Institutional analysis of the contemporary regional labour market in the Czech Republic

42016, XIX, 3 Ekonomie 4DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-3-001 In oduc ion In his s udy we analyse labou economic policy ins umen s, which a e p esen in cu en egional labou ma ke s. The amewo k o ou analysis is based on he pe cep ions o im- po an ins i u ional playe s who a e in di ec daily con ac wi h bo h sides o he ma ke . Bo h labou o i ces and p i a e ec ui men agencies a e c i ical ins i u ional playe s in he labou ma ke . Thei abili y o assess economic policies and ma ke ou comes (employmen and unemploymen ) p o ides a unique basis o ins i u ional analysis. Ou hypo heses deal wi h public ins i u ions and hei abili y o p o ide good quali y labou ma ke economic policies. A ques ionnai e was used o collec da a om selec ed ins i u ions and hen o es ou hypo heses. The expec a ions a e ha he e would be di e ences in he way public policy is pe cei ed by he public and p i a e sec o s and in he pe cep ion o he labou ma ke as an economic phenomenon in he selec ed egions. This s udy s a s by in oducing he socio- economic di e ences be ween he egions ollowed by an examina ion o he economic policies ha a e dominan in he egional ma ke s. The economic heo ies and cu en empi ical esul s dealing wi h public policy e ec i eness in he a ea o employmen policy a e hen subjec ed o a c i ical e iew. The ins i u ional analysis is p edominan ly ocused on empi ical e idence and he hope is ha i is possible o also deli e a public policy ecommenda ion, which will make he employmen policies and hei ins umen s mo e e ec i e gi en he cu en ins i u ional in as uc u e. Economis s adi ionally iew ins i u ions and sca ce esou ces as a amewo k o economic ac i i y (Aoki, 2001). Ins i u ions a e usually pe cei ed o be playe s in a game i.e. decision make s, en ep eneu s, and poli icians who can subs an i ely in l uence he whole economy. Bu in he game heo e ic app oach and in ou analysis he ins i u ions a e he ules o he game which cons ain and shape human in e ac ions (No h, 1991), no he playe s. These o mal and in o mal ins i u ions in he labou ma ke a e he a ge o his esea ch s udy. Fo mal ins i u ions a e o example he employmen policies, he minimum wage, policies ega ding seconda y and e ia y educa ion, EU labou ma ke policies, e c. The in o mal ins i u ions a e usually no isible o an impa ial spec a o o an economic analys . These in o mal ins i u ions include social no ms, adi ions and cus oms, which can signi i can ly change and in l uence labou ma ke ou comes and he economic ac i i y o labou ma ke playe s (Os om, 1990). To shed some ligh on he e i ciency o he o mal and in o mal ules we ca ied ou an analysis o he expe ience o majo ins i u ional playe s in he labou ma ke . 1. Labou Ma ke Playe s and Rules o he Game The Czech labou ma ke is in l uenced by many economic agen s (playe s). The e a e p i a e and public sec o playe s, bo h on he demand and supply side. The main playe s a e public adminis a ion o i ce s (Eu opean, na ional, egional), employe s, unions, educa ional ins i u ions and non-go e nmen al (no - o - p o i ) o ganisa ions. Those playe s shape he ules o he game; howe e i is he s a e economic policy, which de i nes he ac ual ules o he game in he labou ma ke . The indi iduals (supply side) a e he a ge s o p og ammes and policies i nanced by public unds (na ional and Eu opean). These p og ammes a e ocused on p epa a ion (educa ion) and adap abili y ( equali i ca ion, mobili y, and li elong lea ning), and ensu e INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY REGIONAL LABOUR MARKET IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Václa No ák, Ma ek Vokoun, F an išek S ellne , Ma ek Vochozka EM_3_2016.indd 4EM_3_2016.indd 4 8.9.2016 14:10:538.9.2016 14:10:53 5 3, XIX, 2016 Economics 5 socially accep able condi ions (bene i s) o unemployed ci izens who a e in dange o being pe manen ly excluded om he labou ma ke . The e is also public suppo aimed a he demand side (employe s). The e a e public employmen agencies, which p o ide in o ma ion abou acan jobs and p og ammes o employe s. The e a e employmen p og ammes aimed a people wi h disabili ies, employe s in insol ency, and o he incen i e p og ammes o employe s. In o he wo ds, he public sec o uses so- called “passi e” employmen policies ha co e all he supply-side subsidies and bene i s. The e a e also so-called “ac i e” employmen policies, which consis o all kinds o policy ins umen s. The main ins umen s a e e aining and equali i ca ion p og ammes, communi y wo k, socially bene i cial jobs, shel e ed wo kshops, and consul ing se ices a labou o i ces. The e a e also o he ins umen s, which p o ide all kinds o incen i es ( o s a a new company) and suppo ( o inc ease mobili y) o applican s. The labou ma ke ou comes a e in l uenced by all kinds o in e wo en ules o he game. This includes s uc u al economic policy, highe educa ion policy, an i-cyclical economic policy, labou ax policy, ade egula ions, labou sa e y and o he labou egula ions. These economic policies in e ac and simul aneously in l uence he demand and supply sides and he beha iou o all he labou ma ke playe s. Comp ehensi e o e iews o ins i u ions ha in l uence he Czech labou ma ke a e summa ised in T doň (2008). Acco ding o he Czech Minis y o Labou and Social A ai s, you h unemploymen and he o e all si ua ion in he labou ma ke is be e han in he es o he EU (MPSV, 2015). In compa ison o o he so called ansi ional economies, he Czech Republic has achie ed simila employmen numbe s wi h ega ds o he economically ac i e popula ion o he si ua ion in Ge many, which by EU s anda ds is conside ed o ha e a well-pe o ming labou ma ke (Bah & B ada, 2014). These EU s anda ds a e he a ge o c i ique om leading EU poli ical pa ies. The Eu opean and Czech labou ma ke s a e conside ed o lack l exibili y and he cu en “ac i e and passi e” ins umen s o employmen policies a e iewed as being ine i cien . 2. Employmen and Labou Ma ke in he Czech Republic Acco ding o economic heo y he abili y o ge a job hea ily depends on he quali y o he indi idual le el o human capi al in es men and subjec i e job p e e ences. T adi ionally he wage, which is an ou come o a pa icula labou ma ke , is in l uenced by quali i ca ions, age, expe ience, heal h s a us, amily backg ound and sha ed alues (Mince , 1958). These a e indi idual ai s ha in he Czech en i onmen a e hea ily in l uenced by he dominance o public educa ion. Howe e , no ecen s udies ha e explici ly deal wi h his issue in he Czech con ex . Dill and Soo (2005) sugges ha he quali y o educa ion should be compa ed h ough a sys em o league ables and a uni e si y anking sys em in o de o s imula e imp o emen s. P i a isa ion in educa ion also con ibu es o di e si i ca ion, new pa ne ships, and p o ides incen i es based on compe i ion, which is no p esen in mos publicly i nanced en i onmen s (Ball, 2009). Howe e , he deba e abou he public-p i a e di ide in educa ion is a he complica ed because i is in gene al conside ed o be a non- i al y, non-excludable, public good. In highe educa ion, he si ua ion is no as clea