166 2015, XVIII, 4
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DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2015-4-012
In oduc ion
Small and medium en e p ises (SME) sec o
has a key ole in economic g ow h, employmen
and po e y alle ia ion [1], [4], [17]. In Eu ope is
abou 20 million SME and hey play an impo an
ole in he Eu opean economy. These a e
mos ly mic o-en e p ises and in 2012 employed
app oxima ely 86.8 million people. This
ep esen s 66.5% o all Eu opean jobs o ha
yea . Almos 5.1 million en e p ises ope a e in
he manu ac u ing and he cons uc ion sec o s;
o hese, 99.6% a e SMEs [9], [10]. Beck e al.
[2], [3], [8] p esen ed a posi i e ela ionship
be ween he sha e o SMEs in manu ac u ing
and g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP) pe capi a
g ow h.
Acco ding o Cen al S a is ical O i ce o
Poland (CSO) da a, SME sec o en e p ises
ope a ing in Poland gene a e almos h ee
ou h o Polish GDP. Resul a a le el o
71.8% in 2011, a e a small d op in sha e in
2010, can mean a e u n o an upwa ds end
obse ed du ing he yea s 2006–2009. I we
look a he en e p ises’ GDP sha e s uc u e, i
u ns ou ha SME gene a e e e y second zlo y
(47.3%), including he smalles en e p ises –
e e y hi d (29.4%). Medium en i ies’ sha e is
h ee imes smalle (10.1%) han he one o
mic o en e p ises, whe eas, in case o small
en e p ises – almos ou imes (7.8%). In
2011, in compa ison wi h 2010, he sha e o
big companies in c ea ing en e p ises’ GDP
inc eased, whe eas, he one o mic o and
medium en e p ises – d opped, and in case o
small ones – emained a a simila le el [22].
The a o emen ioned esul s o he SME
sec o en e p ises’ in l uence, including mic o
en e p ises, on he s uc u e and le el o Polish
GDP, cons i u e g ounds o de ailed esea ch
in a ious a eas o i s unc ioning.
Acco ding o he CSO da a, one can s a e
ha in majo i y (es ima ed le el o 90%), c a
en e p ises emain mic o ones. Mic o and
c a (- ype) en e p ises in Eu ope a e no
only he main sou ce o job c ea ion in he EU,
bu hey a e ac i e in many a he adi ional
p o essions ha a e essen ial o he p ospe i y
and wellbeing o bo h u ban and u al a eas
[6]. In compliance wi h he de i ni ion, c a is an
independen business ac i i y on a small scale,
o a p oduc ion – se ice cha ac e , conduc ed o
he bene i o he wo kshop’s owne and wi h his
pe sonal wo k inpu [13]. C a en e p ises can
be also de i ned as a unique o m o small and
medium-sized en e p ise (SME) and ep esen
an combina ion be ween he manu ac u e o
p oduc s and he ul i lmen o a is ic ision [30].
In compa ison wi h he meaning o he
no ion “c a ” binding un il he end o 1972,
p o isions o he indus ial law o 1927 ex ended
i s gene ic scope ha a ha ime co e ed some
ypes o se ice and p oduc ion ac i i ies, un il
hen no conside ed as c a . In compliance wi h
he indus ial law, c a would e e only o hese
ypes o ac i i ies ha ha e been enume a ed
in he lis o c a s [11]. A icle 1 o he Ac o 8
June 1972 on pe o mance and o ganiza ion o
c a ha en e ed in o li e as o 1 Janua y 1973,
de i ned c a as p o essional pe o mance o
p oduc ion and se ice economic ac i i ies by
na u al pe sons, on hei behal [13].
The de i ni ion o he c a in acco dance
wi h he Ac on pe o ming and o ganizing c a
o 1972 [13] includes an elemen s a ing ha
c a is pe o med by na u al pe sons, hus, i
equi es pe sonal wo k o a c a sman. Howe e ,
his p o ision did no exclude employing in
limi ed scope con ac employees, i i esul ed
om economic condi ions o equi emen s
o se ice o p oduc ion p ocesses. The
p inciple o pe sonal pe o mance o he c a
esul ed in limi ing he possibili y o pe o m
c a by egis e ed pa ne ships, limi ed liabili y
companies and public limi ed companies
cons i u ed by legal pe sons ac ing pu suan o
FINANCING CRAFT ENTERPRISES
ASSOCIATED IN THE POLISH CRAFT
ASSOCIATION
Joachim Fol ys, G ażyna Dębicka-Ozo kiewicz,
Jolan a B. K ólczyk, Vladimí Hiadlo ský
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he p o isions o comme cial code. Companies
o his ype conduc ing c a ac i i y as o he
ac on pe o mance and o ganiza ion o c a
o 1972 en e ed in o li e could ha e been un
in he hi he o p e ailing o m no longe han
un il he end o 1974. The p o isions o he
ac did no limi he possibili y o pe o m c a
oge he by wo o mo e c a smen, who se up
a company in compliance wi h he p o isions
o he ci il code [12]. C a smen, who in ended
o un c a ac i i y oge he had o possess
license o pe o m c a as well as p o essional
quali i ca ions i hese we e equi ed wi h ega d
o a pa icula ype o c a .
