Abs ac —This a icle is in ended o highligh elemen a y
cons uc ion de ec s occu ing du ing subsequen he mal
insula ion which would conside ably imp o e he ene gy
p ope ies o buildings. The p e iously planned i y-yea li e
cycle o la ge-panel building s uc u es may signi ican ly
imp o e a e he insula ion o he acade. The e o e, i is
desi able o obse e he egula ions in e e y de ail and execu e
he eno a ion in a p o essional manne .
Keywo ds—Panel buildings, insula ion, cons uc ion,
de ec s
I. INTRODUCTION
Ene gy consump ion has inc eased in bo h he
indus ial and esiden ial segmen s in he pas ew
decades. As a esul , he subsequen insula ion o
buildings has also inc eased all a ound Eu ope and
Hunga y. I is also hanks o he ealiza ion ha i is
be e o hold wa m and cold ai wi hin he building o
main ain he mal com o . The wide ange o inno a i e
possibili ies o e ed by mode n echnological means and
manu ac u e s p o ides a solu ion o almos e e y
p oblem (excep o his o ical buildings). The insula ion
wa e o la s ound in panel buildings o he socialis e a
has eached esiden s, p o essionals as well as laymen. I
may no be so well-known ha , con a y o popula
belie , hese buildings a e no he p oduc s o a So ie
socialis ideology. The i s me hod o using la ge
p e ab ica ed conc e e blocks, which could be called a
ac o y-buil house, had been de eloped in F ance in he
ea ly 1950's, which was bo owed by he So ie Union
and imp o ed upon by he Danish. The ini ial sys em o
building p e ab ica ed i e-s o ey houses, in F ance
(CIGNET, CAMU), he So ie Union (Domos oi el’nyj
Kombina House-building Fac o y) as well as Denma k
(La sen-Nielsen ac o y), was imp o ed o allow o he
cons uc ion o en-s o ey buildings. In Hunga y, in he
la e 1950's, se e al la ge companies expe imen ed
( elying on hei expe ience wi h he applica ion o block
echnology) wi h he p oduc ion and cons uc ion o
buildings o la ge p e ab ica ed conc e e blocks based on
(mainly So ie ) examples ab oad. The i s house ac o y
in Hunga y s a ed p oduc ion in 1965, while he las one,
he en h, in Kecskemé , s a ed in 1976. Thei capaci y
o p oducing la s eached 25,000-30,000 la s pe yea
wi h an a e age la a ea o 35 squa e me e s.
Un o una ely, i is also mis aken o hink ha hese
buildings we e a anged in o housing de elopmen s as a
esul o ce ain poli ical iews. The main idea o placing
buildings sepa a ed om each o he by a la ge ai - illed
space in a pa k a ea and he sepa a ion o unc ions based
on a egional basis a e gene ally associa ed wi h he
p inciples o he A hens Cha e (as p esen ed by he
CIAM), Le Co busie , and, especially, he no ion o
‟Uni é d' Habi a ion" and he plan o a ci y housing h ee
million inhabi an s, [1], [2].
II. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PANEL BUILDING
Panel buildings consis o shee -like amewo ks,
which a e no mally a s o ey high and he size o a oom.
These modules may be u ned in o a suppo ing ame by
pou ing conc e e in o hem along he edges a he
cons uc ion si e.
Fig.1 Panel building
(Sou ce: [5]
CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS IN THE
SUBSEQUENT INSULATION OF PANEL
BUILDINGS
Róbe SZTÁNYI 1
1Uni e si y o Deb ecen, sz anyi @eng.unideb.hu
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Fu he cha ac e is ics o he panel s uc u e a e:
1) modules gene ally weigh 1-7 onnes;
2) gaps be ween he join s a e illed wi h conc e e; he
joining o modules is done wi h he help o s eel
ein o cemen and b acing along he edges;
3) he building is ein o ced wi h wo-way walls ( he
connec ion be ween he loo space and walls does no
p o ide enough i mness);
4) panels on he acade a e sandwich-s uc u ed; panels
on he inside a e o conc e e; while he loo space is
made o ein o ced conc e e,[3], [4].
