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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 97
Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y
and Se bia
ANITA BURGUND1 – ANDREA RÁCZ2
1 Uni e si y o Belg ade, Facul y o Poli ical Sciences, Se bia
2 Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Depa men o Sociology and Social Policy
In oduc ion
Las wo decades he e has been an inc ease in esea ch a ea abou you h lea ing ca e. Un il
las decade o XX Cen u y he e has only been esea ch on small scale samples desc ibing needs
and li e o you h lea ing ca e. A e 1990 esea ch which used di e en esea ch echnique and
design s a o appea in analyzes o he p ocess o you h lea ing ca e. This a icle p o ides a
compa a i e o e iew o policies and p ac ices ega ding he ansi ion om you h o inde-
pendence and pe cei ed di e ences in de ining concep s, laws and ou comes o al e na i e ca e
in Se bia and Hunga y. In gene al, s udies ha e shown ha young people lea ing al e na i e
ca e ace he isk o social exclusion and ma ginaliza ion and a lack o poli ical ac ion di ec ed
a hem as ulne able g oup. You h on ca e belong o unp i ileged g oup because he e is a high
p obabili y ha hey will become bene icia ies o he social p o ec ion sys em, become socially
excluded bu also dependen on social wel a e se ices as adul s.
Al hough in Eu opean coun ies he e is a simila i y in e ms o ca e o young people who
lea e ca e, he di e ences in e ms o economic, social, cul u al and poli ical con ex p obably
in luence he di e en app oaches ega ding he measu es aken o ensu e he well-being o
young people.
The s eng hen o compa ing di e en con ex lies in a be e unde s anding o al e na i e
amewo ks and di e en pe spec i e on solu ions o a success ul ansi ion o independence
o young people in al e na i e ca e.
An impo an ole in he compa a i e analysis has de e mined concep ual appa a us. Key
e ms o be de ined a e: you h in al e na i e ca e, young people lea ing al e na i e ca e and
you h in need o p o ec ion. In addi ion, essen ial o analyze a e he laws ha de ine his g oup
o young people, suppo a ailabili y o young people in he ansi ion o independence, as well
as esea ch indings abou child en and young people who a e in al e na i e ca e o lea ing
al e na i e ca e.
Compa a i e analysis aims o analyze challenges and ou comes o young people lea ing
al e na i e ca e, as well as o explo e he social, poli ical and legal s uc u es ha encou age o
p e en he ansi ion.
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 98
Legal amewo k o You h in Ca e
In Hunga y The Ac 31 o 1997 on he p o ec ion o child en and gua dianship de ines con-
di ions and me hods, age limi s, possible loca ions, p o essional ules and he equi ed p o-
essional ield o ac i i y in ca e p o ision and ca e se ice o young adul s wi h public ca e
backg ound, as well as a e ca e p o ision. In Se bia he e is no Law abou child p o ec ion, all
child igh s a e de e mined in Social Wel a e Ac , Family Ac and s a egy o you h, as well as
na ional s a egy o you h.
Since he Ac was passed in Hunga y, he ope a ion o child p o ec ion was coun y-le el
du ies, bu 2012 and 2013 b ough signi ican changes since he cen aliza ion has s a ed, in
which ce ain asks including he whole sys em o child p o ec ion we e placed a s a e le el.
The s a e became he main aine , inancie and ope a o o child p o ec ion ins i u es. The in-
ol emen o chu ch has been s eng hened in ecen yea s; howe e , he e a e s ill a ew ci il
o ganiza ions in long- e m ca e.
Young people who do no li e wi h hei pa en s due o a ious ci cums ances and a e placed
in os e , kinship o esiden ial ca e in Se bia, a e called you h in al e na i e ca e. Re e ing o
he Guidelines o he al e na i e ca e o child en (UN, 2010), as an in e na ional ins umen
which is close o he in e p e a ion o he p o isions o he Con en ion on al e na i e ca e and
“p e e ed o ien a ion o policy and p ac ice”, i comes o signi ican e o ms in he ield o
social wel a e in Se bia and he egion. The p ocesses o deins i u ionaliza ion o child en and
you h wi hou pa en al ca e a e ca ied ou since 2002 in he Republic o Se bia, Mon eneg o
and Bosnia and He zego ina and in ensi ied since 2006 (Žega ac, 2014). I c ea ed a numbe o
new mechanisms, s anda ds and ins umen s o b ing he signi ican changes in he p ac ice o
p o ec ion o child en, paying special a en ion o child en in al e na i e ca e.
