Comparative Analyses on Youth Care in Hungary and Serbia

METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 97 Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia ANITA BURGUND1 – ANDREA RÁCZ2 1 Uni e si y o Belg ade, Facul y o Poli ical Sciences, Se bia 2 Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Depa men o Sociology and Social Policy In oduc ion Las wo decades he e has been an inc ease in esea ch a ea abou you h lea ing ca e. Un il las decade o XX Cen u y he e has only been esea ch on small scale samples desc ibing needs and li e o you h lea ing ca e. A e 1990 esea ch which used di e en esea ch echnique and design s a o appea in analyzes o he p ocess o you h lea ing ca e. This a icle p o ides a compa a i e o e iew o policies and p ac ices ega ding he ansi ion om you h o inde- pendence and pe cei ed di e ences in de ining concep s, laws and ou comes o al e na i e ca e in Se bia and Hunga y. In gene al, s udies ha e shown ha young people lea ing al e na i e ca e ace he isk o social exclusion and ma ginaliza ion and a lack o poli ical ac ion di ec ed a hem as ulne able g oup. You h on ca e belong o unp i ileged g oup because he e is a high p obabili y ha hey will become bene icia ies o he social p o ec ion sys em, become socially excluded bu also dependen on social wel a e se ices as adul s. Al hough in Eu opean coun ies he e is a simila i y in e ms o ca e o young people who lea e ca e, he di e ences in e ms o economic, social, cul u al and poli ical con ex p obably in luence he di e en app oaches ega ding he measu es aken o ensu e he well-being o young people. The s eng hen o compa ing di e en con ex lies in a be e unde s anding o al e na i e amewo ks and di e en pe spec i e on solu ions o a success ul ansi ion o independence o young people in al e na i e ca e. An impo an ole in he compa a i e analysis has de e mined concep ual appa a us. Key e ms o be de ined a e: you h in al e na i e ca e, young people lea ing al e na i e ca e and you h in need o p o ec ion. In addi ion, essen ial o analyze a e he laws ha de ine his g oup o young people, suppo a ailabili y o young people in he ansi ion o independence, as well as esea ch indings abou child en and young people who a e in al e na i e ca e o lea ing al e na i e ca e. Compa a i e analysis aims o analyze challenges and ou comes o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e, as well as o explo e he social, poli ical and legal s uc u es ha encou age o p e en he ansi ion. METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 98 Legal amewo k o You h in Ca e In Hunga y The Ac 31 o 1997 on he p o ec ion o child en and gua dianship de ines con- di ions and me hods, age limi s, possible loca ions, p o essional ules and he equi ed p o- essional ield o ac i i y in ca e p o ision and ca e se ice o young adul s wi h public ca e backg ound, as well as a e ca e p o ision. In Se bia he e is no Law abou child p o ec ion, all child igh s a e de e mined in Social Wel a e Ac , Family Ac and s a egy o you h, as well as na ional s a egy o you h. Since he Ac was passed in Hunga y, he ope a ion o child p o ec ion was coun y-le el du ies, bu 2012 and 2013 b ough signi ican changes since he cen aliza ion has s a ed, in which ce ain asks including he whole sys em o child p o ec ion we e placed a s a e le el. The s a e became he main aine , inancie and ope a o o child p o ec ion ins i u es. The in- ol emen o chu ch has been s eng hened in ecen yea s; howe e , he e a e s ill a ew ci il o ganiza ions in long- e m ca e. Young people who do no li e wi h hei pa en s due o a ious ci cums ances and a e placed in os e , kinship o esiden ial ca e in Se bia, a e called you h in al e na i e ca e. Re e ing o he Guidelines o he al e na i e ca e o child en (UN, 2010), as an in e na ional ins umen which is close o he in e p e a ion o he p o isions o he Con en ion on al e na i e ca e and “p e e ed o ien a ion o policy and p ac ice”, i comes o signi ican e o ms in he ield o social wel a e in Se bia and he egion. The p