Du ing he p ocess o poli ical-economic
changes in 1989, also legal egula ions
conce ning c a we e passed. A icle 2.1. o he
ac o 22 Ma ch 1989 on c a [14] de i nes he
no ion o c a wi h he ollowing wo ds: “c a
means p o essional pe o mance o economic
ac i i y by a na u al pe son o company’s
pa ne s wi h quali i ed own wo k inpu , on hei
own behal and o hei bene i wi h employmen
o up o 50 employees”. A c a sman is a pe son
pe o ming gi en economic ac i i y. This ac
simila ly as he p e ious one, does no de i ne
ade and anspo ac i i ies, ho el se ices,
se ices pe o med wi hin libe al p o essions,
medical se ices (wi h an excep ion o
o ho ic se ices) as well as p oduc ion and
se ice ac i i ies pe o med by isual a is s
and pho og aphe s as c a . The majo i y o
hese c a companies a e amily mic o and
small en e p ises. As o oday, he e a e 121
c a p o essions, in which quali i ca ions can
be con i med a a le el o app en ice and
mas e be o e examina ion commi ees o
c a chambe s. The lis o hese p o essions
is subjec o changes, since, as a esul o
echnical and echnological de elopmen , new
p o essions a e con inuously being c ea ed.
Some p o essions a e so speci i c ha hey
a e pe o med only in pa icula egions o he
coun y, o example, p o essions such as:
young shephe d, shephe d, i sh p ocessing
wo ke o ambe p ocessing wo ke .
Resea che s conduc ed all o e he wo ld
and in ou coun y p o ed ha in he ma ke
economy, small and medium en e p ises
cons i u e one o undamen s o local and global
economy cons i u ing a signi i can g oup o i s
en e p ises (le el o app oxima ely 90%). Thei
es ablishmen , de elopmen and unc ioning
has a signi i can meaning o he de elopmen
o local, egional, coun y and o eign ma ke s
as well as on he global ma ke . I should be also
added ha de elopmen on he global ma ke
p ima ily cons i u es a dynamic de elopmen o
ICT echnologies and hus, i ualiza ion o hei
unc ioning. C a en e p ises ypically ha e
insu i cien esou ces, inadequa e access o
specialised expe ise and limi ed oppo uni ies
o make an impac on he ma ke place [30].
One o he way o imp o e he compe i i e
posi ion o c a en e p ises is by o ming
ne wo ks, coope a ion, clus e s [26], [30] and
s eng hening by inno a ion [26]. Inno a ion
is nowadays a key ac o o en ep eneu ial
ac i i y [16], [28]. Inno a ion pe o mance
is highe in SMEs ha a e p oac i e in
s eng hening hei ela ionships wi h inno a i e
supplie s, use s, and cus ome s. Mo eo e
SMEs will ha e be e new p oduc de elopmen
esul s i hey imp o e hei ela ionships wi h
labo a o ies and esea ch ins i u es [19]. R&D
is no doub a majo esou ce o inno a ion.
Inno a ion is p og essi ely seen by analys s as
an “in e ac i e” and “dis ibu ed” p ocess [29].
An inc easing numbe o s udies [7], [18], [20],
[21], [25], [32] show ha i ms mus inc ease
hei numbe o in e ac ions wi h o he ma ke
base ac o s (i.e., cus ome s and supplie s)
o esea ch ins i u ions (i.e., uni e si ies and
esea ch cen e s).
1. Tools, Ins umen s
and Concep ions o Financing
Ac i i y o C a En e p ises
Selec ion and a ailabili y o ele an o ms o
i nancing ac i i y o c a en e p ises cons i u es
an inc edibly impo an aspec in hei
de elopmen p ocess. E ec i e implemen a ion
o i nancing ins umen s op imal o pa icula
ypes o c a en e p ises de e mines hei long-
e m posi ion on pa icula na ional and o eign
ma ke s. Each sec o has own cha ac e is ics
(e.g. ega ding p oduc , echnology, p ocesses,
ela ions wi h en i onmen and o he s) which is
e l ec ed in ypes and manne s o implemen ing
ools and ins umen s o i nancing.
This a icle is aimed a iden i ying ools,
ins umen s and concep ions o i nancing c a
en e p ises unc ioning on he Polish ma ke .
