The development of the nonprofit sector in Russian regions: main challenges

19 19 ACC JOURNAL 2020, Volume 26, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2020-2-002 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NONPROFIT SECTOR IN RUSSIAN REGIONS: MAIN CHALLENGES Anna A amono a Vologda Resea ch Cen e o he Russian Academy o Sciences, Depa men o Edi o ial-and-Publishing Ac i i y and Science-In o ma ion Suppo , 56A, Go ky s ., 160014, Vologda, Russia e-mail: [email p o ec ed] Abs ac This a icle aims a iden i ying he main ba ie s hinde ing de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions. The esea ch is based on he con ic ion ha he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o is c ucial o he egional socio-economic sys em and depends upon ci ic engagemen . The esul s o an analysis o a ailable s a is ical da a and a sociological su ey conduc ed in one o he Russian egions e eal ha he sha e o he Russians engaged in olun ee ac i i ies is low; o e 80% o he popula ion do no pa icipa e in public ac i i ies; less han 10% ha e de ini e knowledge o wo king nonp o i o ganiza ions. The s udy allowed iden i ying h ee g oups o he main ba ie s and o mula ing some ecommenda ions o hei o e coming. Keywo ds Russia; Nonp o i sec o ; Nongo e nmen al o ganiza ion; Ci ic pa icipa ion; Ci ic engagemen . In oduc ion Sus ainable de elopmen o Russian egions equi es he ulles use o hei in e nal po en ial. As he public and p i a e sec o s canno mee all demands conce ning he p o ision o high li ing s anda ds o all g oups o he popula ion, i is necessa y o local au ho i ies o ind new oppo uni ies o e ec i e and mu ually bene icial coope a ion wi h o he economic ac o s. In Russian egions, in his ega d a new end becomes e iden – go e nmen s a s o pay mo e a en ion o o ganiza ions o he hi d (nonp o i ) sec o . While he impo ance o he nonp o i sec o has been acknowledged wo ldwide, i is s ill a he s age o o ma ion and de elopmen in Russia. Go e nmen al bodies wo k a imp o ing he egula o y and legal amewo k unde lying he sec o [1; 2] and in oduce a ious suppo mechanisms [3; 4]. Acco ding o Knyaze a [5, p. 141], he impe us o he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o was he adop ion o se e al laws egula ing i s ac i i ies, which allowed sys emizing and legi imizing he main cha ac e is ics o i s ci il s a us. In ecen yea s, he numbe o esea ch pape s desc ibing he po en ial o he nonp o i sec o in egional economy has been cons an ly inc easing. Howe e , he esea ch ocus is mainly on gene al ends and p oblems ela ed o he adop ion o new models o in e ac ion be ween go e nmen al and nonp o i o ganiza ions see e.g. [6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. In he wo ld academic discou se schola s ha e come o he conclusion ha he po en ial o he nonp o i sec o is ealized in a limi ed o m. Acco ding o Salamon [11], he eason lies in ou main “ olun a y ailu es”: philan h opic insu iciency, i.e. inabili y o gene a e eliable esou ces o an adequa e esponse o communi y needs; philan h opic pa icula ism, i.e. he endency o ocus on pa icula subg oups lea ing less “dese ing” g oups o public 20 20 ins i u ions; philan h opic pa e nalism esul ing in si ua ions when he na u e o olun a y sec o comes o be shaped by hose p o iding esou ces; and philan h opic ama eu ism which means ama eu app oaches o se ious p oblems and lack o p o essionalism. These ailu es a e s ill cha ac e is ic o he ac i i ies o he nonp o i sec o . As Enjol as e al. [12, pp. 131–141] no e, lack o inancial and human esou ces, insu icien le el o p o essional and echnical expe ise a e conside ed among he main ba ie s hinde ing he de