42016, XIX, 3
Ekonomie
4DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-3-001
In oduc ion
In his s udy we analyse labou economic
policy ins umen s, which a e p esen in cu en
egional labou ma ke s. The amewo k o ou
analysis is based on he pe cep ions o im-
po an ins i u ional playe s who a e in di ec
daily con ac wi h bo h sides o he ma ke .
Bo h labou o i ces and p i a e ec ui men
agencies a e c i ical ins i u ional playe s in he
labou ma ke . Thei abili y o assess economic
policies and ma ke ou comes (employmen
and unemploymen ) p o ides a unique basis o
ins i u ional analysis.
Ou hypo heses deal wi h public ins i u ions
and hei abili y o p o ide good quali y labou
ma ke economic policies. A ques ionnai e
was used o collec da a om selec ed
ins i u ions and hen o es ou hypo heses.
The expec a ions a e ha he e would be
di e ences in he way public policy is pe cei ed
by he public and p i a e sec o s and in he
pe cep ion o he labou ma ke as an economic
phenomenon in he selec ed egions.
This s udy s a s by in oducing he socio-
economic di e ences be ween he egions
ollowed by an examina ion o he economic
policies ha a e dominan in he egional
ma ke s. The economic heo ies and cu en
empi ical esul s dealing wi h public policy
e ec i eness in he a ea o employmen
policy a e hen subjec ed o a c i ical e iew.
The ins i u ional analysis is p edominan ly
ocused on empi ical e idence and he hope
is ha i is possible o also deli e a public
policy ecommenda ion, which will make he
employmen policies and hei ins umen s
mo e e ec i e gi en he cu en ins i u ional
in as uc u e.
Economis s adi ionally iew ins i u ions
and sca ce esou ces as a amewo k o
economic ac i i y (Aoki, 2001). Ins i u ions a e
usually pe cei ed o be playe s in a game i.e.
decision make s, en ep eneu s, and poli icians
who can subs an i ely in l uence he whole
economy. Bu in he game heo e ic app oach
and in ou analysis he ins i u ions a e he ules
o he game which cons ain and shape human
in e ac ions (No h, 1991), no he playe s.
These o mal and in o mal ins i u ions in he
labou ma ke a e he a ge o his esea ch
s udy. Fo mal ins i u ions a e o example he
employmen policies, he minimum wage,
policies ega ding seconda y and e ia y
educa ion, EU labou ma ke policies, e c. The
in o mal ins i u ions a e usually no isible o
an impa ial spec a o o an economic analys .
These in o mal ins i u ions include social no ms,
adi ions and cus oms, which can signi i can ly
change and in l uence labou ma ke ou comes
and he economic ac i i y o labou ma ke
playe s (Os om, 1990). To shed some ligh on
he e i ciency o he o mal and in o mal ules
we ca ied ou an analysis o he expe ience o
majo ins i u ional playe s in he labou ma ke .
1. Labou Ma ke Playe s and Rules
o he Game
The Czech labou ma ke is in l uenced by many
economic agen s (playe s). The e a e p i a e
and public sec o playe s, bo h on he demand
and supply side. The main playe s a e public
adminis a ion o i ce s (Eu opean, na ional,
egional), employe s, unions, educa ional
ins i u ions and non-go e nmen al (no - o -
p o i ) o ganisa ions. Those playe s shape
he ules o he game; howe e i is he s a e
economic policy, which de i nes he ac ual ules
o he game in he labou ma ke .
The indi iduals (supply side) a e he
a ge s o p og ammes and policies i nanced
by public unds (na ional and Eu opean).
These p og ammes a e ocused on p epa a ion
(educa ion) and adap abili y ( equali i ca ion,
mobili y, and li elong lea ning), and ensu e
INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE
CONTEMPORARY REGIONAL LABOUR
MARKET IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Václa No ák, Ma ek Vokoun, F an išek S ellne , Ma ek Vochozka
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5
3, XIX, 2016
Economics
5
socially accep able condi ions (bene i s) o
unemployed ci izens who a e in dange o being
pe manen ly excluded om he labou ma ke .
The e is also public suppo aimed a
he demand side (employe s). The e a e
public employmen agencies, which p o ide
in o ma ion abou acan jobs and p og ammes
o employe s. The e a e employmen
p og ammes aimed a people wi h disabili ies,
employe s in insol ency, and o he incen i e
p og ammes o employe s.