A supplemen a y aim o he s udy is o iden i y
ba ie s in using ools and ins umen s and
selec ed concep ions in i nancing unc ioning o
c a en e p ises. Fo he pu poses o his s udy,
i nancing o c a en e p ises’ unc ioning wi hin
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in es men as well as ope a ional sphe e was
de i ned.
Taking in o conside a ion only he in es men
ac i i y o SME sec o , in compliance wi h he
Repo on i s condi ion o 2013 [22], one can
quo e, as ollows:
1. An inc ease in in es men ou lay in SME
sec o in 2011, in compa ison wi h p e ious
yea amoun ed o 13% and ob ained o e
PLN 80 billion (app oxima ely EUR 20.0
billion), wi h PLN 161 billion (app oxima ely
EUR 41.0 billion) o in es men o whole
en e p ises sec o .
2. An inc ease in ou pu s in SME sec o on
a company in 2011, in compa ison wi h
p e ious yea by PLN 4 housand (up o he
le el o PLN 45.4 housand).
3. An inc ease in in es men ou lays in
2011, in: mic o – by 13.8%, medium – by
14.1% and big en e p ises - by 13.9%, in
compa ison wi h 2010.
4. 50% o in es men ou lays a e bo n by he
SME and 50% – by big en e p ises.
5. In es men ou pu s o se ice companies
– 35% and indus ial companies – 31% in
o al SME sec o ou pu s cons i u e 2/3 o
SME sec o ou pu s.
6. Own esou ces cons i u e i nancing sou ce
o 2/3 in es men s ealized by he SME
sec o in 2011.
7. In 2010, en e p ises in Poland inc eased
ou pu s on i xed asse s by app oxima ely
EUR 1 housand, whe eas, he majo i y o
Eu opean en e p ises signi i can ly limi ed
ou pu s in compa ison wi h he yea 2009
[22].
SME sec o ’s pa icipa ion in in es men s o
en e p ises sec o was anging du ing he yea s
2003 – 2011 be ween 44% and 50%, whe eas,
in las wo yea s i insigni i can ly exceeded 50%.
One should also no e ha whole SME sec o
con ibu es alue o esou ces o in es men
ac i i ies ha is compa able o he one o big
en e p ises. The alue o SME in es men
ou pu s in 2011 amoun ed o PLN 80.8 million,
whe eas, in case o big en e p ises – PLN 80.4
billion and was bigge by 13% in case o SME
sec o and by 14% in case o big en e p ises, in
compa ison wi h p e ious yea [22].
The mo ion p esen ed in he epo is
e y in e es ing, as i conce ns he amoun
o e enues in pa icula ypes o SME sec o
en e p ises on he in es men ac i i ies, “and
hus, as a ule, one can no e ha along wi h he
inc ease o he size o en e p ise he amoun
o in es men ou pu s in e enues inc eases,
al hough di e ences be ween pa icula
ca ego ies o sizes o en e p ises a e no as big,
and in mic o en e p ises i amoun s o 3.72%, in
small – 3.61%, in medium – 4.39%, and in he
bigges ones – 4.98%” [22].
In he quo ed epo , he in es men
ac i i ies o en e p ises in selec ed Eu opean
coun ies in 2010 ha e been cha ac e ized
and a e as ollows: „in compa ison wi h o he
coun ies, in es men s in i xed asse s o
an a e age company in Poland (EUR 23.4
housand) a e signi i can ly lowe han he
ones o i s equi alen om mo e de eloped
Eu opean coun ies – Swi ze land (EUR 248.23
housand), No way (EUR 116.96 housand),
Aus ia (EUR 104.51 housand), o e en La ia
(EUR 29.29 housand), C oa ia (EUR 30.32
housand) and Spain (EUR 31.52 housand).
Wi h ega d o he amoun o i xed asse s pe 1
en e p ise, Poland is on he 19 h place among
p esen ed EU s a es, coming be o e s a es such
as: Li huania (EUR 22.93 housand), Po ugal
(EUR 21.44 housand), Bulga ia (EUR 20.90
housand), Hunga y (EUR 19.70 housand) and
he Czech Republic (EUR 19.55 housand).
One should no e ha a yea be o e, i.e. in 2009,
only Hunga y had lowe esul han Poland.
In 2010, Poland was included among a small
g oup o coun ies (No way, I eland, Ge many,
G ea B i ain, Sweden, Romania, Cyp us, I aly,
Spain) ha expe ienced an inc ease o ou pu s
on i xed asse s o an a e age company in
compa ison wi h 2009. Despi e an imp o emen
in he le el o in es men ou pu s o en e p ises
in enume a ed coun ies in 2010, hese a e s ill
lowe han he esul s om 2008 – on a e age
by 31% o all p esen ed coun ies.