and some economis s ques ion he public good o uni e si y educa ion, which is ull o i al y, exclusi e and b oadly speaking a p i a e o “mixed” good. Howe e , he na u e o educa ion as a public good is no he cen al issue o his pape and equi es addi ional esea ch. Economic analys s a e in e es ed in pa icula ules o he game – economic policies. High axa ion, gene ous wel a e s a e, and o he labou ma ke igidi ies can educe mo i a ion. The consequence is ha some people choose o li e on bene i s (Flek & Veče ník, 2005). I can and does inc ease he ole o in o mal ins i u ions (g ey economy) and leads o ax e asion (Slem od, 2007). I is sugges ed ha hese e ec s a e p esen ega dless o he economic le el o he coun y (Gë xhani & Sch am, 2006). The mobili y o labou is in l uenced by a igid and egula ed housing ma ke , which was he case in he Czech Republic. The cu en de egula ion p ocess in he housing ma ke has been pa ially success ul in b inging abou change bu he unwillingness o mo e o wo k due o social and cul u al ac o s p e ails (Vlček, 2010). EM_3_2016.indd 5EM_3_2016.indd 5 8.9.2016 14:10:538.9.2016 14:10:53 62016, XIX, 3 Ekonomie 6 In gene al, policies aimed a labou ma ke l exibili y can signi i can ly imp o e labou ma ke ou comes and economic g ow h (Kahn, 2012). A minimum wage is a adi ional ool which acco ding o libe al classic economic heo y canno wo k. This policy p oduces so-called “unwillingly” unemployed indi iduals, which a e unable o i nd a job o a wage, which is lowe han he minimum wage. These indi iduals a e subsequen ly o ced o li e on bene i s and a e no mo i a ed o sea ch o a job, o al e na i ely hey pa icipa e in he g ey economy (Waw osz, Heissle , & Mach, 2012). The ac ual impac o he minimum wage in he Czech Republic is inconclusi e (Pa elka, Skála, & Čadil, 2014). Ano he analysis shows ha he e we e yea s when i was be e no o ha e a minimum wage job because li ing on bene i s p o ided mo e money and ee ime (Pa elka, 2012). In he 1990s, employmen policy ha included all kinds o unemploymen and social bene i s did no esol e he issue o unemploymen in he Czech labou ma ke (Si o á ka & Ma eš, 2006). On he whole, an ac i e employmen policy is conside ed mo e e i cien han a passi e one (Gup a & du Toi , 2009; Rašo ec, 2014). This li e a u e e iew is mos ly based on pape s dealing wi h eal economic da a. Quali a i e ins i u ional esea ch is missing. This s udy p o ides an insigh in o he ac ual expe ience o he majo playe s unde cu en policies ( ules) in he egional labou ma ke s. An analysis ollows o he egions and hei di e ences. 3. Socio-Economic Di e ences in he Analysed Regions The Ús ecký Region (UR) is loca ed in he no h-wes pa o he Czech Republic (CR). I is he i h la ges egion in e ms o he numbe o inhabi an s (mo e han 820,000). In size, i is a small egion wi h an abo e a e age popula ion densi y. The Jihočeský Region (JR) is loca ed in he sou h pa o he Czech Republic. I is he se en h la ges egion in e ms o he numbe o inhabi an s (mo e han 630,000). In e ms o size, i is he second la ges egion wi h a below a e age popula ion densi y. Du ing he las 20 yea s, he numbe s o inhabi an s in bo h egions ha e been g owing (see Tab. 1). The GDP pe capi a in bo h egions is below a e age o he Czech Republic. The age s uc u e has shi ed d ama ically. On a e age he popula ion is ageing. In 2013, in bo h egions, he popula ion o e 65 yea s o age was la ge han he popula ion o 1-15 yea s o age. The popula ion g ow h a e and g oss mig a ion a e is posi i e in bo h egions, howe e , mo e people a e mo ing ou o he Ús ecký Region in compa