elopmen o he sec o and limi ing i s abili y o p omo e ci ic engagemen . On he con a y, nonp o i o ganiza ions play a dis inc i e ole in encou aging ci ic engagemen wi hin local communi ies [13]. We assume ha his is a ecip ocal p ocess, and he le el o people’s engagemen has an impac on he size and e iciency o he nonp o i sec o . Thus, when analyzing he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions, we ocus on people’s engagemen in i s ac i i ies. 1 Resea ch Objec i e The pu pose o his s udy is o de e mine he main ba ie s hinde ing he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions. The esea ch is based on he assump ion ha he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o depends upon ci ic engagemen . This dic a es he necessi y o special scien i ic a en ion o his phenomenon. The a icle adop s a no ion o ci ic pa icipa ion oo ed in Nakamu a’s [14] unde s anding o i al engagemen : a ype o in ol emen in which an indi idual expe iences “enjoyed abso p ion o e a sus ained amoun o ime, ac i i y [ ha ] p o ides a link o he indi idual and he wo ld, and [is] meaning ul and signi ican o he indi idual”. The a icle’s design includes a sho desc ip ion o gene al de elopmen ea u es cha ac e is ic o he Russian nonp o i sec o and ocuses on de e mining he main challenges he sec o aces. 2 Me hods The me hodology o he s udy is based on analy ical and sys em app oaches, me hods o compa a i e analysis and desc ip ion. Fi s o all, we analyzed scien i ic pape s and legal ac s conce ning he unc ioning o he nonp o i sec o and i s ole in he social sphe e. The esea ch in o ma ion base was made up o da a om specialized po als o U.S. Bu eau o Labo S a is ics, he Minis y o Jus ice o he Russian Fede a ion, he Minis y o Economic De elopmen o he Russian Fede a ion, he Fede al S a e S a is ics Se ice, and he websi es o he local go e nmen s o Russian egions. Sys ema iza ion o he da a ob ained allowed us o d aw he conclusions p esen ed in he a icle. The s udy is based on he expe ience o o eign coun ies in which public adminis a ion (including he nonp o i sec o ) is success ully implemen ed on he basis o he p inciple o subsidia i y, which in ol es sol ing social p oblems a he lowes le el – in he amily o local communi y [15]. In a sligh ly modi ied o m, his p inciple becomes ele an in mode n Russian condi ions, when he e is a endency owa ds egionaliza ion o social and economic p ocesses and local de elopmen ac o s a e o pa icula impo ance [16]. Fo he analysis o he si ua ion wi h ci ic engagemen we used da a ob ained om he sociological su ey o he Vologda Resea ch Cen e o he Russian Academy o Sciences (VolRS RAS). The ace- o- ace su ey was conduc ed by using a ques ionnai e con aining 54 ques ions in au umn o 2019 in wo la ge ci ies (Vologda, Che epo e s) and 13 municipal cen e s o he Vologda Oblas : Sheksna, G yazo e s, Sokol, Veliky Us yug, Chagoda, Beloze sk, Ta nogsky Go odok, Shuyskoye, Ki illo , Us yuzhna, Babae o, Vozhega, Nikolsk. The assessmen was conduc ed a he esponden s´ place o esidence. The sample 21 21 size was 1900 people aged 18 and olde (604 esponden s we e om wo la ge ci ies, 1296 we e om he municipal cen e s). Sampling e o does no exceed 3%. Vologda egion is a ypical egion in he coun y based on i s main socio-economic cha ac e is ics; he e o e, we conside i as an example. 