Poland was included among coun ies
(No way, Aus ia, I eland, Ge many, Sweden,
Cyp us, Hunga y and he Czech Republic),
whe e 20% o d op in ou pu s, in 2010, was
no ed in compa ison wi h 2008, he e o e,
wi h ime, he bigges economic slowdown
in eu o zone and he USA. Coun ies whe e
he bigges d ops in ou pu s we e no ed in
compa ison wi h 2008 a e as ollows: Slo akia
(86%), La ia (64%), Bulga ia (54%), Slo enia
(45%), Luxembu g (44%), Es onia (43%), and
C oa ia (443%). I aly was he only coun y ha
expe ienced an inc ease in in es men ou pu s
pe one en e p ise in compa ison wi h 2008 (by
6%) [22].
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While analyzing con empo a y s uc u es
o asse s, one can clea ly no ice a shi in he
di ec ion o asse s o in angible asse s’ cha ac e .
One can enume a e such alued posi ions
as: b and, know-how, licenses and o he s. In
con empo a y en e p ises (in pa icula , in big
in e na ional co po a ions) one can no ice in he
s uc u e o asse s a dominance – bo h, wi h
ega d o he s uc u e and alue o pa icula
in angible asse s’ posi ion, including in angible
asse s – wi h ega d o he alue o angible
asse s. Recognizing his aspec in SME
sec o ’s en e p ises, including c a en e p ises,
is ex emely in e es ing. A sepa a e aspec
cons i u es s udying a le el o awa eness o his
ype o possible in angibles in asse s s uc u e
in SME sec o , including c a en e p ises.
Cu en ly, a li e a y que y does no allow any
s ipula ion o us wo hy da a ega ding his
ex emely in e es ing a ea o SME sec o
en e p ises’ unc ioning, including c a
en e p ises. This aspec can u n ou signi i can
o con empo a y ma ke s (bo h in eal and
digi al en i onmen ) in i nancing in es men as
well as all ac i i ies o SME sec o en e p ises,
including c a ones.
Fu he mo e, he a o emen ioned epo
p esen ed e y in e es ing esul s o esea ches
ela ed wi h sou ces o i nancing SME sec o
en e p ises on he Polish ma ke . Sou ces o
i nancing we e de i ned as ollows: „In 2011,
simila ly as in p e ious yea s, dominee ing
sou ce o i nancing SME sec o in es men s in
Poland we e own esou ces – 63.4%. Second
place was aken by esou ces coming om
na ional c edi s and loans – 17.5%, and hi d
place – by o eign esou ces – 9%. Signi i can ly
lowe meaning was a ibu ed o emaining
sou ces such as: budge esou ces – 3.6%,
o he sou ces – 5.3% o un i nanced ou pu s –
1.2%” [22].
The bigge he en e p ise, he bigge he
engagemen o own esou ces o i nancing
in es men s (small companies – 59.44%,
medium – 65.58%, and big – 73.72%), wha is
decided by hei economic po en ial. Na ional
budge esou ces a e mainly used by big
en e p ises (4.72%), hen small (3.68%) and
medium ones (3.34%), which means ha
big en e p ises mo e equen ly use public
esou ces han small ones, whe eas, he
in es men scale in big companies is highe .
On he o he hand, small en e p ises a e
a leade in using c edi s and loans (small –
19.26%, medium – 16.3%, big – 5.99%) and
o eign esou ces (small 10.81%, medium
7.98% and big 5.62%). The bigges changes
in he s uc u e o i nancing in es men s in
compa ison wi h 2010 can be obse ed in
small and big en e p ises. Small companies in
2011, o a bigge ex end i nanced in es men s
om c edi s and loans (an inc ease by 2.61
p.p.), whe eas, hey used o eign esou ces
o a lowe ex end (a dec ease by 3.53 p.p.).
Simul aneously, o he sou ces inpu inc eased
(by 2.52 p.p.) in hei i nancing s uc u e. Big
companies o a bigge ex end han in he
p e ious yea used hei own esou ces (an
inc ease by 2.34 p.p.), esigning in exchange
om i nancing om na ional c edi s and loans
(a dec ease by 2.38 p.p.) and using o a bigge
ex end o he sou ces (an inc ease by 2.83 p.p.)
[22].