ison o he Jihočeský Region. Indica o 1994-2003 2004-2013 JR UR CR JR UR CR A e age popula ion (103) 626.1 824.3 10,271.8 633.1 828.0 10,398.6 Popula ion densi y (inhabi an s / km2) 62.3 154.6 130.2 63.0 155.2 131.9 Age index (1994, 2013) 65.7 59.9 69.6 116.0 105.1 115.7 C ude bi h a e (‰) 9.2 9.8 9.1 10.4 10.8 10.6 C ude mo ali y a e (‰) 10.5 11.0 10.9 10.1 10.8 10.3 In an mo ali y (‰) 5.8 7.9 5.4 2.7 4.9 3.0 Ne mig a ion (‰) 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.4 1.3 3.0 A e age GDP pe capi a (103 CZK)* 211.3 192.5 226.2 311.1 289.4 362.3 A e age unemploymen a e (%) 4.5 11.4 6.4 4.8 11.2 6.8 Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Demog aphic Yea book o Regions 2004-2013, Czech labou ma ke - Time Se ies 1993-2013, Public Da abase - The popula ion in he selec ed a ea - ime se ies 1991-2014; own calcula ions * A e age GDP in he i s pe iod co e s yea s 1996-2003, CZK – local cu ency Tab. 1: Regional socioeconomic indica o s – he Jihočeský Region, he Ús ecký Region and he Czech Republic (1994-2013) EM_3_2016.indd 6EM_3_2016.indd 6 8.9.2016 14:10:538.9.2016 14:10:53 7 3, XIX, 2016 Economics 7 The indus ial s uc u e o bo h egions di e s subs an ially. The Jihočeský Region has a ou able na u al condi ions, which means mo e people in he egion a e employed in ag icul u e, i shing and o es y (7.6% in JR, 4.5% in CR, and 3.5% in UR). The na u al condi ions in he Ús ecký Region dic a e ha mo e people a e employed in mining (4.0% in UR, 1.4% in CR). The sha e o employees in he elec ici y, gas and hea manu ac u ing and dis ibu ion sec o s is abo e he na ional a e age because o he he mal powe plan s in UR and he nuclea powe plan Temelín in JR. In UR, employmen in se ices such as anspo a ion and wa ehousing is abo e a e age. In JR, he si ua ion in se ices is di e en . People a e employed in ou ism because he egion has many cul u al poin s o in e es and UNESCO lis ed si es. The educa ional s uc u e undamen ally changed in bo h egions and h oughou he Czech Republic a e 1989 (Tab. 2). The sha e o e ia y educa ed and seconda y educa ed wi h GCE inc eased. The p opo ion o people wi h basic educa ion signi i can ly educed. The educa ional s uc u e has simila alues in he Jihočeský Region as h oughou he s a e, al hough his egion s ill has a lowe pe cen age o people wi h e ia y educa ion. Educa ional s uc u e o he popula ion is long- e m e y un a ou able in he Us i egion. Compa ed wi h he na ional a e age, he e is a highe p opo ion o people aged 15 o o e wi h no educa ion o only basic educa ion and o e ia y educa ed and seconda y educa ed wi h GCE. Be ween 1993 and 2014 he o e all le el o employmen declined in he Jihočeský Region Educa ional le el Jihočeský Region Ús ecký Region Czech Republic 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 Basic, p e-p ima y 34.3 23.8 18.8 38.9 27.9 23.2 33.5 23.3 18.5 Seconda y educa ion wi hou GCE 35.6 39.2 36.2 36.0 40.1 37.2 35.7 38.5 34.9 Seconda y educa ion wi h GCE 23.4 28.8 32.9 20.3 25.7 30.3 23.2 28.7 32.9 Te ia y educa ion 6.4 7.9 11.6 4.4 5.5 8.4 7.2 9.0 13.2 Wi hou educa ion 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Předběžné ýsledky sčí ání lidu, domů a by ů – Česká epublika a k aje – 2011; own calcula ions Indus y sec o Jihočeský Region Ús ecký Region Czech Republic 1993 2014 1993 2014 1993 2014 Mining and qua ying 0.4 0.2 7.2 1.7 2.6 0.7 Manu ac u ing 25.5 27.6 26.5 25.5 28.8 26.7 Elec ici y, gas, s eam and ai condi . supply 1.9 2.0 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.1 Wa e supply, sew., was e man., and em. ac . 