ocesses o deins i u ionaliza ion o child en and you h wi hou pa en al ca e a e ca ied ou since 2002 in he Republic o Se bia, Mon eneg o and Bosnia and He zego ina and in ensi ied since 2006 (Žega ac, 2014). I c ea ed a numbe o new mechanisms, s anda ds and ins umen s o b ing he signi ican changes in he p ac ice o p o ec ion o child en, paying special a en ion o child en in al e na i e ca e. The e is ambigui y and disag eemen o e he use o he e m you h o al e na i e ca e in Se bia. As p e iously men ioned, despi e in oduced he sys em o child ca e, un il ecen ly used he e m “child en in he sys em o social p o ec ion.” This e m included he young people who li e in ex a amilial en i onmen , as well as young people who use social se ices due o beha io al p oblems o men al heal h, o due o po e y, whe e hei pa en amilies occu s as a ecipien o inancial assis ance. Pa icula con usion in compa a i e esea ch c ea es he e m social p o ec ion because al hough all men ioned g oups o young people a e being encom- passed in Se bia, he global con ex usually e e s o young people who use specialized social se ices. The hi d obs acle is he seman ic na u e. Al hough ends in helping P o essions in he wo ld p omo e p oac i e wo k wi h young people on hei s eng hs, ad an ages and po- en ials, he e m “p o ec ion” implies hei inac i i y and na ows he con ex s o ac ion ha is no ela ed o p e en ion, de elopmen and imp o emen o unc ioning, li ing condi ions and posi ion in socie y. Family Law o he Republic o Se bia p o ides a much wide de ini ion o a child wi hou pa en al ca e compa ed o o he coun ies, and is pa icula ly con using in his pa o he gui- delines gi en in he law ha a e go e ning os e ca e (PZ 2005 a .113). This de ini ion is much b oade han he de ini ion o he Uni ed Na ions which de ines child en wi hou pa en al ca e, and includes child en wi hou pa en al ca e di ec ly (eg. A child whose pa en s ha e no ye METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 99 acqui ed he capaci y o ake ca e o hei child en and he child abou whom he pa en s ca e is being assess as inadequa e). Types o you h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia The ca e o child emo ed om he /his amily in Hunga y can be done in he ollowing o ms: 1) child en’s home, 2) os e ca e. The e a e 5 ypes o child en’s home: T adi ional ins i u ions p o ide ca e o qui e a big numbe o child en in smalle li ing qua e s o 12-48 child en. Apa men -homes p o ide ca e o a maximum o 12 child en in an apa men o amily house. Special child en’s homes p o ide place o hose child en wi h special needs who ha e psycholo- gical p oblems, d ug p oblems o su e om beha io al o lea ning di icul ies. In such homes, he e a e maximum 40 places. The e a e also a ew sepa a e homes o disabled child en, o child en who a e disabled o ha e special needs because o hei age (unde 3 yea s) wi h ma- ximum 40 places. The a e -ca e homes p o ide ca e o hose young adul s who a e en i led o lea e ca e (age 18) bu canno lead an independen li e. The sys em o os e ca e wen h ough signi ican changes in 2014, so he sepa a ion o adi ional and p o essional ca ego ies was elimina ed; cu en ly, being a os e pa en means employmen and i is clea ly he p e e ed o m o ca e in he case o child en unde 12. The e a e some exemp ions: i he child is se e ely disabled, i is impossible o place siblings oge he , ins i u ional placemen is needed due o o he easons o when he pa en equi es ins i u ion- al ca e. The placemen s a e done g adually. In 2014, a new legal ins i u ion was es ablished, he child p o ec ion gua dianship ha aims he ep esen a ion o he child en’s in e es ega dless o he place o ca e, p omo ion o he exe cise o hei igh s, lea ning hei iews and in o m- ing place o ca e and ele an au ho i y abou child en’s iew. I is an impo an equi emen o p o ide s abili y e en i he place o ca e is changed; basically child p o ec ion gua dian is esponsible o li e pa h. 30 child en can belong o a p o essional. The p o essional wo k based on pe sonalized case wo k. The