Financing craft enterprises associated in the polish craft association
Abstract
This article concerns functioning of small and medium enterprises and in particular: craft ones. In the sector structured European Union, the abovementioned stand for 80–95% of the existing companies and moreover, they generate the biggest number of job positions and the national income. The article focuses on a selected part of SME sector: craft enterprises and especially, on financing their activities. This financing relates to both, financing craft businesses’ investments and their current operations. In the first part of the text one presents a literary query concerning the definition of a craft enterprise and the resulting from its characteristic functioning: conception and tools for financing investments and current operations of craft enterprises. In the second part, one demonstrates the results of researches on the conception and the tools for financing craft enterprises functioning on the Polish market. In the summary of the article one demonstrates conclusions concerning the ways of maintenance and (in many cases innovative) changes of the conception and the tools for financing craft enterprises. The element congruous with the basic topic of the article relating to the current functioning of a craft enterprise in the real environment (both: inner and outer one), is its functioning in the digital surrounding (including with regard to the conception of financing activities), which correlates with the dynamic development of ICT technologies. The aforementioned development together with digitalization determines many aspects of craft enterprisesfunctioning; also the ones connected with financing tools and conceptions. Referring to the things stated, it is clear that ICT technologies should be taken into account in enterprise's current activities and in other aspects of its functioning e.g. communication, as well as eservices it provides and receives.
Full text
166 2015, XVIII, 4
Finance
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2015-4-012
In oduc ion
Small and medium en e p ises (SME) sec o
has a key ole in economic g ow h, employmen
and po e y alle ia ion [1], [4], [17]. In Eu ope is
abou 20 million SME and hey play an impo an
ole in he Eu opean economy. These a e
mos ly mic o-en e p ises and in 2012 employed
app oxima ely 86.8 million people. This
ep esen s 66.5% o all Eu opean jobs o ha
yea . Almos 5.1 million en e p ises ope a e in
he manu ac u ing and he cons uc ion sec o s;
o hese, 99.6% a e SMEs [9], [10]. Beck e al.
[2], [3], [8] p esen ed a posi i e ela ionship
be ween he sha e o SMEs in manu ac u ing
and g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP) pe capi a
g ow h.
Acco ding o Cen al S a is ical O i ce o
Poland (CSO) da a, SME sec o en e p ises
ope a ing in Poland gene a e almos h ee
ou h o Polish GDP. Resul a a le el o
71.8% in 2011, a e a small d op in sha e in
2010, can mean a e u n o an upwa ds end
obse ed du ing he yea s 2006–2009. I we
look a he en e p ises’ GDP sha e s uc u e, i
u ns ou ha SME gene a e e e y second zlo y
(47.3%), including he smalles en e p ises –
e e y hi d (29.4%). Medium en i ies’ sha e is
h ee imes smalle (10.1%) han he one o
mic o en e p ises, whe eas, in case o small
en e p ises – almos ou imes (7.8%). In
2011, in compa ison wi h 2010, he sha e o
big companies in c ea ing en e p ises’ GDP
inc eased, whe eas, he one o mic o and
medium en e p ises – d opped, and in case o
small ones – emained a a simila le el [22].
The a o emen ioned esul s o he SME
sec o en e p ises’ in l uence, including mic o
en e p ises, on he s uc u e and le el o Polish
GDP, cons i u e g ounds o de ailed esea ch
in a ious a eas o i s unc ioning.
Acco ding o he CSO da a, one can s a e
ha in majo i y (es ima ed le el o 90%), c a
en e p ises emain mic o ones. Mic o and
c a (- ype) en e p ises in Eu ope a e no
only he main sou ce o job c ea ion in he EU,
bu hey a e ac i e in many a he adi ional
p o essions ha a e essen ial o he p ospe i y
and wellbeing o bo h u ban and u al a eas
[6]. In compliance wi h he de i ni ion, c a is an
independen business ac i i y on a small scale,
o a p oduc ion – se ice cha ac e , conduc ed o
he bene i o he wo kshop’s owne and wi h his
pe sonal wo k inpu [13]. C a en e p ises can
be also de i ned as a unique o m o small and
medium-sized en e p ise (SME) and ep esen
an combina ion be ween he manu ac u e o
p oduc s and he ul i lmen o a is ic ision [30].
In compa ison wi h he meaning o he
no ion “c a ” binding un il he end o 1972,
p o isions o he indus ial law o 1927 ex ended
i s gene ic scope ha a ha ime co e ed some
ypes o se ice and p oduc ion ac i i ies, un il
hen no conside ed as c a . In compliance wi h
he indus ial law, c a would e e only o hese
ypes o ac i i ies ha ha e been enume a ed
in he lis o c a s [11]. A icle 1 o he Ac o 8
June 1972 on pe o mance and o ganiza ion o
c a ha en e ed in o li e as o 1 Janua y 1973,
de i ned c a as p o essional pe o mance o
p oduc ion and se ice economic ac i i ies by
na u al pe sons, on hei behal [13].
The de i ni ion o he c a in acco dance
wi h he Ac on pe o ming and o ganizing c a
o 1972 [13] includes an elemen s a ing ha
c a is pe o med by na u al pe sons, hus, i
equi es pe sonal wo k o a c a sman. Howe e ,
his p o ision did no exclude employing in
limi ed scope con ac employees, i i esul ed
om economic condi ions o equi emen s
o se ice o p oduc ion p ocesses. The
p inciple o pe sonal pe o mance o he c a
esul ed in limi ing he possibili y o pe o m
c a by egis e ed pa ne ships, limi ed liabili y
companies and public limi ed companies
cons i u ed by legal pe sons ac ing pu suan o
FINANCING CRAFT ENTERPRISES
ASSOCIATED IN THE POLISH CRAFT
ASSOCIATION
Joachim Fol ys, G ażyna Dębicka-Ozo kiewicz,
Jolan a B. K ólczyk, Vladimí Hiadlo ský
EM_4_2015.indd 166EM_4_2015.indd 166 1.12.2015 8:44:561.12.2015 8:44:56
167
4, XVIII, 2015
Finance
he p o isions o comme cial code. Companies
o his ype conduc ing c a ac i i y as o he
ac on pe o mance and o ganiza ion o c a
o 1972 en e ed in o li e could ha e been un
in he hi he o p e ailing o m no longe han
un il he end o 1974. The p o isions o he
ac did no limi he possibili y o pe o m c a
oge he by wo o mo e c a smen, who se up
a company in compliance wi h he p o isions
o he ci il code [12]. C a smen, who in ended
o un c a ac i i y oge he had o possess
license o pe o m c a as well as p o essional
quali i ca ions i hese we e equi ed wi h ega d
o a pa icula ype o c a .