In o he wo ds, he public sec o uses so-
called “passi e” employmen policies ha co e
all he supply-side subsidies and bene i s. The e
a e also so-called “ac i e” employmen policies,
which consis o all kinds o policy ins umen s.
The main ins umen s a e e aining and
equali i ca ion p og ammes, communi y wo k,
socially bene i cial jobs, shel e ed wo kshops,
and consul ing se ices a labou o i ces. The e
a e also o he ins umen s, which p o ide all
kinds o incen i es ( o s a a new company)
and suppo ( o inc ease mobili y) o applican s.
The labou ma ke ou comes a e in l uenced
by all kinds o in e wo en ules o he game.
This includes s uc u al economic policy, highe
educa ion policy, an i-cyclical economic policy,
labou ax policy, ade egula ions, labou
sa e y and o he labou egula ions. These
economic policies in e ac and simul aneously
in l uence he demand and supply sides and
he beha iou o all he labou ma ke playe s.
Comp ehensi e o e iews o ins i u ions
ha in l uence he Czech labou ma ke a e
summa ised in T doň (2008).
Acco ding o he Czech Minis y o Labou
and Social A ai s, you h unemploymen and
he o e all si ua ion in he labou ma ke is
be e han in he es o he EU (MPSV, 2015).
In compa ison o o he so called ansi ional
economies, he Czech Republic has achie ed
simila employmen numbe s wi h ega ds
o he economically ac i e popula ion o he
si ua ion in Ge many, which by EU s anda ds
is conside ed o ha e a well-pe o ming
labou ma ke (Bah & B ada, 2014). These
EU s anda ds a e he a ge o c i ique om
leading EU poli ical pa ies. The Eu opean and
Czech labou ma ke s a e conside ed o lack
l exibili y and he cu en “ac i e and passi e”
ins umen s o employmen policies a e iewed
as being ine i cien .
2. Employmen and Labou Ma ke
in he Czech Republic
Acco ding o economic heo y he abili y o
ge a job hea ily depends on he quali y o he
indi idual le el o human capi al in es men
and subjec i e job p e e ences. T adi ionally he
wage, which is an ou come o a pa icula labou
ma ke , is in l uenced by quali i ca ions, age,
expe ience, heal h s a us, amily backg ound
and sha ed alues (Mince , 1958). These a e
indi idual ai s ha in he Czech en i onmen
a e hea ily in l uenced by he dominance o
public educa ion. Howe e , no ecen s udies
ha e explici ly deal wi h his issue in he Czech
con ex .
Dill and Soo (2005) sugges ha he
quali y o educa ion should be compa ed
h ough a sys em o league ables and
a uni e si y anking sys em in o de o s imula e
imp o emen s. P i a isa ion in educa ion also
con ibu es o di e si i ca ion, new pa ne ships,
and p o ides incen i es based on compe i ion,
which is no p esen in mos publicly i nanced
en i onmen s (Ball, 2009). Howe e , he deba e
abou he public-p i a e di ide in educa ion
is a he complica ed because i is in gene al
conside ed o be a non- i al y, non-excludable,
public good. In highe educa ion, he si ua ion
is no as clea and some economis s ques ion
he public good o uni e si y educa ion, which
is ull o i al y, exclusi e and b oadly speaking
a p i a e o “mixed” good. Howe e , he na u e
o educa ion as a public good is no he cen al
issue o his pape and equi es addi ional
esea ch.
Economic analys s a e in e es ed in
pa icula ules o he game – economic
policies. High axa ion, gene ous wel a e
s a e, and o he labou ma ke igidi ies can
educe mo i a ion. The consequence is ha
some people choose o li e on bene i s (Flek
& Veče ník, 2005). I can and does inc ease
he ole o in o mal ins i u ions (g ey economy)
and leads o ax e asion (Slem od, 2007). I
is sugges ed ha hese e ec s a e p esen
ega dless o he economic le el o he coun y
(Gë xhani & Sch am, 2006). The mobili y o
labou is in l uenced by a igid and egula ed
housing ma ke , which was he case in he
Czech Republic. The cu en de egula ion
p ocess in he housing ma ke has been pa ially
success ul in b inging abou change bu he
unwillingness o mo e o wo k due o social
and cul u al ac o s p e ails (Vlček, 2010).
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62016, XIX, 3
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6
In gene al, policies aimed a labou ma ke
l exibili y can signi i can ly imp o e labou
ma ke ou comes and economic g ow h (Kahn,
2012).