2.1 Limi a ions Theo e ical concep s o he “ hi d” sec o a e s ill de eloping in Russia and schola s mainly ely on he wo ks o o eign colleagues and use he de ini ion gi en by Les e M. Salamon and his colleagues a Johns Hopkins Cen e o Ci il Socie y S udies [17]. Despi e he g owing impo ance o he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions, he e a e se e al weak poin s ega ding i s o mal de elopmen ha should be men ioned. Fi s ly, acco ding o he de ini ion gi en in na ional legal ac s, go e nmen al ins i u ions a e pa o he hi d sec o . This ac causes ce ain di icul ies while analyzing s a is ical da a on nonp o i en i ies and leads o concep ual p oblems [18]. Secondly, he a ie y o legal o ms (mo e han 30) [19] and he ac ha se e al go e nmen al ins i u ions a e esponsible o di e en ypes o NPOs, also lead o di icul ies in in e p e ing he si ua ion conce ning he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in he coun y. Pa ly, his p oblem is sol ed wi h he appea ing o a ecen phenomenon in he legisla i e sys em – socially o ien ed nonp o i o ganiza ions (SONPO). They make a co e o he Russian nonp o i sec o as abou 60% o Russian NPOs a e ac i e in he social sphe e, including educa ion, social assis ance and heal h [20]. Fo he aim o his esea ch, we use s a is ical da a a ailable o SONPOs. 3 Resul s The ac i i ies o nonp o i o ganiza ions a e aimed a sol ing social p oblems and de eloping ci il socie y in he coun y. A p esen , he nonp o i sec o in Russian egions is cha ac e ized by de eloping ends bu s ill has a long way o go. Thus, compa ing nonp o i o ganiza ions’ sha e in all es ablishmen s in he sphe e o social assis ance e ealed ha in he USA i comp ises o e 40% while in Russia i is app oxima ely 3-6%. The numbe o socially o ien ed nonp o i o ganiza ions s eadily inc eases in Russia; howe e , i is s ill qui e low. The ewi h, he sha e o egional o ganiza ions dec eases con ibu ing o in e egional di e en ia ion. Table 1 shows he dynamics o SONPOs in Russia and Vologda egion. Tab. 1: Dynamics o SONPOs de elopmen in Russia Yea Numbe o SONPOs Numbe o people ecei ing se ices om SONPOs RF Vologda egion The sha e o egional SONPOs, in % RF Vologda egion The sha e o egional SONPOs, in % 2017 142 641 1 465 1.03 35 536 819 257 366 0.72 2016 143 436 1 752 1.22 31 825 253 271 974 0.85 2015 140 031 1 721 1.23 26 319 671 208 747 0.79 2014 132 087 1 754 1.33 23 215 642 208 380 0.9 2013 113 237 1 696 1.5 17 882 629 191 201 1.07 Sou ce: own calcula ions based on he da a om Fede al S a e S a is ics Se ice. A ailable a : h ps:// eds a . u/ One o he key indica o s o nonp o i o ganiza ions de elopmen is he dynamics in olun ee ing ac i i ies. As s udies show, he be e de eloped nonp o i sec o is, he highe he le el o olun ee ing is [21]. In ou opinion, his ule can be applied ice e sa – he s onge people eel hei esponsibili y o he de elopmen o hei communi y, he mo e 22 22 hey a e engaged in public ac i i ies, he as e he o ma ion o nonp o i sec o is. The analysis o s a is ical da a showed ha he sha e o people engaged in olun ee ac i i ies in Russia in gene al is app oxima ely 2%, while in Russian egions i is e en less ( able 2). Tab. 2: Numbe o olun ee s Yea Russian Fede a ion Vologda egion Popula ion A e age numbe o olun ee s % Popula ion A e age numbe o olun ee s % 2017 146 804 372 2 710 023 1.9 1 180 300 17 000 1.4 2018 146 880 432 2 937 318 2.0 1 172 200 18 655 1.6 Sou ce: Own calcula ions based on he da a om h p://www.s a da a. u/ ussia and Fede al S a e S a is ics Se ice a ailable a h ps:// eds a . u/ In o de o e eal easons o weak olun ee ing ac i i ies, we analyzed he esul s o a su ey conduc ed in 2019 by he Vologda Resea ch Cen e o he Russian Academy o Sciences on he people’s a i ude owa d hei engagemen in public li e. The su ey showed ha 19.6% o he esponden s did no pa icipa e in he communi y li e and only 5.4% o hem e alua e hei pa icipa ion as ac i e. 86.1% o esponden s did no wo k as a olun ee wi hin he las yea . The answe s