legisla i e amewo k on al e na i e ca e in Se bia and he egion in pa icula has de- eloped in he las i een yea s. The o ms o al e na i e ca e ( esiden ial, os e and kinship) and o he solu ions a e p o ided o child en who o a ious easons ei he empo a ily o o e a longe pe iod o ime, canno li e wi h hei pa en s and o child en wi hou pa en s. The goal o ca e is o ensu e con inui y and s abili y in a sa e and s imula ing en i onmen and pe manency o he child. Adop ion o he Guidelines on al e na i e ca e (UN, 2010) in Se bia and he egion has con ibu ed ha special a en ions p o ided o he concep o al e na i e ca e. One o he objec i es o he Guidelines is o p o ide de-ins i u ionaliza ion as much as pos- sible. The i s social wel a e e o ms ha a e aimed a he de elopmen o communi y se ices and he in ol emen o non-go e nmen al sec o in he p o ision o se ices in Se bia s a ed in 2000. A comp ehensi e plan o he ans o ma ion o esiden ial social ca e ins i u ions o child en 2009–2013 ( he so-called. Mas e Plan) has been de eloped by he Minis y o Labo METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 100 and Social Policy wi h he suppo o UNICEF o achie e s a egic objec i es, which a e hen inco po a ed in he Law on Social P o ec ion (Žega ac, 2014). In addi ion o es ablishing policies and p ocedu es o ec ui men , e alua ion, aining, suppo , moni o ing and unding o kinship and os e amilies. Measu es o a oid i egula i ies we e de eloped in 2006 in o de o p o ide sho e placemen o child en and you h in esi- den ial ca e (O icial Gaze e 560-03-619 / 2006-14). The documen obliges each CSW o ob ain p io opinion o he Minis y o e e y placemen o he child unde he age o 18 yea s, as well as o pe iodically examine he need o u he li ing in ins i u ions. The measu es de ine dead- lines, and he e iew should be epo ed o he Minis y and he Ins i u e o Social P o ec ion (MLSP, 2006). A oidance o i egula i ies was signi ican o he p ocess o deins i u ionaliza- ion in Se bia. S a is ical da a on Child en and You h in Ca e in Se bia and Hunga y In Hunga y, he numbe o ulne able child en is app oxima ely 200 000 pe yea , his is he 10% o child en. Less han 1% o he child en li e in long- e m ca e (Papházi, 2014). Acco ding o he da a o KSH (Hunga ian Cen al S a is ical O ice), 18674 child en and young adul s we e aised in child p o ec ion long- e m ca e in 2013, 63.8% o hem (11918 people) was placed in os e ca e. The numbe o young adul s ecei ing a e -ca e p o ision is 2954 (KSH, 2014). In ela ion o he changes in he numbe o ca e ecipien s, he numbe o child en dec eased and he numbe o young adul s inc eased be ween 2000 and 2008. F om 2011, he numbe o child en began o inc ease and exceeded 18 000 while as o he numbe o young adul s, a educ ion o 700 can be obse ed om 2010. Rega ding he changed ole o he wo g ea es ca ego y, i can be old ha he ins i u ional ca e domina ed be ween 1997 and 2001, be ween 2001 and 2003 he same p opo ion o child en we e placed in ins i u ional ca e and in os e ca e (50%-50%); in 2004, he shi owa ds os e ca e has begun, bu signi ican change could be seen only in 2010. In 2013, 5753 os e pa en s wo ked in Hunga y ( he p o essional s a was 5% be o e he uni ica ion o os e pa en ing). Nea ly 45% o he os e pa en s aise wo o h ee child en; he p opo ion o hose who aise one child is 21.2% while 22% o he os e pa en s aise ou o mo e child en. F ee capaci y is indica ed by he ac ha 12.2% o he os- e pa en s did no ake ca e o any child in 2013 (KSH, 2014). As o he young adul s in Hunga y, 55% o hem s ay a os e pa en s a e coming o he age, 18% o hem ecei e ca e in adi ional child en’s home. Un o una ely, he numbe o plac- es ha we e es ablished especially o young adul s coming o he age is e y small (a e -ca e home, a e -ca e apa men home, ou e place (mos ly lodgings)) and 72% o he capaci y is illed up. Th ee-qua e o he young people ge a e ca e p o ision because o hei s udies (KSH, 2014). The e is no s a is ical da a o you h who a e p epa ing o lea ing ca e in Se bia, which may imply he way o (expec ance) planning he se ice o ca e lea e s. The e we e signi ican imp o emen s in e ms o de-ins i u ionaliza ion in Se bia. In he pe- iod om 2000 (when i s e o m p ojec s s a ed) by 2011, he o al numbe o child en and METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 101 you h in social ca e ins i u ions dec eased by 48% om 3554 o 1854), and he o al numbe o child en and you h wi h disabili ies is educed 36% ARCHIVE ( om 2.020 o 1280) (MLSP and UNICEF o Žega ac, 2014). Howe e , when i comes o indi idual plans o child en, esea ch (Žega ac e al., 2014) showed ha a la ge numbe o plans we e ou o ime ame, he indi idu- al plans we e based on he “one size i all” so he use needs and he le el o hei in ol emen in planning was in isible and insigni ican . A e an e alua ion o e-assessmen he way o o - ganizing u he wo k wi h use s, s ill emained ague. The e alua ion o hei si ua ion didn’ con ibu e o p ecise he u he social wo k. Acco ding o he Regula ions, he ini ial wo k plan should be done in 15 days a e he i s mee ing wi h he child and amily, and i p e iously de ines di ec ions p o ides an in- i ial package o measu es and se ices. (O icial Gaze e o RS, Nos. 59/08, 37/10, 39/11 and 1/12, A icle 69). Nex , no la e han 60 days a e he i s con ac , he pe manen- cy plan o se ices and measu es o a amily and he child should be deli e ed (Fami- ly Se ice Plan), whene e he e is a need o u he p o ision o se ices and measu es. The e a e si ua ions in which he child is sepa a ed om pa en al ca e and sen o al e na- i e ca e. The plan should seek o ensu e con inui y o he child, and de ine ac ions o help he child o e u n o he amily o o ake easonable e o s in e ms o engaging esou c- es in amily and he communi y in o de o p e en sepa a ion o he child om amily. Pe manency plan o he child is pa o he Family Se ice Plan (O icial Gaze e No. 59/08, 37/10, 39/11 and 1/12, A icle 71) and means o de e mine he goals o pe manence and p o- cedu es necessa y o achie e hese goals. Plan pe manence de e mines he da e (mon h and yea ) when you will each one o he ollowing objec i es o pe manence, in acco dance wi h he bes in e es s o he child: – Keep child en wi h pa en s (one o bo h); e u n o he child o he amily o he pa- en s; Placemen o a child in a ela i e, os e o gua dian (which means ha a ela i e o os e pa en unde ake a gua dian’s du y and li elong commi men o he child, and no simply an accommoda ion in hese en i onmen s); adop ion o a child; ano he pe man- en li ing a angemen young people h ough independence. – The Plan de ines e ms o lea ing ca e and emancipa ion (O icial Gaze e o RS, no. 59/08, 37/10, 39/11 and 1/12, A icle 75) which de e mines he necessa y suppo o emancipa ion. This plan needs o be deli e ed no la e han he age o 14 yea s o all young people who a e al e na i e ca e whe he a ela i es o in os e and esiden ial accommoda ion. Acco ding o he la es esea ch in Se bia (Žega ac e al, 2014) he la ges numbe o chil- d en who en e ed ca e in he pe iod om 2006 o 2011 has been e e ed on placemen in os- e amilies, (88.7%), he o he child en sen o esiden ial ca e ( esiden ial accommoda ion). The sha e o child en in kinship os e ca e is ex emely low – a he base o Minis y- he e is e i dence ha only 12.3% o child en a e in a kinship ca e, conside ably less han in many o he coun ies. Thus, he expansion o amily based ca e p ima ily ela es o p o essional (non-kin- ship) os e ca e, whe e 76.4% o child en di ec ed o (Žega ac e al, 2014). When looking a he da a in e ms o he age o he child, he highes a io is o he 0 o 2 age-g oup ep esen ing one qua e o o al numbe o child en emo ed om hei amilies. METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 102 Child en ha a e 15 o o e a e leas likely o be placed in o ca e. The numbe o child en in public ca e has con inually inc eased. The end can be he consequence o inc eased sensi- iza ion o abuse and neglec , bu can also poin o a lack o o he amily-p ese a ion and amily-suppo se ices. The high a io o in an s – his is la gely in line wi h igu es om o he