A minimum wage is a adi ional ool which
acco ding o libe al classic economic heo y
canno wo k. This policy p oduces so-called
“unwillingly” unemployed indi iduals, which a e
unable o i nd a job o a wage, which is lowe
han he minimum wage. These indi iduals a e
subsequen ly o ced o li e on bene i s and a e
no mo i a ed o sea ch o a job, o al e na i ely
hey pa icipa e in he g ey economy (Waw osz,
Heissle , & Mach, 2012). The ac ual impac o
he minimum wage in he Czech Republic is
inconclusi e (Pa elka, Skála, & Čadil, 2014).
Ano he analysis shows ha he e we e yea s
when i was be e no o ha e a minimum wage
job because li ing on bene i s p o ided mo e
money and ee ime (Pa elka, 2012).
In he 1990s, employmen policy ha
included all kinds o unemploymen and
social bene i s did no esol e he issue o
unemploymen in he Czech labou ma ke
(Si o á ka & Ma eš, 2006). On he whole, an
ac i e employmen policy is conside ed mo e
e i cien han a passi e one (Gup a & du Toi ,
2009; Rašo ec, 2014). This li e a u e e iew
is mos ly based on pape s dealing wi h
eal economic da a. Quali a i e ins i u ional
esea ch is missing. This s udy p o ides an
insigh in o he ac ual expe ience o he majo
playe s unde cu en policies ( ules) in he
egional labou ma ke s. An analysis ollows o
he egions and hei di e ences.
3. Socio-Economic Di e ences
in he Analysed Regions
The Ús ecký Region (UR) is loca ed in he
no h-wes pa o he Czech Republic (CR). I
is he i h la ges egion in e ms o he numbe
o inhabi an s (mo e han 820,000). In size, i is
a small egion wi h an abo e a e age popula ion
densi y. The Jihočeský Region (JR) is loca ed in
he sou h pa o he Czech Republic. I is he
se en h la ges egion in e ms o he numbe
o inhabi an s (mo e han 630,000). In e ms o
size, i is he second la ges egion wi h a below
a e age popula ion densi y. Du ing he las
20 yea s, he numbe s o inhabi an s in bo h
egions ha e been g owing (see Tab. 1). The
GDP pe capi a in bo h egions is below a e age
o he Czech Republic. The age s uc u e
has shi ed d ama ically. On a e age he
popula ion is ageing. In 2013, in bo h egions,
he popula ion o e 65 yea s o age was la ge
han he popula ion o 1-15 yea s o age. The
popula ion g ow h a e and g oss mig a ion
a e is posi i e in bo h egions, howe e , mo e
people a e mo ing ou o he Ús ecký Region in
compa ison o he Jihočeský Region.
Indica o 1994-2003 2004-2013
JR UR CR JR UR CR
A e age popula ion (103) 626.1 824.3 10,271.8 633.1 828.0 10,398.6
Popula ion densi y (inhabi an s / km2) 62.3 154.6 130.2 63.0 155.2 131.9
Age index (1994, 2013) 65.7 59.9 69.6 116.0 105.1 115.7
C ude bi h a e (‰) 9.2 9.8 9.1 10.4 10.8 10.6
C ude mo ali y a e (‰) 10.5 11.0 10.9 10.1 10.8 10.3
In an mo ali y (‰) 5.8 7.9 5.4 2.7 4.9 3.0
Ne mig a ion (‰) 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.4 1.3 3.0
A e age GDP pe capi a (103 CZK)* 211.3 192.5 226.2 311.1 289.4 362.3
A e age unemploymen a e (%) 4.5 11.4 6.4 4.8 11.2 6.8
Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Demog aphic Yea book o Regions 2004-2013,
Czech labou ma ke - Time Se ies 1993-2013,
Public Da abase - The popula ion in he selec ed a ea - ime se ies 1991-2014;
own calcula ions
* A e age GDP in he i s pe iod co e s yea s 1996-2003, CZK – local cu ency
Tab. 1: Regional socioeconomic indica o s – he Jihočeský Region, he Ús ecký
Region and he Czech Republic (1994-2013)
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The indus ial s uc u e o bo h egions
di e s subs an ially. The Jihočeský Region has
a ou able na u al condi ions, which means
mo e people in he egion a e employed in
ag icul u e, i shing and o es y (7.6% in JR,
4.5% in CR, and 3.5% in UR). The na u al
condi ions in he Ús ecký Region dic a e ha
mo e people a e employed in mining (4.0%
in UR, 1.4% in CR). The sha e o employees
in he elec ici y, gas and hea manu ac u ing
and dis ibu ion sec o s is abo e he na ional
a e age because o he he mal powe plan s
in UR and he nuclea powe plan Temelín
in JR. In UR, employmen in se ices such
as anspo a ion and wa ehousing is abo e
a e age. In JR, he si ua ion in se ices is
di e en . People a e employed in ou ism
because he egion has many cul u al poin s o
in e es and UNESCO lis ed si es.