Ano he impo an issue is he ou pu
s uc u e in compliance wi h i xed asse s
g oups. In he quo ed epo , his issue
was cha ac e ized in he ollowing manne :
„s uc u e o in es men ou pu s in compliance
wi h i xed asse s g oups in SME, in 2011, had
a endency o emain a a simila le el o he
one in 2010. SME alloca e he majo i y, i.e.
hal o he esou ces in ended o in es men ,
in o buildings and cons uc ion (50.8%). On he
o he hand, one hi d o in es men esou ces is
alloca ed o machines and equipmen (30.9%),
whe eas, he e is a downwa ds endency
no iceable in his ca ego y (a dec ease om
44.4% in 2006). In case o emaining g oups
o i xed asse s, e.g. means o anspo , i is
di i cul o de e mine ends. The smalle he
en e p ise, he bigge he sha e o ou pu s on
buildings and cons uc ion (mic o – 54.6%,
small – 62.1%, medium – 41.0%, big – 39.9%)
and means o anspo (mic o – 23.7%, small
– 11.1%, medium – 18.0%, big – 9.0%). I is
caused by a smalle economical po en ial o
small en i ies and he cos scale ela ed wi h
his ype o in es men s. The e o e, smalle
en i ies can alloca e o he equipmen such as
machines and de ices ela i ely less esou ces
(mic o – 27.1%, small – 25.6%, medium –
40.5%, and big – 49.9%), which causes hei
echnological unde in es men ” [22].
A sepa a e and ex emely impo an issue
ela ed wi h i nancing he ac i i y o SME
sec o en e p ises, including he c a ones,
apa om in es men ac i i y comp ises in
i nancing cu en ope a ions, e.g. as pu chase
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o ma e ials and aw ma e ials necessa y o
p oduce se ices, ene gy and o he s. Ano he
c ucial issue ela ed wi h unc ioning and
i nancing ac i i ies o en e p ises o his sec o ,
including c a ones, comp ises in e.g. ma ke
(clien s) dic a e, whe e hey loca e hei p oduc s
and se ices by o cing long paymen e ms
(g an ing comme cial c edi s). Addi ionally,
SME sec o en e p ises, including c a ones,
gene a e he need o i nancial esou ce i lling
in he gap esul ing om i nancing hei clien s.
Mo eo e , he a icle de i nes he a ea
ela ed wi h a ailabili y o selec ed ools,
ins umen s and concep ions o i nancing
unc ioning o c a en e p ises.
2. Resea ch Me hodology
Resea ch esul s p esen ed he ein a e based on
he in o ma ion collec ed as a esul o a su ey
conduc ed among c a en e p ises. The
e i o ial a ea o esea ches o c a en e p ises’
unc ioning co e ed all oi odeships. Cu en ly,
in Poland he e a e app oxima ely 330,000
c a en e p ises egis e ed in he Polish C a
Associa ion. On he g ounds o his numbe ,
a esea ch sample was de i ned a a le el o
1,422 c a en e p ises. The esea ch sample
was selec ed a andom. Du ing conduc ing
esea ch, wo esea ch laye s we e conside ed.
Fi s , e i o ial one (co e ing all e i o y o
Poland, since all oi odeships a e basically
co ela ed wi h c a chambe s); second one:
a o m o conduc ed ac i i y ( e y impo an
om he poin o iew o ob aining selec ed ools
and ins umen s o i nancing c a en e p ises).
The pe iod o conduc ing esea ches among
c a en e p ises associa ed in he Polish C a
Associa ion co e s all yea 2013.
The ailo -made su ey, used o conduc he
esea ch, included a se o o de ly ques ions
co esponding o he goal o he esea ch.
A he beginning o he su ey a egis e
cha ac e izing he en e p ises ha pa icipa ed
in he su ey was placed.
The au ho s decided o use his o m
o esea ch due o he ac ha he su ey
ques ionnai e is a use ul ool o ecei e
he esponden s’ opinion. The in o ma ion
ob ained om he esponden s by means o
ques ionnai es p o ided he eam wi h aluable
in o ma ion which enabled o each p ope
conclusions.
Su ey esea ch is one o he mos
equen ly used and he mos commonly quo ed
ype o public opinion esea ch. As a ma e
o ac , due o wo elemen s i.e. simplici y and
use ulness, i is he only ool used on a wide-
scale in he scien i i c p ojec s, also wo ldwide.
I is ex emely use ul du ing he esea ch
conduc ed among companies since i enables
segmen a ion, cons uc ion o an en e p ise
p o i le as well as p o ides in o ma ion abou he
opinions and p e e ences o he esponden s.
The su ey, i skill ully used, gi es eno mous
possibili ies o conduc basic analysis and
p o ide comp ehensi e insigh .
The su ey ques ionnai e was p epa ed in
a classical (pape ) e sion as well as elec onic
one. In o de o execu e esea ches wi h he use
o a su ey ques ionnai e in a classical e sion,
c a chambe s unc ioning in each oi odeship
in he e i o y o Poland, guilds associa ed wi hin
pa icula c a chambe s and he Polish C a
Associa ion associa ing all c a chambe s and
guilds in Poland we e asked o coope a ion.
