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ACC JOURNAL 2020, Volume 26, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2020-2-002
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NONPROFIT SECTOR IN RUSSIAN REGIONS: MAIN
CHALLENGES
Anna A amono a
Vologda Resea ch Cen e o he Russian Academy o Sciences,
Depa men o Edi o ial-and-Publishing Ac i i y and Science-In o ma ion Suppo ,
56A, Go ky s ., 160014, Vologda, Russia
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
This a icle aims a iden i ying he main ba ie s hinde ing de elopmen o he nonp o i
sec o in Russian egions. The esea ch is based on he con ic ion ha he de elopmen o he
nonp o i sec o is c ucial o he egional socio-economic sys em and depends upon ci ic
engagemen . The esul s o an analysis o a ailable s a is ical da a and a sociological su ey
conduc ed in one o he Russian egions e eal ha he sha e o he Russians engaged in
olun ee ac i i ies is low; o e 80% o he popula ion do no pa icipa e in public ac i i ies;
less han 10% ha e de ini e knowledge o wo king nonp o i o ganiza ions. The s udy allowed
iden i ying h ee g oups o he main ba ie s and o mula ing some ecommenda ions o hei
o e coming.
Keywo ds
Russia; Nonp o i sec o ; Nongo e nmen al o ganiza ion; Ci ic pa icipa ion; Ci ic
engagemen .
In oduc ion
Sus ainable de elopmen o Russian egions equi es he ulles use o hei in e nal po en ial.
As he public and p i a e sec o s canno mee all demands conce ning he p o ision o high
li ing s anda ds o all g oups o he popula ion, i is necessa y o local au ho i ies o ind
new oppo uni ies o e ec i e and mu ually bene icial coope a ion wi h o he economic
ac o s. In Russian egions, in his ega d a new end becomes e iden – go e nmen s a s o
pay mo e a en ion o o ganiza ions o he hi d (nonp o i ) sec o .
While he impo ance o he nonp o i sec o has been acknowledged wo ldwide, i is s ill a
he s age o o ma ion and de elopmen in Russia. Go e nmen al bodies wo k a imp o ing
he egula o y and legal amewo k unde lying he sec o [1; 2] and in oduce a ious suppo
mechanisms [3; 4]. Acco ding o Knyaze a [5, p. 141], he impe us o he de elopmen o he
nonp o i sec o was he adop ion o se e al laws egula ing i s ac i i ies, which allowed
sys emizing and legi imizing he main cha ac e is ics o i s ci il s a us. In ecen yea s, he
numbe o esea ch pape s desc ibing he po en ial o he nonp o i sec o in egional
economy has been cons an ly inc easing. Howe e , he esea ch ocus is mainly on gene al
ends and p oblems ela ed o he adop ion o new models o in e ac ion be ween
go e nmen al and nonp o i o ganiza ions see e.g. [6; 7; 8; 9; 10].
In he wo ld academic discou se schola s ha e come o he conclusion ha he po en ial o he
nonp o i sec o is ealized in a limi ed o m. Acco ding o Salamon [11], he eason lies in
ou main “ olun a y ailu es”: philan h opic insu iciency, i.e. inabili y o gene a e eliable
esou ces o an adequa e esponse o communi y needs; philan h opic pa icula ism, i.e. he
endency o ocus on pa icula subg oups lea ing less “dese ing” g oups o public
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ins i u ions; philan h opic pa e nalism esul ing in si ua ions when he na u e o olun a y
sec o comes o be shaped by hose p o iding esou ces; and philan h opic ama eu ism which
means ama eu app oaches o se ious p oblems and lack o p o essionalism. These ailu es a e
s ill cha ac e is ic o he ac i i ies o he nonp o i sec o . As Enjol as e al. [12, pp. 131–141]
no e, lack o inancial and human esou ces, insu icien le el o p o essional and echnical
expe ise a e conside ed among he main ba ie s hinde ing he de elopmen o he sec o and
limi ing i s abili y o p omo e ci ic engagemen . On he con a y, nonp o i o ganiza ions play
a dis inc i e ole in encou aging ci ic engagemen wi hin local communi ies [13]. We assume
ha his is a ecip ocal p ocess, and he le el o people’s engagemen has an impac on he
size and e iciency o he nonp o i sec o . Thus, when analyzing he de elopmen o he
nonp o i sec o in Russian egions, we ocus on people’s engagemen in i s ac i i ies.