The educa ional s uc u e undamen ally
changed in bo h egions and h oughou he
Czech Republic a e 1989 (Tab. 2). The sha e
o e ia y educa ed and seconda y educa ed
wi h GCE inc eased. The p opo ion o people
wi h basic educa ion signi i can ly educed. The
educa ional s uc u e has simila alues in he
Jihočeský Region as h oughou he s a e,
al hough his egion s ill has a lowe pe cen age
o people wi h e ia y educa ion. Educa ional
s uc u e o he popula ion is long- e m e y
un a ou able in he Us i egion. Compa ed
wi h he na ional a e age, he e is a highe
p opo ion o people aged 15 o o e wi h no
educa ion o only basic educa ion and o e ia y
educa ed and seconda y educa ed wi h GCE.
Be ween 1993 and 2014 he o e all le el o
employmen declined in he Jihočeský Region
Educa ional le el Jihočeský Region Ús ecký Region Czech Republic
1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011
Basic, p e-p ima y 34.3 23.8 18.8 38.9 27.9 23.2 33.5 23.3 18.5
Seconda y educa ion wi hou GCE 35.6 39.2 36.2 36.0 40.1 37.2 35.7 38.5 34.9
Seconda y educa ion wi h GCE 23.4 28.8 32.9 20.3 25.7 30.3 23.2 28.7 32.9
Te ia y educa ion 6.4 7.9 11.6 4.4 5.5 8.4 7.2 9.0 13.2
Wi hou educa ion 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.6
Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Předběžné ýsledky sčí ání lidu,
domů a by ů – Česká epublika a k aje – 2011;
own calcula ions
Indus y sec o Jihočeský Region Ús ecký Region Czech Republic
1993 2014 1993 2014 1993 2014
Mining and qua ying 0.4 0.2 7.2 1.7 2.6 0.7
Manu ac u ing 25.5 27.6 26.5 25.5 28.8 26.7
Elec ici y, gas, s eam and ai condi .
supply 1.9 2.0 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.1
Wa e supply, sew., was e man.,
and em. ac . 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.1
Indus y o al 28.6 30.7 37.5 30.2 33.8 29.7
Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Labou Ma ke in he Czech Republic - Time Se ies – 1993-2014;
own calcula ions
Tab. 2: The educa ional s uc u e (%) – he Jihočeský Region, he Ús ecký Region
and he Czech Republic (1991, 2001, 2011)
Tab. 3: Employmen s uc u e (%) in indus y sec o s – he Jihočeský Region,
he Ús ecký Region and he Czech Republic (1993, 2014)
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82016, XIX, 3
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8
and he Ús ecký Region, while in he whole
coun y inc eased (Tab. 3). The e was he d op
o 2.5%, in he Jihočeský Region; he Ús ecký
Region eco ded a signi i can decline - 8.3%.
This s ems om he s uc u e o he indus y,
which was ma kedly di e en in bo h egions
in he ea ly 90s. In he Ús ecký Region, mining
and qua ying played an impo an ole in he
ea ly 90s an. In 1993, i ga e his sub-sec o
job o mo e han 7% o employed people he e.
In 2014, he sha e o his sec o on employmen
was less han 2 pe cen in he Us i egion. In he
epo ing pe iod, employmen in he indus y
dec eased by a signi i can 7.3 pe cen age poin s
in he Ús ecký Region. The Jihočeský Region
showed an inc ease in indus ial employmen
o 2.1 pe cen age poin s o he same pe iod.
The eason was an inc ease in employmen
in manu ac u ing. I ’s almos unbelie able, bu
Jihočeský Region p esen ed a highe sha e
o employmen in he indus y sec o han he
Ús ecký Region in 2014.