Du ing he p ocess o poli ical-economic
changes in 1989, also legal egula ions
conce ning c a we e passed. A icle 2.1. o he
ac o 22 Ma ch 1989 on c a [14] de i nes he
no ion o c a wi h he ollowing wo ds: “c a
means p o essional pe o mance o economic
ac i i y by a na u al pe son o company’s
pa ne s wi h quali i ed own wo k inpu , on hei
own behal and o hei bene i wi h employmen
o up o 50 employees”. A c a sman is a pe son
pe o ming gi en economic ac i i y. This ac
simila ly as he p e ious one, does no de i ne
ade and anspo ac i i ies, ho el se ices,
se ices pe o med wi hin libe al p o essions,
medical se ices (wi h an excep ion o
o ho ic se ices) as well as p oduc ion and
se ice ac i i ies pe o med by isual a is s
and pho og aphe s as c a . The majo i y o
hese c a companies a e amily mic o and
small en e p ises. As o oday, he e a e 121
c a p o essions, in which quali i ca ions can
be con i med a a le el o app en ice and
mas e be o e examina ion commi ees o
c a chambe s. The lis o hese p o essions
is subjec o changes, since, as a esul o
echnical and echnological de elopmen , new
p o essions a e con inuously being c ea ed.
Some p o essions a e so speci i c ha hey
a e pe o med only in pa icula egions o he
coun y, o example, p o essions such as:
young shephe d, shephe d, i sh p ocessing
wo ke o ambe p ocessing wo ke .
Resea che s conduc ed all o e he wo ld
and in ou coun y p o ed ha in he ma ke
economy, small and medium en e p ises
cons i u e one o undamen s o local and global
economy cons i u ing a signi i can g oup o i s
en e p ises (le el o app oxima ely 90%). Thei
es ablishmen , de elopmen and unc ioning
has a signi i can meaning o he de elopmen
o local, egional, coun y and o eign ma ke s
as well as on he global ma ke . I should be also
added ha de elopmen on he global ma ke
p ima ily cons i u es a dynamic de elopmen o
ICT echnologies and hus, i ualiza ion o hei
unc ioning. C a en e p ises ypically ha e
insu i cien esou ces, inadequa e access o
specialised expe ise and limi ed oppo uni ies
o make an impac on he ma ke place [30].
One o he way o imp o e he compe i i e
posi ion o c a en e p ises is by o ming
ne wo ks, coope a ion, clus e s [26], [30] and
s eng hening by inno a ion [26]. Inno a ion
is nowadays a key ac o o en ep eneu ial
ac i i y [16], [28]. Inno a ion pe o mance
is highe in SMEs ha a e p oac i e in
s eng hening hei ela ionships wi h inno a i e
supplie s, use s, and cus ome s. Mo eo e
SMEs will ha e be e new p oduc de elopmen
esul s i hey imp o e hei ela ionships wi h
labo a o ies and esea ch ins i u es [19]. R&D
is no doub a majo esou ce o inno a ion.
Inno a ion is p og essi ely seen by analys s as
an “in e ac i e” and “dis ibu ed” p ocess [29].
An inc easing numbe o s udies [7], [18], [20],
[21], [25], [32] show ha i ms mus inc ease
hei numbe o in e ac ions wi h o he ma ke
base ac o s (i.e., cus ome s and supplie s)
o esea ch ins i u ions (i.e., uni e si ies and
esea ch cen e s).
1. Tools, Ins umen s
and Concep ions o Financing
Ac i i y o C a En e p ises
Selec ion and a ailabili y o ele an o ms o
i nancing ac i i y o c a en e p ises cons i u es
an inc edibly impo an aspec in hei
de elopmen p ocess. E ec i e implemen a ion
o i nancing ins umen s op imal o pa icula
ypes o c a en e p ises de e mines hei long-
e m posi ion on pa icula na ional and o eign
ma ke s. Each sec o has own cha ac e is ics
(e.g. ega ding p oduc , echnology, p ocesses,
ela ions wi h en i onmen and o he s) which is
e l ec ed in ypes and manne s o implemen ing
ools and ins umen s o i nancing.
This a icle is aimed a iden i ying ools,
ins umen s and concep ions o i nancing c a
en e p ises unc ioning on he Polish ma ke .
A supplemen a y aim o he s udy is o iden i y
ba ie s in using ools and ins umen s and
selec ed concep ions in i nancing unc ioning o
c a en e p ises. Fo he pu poses o his s udy,
i nancing o c a en e p ises’ unc ioning wi hin
EM_4_2015.indd 167EM_4_2015.indd 167 1.12.2015 8:44:561.12.2015 8:44:56
168 2015, XVIII, 4
Finance
in es men as well as ope a ional sphe e was
de i ned.
Taking in o conside a ion only he in es men
ac i i y o SME sec o , in compliance wi h he
Repo on i s condi ion o 2013 [22], one can
quo e, as ollows:
1. An inc ease in in es men ou lay in SME
sec o in 2011, in compa ison wi h p e ious
yea amoun ed o 13% and ob ained o e
PLN 80 billion (app oxima ely EUR 20.0
billion), wi h PLN 161 billion (app oxima ely
EUR 41.0 billion) o in es men o whole
en e p ises sec o .
2. An inc ease in ou pu s in SME sec o on
a company in 2011, in compa ison wi h
p e ious yea by PLN 4 housand (up o he
le el o PLN 45.4 housand).
3. An inc ease in in es men ou lays in
2011, in: mic o – by 13.8%, medium – by
14.1% and big en e p ises - by 13.9%, in
compa ison wi h 2010.
4. 50% o in es men ou lays a e bo n by he
SME and 50% – by big en e p ises.
5. In es men ou pu s o se ice companies
– 35% and indus ial companies – 31% in
o al SME sec o ou pu s cons i u e 2/3 o
SME sec o ou pu s.