The e is ambigui y and disag eemen o e he use o he e m you h o al e na i e ca e in
Se bia. As p e iously men ioned, despi e in oduced he sys em o child ca e, un il ecen ly
used he e m “child en in he sys em o social p o ec ion.” This e m included he young people
who li e in ex a amilial en i onmen , as well as young people who use social se ices due o
beha io al p oblems o men al heal h, o due o po e y, whe e hei pa en amilies occu s as a
ecipien o inancial assis ance. Pa icula con usion in compa a i e esea ch c ea es he e m
social p o ec ion because al hough all men ioned g oups o young people a e being encom-
passed in Se bia, he global con ex usually e e s o young people who use specialized social
se ices. The hi d obs acle is he seman ic na u e. Al hough ends in helping P o essions in
he wo ld p omo e p oac i e wo k wi h young people on hei s eng hs, ad an ages and po-
en ials, he e m “p o ec ion” implies hei inac i i y and na ows he con ex s o ac ion ha is
no ela ed o p e en ion, de elopmen and imp o emen o unc ioning, li ing condi ions and
posi ion in socie y.
Family Law o he Republic o Se bia p o ides a much wide de ini ion o a child wi hou
pa en al ca e compa ed o o he coun ies, and is pa icula ly con using in his pa o he gui-
delines gi en in he law ha a e go e ning os e ca e (PZ 2005 a .113). This de ini ion is much
b oade han he de ini ion o he Uni ed Na ions which de ines child en wi hou pa en al ca e,
and includes child en wi hou pa en al ca e di ec ly (eg. A child whose pa en s ha e no ye
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 99
acqui ed he capaci y o ake ca e o hei child en and he child abou whom he pa en s ca e
is being assess as inadequa e).
Types o you h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia
The ca e o child emo ed om he /his amily in Hunga y can be done in he ollowing o ms:
1) child en’s home, 2) os e ca e. The e a e 5 ypes o child en’s home: T adi ional ins i u ions
p o ide ca e o qui e a big numbe o child en in smalle li ing qua e s o 12-48 child en.
Apa men -homes p o ide ca e o a maximum o 12 child en in an apa men o amily house.
Special child en’s homes p o ide place o hose child en wi h special needs who ha e psycholo-
gical p oblems, d ug p oblems o su e om beha io al o lea ning di icul ies. In such homes,
he e a e maximum 40 places. The e a e also a ew sepa a e homes o disabled child en, o
child en who a e disabled o ha e special needs because o hei age (unde 3 yea s) wi h ma-
ximum 40 places. The a e -ca e homes p o ide ca e o hose young adul s who a e en i led o
lea e ca e (age 18) bu canno lead an independen li e.
The sys em o os e ca e wen h ough signi ican changes in 2014, so he sepa a ion o
adi ional and p o essional ca ego ies was elimina ed; cu en ly, being a os e pa en means
employmen and i is clea ly he p e e ed o m o ca e in he case o child en unde 12. The e
a e some exemp ions: i he child is se e ely disabled, i is impossible o place siblings oge he ,
ins i u ional placemen is needed due o o he easons o when he pa en equi es ins i u ion-
al ca e. The placemen s a e done g adually. In 2014, a new legal ins i u ion was es ablished, he
child p o ec ion gua dianship ha aims he ep esen a ion o he child en’s in e es ega dless
o he place o ca e, p omo ion o he exe cise o hei igh s, lea ning hei iews and in o m-
ing place o ca e and ele an au ho i y abou child en’s iew. I is an impo an equi emen
o p o ide s abili y e en i he place o ca e is changed; basically child p o ec ion gua dian is
esponsible o li e pa h. 30 child en can belong o a p o essional. The p o essional wo k based
on pe sonalized case wo k.
The legisla i e amewo k on al e na i e ca e in Se bia and he egion in pa icula has de-
eloped in he las i een yea s. The o ms o al e na i e ca e ( esiden ial, os e and kinship)
and o he solu ions a e p o ided o child en who o a ious easons ei he empo a ily o
o e a longe pe iod o ime, canno li e wi h hei pa en s and o child en wi hou pa en s.