The e a e di e ences in he de elopmen
o he employmen a es in bo h egions
(Fig. 1). In UR he employmen a e ell o
87% (1993 = 100%) in 2000. In he yea s
ha ollowed i l uc ua ed a ound 90%. The
de elopmen s in he Jihočeský Region we e
e y simila o ha o he na ional a e age. The
economic c isis a ec ed he Jihočeský Region
mo e se e ely han he Ús ecký Region.
The decline in employmen was lowe , wi h
e en a sligh inc ease in employmen being
obse able in 2013.
Subs an i e di e ences exis be ween he
egions wi h ega ds o bo h he employmen
a e and unemploymen a e (see Fig. 2). JR
and almos all i s dis ic s belong o he g oup
o egions wi h he lowes unemploymen a es.
In con as , UR and i s dis ic s su e om he
highes unemploymen a es and na u ally is
he a ge o na ional public suppo and EU
de elopmen p og ammes. The unemploymen
a e in he CR and bo h egions was simila in
1993. The ans o ma ion p ocess was based on
s uc u al changes o la ge indus ial companies
which as a consequence esul ed in an inc ease
in he a e o s uc u al unemploymen . The
unemploymen a e peaked in 2000 and he
di e ence in he a e be ween he wo egions
eached abou 10% (Fig. 2).
The unemploymen a e l uc ua ed be ween
2000 and 2004. Un il he s a o he economic
c isis in 2008, he a e was dec easing and
he di e ences be ween he wo egions
became smalle (abou 5%) in compa ison
o he si ua ion in 2000. This pe iod a e he
so-called cu ency c isis which also hi he
Czech economy was s udied by Holá o a and
Řehoř (2006) and Toušek e al. (2005). They
concluded ha he e we e signi i can socio-
economic di e ences be ween egions and ha
he key ac o s causing egional di e ences
we e he quali y and ac i i y o human capi al.
Fig. 1: Employmen de elopmen in he Jihočeský Region and he Ús ecký Region
(1993-2013)
Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Czech labou ma ke - Time Se ies - 1993-2013
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A e he beginning o he economic c isis,
he unemploymen a e s a ed o ise in bo h
egions. The de elopmen s be ween 2009 and
2014 sugges ha he impac o he economic
c isis was mo e se e e in he JR. One o he
explana ions o his is ha la ge scale public
suppo and economic policies we e a ge ed
a UR which helped o signi i can ly ease he
nega i e e ec s o he economic c isis. The
di e ence be ween he egions in e ms o hei
unemploymen a es was he lowes in 2013,
bu his does no compa e well wi h he lowes
di e ence in he a es which was achie ed in
1993 (1.3%).
4. Da a and Me hods
The ins i u ional analysis was aimed a labou
o i ces and hei depa men s. The con ol
g oup in ou analysis was ep esen ed by
a selec ion o p i a e employmen agencies
and human esou ces (HR) depa men s o
some o he la ges employe s in he egion.
We asked he esponden s o i ll in an elec onic
ques ionnai e (Appendix 1), which consis ed o
se e al employmen policy ques ions. Fo he
e alua ion o a policy ins umen , he Like
scale was used whe eby 1 ep esen ed a highly
bene i cial ins umen and 5 an inapp op ia e
ins umen .
The ques ionnai e was success ully
sen o 290 o i cials in leading posi ions who
ep esen he ins i u ional sphe e o public
employmen policy in Ma ch 2015. The e u n
a e was mode a e (22%, 64 esponden s). We
belie e ha his was due o he ac ha many
employees we e on lea e and ha some o he
email add esses did no wo k. The con ol g oup
consis ed o 28 esponden s (11.2% e u n
a e, 250 p i a e ec ui men agencies o HR
depa men s o la ge i ms).
To es he hypo heses, we u ilised
pa ame ic and non-pa ame ic es s because
he da a was no always no mally dis ibu ed.
The s anda d unpai ed - es (Welch, 1947)
would in “no no mal” cases possibly p o ide
biased esul s. The wo-sample hypo heses
we e he e o e es ed using he Wilcoxon
ank-sum es (Wilcoxon, 1945) which is
an unma ched da a equali y es o wo
independen a iables X1 ( o example one
egional g oup) and X2 (a selec ed public policy
ques ion numbe Q).
This ank-sum es is e l ec ed in he
Wilcoxon s a is ics o he single z- es , which
es s he null hypo hesis o equali y on a sample
o n obse a ions. Fo his pu pose, he
p obabili y o a Type I e o was de e mined
as α = 5% (p < 0.05). The signi i can mean
di e ence be ween he g oups is used as a ough
app oxima ion o equali y dissimila i ies unde
he ce e is pa ibus condi ion wi h no allowance
gi en o mul iple a iable in e ac ions.