6. Own esou ces cons i u e i nancing sou ce
o 2/3 in es men s ealized by he SME
sec o in 2011.
7. In 2010, en e p ises in Poland inc eased
ou pu s on i xed asse s by app oxima ely
EUR 1 housand, whe eas, he majo i y o
Eu opean en e p ises signi i can ly limi ed
ou pu s in compa ison wi h he yea 2009
[22].
SME sec o ’s pa icipa ion in in es men s o
en e p ises sec o was anging du ing he yea s
2003 – 2011 be ween 44% and 50%, whe eas,
in las wo yea s i insigni i can ly exceeded 50%.
One should also no e ha whole SME sec o
con ibu es alue o esou ces o in es men
ac i i ies ha is compa able o he one o big
en e p ises. The alue o SME in es men
ou pu s in 2011 amoun ed o PLN 80.8 million,
whe eas, in case o big en e p ises – PLN 80.4
billion and was bigge by 13% in case o SME
sec o and by 14% in case o big en e p ises, in
compa ison wi h p e ious yea [22].
The mo ion p esen ed in he epo is
e y in e es ing, as i conce ns he amoun
o e enues in pa icula ypes o SME sec o
en e p ises on he in es men ac i i ies, “and
hus, as a ule, one can no e ha along wi h he
inc ease o he size o en e p ise he amoun
o in es men ou pu s in e enues inc eases,
al hough di e ences be ween pa icula
ca ego ies o sizes o en e p ises a e no as big,
and in mic o en e p ises i amoun s o 3.72%, in
small – 3.61%, in medium – 4.39%, and in he
bigges ones – 4.98%” [22].
In he quo ed epo , he in es men
ac i i ies o en e p ises in selec ed Eu opean
coun ies in 2010 ha e been cha ac e ized
and a e as ollows: „in compa ison wi h o he
coun ies, in es men s in i xed asse s o
an a e age company in Poland (EUR 23.4
housand) a e signi i can ly lowe han he
ones o i s equi alen om mo e de eloped
Eu opean coun ies – Swi ze land (EUR 248.23
housand), No way (EUR 116.96 housand),
Aus ia (EUR 104.51 housand), o e en La ia
(EUR 29.29 housand), C oa ia (EUR 30.32
housand) and Spain (EUR 31.52 housand).
Wi h ega d o he amoun o i xed asse s pe 1
en e p ise, Poland is on he 19 h place among
p esen ed EU s a es, coming be o e s a es such
as: Li huania (EUR 22.93 housand), Po ugal
(EUR 21.44 housand), Bulga ia (EUR 20.90
housand), Hunga y (EUR 19.70 housand) and
he Czech Republic (EUR 19.55 housand).
One should no e ha a yea be o e, i.e. in 2009,
only Hunga y had lowe esul han Poland.
In 2010, Poland was included among a small
g oup o coun ies (No way, I eland, Ge many,
G ea B i ain, Sweden, Romania, Cyp us, I aly,
Spain) ha expe ienced an inc ease o ou pu s
on i xed asse s o an a e age company in
compa ison wi h 2009. Despi e an imp o emen
in he le el o in es men ou pu s o en e p ises
in enume a ed coun ies in 2010, hese a e s ill
lowe han he esul s om 2008 – on a e age
by 31% o all p esen ed coun ies.
Poland was included among coun ies
(No way, Aus ia, I eland, Ge many, Sweden,
Cyp us, Hunga y and he Czech Republic),
whe e 20% o d op in ou pu s, in 2010, was
no ed in compa ison wi h 2008, he e o e,
wi h ime, he bigges economic slowdown
in eu o zone and he USA. Coun ies whe e
he bigges d ops in ou pu s we e no ed in
compa ison wi h 2008 a e as ollows: Slo akia
(86%), La ia (64%), Bulga ia (54%), Slo enia
(45%), Luxembu g (44%), Es onia (43%), and
C oa ia (443%). I aly was he only coun y ha
expe ienced an inc ease in in es men ou pu s
pe one en e p ise in compa ison wi h 2008 (by
6%) [22].
EM_4_2015.indd 168EM_4_2015.indd 168 1.12.2015 8:44:561.12.2015 8:44:56
169
4, XVIII, 2015
Finance
While analyzing con empo a y s uc u es
o asse s, one can clea ly no ice a shi in he
di ec ion o asse s o in angible asse s’ cha ac e .
One can enume a e such alued posi ions
as: b and, know-how, licenses and o he s. In
con empo a y en e p ises (in pa icula , in big
in e na ional co po a ions) one can no ice in he
s uc u e o asse s a dominance – bo h, wi h
ega d o he s uc u e and alue o pa icula
in angible asse s’ posi ion, including in angible
asse s – wi h ega d o he alue o angible
asse s. Recognizing his aspec in SME
sec o ’s en e p ises, including c a en e p ises,
is ex emely in e es ing. A sepa a e aspec
cons i u es s udying a le el o awa eness o his
ype o possible in angibles in asse s s uc u e
in SME sec o , including c a en e p ises.
Cu en ly, a li e a y que y does no allow any
s ipula ion o us wo hy da a ega ding his
ex emely in e es ing a ea o SME sec o
en e p ises’ unc ioning, including c a
en e p ises. This aspec can u n ou signi i can
o con empo a y ma ke s (bo h in eal and
digi al en i onmen ) in i nancing in es men as
well as all ac i i ies o SME sec o en e p ises,
including c a ones.
Fu he mo e, he a o emen ioned epo
p esen ed e y in e es ing esul s o esea ches
ela ed wi h sou ces o i nancing SME sec o
en e p ises on he Polish ma ke . Sou ces o
i nancing we e de i ned as ollows: „In 2011,
simila ly as in p e ious yea s, dominee ing
sou ce o i nancing SME sec o in es men s in
Poland we e own esou ces – 63.4%. Second
place was aken by esou ces coming om
na ional c edi s and loans – 17.5%, and hi d
place – by o eign esou ces – 9%. Signi i can ly
lowe meaning was a ibu ed o emaining
sou ces such as: budge esou ces – 3.6%,
o he sou ces – 5.3% o un i nanced ou pu s –
1.2%” [22].