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.1 Indus y o al 28.6 30.7 37.5 30.2 33.8 29.7 Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Labou Ma ke in he Czech Republic - Time Se ies – 1993-2014; own calcula ions Tab. 2: The educa ional s uc u e (%) – he Jihočeský Region, he Ús ecký Region and he Czech Republic (1991, 2001, 2011) Tab. 3: Employmen s uc u e (%) in indus y sec o s – he Jihočeský Region, he Ús ecký Region and he Czech Republic (1993, 2014) EM_3_2016.indd 7EM_3_2016.indd 7 8.9.2016 14:10:548.9.2016 14:10:54 82016, XIX, 3 Ekonomie 8 and he Ús ecký Region, while in he whole coun y inc eased (Tab. 3). The e was he d op o 2.5%, in he Jihočeský Region; he Ús ecký Region eco ded a signi i can decline - 8.3%. This s ems om he s uc u e o he indus y, which was ma kedly di e en in bo h egions in he ea ly 90s. In he Ús ecký Region, mining and qua ying played an impo an ole in he ea ly 90s an. In 1993, i ga e his sub-sec o job o mo e han 7% o employed people he e. In 2014, he sha e o his sec o on employmen was less han 2 pe cen in he Us i egion. In he epo ing pe iod, employmen in he indus y dec eased by a signi i can 7.3 pe cen age poin s in he Ús ecký Region. The Jihočeský Region showed an inc ease in indus ial employmen o 2.1 pe cen age poin s o he same pe iod. The eason was an inc ease in employmen in manu ac u ing. I ’s almos unbelie able, bu Jihočeský Region p esen ed a highe sha e o employmen in he indus y sec o han he Ús ecký Region in 2014. The e a e di e ences in he de elopmen o he employmen a es in bo h egions (Fig. 1). In UR he employmen a e ell o 87% (1993 = 100%) in 2000. In he yea s ha ollowed i l uc ua ed a ound 90%. The de elopmen s in he Jihočeský Region we e e y simila o ha o he na ional a e age. The economic c isis a ec ed he Jihočeský Region mo e se e ely han he Ús ecký Region. The decline in employmen was lowe , wi h e en a sligh inc ease in employmen being obse able in 2013. Subs an i e di e ences exis be ween he egions wi h ega ds o bo h he employmen a e and unemploymen a e (see Fig. 2). JR and almos all i s dis ic s belong o he g oup o egions wi h he lowes unemploymen a es. In con as , UR and i s dis ic s su e om he highes unemploymen a es and na u ally is he a ge o na ional public suppo and EU de elopmen p og ammes. The unemploymen a e in he CR and bo h egions was simila in 1993. The ans o ma ion p ocess was based on s uc u al changes o la ge indus ial companies which as a consequence esul ed in an inc ease in he a e o s uc u al unemploymen . The unemploymen a e peaked in 2000 and he di e ence in he a e be ween he wo egions eached abou 10% (Fig. 2). The unemploymen a e l uc ua ed be ween 2000 and 2004. Un il he s a o he economic c isis in 2008, he a e was dec easing and he di e ences be ween he wo egions became smalle (abou 5%) in compa ison o he si ua ion in 2000. This pe iod a e he so-called cu ency c isis which also hi he Czech economy was s udied by Holá o a and Řehoř (2006) and Toušek e al. (2005). They concluded ha he e we e signi i can socio- economic di e ences be ween egions and ha he key ac o s causing egional di e ences we e he quali y and ac i i y o human capi al. Fig. 1: Employmen de elopmen in he Jihočeský Region and he Ús ecký Region (1993-2013) Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Czech labou ma ke - Time Se ies - 1993-2013 EM_3_2016.indd 8EM_3_2016.indd 8 8.9.2016 14:10:548.9.2016 14:10:54 9 3, XIX, 2016 Economics 9 A e he beginning o he economic c isis, he unemploymen a e s a ed o ise in bo h egions. The de elopmen s be ween 2009 and 2014 sugges ha he impac o he economic c isis was mo e se e e in he JR. One o he explana ions o his is ha la ge scale public suppo and economic policies we e a ge ed a UR which helped o signi i can ly ease he nega i e e ec s o he economic c isis. The di e ence be ween he egions in e ms o hei unemploymen a es was he lowes in 2013, bu his does no compa e well wi h he lowes di e ence in he a es which was achie ed in 1993 (1.3%). 