The goal o ca e is o ensu e con inui y and s abili y in a sa e and s imula ing en i onmen and
pe manency o he child. Adop ion o he Guidelines on al e na i e ca e (UN, 2010) in Se bia
and he egion has con ibu ed ha special a en ions p o ided o he concep o al e na i e
ca e.
One o he objec i es o he Guidelines is o p o ide de-ins i u ionaliza ion as much as pos-
sible. The i s social wel a e e o ms ha a e aimed a he de elopmen o communi y se ices
and he in ol emen o non-go e nmen al sec o in he p o ision o se ices in Se bia s a ed
in 2000. A comp ehensi e plan o he ans o ma ion o esiden ial social ca e ins i u ions o
child en 2009–2013 ( he so-called. Mas e Plan) has been de eloped by he Minis y o Labo
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 100
and Social Policy wi h he suppo o UNICEF o achie e s a egic objec i es, which a e hen
inco po a ed in he Law on Social P o ec ion (Žega ac, 2014).
In addi ion o es ablishing policies and p ocedu es o ec ui men , e alua ion, aining,
suppo , moni o ing and unding o kinship and os e amilies. Measu es o a oid i egula i ies
we e de eloped in 2006 in o de o p o ide sho e placemen o child en and you h in esi-
den ial ca e (O icial Gaze e 560-03-619 / 2006-14). The documen obliges each CSW o ob ain
p io opinion o he Minis y o e e y placemen o he child unde he age o 18 yea s, as well
as o pe iodically examine he need o u he li ing in ins i u ions. The measu es de ine dead-
lines, and he e iew should be epo ed o he Minis y and he Ins i u e o Social P o ec ion
(MLSP, 2006). A oidance o i egula i ies was signi ican o he p ocess o deins i u ionaliza-
ion in Se bia.
S a is ical da a on Child en and You h in Ca e in Se bia and Hunga y
In Hunga y, he numbe o ulne able child en is app oxima ely 200 000 pe yea , his is he
10% o child en. Less han 1% o he child en li e in long- e m ca e (Papházi, 2014). Acco ding
o he da a o KSH (Hunga ian Cen al S a is ical O ice), 18674 child en and young adul s we e
aised in child p o ec ion long- e m ca e in 2013, 63.8% o hem (11918 people) was placed
in os e ca e. The numbe o young adul s ecei ing a e -ca e p o ision is 2954 (KSH, 2014).
In ela ion o he changes in he numbe o ca e ecipien s, he numbe o child en dec eased
and he numbe o young adul s inc eased be ween 2000 and 2008. F om 2011, he numbe o
child en began o inc ease and exceeded 18 000 while as o he numbe o young adul s, a
educ ion o 700 can be obse ed om 2010. Rega ding he changed ole o he wo g ea es
ca ego y, i can be old ha he ins i u ional ca e domina ed be ween 1997 and 2001, be ween
2001 and 2003 he same p opo ion o child en we e placed in ins i u ional ca e and in os e
ca e (50%-50%); in 2004, he shi owa ds os e ca e has begun, bu signi ican change could
be seen only in 2010. In 2013, 5753 os e pa en s wo ked in Hunga y ( he p o essional s a
was 5% be o e he uni ica ion o os e pa en ing). Nea ly 45% o he os e pa en s aise wo
o h ee child en; he p opo ion o hose who aise one child is 21.2% while 22% o he os e
pa en s aise ou o mo e child en. F ee capaci y is indica ed by he ac ha 12.2% o he os-
e pa en s did no ake ca e o any child in 2013 (KSH, 2014).
As o he young adul s in Hunga y, 55% o hem s ay a os e pa en s a e coming o he
age, 18% o hem ecei e ca e in adi ional child en’s home. Un o una ely, he numbe o plac-
es ha we e es ablished especially o young adul s coming o he age is e y small (a e -ca e
home, a e -ca e apa men home, ou e place (mos ly lodgings)) and 72% o he capaci y is
illed up. Th ee-qua e o he young people ge a e ca e p o ision because o hei s udies
(KSH, 2014).
The e is no s a is ical da a o you h who a e p epa ing o lea ing ca e in Se bia, which may
imply he way o (expec ance) planning he se ice o ca e lea e s.