The bigge he en e p ise, he bigge he
engagemen o own esou ces o i nancing
in es men s (small companies – 59.44%,
medium – 65.58%, and big – 73.72%), wha is
decided by hei economic po en ial. Na ional
budge esou ces a e mainly used by big
en e p ises (4.72%), hen small (3.68%) and
medium ones (3.34%), which means ha
big en e p ises mo e equen ly use public
esou ces han small ones, whe eas, he
in es men scale in big companies is highe .
On he o he hand, small en e p ises a e
a leade in using c edi s and loans (small –
19.26%, medium – 16.3%, big – 5.99%) and
o eign esou ces (small 10.81%, medium
7.98% and big 5.62%). The bigges changes
in he s uc u e o i nancing in es men s in
compa ison wi h 2010 can be obse ed in
small and big en e p ises. Small companies in
2011, o a bigge ex end i nanced in es men s
om c edi s and loans (an inc ease by 2.61
p.p.), whe eas, hey used o eign esou ces
o a lowe ex end (a dec ease by 3.53 p.p.).
Simul aneously, o he sou ces inpu inc eased
(by 2.52 p.p.) in hei i nancing s uc u e. Big
companies o a bigge ex end han in he
p e ious yea used hei own esou ces (an
inc ease by 2.34 p.p.), esigning in exchange
om i nancing om na ional c edi s and loans
(a dec ease by 2.38 p.p.) and using o a bigge
ex end o he sou ces (an inc ease by 2.83 p.p.)
[22].
Ano he impo an issue is he ou pu
s uc u e in compliance wi h i xed asse s
g oups. In he quo ed epo , his issue
was cha ac e ized in he ollowing manne :
„s uc u e o in es men ou pu s in compliance
wi h i xed asse s g oups in SME, in 2011, had
a endency o emain a a simila le el o he
one in 2010. SME alloca e he majo i y, i.e.
hal o he esou ces in ended o in es men ,
in o buildings and cons uc ion (50.8%). On he
o he hand, one hi d o in es men esou ces is
alloca ed o machines and equipmen (30.9%),
whe eas, he e is a downwa ds endency
no iceable in his ca ego y (a dec ease om
44.4% in 2006). In case o emaining g oups
o i xed asse s, e.g. means o anspo , i is
di i cul o de e mine ends. The smalle he
en e p ise, he bigge he sha e o ou pu s on
buildings and cons uc ion (mic o – 54.6%,
small – 62.1%, medium – 41.0%, big – 39.9%)
and means o anspo (mic o – 23.7%, small
– 11.1%, medium – 18.0%, big – 9.0%). I is
caused by a smalle economical po en ial o
small en i ies and he cos scale ela ed wi h
his ype o in es men s. The e o e, smalle
en i ies can alloca e o he equipmen such as
machines and de ices ela i ely less esou ces
(mic o – 27.1%, small – 25.6%, medium –
40.5%, and big – 49.9%), which causes hei
echnological unde in es men ” [22].
A sepa a e and ex emely impo an issue
ela ed wi h i nancing he ac i i y o SME
sec o en e p ises, including he c a ones,
apa om in es men ac i i y comp ises in
i nancing cu en ope a ions, e.g. as pu chase
EM_4_2015.indd 169EM_4_2015.indd 169 1.12.2015 8:44:561.12.2015 8:44:56
170 2015, XVIII, 4
Finance
o ma e ials and aw ma e ials necessa y o
p oduce se ices, ene gy and o he s. Ano he
c ucial issue ela ed wi h unc ioning and
i nancing ac i i ies o en e p ises o his sec o ,
including c a ones, comp ises in e.g. ma ke
(clien s) dic a e, whe e hey loca e hei p oduc s
and se ices by o cing long paymen e ms
(g an ing comme cial c edi s). Addi ionally,
SME sec o en e p ises, including c a ones,
gene a e he need o i nancial esou ce i lling
in he gap esul ing om i nancing hei clien s.
Mo eo e , he a icle de i nes he a ea
ela ed wi h a ailabili y o selec ed ools,
ins umen s and concep ions o i nancing
unc ioning o c a en e p ises.
2. Resea ch Me hodology
Resea ch esul s p esen ed he ein a e based on
he in o ma ion collec ed as a esul o a su ey
conduc ed among c a en e p ises. The
e i o ial a ea o esea ches o c a en e p ises’
unc ioning co e ed all oi odeships. Cu en ly,
in Poland he e a e app oxima ely 330,000
c a en e p ises egis e ed in he Polish C a
Associa ion. On he g ounds o his numbe ,
a esea ch sample was de i ned a a le el o
1,422 c a en e p ises. The esea ch sample
was selec ed a andom. Du ing conduc ing
esea ch, wo esea ch laye s we e conside ed.
Fi s , e i o ial one (co e ing all e i o y o
Poland, since all oi odeships a e basically
co ela ed wi h c a chambe s); second one:
a o m o conduc ed ac i i y ( e y impo an
om he poin o iew o ob aining selec ed ools
and ins umen s o i nancing c a en e p ises).
The pe iod o conduc ing esea ches among
c a en e p ises associa ed in he Polish C a
Associa ion co e s all yea 2013.
The ailo -made su ey, used o conduc he
esea ch, included a se o o de ly ques ions
co esponding o he goal o he esea ch.
A he beginning o he su ey a egis e
cha ac e izing he en e p ises ha pa icipa ed
in he su ey was placed.
The au ho s decided o use his o m
o esea ch due o he ac ha he su ey
ques ionnai e is a use ul ool o ecei e
he esponden s’ opinion. The in o ma ion
ob ained om he esponden s by means o
ques ionnai es p o ided he eam wi h aluable
in o ma ion which enabled o each p ope
conclusions.
Su ey esea ch is one o he mos
equen ly used and he mos commonly quo ed
ype o public opinion esea ch. As a ma e
o ac , due o wo elemen s i.e. simplici y and
use ulness, i is he only ool used on a wide-
scale in he scien i i c p ojec s, also wo ldwide.
I is ex emely use ul du ing he esea ch
conduc ed among companies since i enables
segmen a ion, cons uc ion o an en e p ise
p o i le as well as p o ides in o ma ion abou he
opinions and p e e ences o he esponden s.
The su ey, i skill ully used, gi es eno mous
possibili ies o conduc basic analysis and
p o ide comp ehensi e insigh .