4. Da a and Me hods The ins i u ional analysis was aimed a labou o i ces and hei depa men s. The con ol g oup in ou analysis was ep esen ed by a selec ion o p i a e employmen agencies and human esou ces (HR) depa men s o some o he la ges employe s in he egion. We asked he esponden s o i ll in an elec onic ques ionnai e (Appendix 1), which consis ed o se e al employmen policy ques ions. Fo he e alua ion o a policy ins umen , he Like scale was used whe eby 1 ep esen ed a highly bene i cial ins umen and 5 an inapp op ia e ins umen . The ques ionnai e was success ully sen o 290 o i cials in leading posi ions who ep esen he ins i u ional sphe e o public employmen policy in Ma ch 2015. The e u n a e was mode a e (22%, 64 esponden s). We belie e ha his was due o he ac ha many employees we e on lea e and ha some o he email add esses did no wo k. The con ol g oup consis ed o 28 esponden s (11.2% e u n a e, 250 p i a e ec ui men agencies o HR depa men s o la ge i ms). To es he hypo heses, we u ilised pa ame ic and non-pa ame ic es s because he da a was no always no mally dis ibu ed. The s anda d unpai ed - es (Welch, 1947) would in “no no mal” cases possibly p o ide biased esul s. The wo-sample hypo heses we e he e o e es ed using he Wilcoxon ank-sum es (Wilcoxon, 1945) which is an unma ched da a equali y es o wo independen a iables X1 ( o example one egional g oup) and X2 (a selec ed public policy ques ion numbe Q). This ank-sum es is e l ec ed in he Wilcoxon s a is ics o he single z- es , which es s he null hypo hesis o equali y on a sample o n obse a ions. Fo his pu pose, he p obabili y o a Type I e o was de e mined as α = 5% (p < 0.05). The signi i can mean di e ence be ween he g oups is used as a ough app oxima ion o equali y dissimila i ies unde he ce e is pa ibus condi ion wi h no allowance gi en o mul iple a iable in e ac ions. Fig. 2: Unemploymen de elopmen in he Jihočeský Region and he Ús ecký Region (1993-2013) Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O i ce: Czech labou ma ke - Time Se ies - 1993-2013 EM_3_2016.indd 9EM_3_2016.indd 9 8.9.2016 14:10:548.9.2016 14:10:54 10 2016, XIX, 3 Ekonomie 10 5. Hypo heses This s udy is gene ally in e es ed in he di e ences in e alua ion o employmen policies by he majo playe s in he egional ma ke s. The i s hypo hesis deals wi h signi i can di e ences in he pe cep ion o labou ma ke policies ( ules o he game) be ween he public and p i a e sec o s. The second hypo hesis deals wi h egional di e ences in he pe cep ion o labou ma ke policies be ween he Ús ecký Region and he Jihočeský Region. The esul s will be compa ed in espec o he ac ual socio- economic di e ences. The selec ion o he egions is p edomina ely based on high egional di e ences in unemploymen a es, GDP pe capi a and educa ional s uc u e. In o he wo ds he e is a highe sha e o low educa ed inhabi an s, lowe GDP pe capi a and highe unemploymen in he Ús ecký Region). Cu en egional analysis s esses he ole o he socio- economic di e ences based on he “The No h/ Sou h” di ide, which is ypical o coun ies like England, I aly and Spain (González, 2011). Al hough he si ua ion is mo e complica ed in he Czech Republic and mo e esea