II.1 Typical de ec s in panel buildings
De ec s in panel buildings may be aced back o
de iciencies in design, p oduc ion and cons uc ion as
well. The mos common de ec s a e he ollowings:
1) he e may o en be di e ences o he o de o
cen ime e s be ween he sizes o p e ab ica ed modules
and planned sizes because o inaccu a e p oduc ion
empla es o hei p ema u e wea ing;
2) he insula ion laye is damaged du ing hea ea men ;
3) c acking may occu in he modules, especially in
win e , as a esul o dis ega ding p esc ibed cu ing
imes;
4) he insula ion laye was le ou o he panel
occasionally, al hough no o en;
5) he edges o he panels we e damaged du ing shipping,
li ing o ins alling;
6) he ins alla ion o he insula ion laye o be placed
du ing cons uc ion and designed o i be ween he inne
suppo ing walls and acade elemen s was some imes
omi ed [5].
Fig 2 Basic concep ion o panel buildings
(Sou ce: [6.])
III. THE INSULATION OF PANEL BUILDINGS
Mos o he buildings a e in a eally bad condi ion
because o poo cons uc ion s anda ds and a e in need o
undamen al (non-s a ic) eno a ion. Ene gy loss is qui e
high in he case o panel buildings. This is well-
illus a ed by he he mal image in Fig.3.
Fig.3 The mal image o a panel building
(Sou ce: [6.])
As a as ene gy and hea ing cos s a e conce ned, he
ollowings a e o i al impo ance:
1) in e ms o building s uc u e, especially:
a) doo s and windows o he acade
b) he oo s
c) he walls o he acade
d) loo space abo e he basemen
e) p ope insula ion o he walls o he s ai ways
) he ins alla ion o windb eaks in he
s ai ways
2) in e ms o building enginee ing sys ems:
a) hea ing and u ili y wa m wa e supply
b) he impo ance o en ila ion (mold p oblems,
hygiene)
TABLE 1 shows he loss in pe cen age in e ms o hese
ac o s.
TABLE 1
Hea Loss (Sou ce: [7])
Hea loss o buildings as shown by expe ience in Hunga y
Hea loss o blocks o la s
(panel buildings)
Windows, doo s
50-60%
Facade, gaps in s uc u e
(d a s)
25-30%
Roo , ceiling
5-10%
G ound loo , basemen
3-8%
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Du ing he cons uc ion (1950-1978), such buildings
we e buil , as a esul o un ealis ically low ene gy p ices
and he lack o adequa e ma e ials, which lack low le el
hea ing con ol, o i is udimen a y, and whe e billing o
he measu ing o consump ion was no based on
indi idual consump ion, and, wha is mo e, i is s ill no .
Especially in he case o panel buildings, his esul s in a
huge was e o ene gy. A ce ain wa e o insula ing
buildings s a ed in Hunga y o insula e he co ne s,
dec ease he impac o he mal b idges and o help
imp o e low he mal com o . The insula ion o he
acade o a building is like oo ball in Hunga y –
e e ybody seems o be an expe a i . Wi hou he
p o essional backg ound and knowledge such solu ions
came o exis , which we can come ac oss e e y day.
Fig.4 shows such solu ions e y well.
Fig. 4 Cus om subsequen acade insula ion
(Sou ce: p ess pho o)
The enan s and con ac o s who use such solu ions
may no e en suspec ha , as a esul o hei wo k, hey
cause u he p oblems o he neighbo s and e en
hemsel es. Soone o la e p oblems gene a ed and
accumula ed by he mal b idges will begin o occu e en
on walls ha had no mold p oblems be o e.
The insula ion o he acade o hese buildings is no
s anda d p ocedu e. O en, he enan s, o hei
ep esen a i e, choose such cheap p o essionals/non-
p o essionals who ha e no e e ences and may make
such basic mis akes ha migh e en lead o li e-
h ea ening si ua ions o ha e se ious inancial
implica ions.