1 Resea ch Objec i e
The pu pose o his s udy is o de e mine he main ba ie s hinde ing he de elopmen o he
nonp o i sec o in Russian egions. The esea ch is based on he assump ion ha he
de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o depends upon ci ic engagemen . This dic a es he
necessi y o special scien i ic a en ion o his phenomenon. The a icle adop s a no ion o
ci ic pa icipa ion oo ed in Nakamu a’s [14] unde s anding o i al engagemen : a ype o
in ol emen in which an indi idual expe iences
“enjoyed abso p ion o e a sus ained amoun o ime, ac i i y [ ha ] p o ides a
link o he indi idual and he wo ld, and [is] meaning ul and signi ican o he
indi idual”.
The a icle’s design includes a sho desc ip ion o gene al de elopmen ea u es cha ac e is ic
o he Russian nonp o i sec o and ocuses on de e mining he main challenges he sec o
aces.
2 Me hods
The me hodology o he s udy is based on analy ical and sys em app oaches, me hods o
compa a i e analysis and desc ip ion. Fi s o all, we analyzed scien i ic pape s and legal ac s
conce ning he unc ioning o he nonp o i sec o and i s ole in he social sphe e. The
esea ch in o ma ion base was made up o da a om specialized po als o U.S. Bu eau o
Labo S a is ics, he Minis y o Jus ice o he Russian Fede a ion, he Minis y o Economic
De elopmen o he Russian Fede a ion, he Fede al S a e S a is ics Se ice, and he websi es
o he local go e nmen s o Russian egions. Sys ema iza ion o he da a ob ained allowed us
o d aw he conclusions p esen ed in he a icle. The s udy is based on he expe ience o
o eign coun ies in which public adminis a ion (including he nonp o i sec o ) is
success ully implemen ed on he basis o he p inciple o subsidia i y, which in ol es sol ing
social p oblems a he lowes le el – in he amily o local communi y [15]. In a sligh ly
modi ied o m, his p inciple becomes ele an in mode n Russian condi ions, when he e is a
endency owa ds egionaliza ion o social and economic p ocesses and local de elopmen
ac o s a e o pa icula impo ance [16].
Fo he analysis o he si ua ion wi h ci ic engagemen we used da a ob ained om he
sociological su ey o he Vologda Resea ch Cen e o he Russian Academy o Sciences
(VolRS RAS). The ace- o- ace su ey was conduc ed by using a ques ionnai e con aining 54
ques ions in au umn o 2019 in wo la ge ci ies (Vologda, Che epo e s) and 13 municipal
cen e s o he Vologda Oblas : Sheksna, G yazo e s, Sokol, Veliky Us yug, Chagoda,
Beloze sk, Ta nogsky Go odok, Shuyskoye, Ki illo , Us yuzhna, Babae o, Vozhega,
Nikolsk. The assessmen was conduc ed a he esponden s´ place o esidence. The sample
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size was 1900 people aged 18 and olde (604 esponden s we e om wo la ge ci ies, 1296
we e om he municipal cen e s). Sampling e o does no exceed 3%. Vologda egion is a
ypical egion in he coun y based on i s main socio-economic cha ac e is ics; he e o e, we
conside i as an example.
2.1 Limi a ions
Theo e ical concep s o he “ hi d” sec o a e s ill de eloping in Russia and schola s mainly
ely on he wo ks o o eign colleagues and use he de ini ion gi en by Les e M. Salamon
and his colleagues a Johns Hopkins Cen e o Ci il Socie y S udies [17]. Despi e he
g owing impo ance o he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions, he e a e se e al weak poin s
ega ding i s o mal de elopmen ha should be men ioned. Fi s ly, acco ding o he
de ini ion gi en in na ional legal ac s, go e nmen al ins i u ions a e pa o he hi d sec o .
This ac causes ce ain di icul ies while analyzing s a is ical da a on nonp o i en i ies and
leads o concep ual p oblems [18]. Secondly, he a ie y o legal o ms (mo e han 30) [19]
and he ac ha se e al go e nmen al ins i u ions a e esponsible o di e en ypes o NPOs,
also lead o di icul ies in in e p e ing he si ua ion conce ning he de elopmen o he
nonp o i sec o in he coun y. Pa ly, his p oblem is sol ed wi h he appea ing o a ecen
phenomenon in he legisla i e sys em – socially o ien ed nonp o i o ganiza ions (SONPO).
They make a co e o he Russian nonp o i sec o as abou 60% o Russian NPOs a e ac i e in
he social sphe e, including educa ion, social assis ance and heal h [20]. Fo he aim o his
esea ch, we use s a is ical da a a ailable o SONPOs.