ch is needed, bu his pape also con ibu es o his deba e. Sou he n egions (NUTS 2 egions Jiho ýchod and Jihozápad) ha e in ac (CZSO 2015) on a e age highe GDP pe capi a han hei coun e pa no he n egions (NUTS 2 egions Se e o ýchod and Se e ozápad). Ou hypo heses es ing a e hea ily dependen on he con ex o he economic c isis o 2008. A e age unemployed pe son’s annual cos s we e 51,886 CZK be ween 2005 and 2014 (Appendix 2). The a e age cos s (ac i e, passi e and o he employmen ma ke policies expendi u es pe unemployed pe son) inc eased subs an ially in 2008 (68,229 CZK) and 2009 (65,684 CZK). Al hough he o al a e age cos s l uc ua ed a ound he a e age alue be ween 2010 and 2013, he ac i e employmen ma ke policy expendi u es we e lowe han he a e age alue (15,126 CZK) in 2009 and be ween 2011 and 2013 (see Appendix 2). In he case o Ús ecký and Jihočeský Regions, all kind o employmen policies we e in oduced be ween 2005 and 2015. The e a e some di e ences (mobili y p og ammes in Jihočeský Region) in hei policy aims bu he gene al ocus is he same (long- e m unemploymen educ ion, in eg a ion e c.) In he ques ionnai e, he esponden s we e asked abou a he adi ional ac i e employmen ma ke policies (AEMPs). The e we e, howe e , mo e p og ammes based on EU unds, which we e in oduced o complemen and make AEMPs mo e e ec i e be ween 2007 and 2013. The Human Resou ces and Employmen Ope a ional P og amme was a ge ed a adi ional AEMPs bu also on indi idual mul i- objec i e p ojec s ( o example shel e ed housing wi h a subsequen business p ojec ). Those p og ammes a e no conside ed di ec ly in ou ques ionnai e bu we e men ioned by ou esponden s as e y inno a i e and possibly mo e long- e m e ec i e han adi ional EMPs. The o he p og ammes like suppo o absol en s and in es men incen i es we e discon inued bu hey we e also used by he egional labou o i ces. 6. Resul s The s a is ics o employmen policy (see Tab. 2) show only wo no mally dis ibu ed esul s in he public sphe e. On a e age, passi e policy is pe cei ed o be he wo s policy ins umen by esponsible head o i ce s and employmen policy wo ke s. In con as , he ins umen o ien ed owa ds he employmen o pe sons wi h disabili ies sco ed e y highly. The es o he analysed ins umen s ha e skewed dis ibu ions and a high a iabili y o esponses. We mus assume ha he e a e he e o e di e ences be ween he g oups o esponden s. The s a is ics also show ha he e a e no signi i can di e ences be ween he public o i ce s in bo h egions. This esul sugges s ha he pe cep ions o cu en ac i e employmen policy ins umen s a e independen o egional employmen and unemploymen a es. The a e age e ec i eness o ac i e employmen policy ins umen s is below he a e age o he Like scale (2.5), which sugges s a high le el o scep icism owa ds he app op ia eness and e i ciency o he ins umen s. On a e age, he bes , and no as badly pe cei ed ins umen , is he public suppo o socially use ul jobs. Re aining is pe cei ed by ou selec ed sample o p i a e ec ui men agencies and HR depa men s o la ge i ms o be (by +0.83% poin s) a be e ins umen (z = 3.42; n = 92) han he o i ce s’ a e age (2.06%). The only con o mi y among he public and p i a e sphe e is in he a ea o passi e employmen policy. All he o he ins umen s we e pe cei ed EM_3_2016.indd 10EM_3_2016.indd 10 8.9.2016 14:10:548.9.2016 14:10:54 11 3, XIX, 2016 Economics 11 by he p i a e sec o o be be e (see Tab. 4). This sugges s ha he p i a e sec o pe cep ion is biased. They do no see all he unsuccess ully e ained unemployed like hei coun e pa s in labou o i ces do. Labou economic policy ins