu en is go e ned by i s ou pu ol age which is de e mined by he ensuing load. Wi hou aking cell empe a u e a ia ions in o conside a ion, he maximum powe is de e mined by bo h adia ion in ensi y and ou pu ol age. Fo di e en ou pu ol age, he ou pu powe is shown in Fig. 16 o a sample day. Fo easy compa isons, he oo mean squa e (R.M.S.) alues o ou pu powe o a ious ou pu ol age o a sample day a e calcula ed an depic ed in Fig. 17. The maximum R.M.S. powe du ing he cou se o a sample day occu s wi h he ou pu ol age in he ange o 15-16V. Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 6 Fig.11(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc Fig.11(b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc Fig.12(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S Fig.12(b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S. Fig.13(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 7 Fig.13 (b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en Tc Fig.14(a) I-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S. Fig.14(b) P-V ou pu cha ac e is ics wi h di e en S. Fig.15 Sola adia ion in ensi y o a sample day in he o m o Gaussian unc ion Fig.16 Powe cha ac e is ics du ing a sample day o di e en ol age. Fig.17 R.M.S. alues o ou pu powe o a ious ou pu ol age TABLE 3 SOLAREX MSX 60 SPECIFICATIONS (1KW/M2, 25°C) Typical Maximum Powe (Pmax) 60W Maximum Powe Vol age (Vmpp) 17.1V Maximum Powe Cu en (Impp) 3.5A Sho -ci cui cu en (ISC) 3.8A Open-ci cui ol age (VOC) 21.1V Tempe a u e coe icien o open- ci cui ol age 73mV/ C Tempe a u e coe icien o sho - ci cui cu en (KI) 3mA/ C App oxima e e ec o empe a u e on powe 0.38W/ C Nominal ope a ing cell empe a u e (NOCT) 49 C Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 8 2. Ba ie s o sma g id Technologies adop ion iden i ica ion Today's g ids a e based on he mal powe gene a ion sys ems obse ed wi h less e iciency and emission o GHG gases, which in u n causes global wa ming and ozone laye deple ion. These a e connec ed o la ge cen al powe s a ions high ol age ansmission sys ems and supply powe o medium; and low- ol age local dis ibu ion sys ems [1]. These con en ional g ids ha e been epo ed lacking in ad ance moni o ing and con olling ea u es. Con en ional sou ces o ene gy a e also deple ing a e y apid pace and hey a e expec ed o anish wi hin ew decades. In his scena io, sma g id echnologies adop ion becomes mo e impo an and ele an . The bene i s o he sma g id a e subs an ial; and i has he po en ial o educe GHG emissions, educe ene gy cos s, ul ill g owing needs and imp o e load con ol [2]. Howe e , he po en ial ad an ages o sma g id echnologies a e e y a ac i e, he ex en o sma g id echnologies adop ion and ac ual ealiza ion o bene i s is e y low. Only a small po ion o he companies ha e begun expe imen ing o ad ancemen and making i p ac ically easible o adop [23]. Va ious ba ie s o implemen sma g id echnologies adop ion ha e been iden i ied om he li e a u e e iew; so ed a e discussions wi h expe s; and alida ed by expe s' opinions and b ain s o ming session. Li e a u e was e iewed o iden i y po en ial ba ie s o sma g id echnologies adop ion ollowed by conduc ion o an idea enginee ing wo kshop wi h expe s (academia and indus y) o alida e he iden i ied ba ie s om li e a u e e iew. Fou expe s we e om academia and h ee expe s we e om indus y. B ain s o ming session was conduc ed o each consensuses abou he con ex ual ela ionships (pai wise) o o m a s uc u al sel in e ac ion ma ix Twel e mos impo an ele an ba ie s in adap a ion o sma gi d echnologies, esul ed om abo e men ioned exhaus i e exe cise, ha e been b ie ly de ailed. 2.1. Huge amoun o in es men and lack o inancial esou ces Implemen a ion o sma g ids will equi e addi ional in es men and inancial ese es o he sma g id echnology ans e , p o ision o adequa e in as uc u e, communica ion sys ems, hi ing o skilled p o essionals (enginee ing and o he p o essionals), R&D wo k and in eg a ion wi h enewable ene gy sou ces. Howe e , he payback pe iod is ela i ely long compa ing agains high ini ial in es men [24]. Al hough, subs an ial en i onmen al and socie al bene i s may be achie ed by implemen a ion o sma g id echnologies, go e nmen au ho i ies may need o ha e su icien p oo s o jus i ica ion o high in es men [19]. Vendo s' and o iginal equipmen manu ac u e s' eluc ance has o be p ope ly emo ed by ensu ing gua an eed e u n (long e m) o sys ema ic payback scheme suppo ed by incen i es and subsidies p o ided by go e nmen au ho i ies [25]. Also, many de eloped and de eloping na ions a ec ed by he global ecession a e s uggling o pay o enewal o he en i e majo in as uc u e and a e acing inancial challenges [26]. 