The su ey ques ionnai e was p epa ed in
a classical (pape ) e sion as well as elec onic
one. In o de o execu e esea ches wi h he use
o a su ey ques ionnai e in a classical e sion,
c a chambe s unc ioning in each oi odeship
in he e i o y o Poland, guilds associa ed wi hin
pa icula c a chambe s and he Polish C a
Associa ion associa ing all c a chambe s and
guilds in Poland we e asked o coope a ion.
Fu he mo e, wi hin i ualiza ion o
unc ioning o c a en e p ises and ins i u ions
associa ing hem (guilds, c a chambe s,
he Polish C a Associa ion), an elec onic
e sion o a su ey ques ionnai e was also
p epa ed. Un o una ely, his o m o conduc ing
esea ches ailed. A e u n o sen su ey
ques ionnai es eached a le el o 3%. The
esul being a consequence o a lack o o
a low deg ee o using digi al en i onmen
in unc ioning o c a en e p ises inclines o
conclude on he necessi y o conduc de ailed
esea ches on his elemen o unc ioning
o c a en e p ises ope a ing in dynamically
de eloping digi al en i onmen – he In e ne .
The e u n o su ey ques ionnai es p epa ed
in a classical o m amoun ed o app oxima ely
90%, which gi es 1,280 esponses.
A me hod o pa icipan obse a ion was
applied in esea ches on c a en e p ises.
Two co-au ho s o he a icle wo k o co-
wo k wi h c a chambe s and wi h he Polish
C a Associa ion. This me hod p o ed o
be pa icula ly use ul while o mula ing and
e i ying mo ions.
The su ey ques ionnai e included 11
ques ions – open and closed. In o de o
ob ain he ulles pic u e o esea ched c a
en e p ises, he ques ions conce ned: a o m o
conduc ed business ac i i y, ne income o he
p e ious yea , a numbe o employed pe sons
and cha ac e is ics o an en e p ise. Second
g oup o ques ions conce ned he a ea ela ed
EM_4_2015.indd 170EM_4_2015.indd 170 1.12.2015 8:44:561.12.2015 8:44:56
171
4, XVIII, 2015
Finance
wi h i nancing c a en e p ises, among o he s,
e e ing o using such ins umen s, ools and
concep ions o i nancing en e p ises, as: c edi ,
leasing, ac o ing, loan o subsidy. Wha is mo e,
he su ey ques ionnai e included ques ions
allowing de i ning ba ie s in using hem by he
c a en e p ises. I also con ained ques ions on
Eu opean Union unds as a sou ce o i nancing,
as well as ques ions ega ding using help o
ins i u ions suppo ing en ep eneu s om so-
called business en i onmen .
3. Resea ch Resul s
En e p ises associa ed in he Polish C a
Associa ion pa icipa ing in he esea ch
ep esen 26 c a s enume a ed below:
pain e -deco a o – 31,
ca pen e – 84,
bu che -mea p ocessing echnician – 17,
b icklaye – 109,
mo o ehicles mechanic – 161,
mo o ehicles elec o-mechanic – 32,
ehicle whi esmi h – 46,
a nishe – 33,
con ec ione – 131,
bake – 134,
hai d esse – 156,
ailo – 13,
elec ician – 39,
i e i e – 11,
wa chmake – 3,
wood wo ke – 36,
oo e – 49,
locksmi h – 19,
l oo e – 17,
goldsmi h-jewele – 24,
uphols e e – 12,
wa e and sani a y de ices i e – 36,
gas de ices i e – 26,
chimney sweepe – 14,
cons uc ion i nishing wo ks p ocess
enginee – 44,
blacksmi h – 3.
Resea ched c a en e p ises had a ious
legal o ms, s a ing om na u al pe sons
conduc ing economic ac i i y, h ough ci il
pa ne ships, egis e ed pa ne ships and
limi ed liabili y companies. F om among
associa ed en e p ises he majo i y, i.e. 65.55%
o su eyed companies, we e made by na u al
pe sons conduc ing economic ac i i y.
In o de o lea n mo e abou esea ch c a
en e p ises, he su ey also included a ques ion
conce ning a numbe o pe sons employed in
an en e p ise.
The numbe o employed pe sons in
esea ched c a en e p ises associa ed in
guilds was as ollows:
up o 10 pe sons a e employed by 839
om among esea ch companies, which
cons i u es 65.55%,
11–50 pe sons a e employed by 441
om among esea ch companies, ha is,
34,45%.
The size o companies b oken down by
he ype o c a is p esen ed in Fig. 1. Fig. 1
p esen s da a o mic o-en e p ises as well
as small en e p ises aking in o accoun each
g oup o esponden s as 100% (sepa a ely
o mic o-en e p ises and sepa a ely o small
en e p ises). Fig. 2 p esen s en e p ises
di ided in acco dance wi h he ep esen ed
c a including all en e p ises ega dless o hei
size (1,280 companies).
3.1 Using Ins umen s o Suppo
o En e p ises, such as: C edi ,
Leasing, Fac o ing, Loan, Subsidy
and O he s
As a esul o analyzing he in o ma ion om
su ey ques ionnai es i was s a ed ha
a majo i y o esea ched en e p ises – 45.00%
(including 23.20% o mic o en e p ises and
21.80% o small en e p ises) used a c edi
as a manne o i nancing ac i i y ega ding
in es men as well as ope a ions (Fig. 3).
P esen ed esul is iden ical as he one
p esen ed in o he sou ces. C a en e p ises
did no indica e any ype o c edi , i s hedging o
pu pose, e.g. in es men o ope a ional.
Leasing as a o m o i nancing (in he
laye o i xed asse s) was used by 27% o
esea ched companies (including 20.78%
o mic o en e p ises and 6.25% o small
en e p ises). In a p e ailing pa , esponden s
poin ed o ope a ional leasing as a basic ype o
used leasing – a way o i nancing in es men s
– i xed asse s. Among o he s, he use o lease
back in c a en e p ises ega ding angible and
in angible i xed asse s was no no ed in he
esea ch. A lack o using such a concep ion o
i nancing inc eases he isk o c a en e p ises’
unc ioning on he Polish ma ke .
