Construction Defects in the Subsequent Insulation of Panel Buildings

Abs ac —This a icle is in ended o highligh elemen a y cons uc ion de ec s occu ing du ing subsequen he mal insula ion which would conside ably imp o e he ene gy p ope ies o buildings. The p e iously planned i y-yea li e cycle o la ge-panel building s uc u es may signi ican ly imp o e a e he insula ion o he acade. The e o e, i is desi able o obse e he egula ions in e e y de ail and execu e he eno a ion in a p o essional manne . Keywo ds—Panel buildings, insula ion, cons uc ion, de ec s I. INTRODUCTION Ene gy consump ion has inc eased in bo h he indus ial and esiden ial segmen s in he pas ew decades. As a esul , he subsequen insula ion o buildings has also inc eased all a ound Eu ope and Hunga y. I is also hanks o he ealiza ion ha i is be e o hold wa m and cold ai wi hin he building o main ain he mal com o . The wide ange o inno a i e possibili ies o e ed by mode n echnological means and manu ac u e s p o ides a solu ion o almos e e y p oblem (excep o his o ical buildings). The insula ion wa e o la s ound in panel buildings o he socialis e a has eached esiden s, p o essionals as well as laymen. I may no be so well-known ha , con a y o popula belie , hese buildings a e no he p oduc s o a So ie socialis ideology. The i s me hod o using la ge p e ab ica ed conc e e blocks, which could be called a ac o y-buil house, had been de eloped in F ance in he ea ly 1950's, which was bo owed by he So ie Union and imp o ed upon by he Danish. The ini ial sys em o building p e ab ica ed i e-s o ey houses, in F ance (CIGNET, CAMU), he So ie Union (Domos oi el’nyj Kombina House-building Fac o y) as well as Denma k (La sen-Nielsen ac o y), was imp o ed o allow o he cons uc ion o en-s o ey buildings. In Hunga y, in he la e 1950's, se e al la ge companies expe imen ed ( elying on hei expe ience wi h he applica ion o block echnology) wi h he p oduc ion and cons uc ion o buildings o la ge p e ab ica ed conc e e blocks based on (mainly So ie ) examples ab oad. The i s house ac o y in Hunga y s a ed p oduc ion in 1965, while he las one, he en h, in Kecskemé , s a ed in 1976. Thei capaci y o p oducing la s eached 25,000-30,000 la s pe yea wi h an a e age la a ea o 35 squa e me e s. Un o una ely, i is also mis aken o hink ha hese buildings we e a anged in o housing de elopmen s as a esul o ce ain poli ical iews. The main idea o placing buildings sepa a ed om each o he by a la ge ai - illed space in a pa k a ea and he sepa a ion o unc ions based on a egional basis a e gene ally associa ed wi h he p inciples o he A hens Cha e (as p esen ed by he CIAM), Le Co busie , and, especially, he no ion o ‟Uni é d' Habi a ion" and he plan o a ci y housing h ee million inhabi an s, [1], [2]. II. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PANEL BUILDING Panel buildings consis o shee -like amewo ks, which a e no mally a s o ey high and he size o a oom. These modules may be u ned in o a suppo ing ame by pou ing conc e e in o hem along he edges a he cons uc ion si e. Fig.1 Panel building (Sou ce: [5] CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT INSULATION OF PANEL BUILDINGS Róbe SZTÁNYI 1 1Uni e si y o Deb ecen, sz anyi @eng.unideb.hu ANNALS OF THE ORADEA UNIVERSITY Fascicle o Managemen and Technological Enginee ing ISSUE #1, MAY 2015, h p://www.im uo adea. o/auo. m e/ 125 Fu he cha ac e is ics o he panel s uc u e a e: 1) modules gene ally weigh 1-7 onnes; 2) gaps be ween he join s a e illed wi h conc e e; he joining o modules is done wi h he help o s eel ein o cemen and b acing along he edges; 3) he building is