o he ques ion “Did you ha e o ini ia e collec i e ac ions du ing he las 12 mon hs o …?” con i med ha he majo i y o esponden s a e unengaged ( ig.1), bu hey a e eady o engage in communi y li e, howe e only on inancial e ms ( ig. 2). Sou ce: VolRC RAS su ey, 2019 Fig. 1: Dynamics o he answe “no” o he ques ion “Did you ha e o ini ia e collec i e ac ions du ing he las 12 mon hs o …?” (in % o esponden s’ numbe ) Sou ce: VolRC RAS su ey, 2019 Fig. 2: Dis ibu ion o he answe s o he ques ion “Wha o ms o pa icipa ion in public li e can be accep able o you?” in % In mos cases, he ac i i ies o olun ee s a e associa ed wi h he wo k o nongo e nmen al nonp o i o ganiza ions, which ac as ini ia o s, o ganize s and egula o s o ac ions aimed a sol ing socially signi ican p oblems o he popula ion. The pa icipa ion o ci izens in he 59.1 73.8 83 85.8 sol e you p oblem sol e ano he pe son's p oblem implemen you idea, ini ia i e, p ojec implemen ano he pe son's idea, ini ia i e, p ojec 3.5 6.4 11.4 11.9 17.1 30.2 36.8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 O he Philan opic ac i i y in o ganiza ions F ee o ganiza ional wo k Pe sonal philan opic ac i i y Volun ee wo k Paid wo k ull- ime Paid wo k pa - ime 23 23 ac i i ies o public associa ions is an impo an indica o e lec ing he le el o ci ic pa icipa ion as a whole. The esul s o he su ey ha e e ealed ha NPOs in Russia a e s ill in he p ocess o gaining ecogni ion ( able 3). Tab. 3: Dis ibu ion o he esponden s’ answe s Ques ion Sha e o answe s, in % In ci ies and owns people o m nonp o i o ganiza ions. Do you know abou hem? In you own Yes, I know 8.7 I ha e hea d some hing 44.7 No, I do no know 46.6 In you egion Yes, I know 5.1 I ha e hea d some hing 40.8 No, I do no know 54.1 In Russia Yes, I know 7.5 I ha e hea d some hing 38.6 No, I do no know 53.9 Do you know, a e you a membe o , o do you pa icipa e in any e en s o ganized by nonp o i o ganiza ions? I do no know any 67.1 I am no a membe 79.5 I do no pa icipa e 77.3 Sou ce: VolRC RAS su ey, 2019 The su ey included a ques ion “Wha s ops you om pa icipa ing in communi y li e, in e en s o nonp o i o ganiza ions?” The answe s o his ques ion allowed us o de e mine he main easons o people’s ine ness. Thus, he majo i y o he esponden s do no pa icipa e in public li e due o he lack o ee ime (36.3%) o in e es in such ac i i ies (27%). Some answe s indica e ha people a e no ce ain i hey a e i (heal hy) enough o engage in public li e (20.1%), i hey ha e necessa y skills (12.4%), i he e is any help om his engagemen (11.3%). Also, i should be no ed ha some esponden s consciously deny ci ic engagemen because i does no help sol e hei indi idual p oblems and hose o hei ela i es (8.6%) o does no o e hem oppo uni ies o pe sonal de elopmen (9%). One o he impo an easons o inac i eness is ha people do no know whe e o go and do no ha e any in o ma ion (4.8%). 4 Discussion The esul s ob ained wi hin he amewo k o his esea ch con i m p e ious indings o a ce ain ex en . Va ious s udies demons a e ha nonp o i o ganiza ions ha e limi ed use and people a e mo e likely o seek help om amily and iends [22; 23]. Rep esen a i es o he hi d sec o o en blame un a o able ex e nal en i onmen o such ailu es. Howe e , based on he pape by a Russian esea che Zado in I. V. and his colleagues [24], he e a e ou le els o in e ac ion a ec ing he de elopmen o he sec o : be ween nonp o i s and ci izens, nonp o i s and au ho i ies, nonp o i s and business, and in e nal issues o nonp o i s. The ela ionship wi h au ho i ies includes gene al a i udes o he la e ega ding nonp o i o ganiza ions, o ms and p inciples o in e ac ion, e iciency o pa icipa ion in he p