The esul s o esea ched c a en e p ises
show ha 12.03% o en e p ises used bo owing
(10.63% mic o and 1.41% small). I came as
EM_4_2015.indd 171EM_4_2015.indd 171 1.12.2015 8:44:561.12.2015 8:44:56
172 2015, XVIII, 4
Finance
a huge su p ise ha only one en e p ise used
ac o ing. Due o big paymen g idlocks occu ing
on he Polish ma ke , i migh seem ha ac o ing
is a concep ion ha allows: speeding up ading,
lowe ing he isk o en e p ise’s unc ioning ( he
bank ac s as an analys o isk o SME sec o
en e p ises’ clien s), main enance o sol ency
a a ele an le el. Among easons o he
a o emen ioned si ua ion one can de i ni ely
de i ne he ollowing ac o s:
1. A ailabili y o he se ice aimed a
en e p ises and o e ed by he banks and
hei bounda y condi ions.
2. Educa ion o he c a en e p ises’ owne on
he ad an ages and disad an ages o using
ac o ing.
3. Economic- i nancial esul s o c a en e p ises
(a le el o necessa y paymen s o he
en e p ise – pa icula ly impo an wi h a low
p o i abili y o p o ided p oduc s and se ices).
Fig. 1: C a ypes b oken down by he company size
Sou ce: own
EM_4_2015.indd 172EM_4_2015.indd 172 1.12.2015 8:44:571.12.2015 8:44:57
173
4, XVIII, 2015
Finance
Using subsidies was epo ed in o al by
52 en e p ises, which cons i u es 4.06% o he
su eyed en i ies. Subsidies we e alloca ed o:
es ablishmen o a new wo kplace – in case
o 17 en e p ises,
se ing up an en e p ise – in case o 35
en e p ises.
No su eyed en e p ise enume a ed o he
suppo ins umen s ha could be used by
hem. The esul s showed ha 15.45 % o mic o
en e p ises did no indica e any o m o suppo ,
howe e 8.75 % o small companies does no
use any o he enlis ed suppo ins umen s.
3.2 Using Na ional, Eu opean Union
Funds
Ques ion 4 included in he su ey ques ionnai e
was as ollows: Did he en e p ise use o has
been using na ional, Eu opean Union unds o
did he en e p ise apply o hem?
Only 189 ( ha is: 14.77%; 8.91% mic o
and 5.86% small companies) om among
esea ched en e p ises associa ed in guilds
answe ed his ques ion a i ma i ely. Remaining
en e p ises ne e used and do no use any such
unds and ne e applied o hem. This esul
shows a e y nega i e phenomenon con i med
in conduc ed esea ches implying unc ioning
o c a en e p ises pa icula ly in he con ex o
an “old” (2007–2014) pe spec i e o i nancing
wi h Eu opean Union esou ces. I also poin s
o a big challenge in his aspec , in a new
pe spec i e o i nancing p ojec s wi h Eu opean
Union esou ces (2014–2020). Among easons
o such a si ua ion, one can, among o he s,
de i ne o ollowing ac o s:
1. Compe ence ba ie in d awing up a ele an
mo ion o an ins i u ion i nancing p ojec s.
2. Add essing p io i ies and e ms and
condi ions o announced con es imp ope ly.
Fig. 2: Types o c a in he analyzed en e p ises (including bo h mic o en e p ises
and small en e p ises)
Sou ce: own
EM_4_2015.indd 173EM_4_2015.indd 173 1.12.2015 8:44:571.12.2015 8:44:57
174 2015, XVIII, 4
Finance
3. Economic- i nancial ba ie o c a
en e p ises (big ees paid “in ad ance”) o
d awing up p ojec s.
4. Imp ope s uc u e o announced con es s
on so-called so p ojec s and so-called
ha d – in es men p ojec s.
5. A long pe iod o ime in possibili y o
comme cial use o ealized p ojec s (3 o 5
yea s depending on a le el o subsidy).
6. A long pe iod o d awing up, assessmen
and aking decisions o p ojec s.
3.3 Subjec o Funding
Ano he ques ion included in he su ey
ques ionnai e ega ded a subjec o unding
om among enume a ed suppo o ms. As
an answe , 10 p oposi ions we e made and
a possibili y o gi e o he answe s was also
gi en.
Mos o en esea ched c a en e p ises
alloca ed ob ained i nancing o cons uc ion
and eno a ion – acco ding o answe s gi en
by as many as 320 esponden s, which
amoun s o 25% o esea ched en e p ises
(Fig. 4). This esul is sligh ly di e en om he
one p esen ed in a epo on he SME sec o
si ua ion, whe e 50% o mic o en e p ises
alloca e ob ained unds o in es men s in
buildings and cons uc ions. In case o c a
en e p ises unc ioning, as a ule, o se e al
yea s o se e al dozens o yea s (in majo i y,
amily en e p ises), managed o es ablish
du ing many yea s o ac i i y a p ope le el o
i xed asse s, including in a o m necessa y o
p oduc ion and se ices p o ided o buildings
and cons uc ions.
Nex in e ms o size subjec o unding
c a en e p ises we e machines and de ices,
which was indica ed by 269 en e p ises (19%).
F om he poin o iew o inno a i e beha io s
and limi a ion o isk o c a en e p ises’
unc ioning on he Polish ma ke , his esul is
unsa is ac o y. Howe e , i should be no ed ha
he iew in his aspec is unclea , among o he s,
wi h ega d o using all ypes and a ie ies o
leasing. Also common use o ou sou cing
(acco ding o di e en ypes, unc ions,
p oduc s, se ices and concep ions) allows an
access o he newes echnical- echnological
solu ions and, he e o e, an access o mode n
machines and de ices wi hou a need o buy
hem, a he same ime limi ing a isk o such
an in es men .
Among esea ched c a en e p ises, 20%
alloca ed ob ained i nancial esou ces o buying
means o anspo .
Fig. 3: Suppo ins umen s o companies
Sou ce: own
EM_4_2015.indd 174EM_4_2015.indd 174 1.12.2015 8:44:571.12.2015 8:44:57
181
4, XVIII, 2015
Finance
Re e ences
[1] AYYAGARI, M., BECK, T., DEMIRGUC-
KUNT, A. Small and medium en e p ises ac oss
he globe. Small Business Economics. 2007,
Vol. 29, Iss. 4, pp. 415-434. ISSN 0921-898X.
DOI: 10.1007/s11187-006-9002-5.