3 Resul s
The ac i i ies o nonp o i o ganiza ions a e aimed a sol ing social p oblems and de eloping
ci il socie y in he coun y. A p esen , he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions is cha ac e ized
by de eloping ends bu s ill has a long way o go. Thus, compa ing nonp o i o ganiza ions’
sha e in all es ablishmen s in he sphe e o social assis ance e ealed ha in he USA i
comp ises o e 40% while in Russia i is app oxima ely 3-6%. The numbe o socially
o ien ed nonp o i o ganiza ions s eadily inc eases in Russia; howe e , i is s ill qui e low.
The ewi h, he sha e o egional o ganiza ions dec eases con ibu ing o in e egional
di e en ia ion. Table 1 shows he dynamics o SONPOs in Russia and Vologda egion.
Tab. 1: Dynamics o SONPOs de elopmen in Russia
Yea
Numbe o SONPOs
Numbe o people ecei ing se ices
om SONPOs
RF
Vologda
egion
The sha e
o egional
SONPOs,
in %
RF
Vologda
egion
The sha e
o egional
SONPOs,
in %
2017
142 641
1 465
1.03
35 536 819
257 366
0.72
2016
143 436
1 752
1.22
31 825 253
271 974
0.85
2015
140 031
1 721
1.23
26 319 671
208 747
0.79
2014
132 087
1 754
1.33
23 215 642
208 380
0.9
2013
113 237
1 696
1.5
17 882 629
191 201
1.07
Sou ce: own calcula ions based on he da a om Fede al S a e S a is ics Se ice. A ailable a : h ps:// eds a . u/
One o he key indica o s o nonp o i o ganiza ions de elopmen is he dynamics in
olun ee ing ac i i ies. As s udies show, he be e de eloped nonp o i sec o is, he highe
he le el o olun ee ing is [21]. In ou opinion, his ule can be applied ice e sa – he
s onge people eel hei esponsibili y o he de elopmen o hei communi y, he mo e
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hey a e engaged in public ac i i ies, he as e he o ma ion o nonp o i sec o is. The
analysis o s a is ical da a showed ha he sha e o people engaged in olun ee ac i i ies in
Russia in gene al is app oxima ely 2%, while in Russian egions i is e en less ( able 2).
Tab. 2: Numbe o olun ee s
Yea
Russian Fede a ion
Vologda egion
Popula ion
A e age numbe
o olun ee s
%
Popula ion
A e age numbe
o olun ee s
%
2017
146 804 372
2 710 023
1.9
1 180 300
17 000
1.4
2018
146 880 432
2 937 318
2.0
1 172 200
18 655
1.6
Sou ce: Own calcula ions based on he da a om h p://www.s a da a. u/ ussia and Fede al S a e S a is ics
Se ice a ailable a h ps:// eds a . u/
In o de o e eal easons o weak olun ee ing ac i i ies, we analyzed he esul s o a su ey
conduc ed in 2019 by he Vologda Resea ch Cen e o he Russian Academy o Sciences on
he people’s a i ude owa d hei engagemen in public li e. The su ey showed ha 19.6% o
he esponden s did no pa icipa e in he communi y li e and only 5.4% o hem e alua e hei
pa icipa ion as ac i e. 86.1% o esponden s did no wo k as a olun ee wi hin he las yea .
The answe s o he ques ion “Did you ha e o ini ia e collec i e ac ions du ing he las 12
mon hs o …?” con i med ha he majo i y o esponden s a e unengaged ( ig.1), bu hey a e
eady o engage in communi y li e, howe e only on inancial e ms ( ig. 2).
Sou ce: VolRC RAS su ey, 2019
Fig. 1: Dynamics o he answe “no” o he ques ion “Did you ha e o ini ia e collec i e
ac ions du ing he las 12 mon hs o …?” (in % o esponden s’ numbe )
Sou ce: VolRC RAS su ey, 2019
Fig. 2: Dis ibu ion o he answe s o he ques ion “Wha o ms o pa icipa ion in public
li e can be accep able o you?” in %
In mos cases, he ac i i ies o olun ee s a e associa ed wi h he wo k o nongo e nmen al
nonp o i o ganiza ions, which ac as ini ia o s, o ganize s and egula o s o ac ions aimed a
sol ing socially signi ican p oblems o he popula ion. The pa icipa ion o ci izens in he
59.1
73.8
83
85.8 sol e you p oblem
sol e ano he pe son's p oblem
implemen you idea, ini ia i e,
p ojec
implemen ano he pe son's idea,
ini ia i e, p ojec
3.5
6.4
11.4
11.9
17.1
30.2
36.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
O he
Philan opic ac i i y in o ganiza ions
F ee o ganiza ional wo k
Pe sonal philan opic ac i i y
Volun ee wo k
Paid wo k ull- ime
Paid wo k pa - ime
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ac i i ies o public associa ions is an impo an indica o e lec ing he le el o ci ic
pa icipa ion as a whole. The esul s o he su ey ha e e ealed ha NPOs in Russia a e s ill
in he p ocess o gaining ecogni ion ( able 3).