ocesses o decision-making. Rela ionship wi h business s uc u es can be seen in he deg ee o mo i a ion o in e ac ion, oppo uni ies o sel -o ganiza ion, and ac i i y o he business in 24 24 social p ojec s. Rela ionship be ween nonp o i o ganiza ions and indi iduals include unde s anding he ole o NPOs, mo i a ion o pa icipa e, and ci ic educa ion. In e nal issues o he hi d sec o a e ela ed o en i onmen al es ic ions and oppo uni ies, coo dina ion and pa ne ship, p o essionalism and compe ence, and he abili y o ec ui . In he Russian case, i is ob ious ha all ou aspec s should be signi ican ly imp o ed. The esul s o his s udy clea ly show ha despi e he posi i e end in he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in he coun y, one o he mos impo an challenges is he low le el o ci ic engagemen , and i pu s a isk he main goal o nonp o i o ganiza ions which is o add ess public conce ns and ensu e high li ing s anda ds o he popula ion. The challenges ela ed o he dec easing ci ic engagemen a e cha ac e is ic o Eu opean coun ies as well. As he esul s ob ained wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec “Thi d Sec o Impac ” show, 73% o he su eyed o ganiza ions ega d limi ed public awa eness as a se ious p oblem [25, p. 4]. Nonp o i o ganiza ions ace p oblems ec ui ing olun ee s and boa d membe s; ci izens a e becoming mo e cons ained and hesi an o ake up esponsibili y, especially o long pe iods o ime. T ends in he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in Eas e n Eu ope a e qui e simila o hose in Russia: despi e he gene al upwa d end in e ms o o ganiza ional g ow h, he membe ship base is sh inking and social ancho age is s ill limi ed [26]. A human esou ce sho age is a majo challenge o local communi ies as i is a he di icul o engage p o essionals in olun a y ac i i ies on a egula basis. This esul s in p oblems wi h media co e age, public image, und aising challenges, and ecogni ion wi hin di e en pa o he socie y [27, p. 10]. The e o e, in ou opinion, p io i y a en ion should be paid o he ac i i ies ha allow o e coming challenges ela ed o people’ engagemen and pa icipa ion in communi y li e. Conclusion Summa izing he esul s o he s udy, we de ined h ee g oups o ba ie s hinde ing a mo e ac i e ci ic engagemen and consequen ly a mo e apid de elopmen o he Russian nonp o i sec o : 1. Mo i a ion ba ie s include lack o ime o in o ma ion. Nonp o i o ganiza ions ha e di icul ies wi h inding no only ini ia i e people, bu also hose who a e simply open o pa icipa ion in public ac i i ies. Expe s poin o he dominance o pa e nalis ic a i udes, deep doub s ha some hing could be demanded om he au ho i ies. In o de o o e come hese ba ie s, local au ho i ies should c ea e wo king mechanisms o people o communica e and ealize hei ideas; o example, special online and o line pla o ms whe e hey can mee and discuss ini ia i es. Public se ice announcemen s can help p omo e and sp ead in o ma ion abou nonp o i o ganiza ions and hei ac i i ies, o m new habi s and p ac ices o engagemen . In addi ion o i , employe s should be encou aged o p o ide oppo uni ies o employees. I can conce n wo king hou s o inancial means. A he same ime, employe s should also be ewa ded o his beha io ( ax educ ion, special condi ions wi hin go e nmen con ac s, e c.). 