[2] BECK, T., DEMIRGUC-KUNT, A., LEVINE,
R. SMEs, g ow h, and po e y: c oss-coun y
e idence. Jou nal o economic g ow h. 2005,
Vol. 10, Iss. 3, pp. 199-229. ISSN 1381-4338.
DOI: 10.1007/s10887-005-3533-5.
[3] BECK, T., LEVINE, R., LOAYZA, N. Finance
and he Sou ces o G ow h. Jou nal o i nancial
economics. 2000, Vol. 58, Iss. 2, pp. 261-
300. ISSN 0304-405X. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-
405X(00)00072-6.
[4] BELÁS, J., e al. The business en i onmen
o small and medium-sized en e p ises in
selec ed egions o he Czech Republic and
Slo akia. E+M Ekonomie a Managemen .
2015, Vol. 18, Iss. 1, pp. 95-110. ISSN 1212-
3609. DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2015-1-008.
[5] BIELAWSKA, A. The meaning o small
en e p ises o he economic de elopmen .
Ekonomis a. 1992, Vol. 3. pp. 465-468. ISSN
0013-3205.
[6] BUSCHFELD, D., e al. Iden i i ca ion o
u u e skills needs in mic o and c a (- ype)
en e p ises up o 2020. Final epo [online].
Cologne, Hambu g, Vienna: FBH, 2011 [ci .
2014-12-29]. 133 p. (PDF). A ailable om:
h p:// u u eskills2020.eu/ iles/SkillsNeeds_
Final_Repo _EN_16.02.2011_ i nal_R.pd .
[7] CHEN, J., CHEN, Y., VANHAVERBEKE,
W. The in l uence o scope, dep h, and
o ien a ion o ex e nal echnology sou ces
on he inno a i e pe o mance o Chinese
i ms. Techno a ion. 2011, Vol. 31, Iss. 8, pp.
362-373. ISSN 0166-4972. DOI: 10.1016/j.
echno a ion.2011.03.002.
[8] DEMIRGÜÇ-KUNT, A., BECK, T., LEVINE,
R. Small and medium en e p ises, g ow h, and
po e y: C oss-coun y e idence. Wo ld Bank
policy esea ch wo king pape 3178. Wo ld
Bank, 2003.
[9] FOLTYS, J. Ou sou cing in he sec o o
small and medium en e p ises. Applica ion
sc ip s. 2012. Ka owice: The Publishing House
o he Uni e si y o Silesia in Ka owice, 2012.
ISBN 978-83-226-2078-6.
[10] GAGLIARDI, D., e al. A eco e y on
he ho izon? Annual epo on Eu opean
SMEs 2012/2013 [online]. B ussel: Eu opean
Commission, 2013 [ci . 2015-01-02]. 99
p. (PDF). A ailable om: h p://ec.eu opa.eu/
g ow h/smes/business- iendly-en i onmen /
pe o mance- e iew/ iles/suppo ing-
documen s/2013/annual- epo -smes-2013_
en.pd .
[11] Jou nal o Laws o 1927, No. 53, i em 468,
as amended.
[12] Jou nal o Laws o 1972, No. 16, i em 94.
[13] Jou nal o Laws o 1977, No. 4, i em 20.
[14] Jou nal o Laws o 2002, No. 112, i em
979, as amended.
[15] KOWALSKI, S. Financing sou ces o small
and medium en e p ises in Poland including he
EU s uc u al unds. The economics and he
o ganiza ion o ood economy. 2009, Vol. 76,
pp. 157-164. ISBN 978-83-7583-137-5.
[16] KROLCZYK, J., LEGUTKO, S. Inno a ion
as a Key Fac o o En ep eneu ial Ac i i y.
Applied Mechanics and Ma e ials. 2014, Vol.
657, pp. 1046-1050. ISSN 1662-7482. DOI:
10.4028/www.scien i i c.ne /AMM.657.1046.
[17] KUBÍČKOVÁ, L., PROCHÁZKOVÁ, L.
Success e alua ion o small and medium-sized
en e p ises in e ms o hei pa icipa ion in he
in e na ionaliza ion p ocess. E+M Ekonomie
a Managemen . 2014, Vol. 17, Iss. 2, pp.
131-145. ISSN 1212-3609. DOI: 10.15240/
ul/001/2014-2-010.
[18] NIETO, M.J., SANTAMARÍA, L. The
impo ance o di e se collabo a i e ne wo ks
o he no el y o p oduc inno a ion.
Techno a ion. 2007, Vol. 27, Iss. 6, pp.
367-377. ISSN 0166-4972. DOI: 10.1016/j.
echno a ion.2006.10.001.
[19] LASAGNI, A. How can ex e nal
ela ionships enhance inno a ion in SMEs? New
e idence o Eu ope. Jou nal o Small Business
Managemen . 2012, Vol. 50, Iss. 2, pp. 310-
339. ISSN 0047-2778. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-
627X.2012.00355.x.
[20] LOVE, J.H., ROPER, S. Loca ion and
ne wo k e ec s on inno a ion success: e idence
o UK, Ge man and I ish manu ac u ing plan s.
Resea ch policy. 2001, Vol. 30, Iss. 4, pp. 643-
661. ISSN 0048-7333. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-
7333(00)00098-6.
[21] RAMMER, C., CZARNITZKI, D.,
SPIELKAMP, A. Inno a ion success o non-
R&D-pe o me s: subs i u ing echnology
by managemen in SMEs. Small Business
Economics. 2009, Vol. 33, Iss. 1, pp. 35-58. ISSN
0921-898X. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-009-9185-7.
[22] Repo on he condi ion o small and
medium-sized en e p ise sec o in Poland in
EM_4_2015.indd 181EM_4_2015.indd 181 1.12.2015 8:44:581.12.2015 8:44:58
182 2015, XVIII, 4
Finance
2011–2012 [online]. Wa saw: Polish Agency o
En e p ise De elopmen , 2013 [ci . 2014-11-
17]. 248 p. (PDF). A ailable om: h p://www.
pa p.go .pl/ i les/74/81/626/18355.pd . ISBN
978-83-7633-284-0.
[23] Repo on he si ua ion o mic o and small
en e p ises in 2012 [online]. Wa saw: Bank Pekao
S.A., 2013 [ci . 2014-11-17]. 493 p. (PDF). A ailable
om: h p://www.pekao.com.pl/binsou ce/ /00/
Rapo _2013_pol.pd . ISSN 2082-4610.