Fig. 2: Unemploymen de elopmen in he Jihočeský Region and he Ús ecký Region
(1993-2013)
Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Czech labou ma ke - Time Se ies - 1993-2013
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10
5. Hypo heses
This s udy is gene ally in e es ed in he
di e ences in e alua ion o employmen policies
by he majo playe s in he egional ma ke s.
The i s hypo hesis deals wi h signi i can
di e ences in he pe cep ion o labou ma ke
policies ( ules o he game) be ween he public
and p i a e sec o s. The second hypo hesis
deals wi h egional di e ences in he pe cep ion
o labou ma ke policies be ween he Ús ecký
Region and he Jihočeský Region. The esul s
will be compa ed in espec o he ac ual socio-
economic di e ences.
The selec ion o he egions is p edomina ely
based on high egional di e ences in
unemploymen a es, GDP pe capi a and
educa ional s uc u e. In o he wo ds he e is
a highe sha e o low educa ed inhabi an s,
lowe GDP pe capi a and highe unemploymen
in he Ús ecký Region). Cu en egional
analysis s esses he ole o he socio-
economic di e ences based on he “The No h/
Sou h” di ide, which is ypical o coun ies like
England, I aly and Spain (González, 2011).
Al hough he si ua ion is mo e complica ed
in he Czech Republic and mo e esea ch is
needed, bu his pape also con ibu es o his
deba e. Sou he n egions (NUTS 2 egions
Jiho ýchod and Jihozápad) ha e in ac (CZSO
2015) on a e age highe GDP pe capi a han
hei coun e pa no he n egions (NUTS 2
egions Se e o ýchod and Se e ozápad).
Ou hypo heses es ing a e hea ily
dependen on he con ex o he economic
c isis o 2008. A e age unemployed pe son’s
annual cos s we e 51,886 CZK be ween 2005
and 2014 (Appendix 2). The a e age cos s
(ac i e, passi e and o he employmen ma ke
policies expendi u es pe unemployed pe son)
inc eased subs an ially in 2008 (68,229 CZK)
and 2009 (65,684 CZK). Al hough he o al
a e age cos s l uc ua ed a ound he a e age
alue be ween 2010 and 2013, he ac i e
employmen ma ke policy expendi u es we e
lowe han he a e age alue (15,126 CZK)
in 2009 and be ween 2011 and 2013 (see
Appendix 2).
In he case o Ús ecký and Jihočeský
Regions, all kind o employmen policies we e
in oduced be ween 2005 and 2015. The e
a e some di e ences (mobili y p og ammes
in Jihočeský Region) in hei policy aims bu
he gene al ocus is he same (long- e m
unemploymen educ ion, in eg a ion e c.) In
he ques ionnai e, he esponden s we e asked
abou a he adi ional ac i e employmen
ma ke policies (AEMPs). The e we e, howe e ,
mo e p og ammes based on EU unds, which
we e in oduced o complemen and make
AEMPs mo e e ec i e be ween 2007 and
2013. The Human Resou ces and Employmen
Ope a ional P og amme was a ge ed a
adi ional AEMPs bu also on indi idual mul i-
objec i e p ojec s ( o example shel e ed
housing wi h a subsequen business p ojec ).
Those p og ammes a e no conside ed di ec ly
in ou ques ionnai e bu we e men ioned by ou
esponden s as e y inno a i e and possibly
mo e long- e m e ec i e han adi ional
EMPs. The o he p og ammes like suppo o
absol en s and in es men incen i es we e
discon inued bu hey we e also used by he
egional labou o i ces.
6. Resul s
The s a is ics o employmen policy (see
Tab. 2) show only wo no mally dis ibu ed
esul s in he public sphe e. On a e age,
passi e policy is pe cei ed o be he wo s
policy ins umen by esponsible head o i ce s
and employmen policy wo ke s. In con as , he
ins umen o ien ed owa ds he employmen o
pe sons wi h disabili ies sco ed e y highly. The
es o he analysed ins umen s ha e skewed
dis ibu ions and a high a iabili y o esponses.
We mus assume ha he e a e he e o e
di e ences be ween he g oups o esponden s.