2. Hesi a ion ba ie s include insecu i ies connec ed wi h skills, heal h o di e ence people can make i hey pa icipa e in public li e. This ba ie sugges s ha people a e eady o engage and he e o e i is necessa y o gi e hem his oppo uni y. In ou opinion, he key playe s in such cases a e local nonp o i o ganiza ions. Being close o po en ial ac i is s hey know wha , when, whe e is needed, and how di e en people can con ibu e o he communi y. One o he challenges, howe e , is he ac ha ac i is s and leade s o NPOs o en do no ha e knowledge how o engage hese people as o he mos pa hey belong o he ca ego y o “in ui i e leade s”. They ha e nowhe e o acqui e skills in o ganizing join ac ions, nego ia ion skills, public speaking, p epa ing appeals, e c. 25 25 3. Inwa d- ocused ba ie s include lack o in e es o concen a ion on one’s own li e goals and p oblems. Weak in e es in social ac i i y is shown by people who a e ca ee -o ien ed and conside social ac i i ies cos ly and unp omising. Howe e , we belie e ha he inc ease o mass-media a en ion o ci ic engagemen p ac ices will posi i ely a ec people’s a i ude owa ds his phenomenon. S udies show ha a he ini ial s age, nonp o i o ganiza ions always ace he igidi y o he exis ing poli ical, adminis a i e, business s uc u es, and people. A he same ime, wi h o ganiza ional de elopmen , mobiliza ion o esou ces and he accumula ion o expe ience, he in luence o NPOs on he socie y inc eases. As ou esea ch e eals, he Russian nonp o i sec o is s ill de eloping and mee s many challenges. They include no only p oblems in coope a ion wi h he au ho i ies o business bu also di icul ies in ci ic engagemen ; and in ou opinion, his is he mos impo an issue ha has o be add essed. Unde p esen ci cums ances in Russia, when go e nmen is wo king on he nonp o i sec o de elopmen a leas as much as he sec o i sel , he common goal is eaching people o be ini ia i e ci izens, explaining ways o exp ess opinions and c ea ing oppo uni ies o sha ing ideas. Acknowledgemen s The s udy was suppo ed by he Russian Founda ion o Basic Resea ch ( esea ch p ojec No. 19-011-00724 A «Ba ie s o ci ic pa icipa ion and mechanisms o hei o e coming a he egional le el»). Li e a u e [1] MERSIANOVA, I. V.; BENEVOLENSKI, V. B. NPOs as social se ices p o ide s: O ganiza ional weaknesses e i ying. Public Adminis a ion Issues. 2017, Issue 2, pp. 83–104. [2] SHABUNOVA, A. A.; KOSYGINA, K. E.: Public Adminis a ion Issues in he De elopmen o he Non-P o i Sec o a he Regional Le el. Economic and Social Changes: Fac s, T ends, Fo ecas . 2019, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 86–103. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2019.4.64.6 [3] GROMOVA, M. N.; MERSIYANOVA, I. V.: S a e suppo o he non-p o i sec o and issue o es ima ion o i s e iciency. Ci il Socie y in Russia and Ab oad. 2016, Issue 1, pp. 39–44. [4] KRASNOPOLSKAYA, I.; SKOKOVA, Yu.; PAPE, U.: Go e nmen –Nonp o i Rela ions in Russia’s Regions: An Explo a o y Analysis. VOLUNTAS: In e na ional Jou nal o Volun a y and Nonp o i O ganiza ions. 2015, Issue 26, pp. 2238–2266. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-015-9654-3 [5] KNYAZEVA, M. V.: Func ioning o non-comme cial o ganiza ions in he Russian Fede a ion and hei in luence on social-economic p ocesses. Tomsk S a e Uni e si y Jou nal. 2011, Issue 344, pp. 141–144. [6] TARASENKO, A.: Nekomme cheskii sek o ES i Rossii (Nonp o i Sec o in he EU and Russia). 2015. 224 p. [7] VDOVINA, G. K.: P ospec s o he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in Russia and i s egions. Eu asian Union o Scien is s. 2015, No. 10-5 (19), pp. 32–34. [8] YAKOBSON, L. I.; SANOVICH, S. V.: The Changing Models o he Russian Thi d Sec o : Impo Subs i u ion Phase. Jou nal o Ci il Socie y. 2010, Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 279–300. DOI: 10.1080/17448689.2010.528951 26 26 [9] MEDVEDEVA, N. V.; FROLOVA, E. V.: T ends in he de elopmen o he nonp o i sec o in he Russian Fede a ion unde he condi ions o in e egional di e en ia ion. P oceedings o he A anasye Readings. 