ein o ced wi h wo-way walls ( he connec ion be ween he loo space and walls does no p o ide enough i mness); 4) panels on he acade a e sandwich-s uc u ed; panels on he inside a e o conc e e; while he loo space is made o ein o ced conc e e,[3], [4]. II.1 Typical de ec s in panel buildings De ec s in panel buildings may be aced back o de iciencies in design, p oduc ion and cons uc ion as well. The mos common de ec s a e he ollowings: 1) he e may o en be di e ences o he o de o cen ime e s be ween he sizes o p e ab ica ed modules and planned sizes because o inaccu a e p oduc ion empla es o hei p ema u e wea ing; 2) he insula ion laye is damaged du ing hea ea men ; 3) c acking may occu in he modules, especially in win e , as a esul o dis ega ding p esc ibed cu ing imes; 4) he insula ion laye was le ou o he panel occasionally, al hough no o en; 5) he edges o he panels we e damaged du ing shipping, li ing o ins alling; 6) he ins alla ion o he insula ion laye o be placed du ing cons uc ion and designed o i be ween he inne suppo ing walls and acade elemen s was some imes omi ed [5]. Fig 2 Basic concep ion o panel buildings (Sou ce: [6.]) III. THE INSULATION OF PANEL BUILDINGS Mos o he buildings a e in a eally bad condi ion because o poo cons uc ion s anda ds and a e in need o undamen al (non-s a ic) eno a ion. Ene gy loss is qui e high in he case o panel buildings. This is well- illus a ed by he he mal image in Fig.3. Fig.3 The mal image o a panel building (Sou ce: [6.]) As a as ene gy and hea ing cos s a e conce ned, he ollowings a e o i al impo ance: 1) in e ms o building s uc u e, especially: a) doo s and windows o he acade b) he oo s c) he walls o he acade d) loo space abo e he basemen e) p ope insula ion o he walls o he s ai ways ) he ins alla ion o windb eaks in he s ai ways 2) in e ms o building enginee ing sys ems: a) hea ing and u ili y wa m wa e supply b) he impo ance o en ila ion (mold p oblems, hygiene) TABLE 1 shows he loss in pe cen age in e ms o hese ac o s. TABLE 1 Hea Loss (Sou ce: [7]) Hea loss o buildings as shown by expe ience in Hunga y Hea loss o blocks o la s (panel buildings) Windows, doo s 50-60% Facade, gaps in s uc u e (d a s) 25-30% Roo , ceiling 5-10% G ound loo , basemen 3-8% ANNALS OF THE ORADEA UNIVERSITY Fascicle o Managemen and Technological Enginee ing ISSUE #1, MAY 2015, h p://www.im uo adea. o/auo. m e/ 126 Du ing he cons uc ion (1950-1978), such buildings we e buil , as a esul o un ealis ically low ene gy p ices and he lack o adequa e ma e ials, which lack low le el hea ing con ol, o i is udimen a y, and whe e billing o he measu ing o consump ion was no based on indi idual consump ion, and, wha is mo e, i is s ill no . Especially in he case o panel buildings, his esul s in a huge was e o ene gy. A ce ain wa e o insula ing buildings s a ed in Hunga y o insula e he co ne s, dec ease he impac o he mal b idges and o help imp o e low he mal com o . The insula ion o he acade o a building is like oo ball in Hunga y – e e ybody seems o be an expe a i . Wi hou he p o essional backg ound and knowledge such solu ions came o exis , which we can come ac oss e e y day. Fig.4 shows such solu ions e y well. Fig. 4 Cus om subsequen acade insula ion (Sou ce: p ess pho o) The enan s and con ac o s who use such solu ions may no e en suspec ha , as a esul o hei wo k, hey cause u he p oblems o he neighbo s and e en hemsel es. Soone o la e p oblems gene a ed and accumula ed by he mal b idges will begin o occu e en on walls ha had no mold p oblems be o e. The insula ion o he acade o hese buildings is no s anda d p ocedu e. O en, he enan s, o hei ep