IV. CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT
INSULATION OF PANEL BUILDINGS
In my a icle, I shed ligh on ou such basic mis akes
which may occu du ing he subsequen insula ion o
panel buildings.
IV.1. SCAFFOLDING AND THE USE OF A
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
The cons uc ion o he sca olding may only be done
by p o essionals, ca pen e sca old builde s, as hey used
o be called, o , cu en ly, indus ial and building
sca olde s. I is a ade. Fo sca olds highe han 24
me e s (a 10-s o ey building is 30 me e s high), a s a ics
plan needs o be p epa ed. In lack o MSZ, TÜV and
o he au ho iza ions, ma e ials no measu ed and
quali ied be o ehand mus no be buil in a such heigh s.
Cons uc ion can no begin while he p o ec ion p o ocol
and he OSH p o ocol (deli e y eceip ) a e missing.
The o he solu ion is he applica ion o a suspension
b idge, which admi edly was no in ended o his
pu pose, bu con ac o s o en end o choose his op ion
s ill o i s easy en abili y. I mus be no ed hough ha
only pe sonnel who ha e he equi ed licenses may
ope a e i . Expe ience has shown ha i doesn' allow o
accu a e wo k. Dus and he o ma ion o s ains on he
acade show his. In o de o wo ke s o be able o keep
wi hin he e ical and ho izon al planes, i mus be
con inually checked and e enness mus be p o ided. In
his case, his is always limi ed o he size o he
baske /b idge. Wo king on i is like wo king on a mo ing
swing. Fig.5 shows wo king le els used du ing
cons uc ion and he s ains and sedimen which ha e
appea ed on he ba ely hal -yea old acade.
Fig. 5 Wo king le els
IV.2. ADHESIVE BONDING OF THE FACADE
MATERIAL AND ITS METHOD
In con as o common adhesi e bonding me hods
(scones), he ‟poin –edge" bonding me hod mus be used
o a oid he ‟ma ess e ec ". I mus be added ha i is
also impo an o use i o i e sa e y easons because, in
he case o egula scones, ai may eely ci cula e a e
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placing one pane o e he o he , which may cause a
chimney e ec . The esul o his is bes p o ed by he
i e in Miskolc (Al hough, i mus be no ed, his was no
he cause o he i e bu i accele a ed i s sp eading). Due
o he inco ec adhesi e bonding, panes o insula ion
show as and lexible de o ma ion as a esul o ising
mo ning empe a u es which ollow he d op in
empe a u e a dawn. The ma ess e ec is shown in
Fig.5. The eal-li e e ec can be seen. [4]
IV.3. THE METHOD OF PHYSICAL BONDING
(ANCHORING) AND THEIR NUMBER IN
RELATION TO HEIGHT
This is one o he mos impo an aspec s o acade
insula ion. The physical bonding o insula ion panes was
and un o una ely some imes s ill is ca ied ou by he
ule o humb. This impo an s ep is o en skipped o
sa e money. On su aces whe e he e has been no
ancho ing, na u e and he laws o physics can cause
ha oc. In e ms o ancho ing, panel buildings di e om
no mal buildings in ha , wi h he change o heigh , he
usual numbe pe squa e me e canno be used bu ,
ins ead, an exac numbe o ancho s mus be used o ix
he insula ion ma e ial in he exac spo s. Many does no
ake in o accoun he suc ion e ec o he wind and he
e ec o mechanical e ec s on each o he , which always
a ec s su aces on he edge. In each and e e y such case,
an ancho ing plan mus be ob ained om he
manu ac u e along wi h an o e based on quali y and
quan i y ac o s a e he examining o he su ace buil .
A e he ancho s o he igh size and quali y ha e been
chosen, ha e some cha ac e is ic measu emen s made on
each ype o wall. The measu ing is scalable and
applicable based on he esul s o he d awing ou o
ancho s. The p ac ical leng h in he case o ancho s
belonging o he mal insula ion sys ems is de ined by he
ancho i sel . Fo calcula ing he necessa y leng h, he
hickness o he insula ion ma e ial, he adhesi e laye
and concessional non-suppo ing laye s (old plas e -wo k
and insula ion, e c.) mus be aken in o accoun . In he
case o ancho age h ough a ne suppo , he hickness o
he p ima y plas e -wo k mus no be o go en [3].