2018, Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 22–28. [10] MOSKOVSKAYA, A. A.: Incen i es and Ba ie s o Engaging Non-S a e P o ide s in he P o ision o Public Social Se ices: Russian and Fo eign Expe ience. Public Adminis a ion Issues. 2018, Issue 3, pp. 88–116. [11] SALAMON, L. M.: Pa ne s in Public Se ice: The Scope and Theo y o Go e nmen - Nonp o i Rela ions. In: Wal e , W (ed.), Powell The Nonp o i Sec o : A Resea ch Handbook,. New Ha en, CT: Yale Uni e si y P ess. 1987, pp. 99–117. [12] ENJOLRAS, B.; SALAMON, L. M.; SIVESIND, K. H.; ZIMMER, A.: The Thi d Sec o as a Renewable Re-sou ce o Eu ope: Concep s, Impac s, Challenges and Oppo uni ies. 2018. 196 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71473-8 [13] ACHESON, N.: Se ice Deli e y and Ci ic Engagemen : Disabili y O ganiza ions in No he n I eland. VOLUNTAS: In e na ional Jou nal o Volun a y and Nonp o i O ganiza ions. 2001, Issue 12, pp. 279–283. DOI: 10.1023/A:1012395402144 [14] NAKAMURA, L.: Cybe ypes: Race, E hnici y, and Iden i y on he In e ne . New Yo k: Rou ledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-93836-5. [15] ANHEIER, H. K.: Nonp o i O ganiza ions. Theo y, Managemen , Policy. Rou ledge, 2014. eBook ISBN9781315851044. DOI: 10.4324/9781315851044 [16] LAZHENTSEV, V. N.: Theo y o e i o ial de elopmen and p ac ice o e i o ial planning. Issues o Te i o ial De elopmen . [online]. 2014, Vol. 18, Issue 8. A ailable om WWW: h p:// . scc.ac. u/a icle/1433 [17] SALAMON, L. M.; ANHEIER, H. K.; LIST, R.; TOEPLER, S.; SOKOLOWSKI, W. and associa es: Global Ci il Socie y Dimensions o he Nonp o i Sec o . The Johns Hopkins Cen e o Ci il Socie y S udies. Bal imo e, MD, 1999. 512 p. [18] MYSIN, S. V.: U gen p oblems o he e minology in he sphe e o nonp o i o ganiza ions in mode n Russian law. BSU Bulle in. 2014, Issue 2, pp. 233–236. [19] ARTAMONOVA, A. S.: Assessmen o he s a e o he nonp o i o ganiza ions sec o . Social A ea. [online]. 2017, Vol. 10, Issue 3. A ailable om WWW: h p://sociala ea- jou nal. u/a icle/2313 [20] SKOKOVA, Yu.; PAPE, U.; KRASNOPOLSKAYA, I.: The Non-p o i Sec o in Today’s Russia: Be ween Con on a ion and Co-op a ion. Eu ope-Asia S udies. 2018, Vol. 70, Issue 4. DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2018.1447089 [21] ARON, R.: Les E apes de la Pensee Sociologique. T ansla ed in o Russian. P. S. Gu e ich (ed.), Moscow, 1992. [22] STAGNER, M.; RICHMAN, H.: Help-Seeking and he Use o Social Se ice P o ide s by Wel a e Families in Chicago. Chicago, Chapin Hall Cen e o Child en, 1986. [23] EDIN, K.; LEIN L.: Making Ends Mee : How Single Mo he s Su i e Wel a e and Low- Wage Wo k. New Yo k: Russell Sage Founda ion, 1997. [24] ZADORIN, I. V.; ZAYTSEV, D. G.; KLIMOV, I. A.: Ci il pa icipa ion in Russia: Ca og aphy o p oblems and solu ions. Poli eia, 2011, Issue 1, pp. 98–116. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2011-60-1-98-116 27 27 [25] ZIMMER, A.; PAHL, B.: Lea ning om Eu ope: Repo on Thi d Sec o Enabling and Disabling Fac o s. TSI Compa a i e Repo No. 1, Se en h F amewo k P og amme (g an ag eemen 613034). Eu opean Union. B ussels: Thi d Sec o Impac . 2016. 30 p. [26] BEŽOVAN, G.; MATANČEVIĆ, J.; BATURINA, D.: Iden i ying Ex e nal and In e nal Ba ie s o Thi d Sec o De elopmen in C oa ia. TSI Na ional Repo Se ies No. 5. Se en h F amewo k P og amme (g an ag eemen 613034). Eu opean Union. B ussels: Thi d Sec o Impac . 2016. 52 с. [27] LEŚ, E.; NAŁĘCZ, S.; PIELIŃSKI, B.: Thi d sec o ba ie s in Poland. TSI Na ional Repo Se ies No. 7. Se en h F amewo k P og amme (g an ag eemen 613034. Eu opean Union. B ussels: Thi d Sec o Impac . 2016. 46 с. Anna A amono a