Fu he mo e, wi hin i ualiza ion o
unc ioning o c a en e p ises and ins i u ions
associa ing hem (guilds, c a chambe s,
he Polish C a Associa ion), an elec onic
e sion o a su ey ques ionnai e was also
p epa ed. Un o una ely, his o m o conduc ing
esea ches ailed. A e u n o sen su ey
ques ionnai es eached a le el o 3%. The
esul being a consequence o a lack o o
a low deg ee o using digi al en i onmen
in unc ioning o c a en e p ises inclines o
conclude on he necessi y o conduc de ailed
esea ches on his elemen o unc ioning
o c a en e p ises ope a ing in dynamically
de eloping digi al en i onmen – he In e ne .
The e u n o su ey ques ionnai es p epa ed
in a classical o m amoun ed o app oxima ely
90%, which gi es 1,280 esponses.
A me hod o pa icipan obse a ion was
applied in esea ches on c a en e p ises.
Two co-au ho s o he a icle wo k o co-
wo k wi h c a chambe s and wi h he Polish
C a Associa ion. This me hod p o ed o
be pa icula ly use ul while o mula ing and
e i ying mo ions.
The su ey ques ionnai e included 11
ques ions – open and closed. In o de o
ob ain he ulles pic u e o esea ched c a
en e p ises, he ques ions conce ned: a o m o
conduc ed business ac i i y, ne income o he
p e ious yea , a numbe o employed pe sons
and cha ac e is ics o an en e p ise. Second
g oup o ques ions conce ned he a ea ela ed
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4, XVIII, 2015
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wi h i nancing c a en e p ises, among o he s,
e e ing o using such ins umen s, ools and
concep ions o i nancing en e p ises, as: c edi ,
leasing, ac o ing, loan o subsidy. Wha is mo e,
he su ey ques ionnai e included ques ions
allowing de i ning ba ie s in using hem by he
c a en e p ises. I also con ained ques ions on
Eu opean Union unds as a sou ce o i nancing,
as well as ques ions ega ding using help o
ins i u ions suppo ing en ep eneu s om so-
called business en i onmen .
3. Resea ch Resul s
En e p ises associa ed in he Polish C a
Associa ion pa icipa ing in he esea ch
ep esen 26 c a s enume a ed below:
 pain e -deco a o – 31,
 ca pen e – 84,
 bu che -mea p ocessing echnician – 17,
 b icklaye – 109,
 mo o ehicles mechanic – 161,
 mo o ehicles elec o-mechanic – 32,
 ehicle whi esmi h – 46,
 a nishe – 33,
 con ec ione – 131,
 bake – 134,
 hai d esse – 156,
 ailo – 13,
 elec ician – 39,
 i e i e – 11,
 wa chmake – 3,
 wood wo ke – 36,
 oo e – 49,
 locksmi h – 19,
 l oo e – 17,
 goldsmi h-jewele – 24,
 uphols e e – 12,
 wa e and sani a y de ices i e – 36,
 gas de ices i e – 26,
 chimney sweepe – 14,
 cons uc ion i nishing wo ks p ocess
enginee – 44,
 blacksmi h – 3.
Resea ched c a en e p ises had a ious
legal o ms, s a ing om na u al pe sons
conduc ing economic ac i i y, h ough ci il
pa ne ships, egis e ed pa ne ships and
limi ed liabili y companies. F om among
associa ed en e p ises he majo i y, i.e. 65.55%
o su eyed companies, we e made by na u al
pe sons conduc ing economic ac i i y.
In o de o lea n mo e abou esea ch c a
en e p ises, he su ey also included a ques ion
conce ning a numbe o pe sons employed in
an en e p ise.
The numbe o employed pe sons in
esea ched c a en e p ises associa ed in
guilds was as ollows:
 up o 10 pe sons a e employed by 839
om among esea ch companies, which
cons i u es 65.55%,
 11–50 pe sons a e employed by 441
om among esea ch companies, ha is,
34,45%.
The size o companies b oken down by
he ype o c a is p esen ed in Fig. 1. Fig. 1
p esen s da a o mic o-en e p ises as well
as small en e p ises aking in o accoun each
g oup o esponden s as 100% (sepa a ely
o mic o-en e p ises and sepa a ely o small
en e p ises). Fig. 2 p esen s en e p ises
di ided in acco dance wi h he ep esen ed
c a including all en e p ises ega dless o hei
size (1,280 companies).
3.1 Using Ins umen s o Suppo
o En e p ises, such as: C edi ,
Leasing, Fac o ing, Loan, Subsidy
and O he s
As a esul o analyzing he in o ma ion om
su ey ques ionnai es i was s a ed ha
a majo i y o esea ched en e p ises – 45.00%
(including 23.20% o mic o en e p ises and
21.80% o small en e p ises) used a c edi
as a manne o i nancing ac i i y ega ding
in es men as well as ope a ions (Fig. 3).