The e we e signi ican imp o emen s in e ms o de-ins i u ionaliza ion in Se bia. In he pe-
iod om 2000 (when i s e o m p ojec s s a ed) by 2011, he o al numbe o child en and
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 101
you h in social ca e ins i u ions dec eased by 48% om 3554 o 1854), and he o al numbe o
child en and you h wi h disabili ies is educed 36% ARCHIVE ( om 2.020 o 1280) (MLSP and
UNICEF o Žega ac, 2014). Howe e , when i comes o indi idual plans o child en, esea ch
(Žega ac e al., 2014) showed ha a la ge numbe o plans we e ou o ime ame, he indi idu-
al plans we e based on he “one size i all” so he use needs and he le el o hei in ol emen
in planning was in isible and insigni ican . A e an e alua ion o e-assessmen he way o o -
ganizing u he wo k wi h use s, s ill emained ague. The e alua ion o hei si ua ion didn’
con ibu e o p ecise he u he social wo k.
Acco ding o he Regula ions, he ini ial wo k plan should be done in 15 days a e he
i s mee ing wi h he child and amily, and i p e iously de ines di ec ions p o ides an in-
i ial package o measu es and se ices. (O icial Gaze e o RS, Nos. 59/08, 37/10, 39/11
and 1/12, A icle 69). Nex , no la e han 60 days a e he i s con ac , he pe manen-
cy plan o se ices and measu es o a amily and he child should be deli e ed (Fami-
ly Se ice Plan), whene e he e is a need o u he p o ision o se ices and measu es.
The e a e si ua ions in which he child is sepa a ed om pa en al ca e and sen o al e na-
i e ca e. The plan should seek o ensu e con inui y o he child, and de ine ac ions o help
he child o e u n o he amily o o ake easonable e o s in e ms o engaging esou c-
es in amily and he communi y in o de o p e en sepa a ion o he child om amily.
Pe manency plan o he child is pa o he Family Se ice Plan (O icial Gaze e No. 59/08,
37/10, 39/11 and 1/12, A icle 71) and means o de e mine he goals o pe manence and p o-
cedu es necessa y o achie e hese goals. Plan pe manence de e mines he da e (mon h and
yea ) when you will each one o he ollowing objec i es o pe manence, in acco dance wi h
he bes in e es s o he child:
– Keep child en wi h pa en s (one o bo h); e u n o he child o he amily o he pa-
en s; Placemen o a child in a ela i e, os e o gua dian (which means ha a ela i e o
os e pa en unde ake a gua dian’s du y and li elong commi men o he child, and no
simply an accommoda ion in hese en i onmen s); adop ion o a child; ano he pe man-
en li ing a angemen young people h ough independence.
– The Plan de ines e ms o lea ing ca e and emancipa ion (O icial Gaze e o RS, no.
59/08, 37/10, 39/11 and 1/12, A icle 75) which de e mines he necessa y suppo o
emancipa ion. This plan needs o be deli e ed no la e han he age o 14 yea s o all
young people who a e al e na i e ca e whe he a ela i es o in os e and esiden ial
accommoda ion.
Acco ding o he la es esea ch in Se bia (Žega ac e al, 2014) he la ges numbe o chil-
d en who en e ed ca e in he pe iod om 2006 o 2011 has been e e ed on placemen in os-
e amilies, (88.7%), he o he child en sen o esiden ial ca e ( esiden ial accommoda ion).
The sha e o child en in kinship os e ca e is ex emely low – a he base o Minis y- he e is
e i dence ha only 12.3% o child en a e in a kinship ca e, conside ably less han in many o he
coun ies. Thus, he expansion o amily based ca e p ima ily ela es o p o essional (non-kin-
ship) os e ca e, whe e 76.4% o child en di ec ed o (Žega ac e al, 2014).
When looking a he da a in e ms o he age o he child, he highes a io is o he 0 o 2
age-g oup ep esen ing one qua e o o al numbe o child en emo ed om hei amilies.

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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 102
Child en ha a e 15 o o e a e leas likely o be placed in o ca e. The numbe o child en in
public ca e has con inually inc eased. The end can be he consequence o inc eased sensi-
iza ion o abuse and neglec , bu can also poin o a lack o o he amily-p ese a ion and
amily-suppo se ices. The high a io o in an s – his is la gely in line wi h igu es om o he
coun ies – can be explained by he ac ha abandonmen and elinquishmen a e mo e likely
o ake place soon a e bi h, be o e a child-pa en bonding p ocess has aken place.