The s a is ics also show ha he e a e
no signi i can di e ences be ween he public
o i ce s in bo h egions. This esul sugges s ha
he pe cep ions o cu en ac i e employmen
policy ins umen s a e independen o egional
employmen and unemploymen a es. The
a e age e ec i eness o ac i e employmen
policy ins umen s is below he a e age o he
Like scale (2.5), which sugges s a high le el
o scep icism owa ds he app op ia eness and
e i ciency o he ins umen s. On a e age, he
bes , and no as badly pe cei ed ins umen , is
he public suppo o socially use ul jobs.
Re aining is pe cei ed by ou selec ed
sample o p i a e ec ui men agencies
and HR depa men s o la ge i ms o be
(by +0.83% poin s) a be e ins umen (z = 3.42;
n = 92) han he o i ce s’ a e age (2.06%). The
only con o mi y among he public and p i a e
sphe e is in he a ea o passi e employmen
policy. All he o he ins umen s we e pe cei ed
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11
3, XIX, 2016
Economics
11
by he p i a e sec o o be be e (see Tab. 4).
This sugges s ha he p i a e sec o pe cep ion
is biased. They do no see all he unsuccess ully
e ained unemployed like hei coun e pa s in
labou o i ces do.
Labou economic policy
ins umen
S d. de ia ion
No mali y (*)
Mean (in %)
(O i ce s = 64)
Sco e di e ence
P i a e sec o
(in % poin s)
(Agen s = 28)
S a is ics
(N = 92)
Re aining 0.794 2.06% +0.83% z = 3.42
Communi y wo k 1.035 1.77% +1.02% z = 4.08
Socially use ul job 0.833 1.56% +1.15% z = 4.92
Counselling 0.873 2.00% +1.25% z = 4.76
Pe sons wi h disabili ies 0.865 * 1.83% +0.60% z = 2.39
Passi e policy 0.895 * 2.73%
Sou ce: own
Cha ac e is ics
o an unemployed pe son
S d. de ia ion
No mali y (*)
Mean (in %)
(O i ce s = 64)
Sco e di e ence
P i a e sec o
(in % poin s)
(Agen s = 28)
S a is ics
(N = 92)
Passi e a i ude 0.488 * 62.50% -30.80% z = -2.70
Only p im. educa ion 0.495 * 59.38%
No expe ience 0.479 34.38%
T a el o wo k issues 0.473 * 32.81%
Olde pe son (55+) 0.453 28.13%
Racial mino i y 0.380 17.19% -17.19% z = -2.33
Disabled pe son 0.350 14.06%
Nex educa ion issues 0.333 12.50%
No o eign languages 0.315 10.94% +31.92% z = 3.46
Psychological issues 0.244 * 6.25%
Adolescen s 0.244 * 6.25%
O he issues 0.244 * 6.25%
Physical issues 0.213 4.69%
Woman 0.175 3.13%
Uni e si y g adua e 0.125 1.56% +12.72% z = 2.46
Only sec. educa ion 0.000 0.00% +7.14% z = 2.15
Sou ce: Ques ionnai e No e: Bina y (Yes/No) ques ions
Tab. 4: Employmen policy e alua ion – p i a e sec o di e ences
Tab. 5:
Cha ac e is ics o an unemployed pe son – summa y o s a is ics
and s a is ical di e en ces be ween public (o i ce s) and p i a e sec o
(HR depa men s and agencies)
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12 2016, XIX, 3
Ekonomie
12
Ou nex se o ques ions was aimed a
he a e age cha ac e is ics o an unemployed
pe son. The e a e signi i can di e ences
be ween he egions in hei pe cep ions o
he public sec o . In he Ús ecký Region,
he a e age unemployed a e mo e likely
(+0.48 p.p.) o ha e only p ima y educa ion
(z = 3.824; n = 64) and (+0.26 p.p.) no p e ious
expe ience. On he o he hand in Jihočeský
Region he a e age unemployed pe son is mo e
likely (+0.35 p.p.) o a el o wo k han in he
Ús ecký Region (z = -2.941; n = 64). No o he
di e ences be ween he egions we e ound.
In o he wo ds, he es o he pe cep ions a e
egionally independen and he cha ac e is ics
a e simila .
The compa ison o he cha ac e is ics o an
a e age unemployed pe son be ween he public
and p i a e sec o s shows some subs an ial
di e ences (see Tab. 5). As is shown, an
app op ia e educa ion is a key dis inc ion. The
p i a e sec o is mo e conce ned abou he
quali y o he seconda y and e ia y educa ion,
and language skills han he passi i y o ace o
he a e age unemployed pe son.