coun ies – can be explained by he ac ha abandonmen and elinquishmen a e mo e likely o ake place soon a e bi h, be o e a child-pa en bonding p ocess has aken place. The expe iences o young people who lea e ca e a e no independen om o he policy seg- men s such as social secu i y, educa ion, home, heal h, ju enile jus ice sys em, and because o ha ac , hey signi ican ly a y om coun y o coun y. This leads us o he conclusion ha compa a i e s udies on he ou comes o al e na i e ca e should ake in o conside a ion he im- pac s o wide poli ical shims, and no jus o ocus on he child p o ec ion sys em. A ailable suppo s o you h lea ing ca e Al hough mos o he coun ies a e showing conce n o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e, he e a e la ge dispa i ies in he quan i y and quali y o da a ela ed o he subjec . In mos coun ies, including Se bia, sys ema ic collec ion o speci ic quan i a i e da a is no a ailable. In Hunga y, a e -ca e and a e -ca e se ice a e o ms o p o ision based on olun a y choice and he coope a ion be ween he young adul and he se ice p o ide se in con ac ual o m; howe e he ecei ing and e mina ion a e bound o a esolu ion by he gua dianship. The e a e wo ypes o suppo . 1) A e eaching he age o majo i y he young pe son has he oppo uni y o s ay in a e ca e p o ision. Those engaged in s udies may a ail o his p o ision up o he age o 24, wi h he excep ion o hose s udying ull ime in highe educa ion, o whom he uppe age limi is 25 yea s. (The p o isions e ec i e as o 1 Janua y 2010 ha e signi ican ly ans o med he a e -ca e p o ision sys em. Those unable o ca e hemsel es (ei he wo king o unemployed) may s ay in he sys em up o 21 yea s o age; ea lie i was possible o ecei e bene i s un il he age o 24.) A e -ca e p o ision may mean e en ull p o ision, including he cos s o accommoda ion and ood. Howe e , he a e -ca e can assis in he p epa a ion o an independen li e, wi h he help o p o essionals. 2) A e ca e se ice co e s li e managemen ad ice and help o in eg a e in o he socie y, young adul s can ge i up o 30 yea s o age, i hey manage an independen li e. In Hunga y, 27% o young people in a e -ca e p o ision spen 1-5 yea s in ca e and 25% o hem spen 10-17 yea s in ca e. 60% o young people who a e placed in os e ca e spen mo e han 10 yea s in ca e; om he o he side, os e pa en s ecei e child en o long- e m ca e. 27% o young people who we e in ins i u ional ca e spen mo e han 10 yea s in ca e (KSH, 2014). Da a on he numbe o young people who ha e g own ou o he sys em o al e na- i e ca e in Se bia a e no a ailable. The e a e no ways o eco ding, and i doesn’ ex- is a con inuous moni o ing o hese young people. The only da a ha has been collec - ed is abou he numbe o you h in ca e in woage g oups: 15-17 yea s, (26,7%) and 18 o 25 yea s (9,8%) in 2013. I we compa e i wi hin las i e yea s we can see ha ca ego- METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 103 y o you h (15–17) has been inc eased 2008. – 7.123, in 2009. – 7.315, in 2010. – 8.432, 2011. – 9.318 and 2012. – 9.038 you h Ca ego y o you h (15–17) has been on second place on ep esen a ion (26,7%), and you h om his g oup a e mainly placed on os e ca e. You h Suppo Se ice du ing he p epa a ion p ocess and a e i s independence a e based on local se ices ha a e une enly a ailable o young people om di e en e i o y. Se ices o inancial suppo and ca ee planning a e be ween ins i u ions such as Cen e s o social wel a es, cen e s o adop ion and amily placemen and cen e s o esiden ial placemen o child en and you h und i s coope a ion wi h NGOs and Founda ions p o iding suppo . On he e i o y o Se bia ollowing se ices a e eco ded: suppo i e (“hal way house”), you h cen e s (o clubs), you h counseling, pe manen inancial suppo a e lea ing ca e, se ices ad iso o independence. These se ices a e no de eloped in all municipali ies, and young people in al e na i e ca e can ecei e di e en suppo o independence o no suppo a all, depending on he place o esidence. The lack o an o ganized sys em o ca e o young people means