The expe iences o young people who lea e ca e a e no independen om o he policy seg-
men s such as social secu i y, educa ion, home, heal h, ju enile jus ice sys em, and because o
ha ac , hey signi ican ly a y om coun y o coun y. This leads us o he conclusion ha
compa a i e s udies on he ou comes o al e na i e ca e should ake in o conside a ion he im-
pac s o wide poli ical shims, and no jus o ocus on he child p o ec ion sys em.
A ailable suppo s o you h lea ing ca e
Al hough mos o he coun ies a e showing conce n o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e,
he e a e la ge dispa i ies in he quan i y and quali y o da a ela ed o he subjec . In mos
coun ies, including Se bia, sys ema ic collec ion o speci ic quan i a i e da a is no a ailable.
In Hunga y, a e -ca e and a e -ca e se ice a e o ms o p o ision based on olun a y
choice and he coope a ion be ween he young adul and he se ice p o ide se in con ac ual
o m; howe e he ecei ing and e mina ion a e bound o a esolu ion by he gua dianship.
The e a e wo ypes o suppo . 1) A e eaching he age o majo i y he young pe son has he
oppo uni y o s ay in a e ca e p o ision. Those engaged in s udies may a ail o his p o ision
up o he age o 24, wi h he excep ion o hose s udying ull ime in highe educa ion, o whom
he uppe age limi is 25 yea s. (The p o isions e ec i e as o 1 Janua y 2010 ha e signi ican ly
ans o med he a e -ca e p o ision sys em. Those unable o ca e hemsel es (ei he wo king
o unemployed) may s ay in he sys em up o 21 yea s o age; ea lie i was possible o ecei e
bene i s un il he age o 24.) A e -ca e p o ision may mean e en ull p o ision, including he
cos s o accommoda ion and ood. Howe e , he a e -ca e can assis in he p epa a ion o an
independen li e, wi h he help o p o essionals. 2) A e ca e se ice co e s li e managemen
ad ice and help o in eg a e in o he socie y, young adul s can ge i up o 30 yea s o age, i hey
manage an independen li e.
In Hunga y, 27% o young people in a e -ca e p o ision spen 1-5 yea s in ca e and 25% o
hem spen 10-17 yea s in ca e. 60% o young people who a e placed in os e ca e spen mo e
han 10 yea s in ca e; om he o he side, os e pa en s ecei e child en o long- e m ca e.
27% o young people who we e in ins i u ional ca e spen mo e han 10 yea s in ca e (KSH,
2014).
Da a on he numbe o young people who ha e g own ou o he sys em o al e na-
i e ca e in Se bia a e no a ailable. The e a e no ways o eco ding, and i doesn’ ex-
is a con inuous moni o ing o hese young people. The only da a ha has been collec -
ed is abou he numbe o you h in ca e in woage g oups: 15-17 yea s, (26,7%) and 18
o 25 yea s (9,8%) in 2013. I we compa e i wi hin las i e yea s we can see ha ca ego-
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 103
y o you h (15–17) has been inc eased 2008. – 7.123, in 2009. – 7.315, in 2010. – 8.432,
2011. – 9.318 and 2012. – 9.038 you h Ca ego y o you h (15–17) has been on second place
on ep esen a ion (26,7%), and you h om his g oup a e mainly placed on os e ca e.
You h Suppo Se ice du ing he p epa a ion p ocess and a e i s independence a e based
on local se ices ha a e une enly a ailable o young people om di e en e i o y. Se ices
o inancial suppo and ca ee planning a e be ween ins i u ions such as Cen e s o social
wel a es, cen e s o adop ion and amily placemen and cen e s o esiden ial placemen o
child en and you h und i s coope a ion wi h NGOs and Founda ions p o iding suppo .
On he e i o y o Se bia ollowing se ices a e eco ded: suppo i e (“hal way house”),
you h cen e s (o clubs), you h counseling, pe manen inancial suppo a e lea ing ca e,
se ices ad iso o independence. These se ices a e no de eloped in all municipali ies, and
young people in al e na i e ca e can ecei e di e en suppo o independence o no suppo
a all, depending on he place o esidence. The lack o an o ganized sys em o ca e o young
people means ha he equal access o se ices o all clien s can’ be ensu ed.