Once again he pe cep ion o he p i a e
sec o may be biased. Labou o i ce wo ke s
come in o con ac wi h he long- e m unemployed
and oubled indi iduals who a e excluded and
no mo i a ed o ac i ely sol e hei di i cul
social si ua ion. O i ce s a e he e o e mo e
likely o place g ea e emphasis on he passi e
a i ude o an unemployed pe son.
Table 6 summa izes he a e age alues o
labou ma ke issues o he public sec o and
he di e ences be ween hem and ec ui men
agencies. The absence o job acancies
and high social bene i s a e accen ua ed by
he o i ce s in compa ison wi h he p i a e
ec ui men agencies. He e again, he labou
o i ce wo ke s a e in di ec con ac wi h he
unemployed and see he combina ion o
a passi e a i ude, p ima y educa ion and no
wo k expe ience (see Tab. 3). These ac o s in
Labou ma ke issues
S d. de ia ion
No mali y (*)
Mean (in %)
(O i ce s = 64)
Sco e di e-
ence
P i a e sec o
(in % poin s)
(Agen s = 28)
S a is ics
(N = 92)
High social bene i s 0.366 84.38% -34.38% z = -3.44
Seconda y school g adua es 0.492 * 39.06%
No job acancies 0.484 * 35.94% -21.65% z = -2.09
Uni e si y g adua es 0.393 18.75%
Unemployed quali i ca ion 0.350 14.06% +35.94% z = 3.64
Labou axa ion 0.315 10.94% +17.63% z = 2.10
Bad in as uc u e 0.315 10.94%
O he issues 0.294 9.38%
Layo s (S uc u al) 0.270 7.81%
Layo s (Economic cycle) 0.270 7.81%
Racial disc imina ion 0.213 4.69%
Labou egula ion 0.175 3.13%
Female disc imina ion 0.175 3.13%
S a -up c edi issues 0.125 1.56%
High unemploymen bene i s 0.000 0.00% +21.43% z = 3.81
High layo cos s 0.000 0.00% +7.14% z = 2.15
Da a: Ques ionnai e No e: Bina y (Yes/No) ques ions
Tab. 6: Labou ma ke issues – summa y o s a is ics and s a is ical di e ences
be ween public (o i ce s) and p i a e sec o (HR depa men s and agencies)
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19
3, XIX, 2016
Economics
19
3, XIX, 2016
Abs ac
INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY REGIONAL LABOUR
MARKET IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Václa No ák, Ma ek Vokoun, F an išek S ellne , Ma ek Vochozka
Public ins i u ions a e key playe s in he egional labou ma ke s in he Czech Republic. Thei ac i i ies
a e cons ained by economic policies, which a e aimed a inc easing employmen and he e i ciency
o he labou ma ke s. Ou analysis uses a ques ionnai e o collec da a om he ins i u ions and
e alua e hei pe cep ion o he egional labou ma ke . The esul s sugges ha ac i e employmen
policy ins umen s and passi e policy ins umen s a e pe cei ed as ine i cien and inapp op ia e.
The unemployed usually ha e no p e ious job expe ience, comple ed only p ima y educa ion and
a e no willing o a el o wo k. The p essing p oblem is he quali y o educa ion and he gene ous
social bene i s ha makes employmen policy ine i cien o he leas skilled unemployed. Despi e
subs an ial egional socio-economic di e ences in bo h analysed egions ( he Ús ecký Region and
he Jihočeský Region), he e a e no signi i can di e ences in he poo e alua ion o all he adi ional
ac i e employmen policy ins umen s. In he mo e p oblema ic Ús ecký Region he emphasis is
pu on basic issues such as he lack o educa ion and expe ience o he unemployed. The local
labou ma ke issues a e dic a ed by long- e m ac o s such as he lack o job acancies. In he
Jihočeský Region he si ua ion is be e . The issue is mo e one o mobili y. The ma ke issues he e
a e mo e ela ed o he app op ia eness o seconda y and e ia y educa ion and labou cos s. To
inc ease he e i ciency o employmen policies we ecommend imp o emen s o he ins i u ional
in as uc u e in highe educa ion, which should be o ien ed owa ds in es men in he quali y o
human capi al.
Key Wo ds: Ins i u ions, labou ma ke , economic policy, educa ion.
JEL Classi i ca ion: E2, J4, J6.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-3-001
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