P esen ed esul is iden ical as he one
p esen ed in o he sou ces. C a en e p ises
did no indica e any ype o c edi , i s hedging o
pu pose, e.g. in es men o ope a ional.
Leasing as a o m o i nancing (in he
laye o i xed asse s) was used by 27% o
esea ched companies (including 20.78%
o mic o en e p ises and 6.25% o small
en e p ises). In a p e ailing pa , esponden s
poin ed o ope a ional leasing as a basic ype o
used leasing – a way o i nancing in es men s
– i xed asse s. Among o he s, he use o lease
back in c a en e p ises ega ding angible and
in angible i xed asse s was no no ed in he
esea ch. A lack o using such a concep ion o
i nancing inc eases he isk o c a en e p ises’
unc ioning on he Polish ma ke .
The esul s o esea ched c a en e p ises
show ha 12.03% o en e p ises used bo owing
(10.63% mic o and 1.41% small). I came as
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172 2015, XVIII, 4
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a huge su p ise ha only one en e p ise used
ac o ing. Due o big paymen g idlocks occu ing
on he Polish ma ke , i migh seem ha ac o ing
is a concep ion ha allows: speeding up ading,
lowe ing he isk o en e p ise’s unc ioning ( he
bank ac s as an analys o isk o SME sec o
en e p ises’ clien s), main enance o sol ency
a a ele an le el. Among easons o he
a o emen ioned si ua ion one can de i ni ely
de i ne he ollowing ac o s:
1. A ailabili y o he se ice aimed a
en e p ises and o e ed by he banks and
hei bounda y condi ions.
2. Educa ion o he c a en e p ises’ owne on
he ad an ages and disad an ages o using
ac o ing.
3. Economic- i nancial esul s o c a en e p ises
(a le el o necessa y paymen s o he
en e p ise – pa icula ly impo an wi h a low
p o i abili y o p o ided p oduc s and se ices).
Fig. 1: C a ypes b oken down by he company size
Sou ce: own
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Using subsidies was epo ed in o al by
52 en e p ises, which cons i u es 4.06% o he
su eyed en i ies. Subsidies we e alloca ed o:
 es ablishmen o a new wo kplace – in case
o 17 en e p ises,
 se ing up an en e p ise – in case o 35
en e p ises.
No su eyed en e p ise enume a ed o he
suppo ins umen s ha could be used by
hem. The esul s showed ha 15.45 % o mic o
en e p ises did no indica e any o m o suppo ,
howe e 8.75 % o small companies does no
use any o he enlis ed suppo ins umen s.
3.2 Using Na ional, Eu opean Union
Funds
Ques ion 4 included in he su ey ques ionnai e
was as ollows: Did he en e p ise use o has
been using na ional, Eu opean Union unds o
did he en e p ise apply o hem?
Only 189 ( ha is: 14.77%; 8.91% mic o
and 5.86% small companies) om among
esea ched en e p ises associa ed in guilds
answe ed his ques ion a i ma i ely. Remaining
en e p ises ne e used and do no use any such
unds and ne e applied o hem. This esul
shows a e y nega i e phenomenon con i med
in conduc ed esea ches implying unc ioning
o c a en e p ises pa icula ly in he con ex o
an “old” (2007–2014) pe spec i e o i nancing
wi h Eu opean Union esou ces. I also poin s
o a big challenge in his aspec , in a new
pe spec i e o i nancing p ojec s wi h Eu opean
Union esou ces (2014–2020). Among easons
o such a si ua ion, one can, among o he s,
de i ne o ollowing ac o s:
1. Compe ence ba ie in d awing up a ele an
mo ion o an ins i u ion i nancing p ojec s.
2. Add essing p io i ies and e ms and
condi ions o announced con es imp ope ly.
Fig. 2: Types o c a in he analyzed en e p ises (including bo h mic o en e p ises
and small en e p ises)
Sou ce: own
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174 2015, XVIII, 4
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3. Economic- i nancial ba ie o c a
en e p ises (big ees paid “in ad ance”) o
d awing up p ojec s.
4. Imp ope s uc u e o announced con es s
on so-called so p ojec s and so-called
ha d – in es men p ojec s.
5. A long pe iod o ime in possibili y o
comme cial use o ealized p ojec s (3 o 5
yea s depending on a le el o subsidy).
6. A long pe iod o d awing up, assessmen
and aking decisions o p ojec s.
3.3 Subjec o Funding
Ano he ques ion included in he su ey
ques ionnai e ega ded a subjec o unding
om among enume a ed suppo o ms. As
an answe , 10 p oposi ions we e made and
a possibili y o gi e o he answe s was also
gi en.