2.2. Ma ke unce ain y The e a e no ye speci ic policies and egula ions o ee ma ke s a i s [27]. The s anda ds and business modes o sma g ids ha e o be es ablished owa ds uni e sally accep ed s anda dized egula o y de ini ions o gene a e e enue [29–31]. Adequa e in In e na ional bodies 'consensus and go e nmen consensus, s ong poli ical commi men and global coope a ion a e lacking o o ganize he dynamics o ene gy ma ke [1]. 2.3. Lack o egula o y ame wo k Mos o he elec ical sys ems o wo ld egula e elec ic powe h ough policies and egula o y ame wo ks designed along back ago [32]: al hough app op ia e o hose imes, many o hose egula ions a e now obsole e. T adi ional egula o y sys ems a e no ha monized and end o discou age in es men in inno a i e echnologies like sma g id. The egula o y aspec s o he sma g ids a e cu en ly ambiguous [33–36]. Powe u ili y ela ed policies and p ocedu es may be amed o assu e compliance wi h legisla i e o egula o y equi emen s o sma g id echnologies implemen a ion [37]. 2.4. Low public awa eness and engagemen Cus ome equi emen s o he sma g id echnologies a e lacking due o inadequa e incen i es o consume s o adop sys ems o manage hei elec ici y consump ion [38]. Gene al public need o be educa ed and awa e h ough p ope ly managed awa eness p og ams educa ing hem abou bene i s o sma g id and echnicali ies o usage sma g id may be ins alled wi h ad anced me e ing and wo-way communica ion along wi h ime-o -use a es. Reluc ance o public o adop ion o sma g id ins alla ions is o be ca e ully ackled. Consume ad oca es may objec o ce ain sma g id unc ionali y, such as emo e disconnec and new a es in he in e es o p o ec ing disad an aged consume s [25]. 2.5. Lack o inno a i eness in he indus y O ganiza ional a i udes owa ds inno a ion may be e y discou aging [23]. Ins ead o looking o inno a i e solu ions o he p oblems o socie al bene i s, hey wan o wo k wi h adi ional me hods o sa e and gua an eed e u n on in es men . F om a company's poin o iew, implemen ing a sma ene gy solu ion in a p e iously well- unc ioning en i onmen may educe eliabili y and e okes wo ies abou a loss o con ol, i au oma ic swi ching ope a ions a e in ended. Companies ha e ea o losing hei adi ional cus ome s i hey s a using inno a i e echnologies [29]. Inno a ion in echnologies and sys ems like sma me e s, ene gy con olle s, communica ion sys ems ha e been equi ed o imp o ing e iciencies in he sma g ids [39]. 2.6. Lack o in as uc u e Addi ional in a s uc u e will be equi ed o he deploymen and ope a ion o sma g id echnologies. The sma g id maybe unde s ood as mode n elec ic powe g id in as uc u e o imp o ing e iciency and eliabili y h ough au oma ed con ol, high powe con e e s, mode n communica ions in as uc u e, sensing and me e ing echnologies, and mode n ene gy managemen echniques based on he op imiza ion o demand, ene gy and ne wo k a ailabili y, and soon [17]. A well de ined communica ion a chi ec u e, senso s, in elligen elec onic de ices, dis ibu ed ene gy esou ces, cybe secu i y de ices, ad anced me e ing sys em and o he end-use de ices a e key elemen s o sma g id which need o be added in he p esen elec ici y sys em [33]. Addi ional s and-by capaci y o elec ici y gene a ion Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/15. 9 migh be equi ed o he imes when he in e mi en enewable ene gy esou ces cease o gene a e powe [1]. 2.7. Technology imma u i y As he sma g id echnology is s ill eme ging and s anda ds a e no in place, all o i s ea u es a e no ye es ed and p o ed [32] and echnology need o alida e es ima es o cus ome load wi h cus ome da a [31]. The p ocesses o sma g id deploymen maybe slow due o echnology imma u i y; and non con i ma ion abou small scale capi al in es men s and e u ns on i [23]. Fu he , because o his imma u i y o echnology, ancilla y acili y canno cop up wi h he equi emen s o sma g ids [30]. 2.8. Lack o necessa y echnical skills and knowledge As we mo e owa ds achie ing echnology ans e p ocess comple ion and u he u ilizing he echnology, he e would be con inuous demand o new cad e o ained enginee s and manage s o b idge he gap and o de elop new skills in analy ics, da a managemen and decision suppo [32]. The u ili y indus ies ind echnical compe ence as one ba ie o he adop ion o sma g id echnologies and o ganiza ions may pos pone o e en cancel he adop ion decision because o he lack o necessa y echnical skills and knowledge [23]. 