Acco ding o esea ch esul s in Hunga y, suppo ing young adul s who became majo is
p oblema ic a child p o ec ion le el since a e -ca e p o ision does no p epa e young adul s
o independen li e; school a ainmen , amily ela ionships and social skills o hese young
adul s a e e y poo . We ha e ew da a abou educa ional pa icipa ion. In 2011 56.3% o he
indi iduals lea ing he sys em had seconda y le el o educa ion, 40% o hem had p ima y le el
o educa ion, and only 3.2% o hem acqui ed a deg ee. A o al o 30.1% o he ones who had le
has a job (KSH, 2012: 12). The labou ma ke alue o he acqui ed p o essionals and he na u e
o hei wo k a e unknown. Due o hei low educa ional le el, employmen and housing a e
e y di icul o sol e. Es ima ed da a sugges ha 40% o young people who ecei ed a e -ca e
p o ision become c iminal, unemployed, homeless, p os i u e o hei child en will g ow up
in child p o ec ion sys em as well. Rácz’s esea ch (2012) calls he a en ion o ha he young
adul s ha e e y c i ical iew abou he suppo -sys em and he p o essionals’ a i ude: he
success o p o ision is highly dependen on he a i ude o he suppo ing p o essional, ha is,
he sys em is incapable o p o iding help on sys em le el. As he in e na ional YIPPEE esea ch
con i ms he iew o young adul s’, in a e ca e, mainly pe sonal ambi ion, pe se e ance and
willingness a e needed o gaining p ope school a ainmen , which is essen ial o success ul
social in eg a ion. I is a p oblem ha he e is no such a s a egic plan in he ins i u ions o
child p o ec ion’s long- e m ca e o mo i a e young adul s o do hei s udies (Rácz – Ko in us,
2013).
Housing suppo se ices
The p og am “Housing suppo ” is o young people who a e in he p ocess o ansi ion o
independence, and is being implemen ed in 11 ci ies in Se bia, wi h he suppo o he Cen e
o Social Wel a e. Condi ion o ecei e his ha you h a e de e mined in hei pa hway plan
and lea ing Ca e plan ha his is bes solu ion, ha hey canno join hei biological amily o
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 104
o he wise ind placemen ; ha hey ha e inished schooling and ook measu es o oca ional
aining. Se ice use ha e used a inancial suppo as well and counseling suppo .
The objec i e o his p og am is ha young people lea ing al e na i e ca e who ha e
no he abili y o e u n o hei biological amilies o o he wise sol e hei housing p ob-
lem, ha e he possibili y o p epa e o independen li e ou side he home. This kind o help
is e y impo an because i p o ides suppo o young people du ing he ansi ion pe iod,
whe e hey a e able o acqui e he necessa y skills o aking ca e o hemsel es as hey s ill
ha e suppo o he social p o ec ion sys em. Young people a e p o ided wi h an apa men , i
hey a e unemployed and angible bene i s, and hey should pa icipa e in paying he bills wi h
mini mal noise and make hem sel -look a e he household and p o iding ood o hem sel .
Du ing his pe iod a ailable o hem an Ad ise (case manage ) who is he e o suppo hem
and o di ec when necessa y. The ole o hese expe s is o gi e hem help wi h housekeeping,
seeking employmen , u he educa ion. The modali ies o his p og am a e di e en depending
on which municipali y o ci y a e ealized. Uni s o local sel -go e nmen en us ed wi h he
implemen a ion o his p og am and he e o e egula e he condi ions unde which his igh
can be exe cised. Howe e , wha is common o all municipali ies is ha he p og am is imple-
men ed unde he auspices o he Cen e o Social Wel a e and ins i u ions o child en wi hou
pa en al ca e. One o he condi ions ha use s mus mee is he ac ha hey came ou o school
and ha hey ook measu es o oca ional aining. Time o use he la s is also di e en . The
sho es pe iod is one yea o use.