IV.4. USING NETS AND PATCHING SYSTEMS
Adhesi e ma e ials needed o he bedding laye a e
neglec ed o used o e ly spa ingly because o he g ea
su ace a ea o panel buildings. Embedding, le eling and
smoo hing a ibe glass ne in a p ecise, p o essional
manne is always o seconda y impo ance due o a lack
o ime and money. The lack o his may cause he
colo ed plas e -wo k o simply all o he su ace in
palm-sized lakes. As a esul o he heigh o he
building he acade is subjec o such mechanical e ec s
which make he use o diagonal ne ing, edge p o ec ion,
d oppe s and dila ions essen ial [3].
V. CONCLUSION
Resea ch shows ha only 25 pe cen o households
ha e had hei buildings insula ed and hei windows and
doo s changed and only 16 pe cen ha e upg aded hei
hea ing sys ems. Ou esiden ial buildings a e mos ly old;
61 pe cen o hem we e buil be o e 1980 and only 10
pe cen in he pas 15 yea s. This da a indica es ha he e
is a big ask ahead o us since he Eu opean Union will
be igh ening i s ene gy e iciency equi emen s ill 2020.
Basically, he maximum ene gy consump ion o new and
e u bished buildings has o mee he le els o oday's
passi e houses. Un o una ely, p ices decide who he
success ul con ac o s will be as he e a e no laws in
Hunga y ye de ining who can ca y ou he subsequen
insula ion o panel buildings wi h a pe mi . As a solu ion
o he cons uc ion de ec s occu ing du ing subsequen
he mal insula ion, I ecommend he in oduc ion o
con inuous educa ion o con ac o s and e en
ep esen a i es o he esiden s o a block o la s
possibly. New echnology and in o ma ion mus be
p esen ed o he esiden s, companies and ep esen a i es
so ha when ime comes o eno a ion hey know he
p os and cons o he p ope way o cons uc ion o he
sys em o be applied. The owne s o la s e u bished
al eady a e pleased wi h hei cu en ene gy
consump ion compa ed o consump ion be o e. The ole
o echnical inspec o s and esponsible echnical
manage s is no o be unde alued ei he in p ope
cons uc ion, [1], [2].
REFERENCES
[1] Reno a ion o buildings made o indus ialized echnology
(Cons uc ion O ice 2005)
[2] P e ab ica ed building Residen ial Reno a ion (Technical
Publishing House, 1996)
[3] Ejo Hunga y (2013) Downloaded: 26 Sep 2013
h p://www.ejo .hu/le ol es/ka alogus/e ics-ka alogus.pd
[4] Baumi Hunga y (2013) Downloaded: 29 Sep 2013.
h p://www.baumi .hu/upload/Downloads/Ki i elezoi.pd
[5] h p:// i .bme.hu/ dk/2000/denes .pd
[6] h p://www.google.de/img es?imgu l=h p%3A%2F%2Fkep.inde
x.hu%2F1%2F0%2F248%2F2489%2F24894%2F2489418_e8b45
c10969ebc5725bd07c948758e0 _wm.jpg&img e u l=h p%3A%
2F%2Findex.hu%2Fgazdasag%2F2011%2Foko%2Fszennyezo_o
honaink%2F&h=355&w=450& bnid=9W04jVXsk 8LsM%3A&
zoom=1&docid=8JCH 4 hCID1DM&ei=npZZVdWxFciksgHH8
4PwBQ& bm=isch&iac = c&uac =3&du =248&page=1&s a =0
&ndsp=17& ed=0CCYQ QMwAg
[7] Lasselsbe ge Knau ,2013
h p://www.lb-knau .hu/upload/docs/
LBK_A jegyzek_2013.03.11.pd
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