2.9. In eg a ion o he g id wi h la ge scale enewable gene a ion To enhance he capaci y o elec ici y sys ems and educe hei dependency on non- enewable ene gy sou ces, In eg a ion o bo h cen al and dis ibu ed gene a ion may be iden i ied impo an ; and in eg a ion o he g id wi h la ge scale enewable gene a ion equi es coo dina ion among di e en supplie s o ene gy [7]. I may also equi e e icien ly linking he di e en powe sou ces wi h he g owing demands o consume [1]. An impo an ea u e o sma g ids is he in e connec ion be ween la ge numbe o dissimila ene gy dis ibu ion ne wo ks, powe gene a ing sou ces and ene gy consume s [21] leading o many bene i s: economic; en i onmen al; social; ope a ional e c. P oposed sma g id may be an ul a la ge scale sys em o sys ems whe e di e en sys ems need o exchange meaning ul, ac ionable in o ma ion, wi h common meaning and ag eed ypes o esponses o a deg ee which has no been used in he indus y be o e [35]. Lack o coo dina ion be ween elec ic ene gy and elecom agencies is a ba ie o e ec i e sma g id de elopmen [27]. 2.10. Need o ad anced bi-di ec ional communica ion sys ems Bi-di ec ional low o ene gy and in o ma ion may be ecognized as backbone o sma g id; and ad anced communica ions echnology is an essen ial enabling componen o he u u e sma g id. The sma me e ing communica ions is a majo componen o he o e all sma g id communica ions a chi ec u e [21]. Dis ibu ion o eal ime con ol o elec ici y ne wo ks among di e en gene a ing poin s, ansmission ne wo ks and end-use s may be a challenging job [40]. Con ol sys ems will ha e o be modi ied and new ope a ing p ocedu es will need o be de eloped like dealing no only wi h he bidi ec ional powe as well as wo- way da a communica ion sys em [41]. 2.11. Lack o open s anda ds Lack o clea s anda ds and guidelines ac oss he g id o suppo sys em in e ope abili y, has been iden i ied as a ba ie o sma g id deploymen [29]. In e ope abili y s anda ds se o ene gy dis ibu ion ne wo ks, powe gene a ing sou ces and ene gy consume s, may no keep pace wi h sma g id ins alla ions. Many p op ie a y s anda ds which a e in use oday a e equi ed o be eplaced by open s anda ds and open s anda ds will help in encou aging mul iple supplie s o inno a e new echnologies and compe e wi h ega ds o ea u es and pe o mance [35]. The sma g id ins alla ion may become e y success ul ollowing he success s o y o in e ne adop ing consis en and open s anda ds wo ldwide like HTML and in e ne p o ocol. In ac , open s anda ds o sma g id ins alla ion ha e been obse ed in ei he in oduc ion phase o de elopmen phase in a ious de eloping and e en in de eloped coun ies. I is going o ake long ime in comple ing, s abilizing and no malizing hem [42]. 2.12. Cybe secu i y and da a p i acy Sma g id communica ions may play an impo an ole in main aining high le els o elec ic sys ems': eliabili y; pe o mance and manageabili y. Bu a he same ime, he g id may o subjec ed o a ack because many o he echnologies being deployed o suppo sma g id p ojec s, like sma me e s, senso s, and ad anced communica ion ne wo ks, a e in e ope able and open [7,24]. F equen sma me e ing da a collec ion and analysis may help in imp o ing ene gy e iciency and aming u u e policy, howe e his comes a he cos o use p i acy [21]. Cybe sys ems may be ulne able o wo ms, i uses, denial-o - se ice a acks, malwa e, phishing, and use e o s ha comp omise in eg i y and a ailabili y [43]. Analyzing and implemen ing sma g id secu i y may be a challenging ask, conside ing he scale o he po en ial damages ha could be caused by cybe a acks [44]. 2.13 E ec o sola cells and elec ic ehicles on sma g id Sola cells ene gy is widely used in now a days and i is he u u e o ene gy wi h wind ene gy and o he enewable ene gy esou ces. Elec ic ene gy can be p oduced om sola ene gy in wo ways one is di ec and i is he sola cells he o he is indi ec and his way use sola ene gy as a sou ce o hea and hen use he hea ene gy o p oduce he s eam ha d i e he s eam u bine which ac as a p ime mo e o synch onous gene a o . The sola ene gy a ec on sma g id as a ype o dis ibu ed gene a ion (DG) i 's e ec is in he way o connec ion is i di ec ly o g id in o he wo ds is used as a supply o i is connec ed o he consume load di ec ly (isola ed mode) o i is connec ed o he consume load and in peak o sola cells ou pu i gi e he o e ene gy o he g id. In he way o a connec ion as a supply and a he consume load and in peak o sola cells ou pu i gi e he o e ene gy o he g id he da a way is a ec ed because o di e en adia ion o sun and empe a u e o sola cells and hei e ec on sola cells ou pu (I-V and P-V) as discussed p e iously. Elec ic ehicles is he u u e o ca s and i has wo modes he i s is Elec ic ehicles(EV) cha ging om he g id as shown in ig.18 and ig.19 he o he mode is ehicle o g id (V2G) in his mode he ca is connec ed o g id as a backup sou ce o elec ic ene gy. Elec ic ehicles is cha ging when he ene gy in he g id comes om sola o wind o less he emission gases o con en ional s a ions his equi e a good da a and a