ha he equal access o se ices o all clien s can’ be ensu ed. Acco ding o esea ch esul s in Hunga y, suppo ing young adul s who became majo is p oblema ic a child p o ec ion le el since a e -ca e p o ision does no p epa e young adul s o independen li e; school a ainmen , amily ela ionships and social skills o hese young adul s a e e y poo . We ha e ew da a abou educa ional pa icipa ion. In 2011 56.3% o he indi iduals lea ing he sys em had seconda y le el o educa ion, 40% o hem had p ima y le el o educa ion, and only 3.2% o hem acqui ed a deg ee. A o al o 30.1% o he ones who had le has a job (KSH, 2012: 12). The labou ma ke alue o he acqui ed p o essionals and he na u e o hei wo k a e unknown. Due o hei low educa ional le el, employmen and housing a e e y di icul o sol e. Es ima ed da a sugges ha 40% o young people who ecei ed a e -ca e p o ision become c iminal, unemployed, homeless, p os i u e o hei child en will g ow up in child p o ec ion sys em as well. Rácz’s esea ch (2012) calls he a en ion o ha he young adul s ha e e y c i ical iew abou he suppo -sys em and he p o essionals’ a i ude: he success o p o ision is highly dependen on he a i ude o he suppo ing p o essional, ha is, he sys em is incapable o p o iding help on sys em le el. As he in e na ional YIPPEE esea ch con i ms he iew o young adul s’, in a e ca e, mainly pe sonal ambi ion, pe se e ance and willingness a e needed o gaining p ope school a ainmen , which is essen ial o success ul social in eg a ion. I is a p oblem ha he e is no such a s a egic plan in he ins i u ions o child p o ec ion’s long- e m ca e o mo i a e young adul s o do hei s udies (Rácz – Ko in us, 2013). Housing suppo se ices The p og am “Housing suppo ” is o young people who a e in he p ocess o ansi ion o independence, and is being implemen ed in 11 ci ies in Se bia, wi h he suppo o he Cen e o Social Wel a e. Condi ion o ecei e his ha you h a e de e mined in hei pa hway plan and lea ing Ca e plan ha his is bes solu ion, ha hey canno join hei biological amily o METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 104 o he wise ind placemen ; ha hey ha e inished schooling and ook measu es o oca ional aining. Se ice use ha e used a inancial suppo as well and counseling suppo . The objec i e o his p og am is ha young people lea ing al e na i e ca e who ha e no he abili y o e u n o hei biological amilies o o he wise sol e hei housing p ob- lem, ha e he possibili y o p epa e o independen li e ou side he home. This kind o help is e y impo an because i p o ides suppo o young people du ing he ansi ion pe iod, whe e hey a e able o acqui e he necessa y skills o aking ca e o hemsel es as hey s ill ha e suppo o he social p o ec ion sys em. Young people a e p o ided wi h an apa men , i hey a e unemployed and angible bene i s, and hey should pa icipa e in paying he bills wi h mini mal noise and make hem sel -look a e he household and p o iding ood o hem sel . Du ing his pe iod a ailable o hem an Ad ise (case manage ) who is he e o suppo hem and o di ec when necessa y. The ole o hese expe s is o gi e hem help wi h housekeeping, seeking employmen , u he educa ion. The modali ies o his p og am a e di e en depending on which municipali y o ci y a e ealized. Uni s o local sel -go e nmen en us ed wi h he implemen a ion o his p og am and he e o e egula e he condi ions unde which his igh can be exe cised. Howe e , wha is common o all municipali ies is ha he p og am is imple- men ed unde he auspices o he Cen e o Social Wel a e and ins i u ions o child en wi hou pa en al ca e. One o he condi ions ha use s mus mee is he ac ha hey came ou o school and ha hey ook measu es o oca ional aining. Time o use he la s is also di e en . The sho es pe iod is one yea o use. So a 33 you h used his se ice, and hei expe ience indica e ha he e is a small numbe o you h who was no pa icipa ed in p epa a ion o ansi ion (n=3) and a numbe ha is no sa is ied wi h his se ice (n=5). Posi i e expe iences a e loca ed in ollowing domains: se ice allows young people o comple e independence