[24] Repo on he si ua ion o mic o and
small en e p ises in 2013 [online]. Wa saw:
Bank Pekao S.A., 2014 [ci . 2014-11-17]. 449
p. (PDF). A ailable om: h p://www.pekao.
com.pl/binsou ce/ /00/Rapo _2014_pol.pd .
ISSN 2082-4610.
[25] ROGERS, M. Ne wo ks, i m size and
inno a ion. Small business economics. 2004,
Vol. 22, Iss. 2, pp. 141-153. ISSN 0921-898X.
DOI: 10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000014451.99047.69.
[26] ROTHGANG, M., TRETTIN, L.
S eng hening he Ge man C a sec o
h ough Inno a ion and Coope a ion. In: ERSA
con e ence pape s (No. e sa03p52). Eu opean
Regional Science Associa ion, 2003.
[27] SAFIN, K. Managing small en e p ise.
W oclaw: Akademia Ekonomiczna, 2003. ISBN
83-7011-646-9.
[28] ŠIPIKAL, M., PISÁR, P., URAMOVÁ, M.
Suppo o inno a ion a egional le el. E+M
Ekonomie a Managemen . 2010, Vol. 13, Iss. 4,
pp. 74-84. ISSN 1212-3609.
[29] TETHER, B.S. Who co-ope a es o
inno a ion, and why: an empi ical analysis.
Resea ch policy. 2002, Vol. 31, Iss. 6. pp. 947-
967. ISSN 0048-7333. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-
7333(01)00172-X.
[30] TORRES, A.M. Ma ke ing ne wo ks as a o m
o s a egic alliance among c a en e p ises.
In e na ional Jou nal o Nonp o i and Volun a y
Sec o Ma ke ing. 2002, Vol. 7, Iss. 3, pp. 229-243.
ISSN 1479-103X. DOI: 10.1002/n sm.182.
[31] WAGA, M. Financing sou ces o
small and medium en e p ise ac i i ies in
espec o hei i nancial si ua ion. S udia
Biu a Analiz Sejmowych kancela ii sejmu.
De elopmen o en ep eneu ship and small
and medium-sized en e p ises. 2014, Vol. 1,
Iss. 37 [ci . 2014-12-29], pp. 27-47. A ailable
om: h p://o ka.sejm.go .pl/WydBAS. ns /0/
B84674677D84FDF2C1257CA20043551F/
$ i le/S udia_BAS_37.pd . ISSN 2082-0658.
[32] ZENG, S.X., XIE, X.M., TAM, C.M.
Rela ionship be ween coope a ion ne wo ks
and inno a ion pe o mance o SMEs.
Techno a ion. 2010, Vol. 30, Iss. 3, pp.
181-194. ISSN 0166-4972. DOI: 10.1016/j.
echno a ion.2009.08.003.
P o . Joachim Fol ys, Ph.D. Eng.
Opole Uni e si y o Technology
Facul y o Economy and Managemen
Depa men o O ganiza ion
and Business Managemen
[email p o ec ed]
G ażyna Dębicka-Ozo kiewicz, Ph.D.
Chambe o C a s in Opole
[email p o ec ed]
Jolan a B. K ólczyk, Ph.D. Eng
Opole Uni e si y o Technology
Facul y o P oduc ion Enginee ing
and Logis ics
Depa men o Biosys ems Enginee ing
[email p o ec ed]
doc. Ing. Vladimí Hiadlo ský, PhD.
Ma ej Bel Uni e si y Banska Bys ica
Facul y o Economics
Depa men o Co po a e Economics
and Managemen
ladimi [email p o ec ed]
EM_4_2015.indd 182EM_4_2015.indd 182 1.12.2015 8:44:581.12.2015 8:44:58
183
4, XVIII, 2015
Finance
Abs ac
FINANCING CRAFT ENTERPRISES ASSOCIATED IN THE POLISH CRAFT
ASSOCIATION
Joachim Fol ys, G ażyna Dębicka-Ozo kiewicz, Jolan a B. K ólczyk,
Vladimí Hiadlo ský
This a icle conce ns unc ioning o small and medium en e p ises and in pa icula : c a ones. In he
sec o s uc u ed Eu opean Union, he abo emen ioned s and o 80–95% o he exis ing companies
and mo eo e , hey gene a e he bigges numbe o job posi ions and he na ional income. The
a icle ocuses on a selec ed pa o SME sec o : c a en e p ises and especially, on i nancing hei
ac i i ies. This i nancing ela es o bo h, i nancing c a businesses’ in es men s and hei cu en
ope a ions. In he i s pa o he ex one p esen s a li e a y que y conce ning he de i ni ion o a c a
en e p ise and he esul ing om i s cha ac e is ic unc ioning: concep ion and ools o i nancing
in es men s and cu en ope a ions o c a en e p ises. In he second pa , one demons a es he
esul s o esea ches on he concep ion and he ools o i nancing c a en e p ises unc ioning on
he Polish ma ke . In he summa y o he a icle one demons a es conclusions conce ning he ways
o main enance and (in many cases inno a i e) changes o he concep ion and he ools o i nancing
c a en e p ises. The elemen cong uous wi h he basic opic o he a icle ela ing o he cu en
unc ioning o a c a en e p ise in he eal en i onmen (bo h: inne and ou e one), is i s unc ioning
in he digi al su ounding (including wi h ega d o he concep ion o i nancing ac i i ies), which
co ela es wi h he dynamic de elopmen o ICT echnologies. The a o emen ioned de elopmen
oge he wi h digi aliza ion de e mines many aspec s o c a en e p ises’ unc ioning; also he ones
connec ed wi h i nancing ools and concep ions. Re e ing o he hings s a ed, i is clea ha ICT
echnologies should be aken in o accoun in en e p ise’s cu en ac i i ies and in o he aspec s o
i s unc ioning e.g. communica ion, as well as ese ices i p o ides and ecei es.
Key Wo ds: SME sec o , c a en e p ise, i nancing, i nancing ools, managemen me hods,
i nancial enginee ing, ou sou cing, i ual space.
JEL Classi i ca ion: G2, G3.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2015-4-012
EM_4_2015.indd 183EM_4_2015.indd 183 1.12.2015 8:44:581.12.2015 8:44:58