Mos o en esea ched c a en e p ises
alloca ed ob ained i nancing o cons uc ion
and eno a ion – acco ding o answe s gi en
by as many as 320 esponden s, which
amoun s o 25% o esea ched en e p ises
(Fig. 4). This esul is sligh ly di e en om he
one p esen ed in a epo on he SME sec o
si ua ion, whe e 50% o mic o en e p ises
alloca e ob ained unds o in es men s in
buildings and cons uc ions. In case o c a
en e p ises unc ioning, as a ule, o se e al
yea s o se e al dozens o yea s (in majo i y,
amily en e p ises), managed o es ablish
du ing many yea s o ac i i y a p ope le el o
i xed asse s, including in a o m necessa y o
p oduc ion and se ices p o ided o buildings
and cons uc ions.
Nex in e ms o size subjec o unding
c a en e p ises we e machines and de ices,
which was indica ed by 269 en e p ises (19%).
F om he poin o iew o inno a i e beha io s
and limi a ion o isk o c a en e p ises’
unc ioning on he Polish ma ke , his esul is
unsa is ac o y. Howe e , i should be no ed ha
he iew in his aspec is unclea , among o he s,
wi h ega d o using all ypes and a ie ies o
leasing. Also common use o ou sou cing
(acco ding o di e en ypes, unc ions,
p oduc s, se ices and concep ions) allows an
access o he newes echnical- echnological
solu ions and, he e o e, an access o mode n
machines and de ices wi hou a need o buy
hem, a he same ime limi ing a isk o such
an in es men .
Among esea ched c a en e p ises, 20%
alloca ed ob ained i nancial esou ces o buying
means o anspo .
Fig. 3: Suppo ins umen s o companies
Sou ce: own
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P o . Joachim Fol ys, Ph.D. Eng.
Opole Uni e si y o Technology
Facul y o Economy and Managemen
Depa men o O ganiza ion
and Business Managemen
[email p o ec ed]
G ażyna Dębicka-Ozo kiewicz, Ph.D.
Chambe o C a s in Opole
[email p o ec ed]
Jolan a B. K ólczyk, Ph.D. Eng
Opole Uni e si y o Technology
Facul y o P oduc ion Enginee ing
and Logis ics
Depa men o Biosys ems Enginee ing
[email p o ec ed]
doc. Ing. Vladimí Hiadlo ský, PhD.
Ma ej Bel Uni e si y Banska Bys ica
Facul y o Economics
Depa men o Co po a e Economics
and Managemen
ladimi [email p o ec ed]
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Abs ac
FINANCING CRAFT ENTERPRISES ASSOCIATED IN THE POLISH CRAFT
ASSOCIATION
Joachim Fol ys, G ażyna Dębicka-Ozo kiewicz, Jolan a B. K ólczyk,
Vladimí Hiadlo ský
This a icle conce ns unc ioning o small and medium en e p ises and in pa icula : c a ones. In he
sec o s uc u ed Eu opean Union, he abo emen ioned s and o 80–95% o he exis ing companies
and mo eo e , hey gene a e he bigges numbe o job posi ions and he na ional income. The
a icle ocuses on a selec ed pa o SME sec o : c a en e p ises and especially, on i nancing hei
ac i i ies. This i nancing ela es o bo h, i nancing c a businesses’ in es men s and hei cu en
ope a ions. In he i s pa o he ex one p esen s a li e a y que y conce ning he de i ni ion o a c a
en e p ise and he esul ing om i s cha ac e is ic unc ioning: concep ion and ools o i nancing
in es men s and cu en ope a ions o c a en e p ises. In he second pa , one demons a es he
esul s o esea ches on he concep ion and he ools o i nancing c a en e p ises unc ioning on
he Polish ma ke . In he summa y o he a icle one demons a es conclusions conce ning he ways
o main enance and (in many cases inno a i e) changes o he concep ion and he ools o i nancing
c a en e p ises. The elemen cong uous wi h he basic opic o he a icle ela ing o he cu en
unc ioning o a c a en e p ise in he eal en i onmen (bo h: inne and ou e one), is i s unc ioning
in he digi al su ounding (including wi h ega d o he concep ion o i nancing ac i i ies), which
co ela es wi h he dynamic de elopmen o ICT echnologies. The a o emen ioned de elopmen
oge he wi h digi aliza ion de e mines many aspec s o c a en e p ises’ unc ioning; also he ones
connec ed wi h i nancing ools and concep ions. Re e ing o he hings s a ed, i is clea ha ICT
echnologies should be aken in o accoun in en e p ise’s cu en ac i i ies and in o he aspec s o
i s unc ioning e.g. communica ion, as well as ese ices i p o ides and ecei es.
Key Wo ds: SME sec o , c a en e p ise, i nancing, i nancing ools, managemen me hods,
i nancial enginee ing, ou sou cing, i ual space.
JEL Classi i ca ion: G2, G3.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2015-4-012
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