p ocess a e 2 yea s when hey become mo e expe ienced; you h acqui e mo e p ac ical skills, ha e a job and expe ience in he wo king en i- onmen , changes in he sense ha hey ha e lea ned o do wha hey ha e ailed du ing place- men (example ood, shopping, washing clo hes, cooking, paying bills). You h said ha hey a e leas sa is ied o no sa is ied a all wi h he suppo o pee s, psychological suppo and skills o independen li ing (CSW, 2013). In 2012, in Hunga y, 698 young adul s go a e -ca e se ice because o housing suppo ; he suppo was an a e age o 1.1 million HUF (ci ca 3580 Eu o) (Papházi, 2014: 214). In 2011, e e y i h young adul had le o hei own apa men , one qua e o hem had e u ned o hei bi h amily, 12% wen o acquain ances and 6% had gone o esiden ial social ins i u- ions, 25% o hem wen o o he places and 6 o hem had ended up in homeless shel e s (KSH, 2012: 11–12). Conclusion Ve y ew s udies in Se bia and in Hunga y included his popula ion in e ms o hei needs and challenges aced by young people become independen . The challenges ha e been iden i ied in a eas such as he con inua ion o educa ion, employmen and housing solu ions. The di e en- METSZETEK Vol. 4 (2015) No. 2 ISSN 2063-6415 DOI 10.18392/me sz/2015/2/6 www. me sze ek.unideb.hu Ani a Bu gund – And ea Rácz: Compa a i e Analyses on You h Ca e in Hunga y and Se bia 105 ces be ween he needs and challenges o young people in ela ion o he ype o hei ea lie placemen ( os e ca e, kinship o esiden ial) ha e no been analyzed. The young people lea ing al e na i e ca e a e sensi i e in all a eas o hei li es: educa ion, p o essional aining, li e skills, social ne wo ks, connec ions and ela ionships and iden i y. This sensi i i y is he consequence o a ce ain auma ha hey ha e expe ienced .e. iolence, he impac o social p o ec ion sys em on hei li es; bu also e lec s he impac o he con ex o he ansi ion om you h o adul hood such as amily li e, educa ion, aining, employmen , angible bene i s and housekeeping. The challenge lies in educing he p opo ion o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e wi h he expe ience o social exclusion as a consequence o independence. Inno a i e policy could p e en he s igma iza ion o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e because o hei depen- dence on he s a e. This aises he whole se o issues ela ed o p o iding help and suppo o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e: o example whe he he equi ed suppo o all young people lea ing educa ion in he social ca e sys em? Is i necessa y and jus i ied o p o ide he same suppo o young people who en e he sys em o al e na i e ca e immedia ely p io o comple ion o hei educa ion? Wha kind o suppo is app op ia e o young people who en- e he sys em jus be o e he coming o age? Wha kind o suppo is needed o young people lea ing al e na i e ca e in a ious o ms o accommoda ion? How o de e mine wha kind o suppo should be p o ided by he s a e, and when i you h could do amilies o ela i es? The indings indica e ha young people a e lea ing al e na i e ca e go o li e wi h hei pa en s o make a sho (Skuse and Wa d, 2003), which aises he ques ion o how o p o ide hem suppo in he ansi ion o independence? The manne in which he answe o hese ques ions depends on how i unde s ands he balance be ween he s a e, he amily and he indi idual. Re e ences Ac 31 o 1997 on he p o ec ion o child en and gua dianship CSW (2013): Ou comes o se ices o you h in ansi ion. (Unpublished e iew) Family Law o he Republic o Se bia, O icial Gaze e o RS, no. 18 / 05čl. 113, pa ag aph 3. KSH (2012): Állami gondoskodás ól a mai gye mek édelemig. h p://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/ x p/idoszaki/pd /allamigondoskodas.pd (Accessed 02.02.2015) KSH (2014): Szociális É köny 2014. 6. ejeze . Law on Ra i ica ion o he UN Con en ion on he Righ s o he Child (& # 34; Fig. Lis SFRY – In- e na ional T ea ies & # 34 ;, Nos. 15/90 and & # 34; Fig. FRY – In e na ional T ea ies, no. 4 / 96 and 2/97) Law on Social P o ec ion o RS, Fig. Gaze e o RS BR24 / 2011.