esen a i e, choose such cheap p o essionals/non- p o essionals who ha e no e e ences and may make such basic mis akes ha migh e en lead o li e- h ea ening si ua ions o ha e se ious inancial implica ions. IV. CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT INSULATION OF PANEL BUILDINGS In my a icle, I shed ligh on ou such basic mis akes which may occu du ing he subsequen insula ion o panel buildings. IV.1. SCAFFOLDING AND THE USE OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE The cons uc ion o he sca olding may only be done by p o essionals, ca pen e sca old builde s, as hey used o be called, o , cu en ly, indus ial and building sca olde s. I is a ade. Fo sca olds highe han 24 me e s (a 10-s o ey building is 30 me e s high), a s a ics plan needs o be p epa ed. In lack o MSZ, TÜV and o he au ho iza ions, ma e ials no measu ed and quali ied be o ehand mus no be buil in a such heigh s. Cons uc ion can no begin while he p o ec ion p o ocol and he OSH p o ocol (deli e y eceip ) a e missing. The o he solu ion is he applica ion o a suspension b idge, which admi edly was no in ended o his pu pose, bu con ac o s o en end o choose his op ion s ill o i s easy en abili y. I mus be no ed hough ha only pe sonnel who ha e he equi ed licenses may ope a e i . Expe ience has shown ha i doesn' allow o accu a e wo k. Dus and he o ma ion o s ains on he acade show his. In o de o wo ke s o be able o keep wi hin he e ical and ho izon al planes, i mus be con inually checked and e enness mus be p o ided. In his case, his is always limi ed o he size o he baske /b idge. Wo king on i is like wo king on a mo ing swing. Fig.5 shows wo king le els used du ing cons uc ion and he s ains and sedimen which ha e appea ed on he ba ely hal -yea old acade. Fig. 5 Wo king le els IV.2. ADHESIVE BONDING OF THE FACADE MATERIAL AND ITS METHOD In con as o common adhesi e bonding me hods (scones), he ‟poin –edge" bonding me hod mus be used o a oid he ‟ma ess e ec ". I mus be added ha i is also impo an o use i o i e sa e y easons because, in he case o egula scones, ai may eely ci cula e a e ANNALS OF THE ORADEA UNIVERSITY Fascicle o Managemen and Technological Enginee ing ISSUE #1, MAY 2015, h p://www.im uo adea. o/auo. m e/ 127 placing one pane o e he o he , which may cause a chimney e ec . The esul o his is bes p o ed by he i e in Miskolc (Al hough, i mus be no ed, his was no he cause o he i e bu i accele a ed i s sp eading). Due o he inco ec adhesi e bonding, panes o insula ion show as and lexible de o ma ion as a esul o ising mo ning empe a u es which ollow he d op in empe a u e a dawn. The ma ess e ec is shown in Fig.5. The eal-li e e ec can be seen. [4] IV.3. THE METHOD OF PHYSICAL BONDING (ANCHORING) AND THEIR NUMBER IN RELATION TO HEIGHT This is one o he mos impo an aspec s o acade insula ion. The physical bonding o insula ion panes was and un o una ely some imes s ill is ca ied ou by he ule o humb. This impo an s ep is o en skipped o sa e money. On su aces whe e he e has been no ancho ing, na u e and he laws o physics can cause ha oc. In e ms o ancho ing, panel buildings di e om no mal buildings in ha , wi h he change o heigh , he usual numbe pe squa e me e canno be used bu , ins ead, an exac numbe o ancho s mus be used o ix he insula ion ma e ial in he exac spo s. Many does no ake in o accoun he suc ion e ec o he wind and he e ec o mechanical e ec s on each o he , which always a ec s su aces on he edge. In each and e e y such case, an ancho ing plan mus be ob ained om he manu ac u e along wi h an o e based on quali y and quan i y ac o s a e he examining o he su ace buil . A e he