Tab. 3: Dis ibu ion o he esponden s’ answe s
Ques ion
Sha e o answe s, in %
In ci ies and owns people o m nonp o i o ganiza ions. Do you know abou hem?
In you own
Yes, I know
8.7
I ha e hea d some hing
44.7
No, I do no know
46.6
In you egion
Yes, I know
5.1
I ha e hea d some hing
40.8
No, I do no know
54.1
In Russia
Yes, I know
7.5
I ha e hea d some hing
38.6
No, I do no know
53.9
Do you know, a e you a membe o , o do you pa icipa e in any e en s o ganized by
nonp o i o ganiza ions?
I do no know any
67.1
I am no a membe
79.5
I do no pa icipa e
77.3
Sou ce: VolRC RAS su ey, 2019
The su ey included a ques ion “Wha s ops you om pa icipa ing in communi y li e, in
e en s o nonp o i o ganiza ions?” The answe s o his ques ion allowed us o de e mine he
main easons o people’s ine ness. Thus, he majo i y o he esponden s do no pa icipa e in
public li e due o he lack o ee ime (36.3%) o in e es in such ac i i ies (27%). Some
answe s indica e ha people a e no ce ain i hey a e i (heal hy) enough o engage in public
li e (20.1%), i hey ha e necessa y skills (12.4%), i he e is any help om his engagemen
(11.3%). Also, i should be no ed ha some esponden s consciously deny ci ic engagemen
because i does no help sol e hei indi idual p oblems and hose o hei ela i es (8.6%) o
does no o e hem oppo uni ies o pe sonal de elopmen (9%). One o he impo an
easons o inac i eness is ha people do no know whe e o go and do no ha e any
in o ma ion (4.8%).
4 Discussion
The esul s ob ained wi hin he amewo k o his esea ch con i m p e ious indings o a
ce ain ex en . Va ious s udies demons a e ha nonp o i o ganiza ions ha e limi ed use and
people a e mo e likely o seek help om amily and iends [22; 23]. Rep esen a i es o he
hi d sec o o en blame un a o able ex e nal en i onmen o such ailu es. Howe e , based
on he pape by a Russian esea che Zado in I. V. and his colleagues [24], he e a e ou
le els o in e ac ion a ec ing he de elopmen o he sec o : be ween nonp o i s and ci izens,
nonp o i s and au ho i ies, nonp o i s and business, and in e nal issues o nonp o i s. The
ela ionship wi h au ho i ies includes gene al a i udes o he la e ega ding nonp o i
o ganiza ions, o ms and p inciples o in e ac ion, e iciency o pa icipa ion in he p ocesses
o decision-making. Rela ionship wi h business s uc u es can be seen in he deg ee o
mo i a ion o in e ac ion, oppo uni ies o sel -o ganiza ion, and ac i i y o he business in

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social p ojec s. Rela ionship be ween nonp o i o ganiza ions and indi iduals include
unde s anding he ole o NPOs, mo i a ion o pa icipa e, and ci ic educa ion. In e nal issues
o he hi d sec o a e ela ed o en i onmen al es ic ions and oppo uni ies, coo dina ion and
pa ne ship, p o essionalism and compe ence, and he abili y o ec ui . In he Russian case, i
is ob ious ha all ou aspec s should be signi ican ly imp o ed. The esul s o his s udy
clea ly show ha despi e he posi i e end in he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in he
coun y, one o he mos impo an challenges is he low le el o ci ic engagemen , and i pu s
a isk he main goal o nonp o i o ganiza ions which is o add ess public conce ns and
ensu e high li ing s anda ds o he popula ion.