So a 33 you h used his se ice, and hei expe ience indica e ha he e is a small numbe
o you h who was no pa icipa ed in p epa a ion o ansi ion (n=3) and a numbe ha is no
sa is ied wi h his se ice (n=5). Posi i e expe iences a e loca ed in ollowing domains: se ice
allows young people o comple e independence p ocess a e 2 yea s when hey become mo e
expe ienced; you h acqui e mo e p ac ical skills, ha e a job and expe ience in he wo king en i-
onmen , changes in he sense ha hey ha e lea ned o do wha hey ha e ailed du ing place-
men (example ood, shopping, washing clo hes, cooking, paying bills). You h said ha hey a e
leas sa is ied o no sa is ied a all wi h he suppo o pee s, psychological suppo and skills
o independen li ing (CSW, 2013).
In 2012, in Hunga y, 698 young adul s go a e -ca e se ice because o housing suppo ;
he suppo was an a e age o 1.1 million HUF (ci ca 3580 Eu o) (Papházi, 2014: 214). In 2011,
e e y i h young adul had le o hei own apa men , one qua e o hem had e u ned o
hei bi h amily, 12% wen o acquain ances and 6% had gone o esiden ial social ins i u-
ions, 25% o hem wen o o he places and 6 o hem had ended up in homeless shel e s (KSH,
2012: 11–12).
Conclusion
Ve y ew s udies in Se bia and in Hunga y included his popula ion in e ms o hei needs and
challenges aced by young people become independen . The challenges ha e been iden i ied in
a eas such as he con inua ion o educa ion, employmen and housing solu ions. The di e en-
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Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 105
ces be ween he needs and challenges o young people in ela ion o he ype o hei ea lie
placemen ( os e ca e, kinship o esiden ial) ha e no been analyzed.
The young people lea ing al e na i e ca e a e sensi i e in all a eas o hei li es: educa ion,
p o essional aining, li e skills, social ne wo ks, connec ions and ela ionships and iden i y.
This sensi i i y is he consequence o a ce ain auma ha hey ha e expe ienced .e. iolence,
he impac o social p o ec ion sys em on hei li es; bu also e lec s he impac o he con ex
o he ansi ion om you h o adul hood such as amily li e, educa ion, aining, employmen ,
angible bene i s and housekeeping.
The challenge lies in educing he p opo ion o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e wi h
he expe ience o social exclusion as a consequence o independence. Inno a i e policy could
p e en he s igma iza ion o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e because o hei depen-
dence on he s a e. This aises he whole se o issues ela ed o p o iding help and suppo o
young people lea ing al e na i e ca e: o example whe he he equi ed suppo o all young
people lea ing educa ion in he social ca e sys em? Is i necessa y and jus i ied o p o ide he
same suppo o young people who en e he sys em o al e na i e ca e immedia ely p io o
comple ion o hei educa ion? Wha kind o suppo is app op ia e o young people who en-
e he sys em jus be o e he coming o age? Wha kind o suppo is needed o young people
lea ing al e na i e ca e in a ious o ms o accommoda ion? How o de e mine wha kind o
suppo should be p o ided by he s a e, and when i you h could do amilies o ela i es? The
indings indica e ha young people a e lea ing al e na i e ca e go o li e wi h hei pa en s
o make a sho (Skuse and Wa d, 2003), which aises he ques ion o how o p o ide hem
suppo in he ansi ion o independence? The manne in which he answe o hese ques ions
depends on how i unde s ands he balance be ween he s a e, he amily and he indi idual.
Re e ences
Ac 31 o 1997 on he p o ec ion o child en and gua dianship
CSW (2013): Ou comes o se ices o you h in ansi ion. (Unpublished e iew)
Family Law o he Republic o Se bia, O icial Gaze e o RS, no. 18 / 05čl. 113, pa ag aph 3.
KSH (2012): Állami gondoskodás ól a mai gye mek édelemig. h p://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/
x p/idoszaki/pd /allamigondoskodas.pd (Accessed 02.02.2015)
KSH (2014): Szociális É köny 2014. 6. ejeze .
Law on Ra i ica ion o he UN Con en ion on he Righ s o he Child (& # 34; Fig. Lis SFRY – In-
e na ional T ea ies & # 34 ;, Nos. 15/90 and & # 34; Fig. FRY – In e na ional T ea ies, no. 4
/ 96 and 2/97)
Law on Social P o ec ion o RS, Fig. Gaze e o RS BR24 / 2011.