ancho s o he igh size and quali y ha e been chosen, ha e some cha ac e is ic measu emen s made on each ype o wall. The measu ing is scalable and applicable based on he esul s o he d awing ou o ancho s. The p ac ical leng h in he case o ancho s belonging o he mal insula ion sys ems is de ined by he ancho i sel . Fo calcula ing he necessa y leng h, he hickness o he insula ion ma e ial, he adhesi e laye and concessional non-suppo ing laye s (old plas e -wo k and insula ion, e c.) mus be aken in o accoun . In he case o ancho age h ough a ne suppo , he hickness o he p ima y plas e -wo k mus no be o go en [3]. IV.4. USING NETS AND PATCHING SYSTEMS Adhesi e ma e ials needed o he bedding laye a e neglec ed o used o e ly spa ingly because o he g ea su ace a ea o panel buildings. Embedding, le eling and smoo hing a ibe glass ne in a p ecise, p o essional manne is always o seconda y impo ance due o a lack o ime and money. The lack o his may cause he colo ed plas e -wo k o simply all o he su ace in palm-sized lakes. As a esul o he heigh o he building he acade is subjec o such mechanical e ec s which make he use o diagonal ne ing, edge p o ec ion, d oppe s and dila ions essen ial [3]. V. CONCLUSION Resea ch shows ha only 25 pe cen o households ha e had hei buildings insula ed and hei windows and doo s changed and only 16 pe cen ha e upg aded hei hea ing sys ems. Ou esiden ial buildings a e mos ly old; 61 pe cen o hem we e buil be o e 1980 and only 10 pe cen in he pas 15 yea s. This da a indica es ha he e is a big ask ahead o us since he Eu opean Union will be igh ening i s ene gy e iciency equi emen s ill 2020. Basically, he maximum ene gy consump ion o new and e u bished buildings has o mee he le els o oday's passi e houses. Un o una ely, p ices decide who he success ul con ac o s will be as he e a e no laws in Hunga y ye de ining who can ca y ou he subsequen insula ion o panel buildings wi h a pe mi . As a solu ion o he cons uc ion de ec s occu ing du ing subsequen he mal insula ion, I ecommend he in oduc ion o con inuous educa ion o con ac o s and e en ep esen a i es o he esiden s o a block o la s possibly. New echnology and in o ma ion mus be p esen ed o he esiden s, companies and ep esen a i es so ha when ime comes o eno a ion hey know he p os and cons o he p ope way o cons uc ion o he sys em o be applied. The owne s o la s e u bished al eady a e pleased wi h hei cu en ene gy consump ion compa ed o consump ion be o e. The ole o echnical inspec o s and esponsible echnical manage s is no o be unde alued ei he in p ope cons uc ion, [1], [2]. REFERENCES [1] Reno a ion o buildings made o indus ialized echnology (Cons uc ion O ice 2005) [2] P e ab ica ed building Residen ial Reno a ion (Technical Publishing House, 1996) [3] Ejo Hunga y (2013) Downloaded: 26 Sep 2013 h p://www.ejo .hu/le ol es/ka alogus/e ics-ka alogus.pd [4] Baumi Hunga y (2013) Downloaded: 29 Sep 2013. h p://www.baumi .hu/upload/Downloads/Ki i elezoi.pd [5] h p:// i .bme.hu/ dk/2000/denes .pd [6] h p://www.google.de/img es?imgu l=h p%3A%2F%2Fkep.inde x.hu%2F1%2F0%2F248%2F2489%2F24894%2F2489418_e8b45 c10969ebc5725bd07c948758e0 _wm.jpg&img e u l=h p%3A% 2F%2Findex.hu%2Fgazdasag%2F2011%2Foko%2Fszennyezo_o honaink%2F&h=355&w=450& bnid=9W04jVXsk 8LsM%3A& zoom=1&docid=8JCH 4 hCID1DM&ei=npZZVdWxFciksgHH8 4PwBQ& bm=isch&iac = c&uac =3&du =248&page=1&s a =0 &ndsp=17& ed=0CCYQ QMwAg [7] Lasselsbe ge Knau ,2013 h p://www.lb-knau .hu/upload/docs/ LBK_A jegyzek_2013.03.11.pd ANNALS OF THE ORADEA UNIVERSITY Fascicle o Managemen and Technological Enginee ing ISSUE #1, MAY 2015, h p://www.im uo adea. o/auo. m e/ 128