The challenges ela ed o he dec easing ci ic engagemen a e cha ac e is ic o Eu opean
coun ies as well. As he esul s ob ained wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec “Thi d Sec o
Impac ” show, 73% o he su eyed o ganiza ions ega d limi ed public awa eness as a
se ious p oblem [25, p. 4]. Nonp o i o ganiza ions ace p oblems ec ui ing olun ee s and
boa d membe s; ci izens a e becoming mo e cons ained and hesi an o ake up esponsibili y,
especially o long pe iods o ime. T ends in he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in
Eas e n Eu ope a e qui e simila o hose in Russia: despi e he gene al upwa d end in e ms
o o ganiza ional g ow h, he membe ship base is sh inking and social ancho age is s ill
limi ed [26]. A human esou ce sho age is a majo challenge o local communi ies as i is
a he di icul o engage p o essionals in olun a y ac i i ies on a egula basis. This esul s
in p oblems wi h media co e age, public image, und aising challenges, and ecogni ion
wi hin di e en pa o he socie y [27, p. 10]. The e o e, in ou opinion, p io i y a en ion
should be paid o he ac i i ies ha allow o e coming challenges ela ed o people’
engagemen and pa icipa ion in communi y li e.
Conclusion
Summa izing he esul s o he s udy, we de ined h ee g oups o ba ie s hinde ing a mo e
ac i e ci ic engagemen and consequen ly a mo e apid de elopmen o he Russian nonp o i
sec o :
1. Mo i a ion ba ie s include lack o ime o in o ma ion. Nonp o i o ganiza ions ha e
di icul ies wi h inding no only ini ia i e people, bu also hose who a e simply open o
pa icipa ion in public ac i i ies. Expe s poin o he dominance o pa e nalis ic a i udes,
deep doub s ha some hing could be demanded om he au ho i ies. In o de o o e come
hese ba ie s, local au ho i ies should c ea e wo king mechanisms o people o
communica e and ealize hei ideas; o example, special online and o line pla o ms
whe e hey can mee and discuss ini ia i es. Public se ice announcemen s can help
p omo e and sp ead in o ma ion abou nonp o i o ganiza ions and hei ac i i ies, o m
new habi s and p ac ices o engagemen . In addi ion o i , employe s should be encou aged
o p o ide oppo uni ies o employees. I can conce n wo king hou s o inancial means.
A he same ime, employe s should also be ewa ded o his beha io ( ax educ ion,
special condi ions wi hin go e nmen con ac s, e c.).
2. Hesi a ion ba ie s include insecu i ies connec ed wi h skills, heal h o di e ence people
can make i hey pa icipa e in public li e. This ba ie sugges s ha people a e eady o
engage and he e o e i is necessa y o gi e hem his oppo uni y. In ou opinion, he key
playe s in such cases a e local nonp o i o ganiza ions. Being close o po en ial ac i is s
hey know wha , when, whe e is needed, and how di e en people can con ibu e o he
communi y. One o he challenges, howe e , is he ac ha ac i is s and leade s o NPOs
o en do no ha e knowledge how o engage hese people as o he mos pa hey belong
o he ca ego y o “in ui i e leade s”. They ha e nowhe e o acqui e skills in o ganizing
join ac ions, nego ia ion skills, public speaking, p epa ing appeals, e c.
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3. Inwa d- ocused ba ie s include lack o in e es o concen a ion on one’s own li e goals
and p oblems. Weak in e es in social ac i i y is shown by people who a e ca ee -o ien ed
and conside social ac i i ies cos ly and unp omising. Howe e , we belie e ha he
inc ease o mass-media a en ion o ci ic engagemen p ac ices will posi i ely a ec
people’s a i ude owa ds his phenomenon.
S udies show ha a he ini ial s age, nonp o i o ganiza ions always ace he igidi y o he
exis ing poli ical, adminis a i e, business s uc u es, and people. A he same ime, wi h
o ganiza ional de elopmen , mobiliza ion o esou ces and he accumula ion o expe ience,
he in luence o NPOs on he socie y inc eases. As ou esea ch e eals, he Russian nonp o i
sec o is s ill de eloping and mee s many challenges. They include no only p oblems in
coope a ion wi h he au ho i ies o business bu also di icul ies in ci ic engagemen ; and in
ou opinion, his is he mos impo an issue ha has o be add essed. Unde p esen
ci cums ances in Russia, when go e nmen is wo king on he nonp o i sec o de elopmen a
leas as much as he sec o i sel , he common goal is eaching people o be ini ia i e ci izens,
explaining ways o exp ess opinions and c ea ing oppo uni ies o sha ing ideas.
Acknowledgemen s
The s udy was suppo ed by he Russian Founda ion o Basic Resea ch ( esea ch p ojec No.
19-011-00724 A «Ba ie s o ci ic pa icipa ion and mechanisms o hei o e coming a he
egional le el»).
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