umen S d. de ia ion No mali y (*) Mean (in %) (O i ce s = 64) Sco e di e ence P i a e sec o (in % poin s) (Agen s = 28) S a is ics (N = 92) Re aining 0.794 2.06% +0.83% z = 3.42 Communi y wo k 1.035 1.77% +1.02% z = 4.08 Socially use ul job 0.833 1.56% +1.15% z = 4.92 Counselling 0.873 2.00% +1.25% z = 4.76 Pe sons wi h disabili ies 0.865 * 1.83% +0.60% z = 2.39 Passi e policy 0.895 * 2.73% Sou ce: own Cha ac e is ics o an unemployed pe son S d. de ia ion No mali y (*) Mean (in %) (O i ce s = 64) Sco e di e ence P i a e sec o (in % poin s) (Agen s = 28) S a is ics (N = 92) Passi e a i ude 0.488 * 62.50% -30.80% z = -2.70 Only p im. educa ion 0.495 * 59.38% No expe ience 0.479 34.38% T a el o wo k issues 0.473 * 32.81% Olde pe son (55+) 0.453 28.13% Racial mino i y 0.380 17.19% -17.19% z = -2.33 Disabled pe son 0.350 14.06% Nex educa ion issues 0.333 12.50% No o eign languages 0.315 10.94% +31.92% z = 3.46 Psychological issues 0.244 * 6.25% Adolescen s 0.244 * 6.25% O he issues 0.244 * 6.25% Physical issues 0.213 4.69% Woman 0.175 3.13% Uni e si y g adua e 0.125 1.56% +12.72% z = 2.46 Only sec. educa ion 0.000 0.00% +7.14% z = 2.15 Sou ce: Ques ionnai e No e: Bina y (Yes/No) ques ions Tab. 4: Employmen policy e alua ion – p i a e sec o di e ences Tab. 5: Cha ac e is ics o an unemployed pe son – summa y o s a is ics and s a is ical di e en ces be ween public (o i ce s) and p i a e sec o (HR depa men s and agencies) EM_3_2016.indd 11EM_3_2016.indd 11 8.9.2016 14:10:558.9.2016 14:10:55 12 2016, XIX, 3 Ekonomie 12 Ou nex se o ques ions was aimed a he a e age cha ac e is ics o an unemployed pe son. The e a e signi i can di e ences be ween he egions in hei pe cep ions o he public sec o . In he Ús ecký Region, he a e age unemployed a e mo e likely (+0.48 p.p.) o ha e only p ima y educa ion (z = 3.824; n = 64) and (+0.26 p.p.) no p e ious expe ience. On he o he hand in Jihočeský Region he a e age unemployed pe son is mo e likely (+0.35 p.p.) o a el o wo k han in he Ús ecký Region (z = -2.941; n = 64). No o he di e ences be ween he egions we e ound. In o he wo ds, he es o he pe cep ions a e egionally independen and he cha ac e is ics a e simila . The compa ison o he cha ac e is ics o an a e age unemployed pe son be ween he public and p i a e sec o s shows some subs an ial di e ences (see Tab. 5). As is shown, an app op ia e educa ion is a key dis inc ion. The p i a e sec o is mo e conce ned abou he quali y o he seconda y and e ia y educa ion, and language skills han he passi i y o ace o he a e age unemployed pe son. Once again he pe cep ion o he p i a e sec o may be biased. Labou o i ce wo ke s come in o con ac wi h he long- e m unemployed and oubled indi iduals who a e excluded and no mo i a ed o ac i ely sol e hei di i cul social si ua ion. O i ce s a e he e o e mo e likely o place g ea e emphasis on he passi e a i ude o an unemployed pe son. Table 6 summa izes he a e age alues o labou ma ke issues o he public sec o and he di e ences be ween hem and ec ui men agencies. The absence o job acancies and high social bene i s a e accen ua ed by he o i ce s in compa ison wi h he p i a e ec ui men agencies. He e again, he labou o i ce wo ke s a e in di ec con ac wi h he unemployed and see he combina ion o a passi e a i ude, p ima y educa ion and no wo k expe ience (see Tab. 3). These ac o s in Labou ma ke issues S d. de ia ion No mali y (*) Mean (in %) (O i ce s = 64) Sco e di e- ence P i a e sec o (in % poin s) (Agen s = 28) S a is ics (N = 92) High social bene i s 0.366 84.38% -34.38% z = -3.44 Seconda y school g adua es 0.492 * 39.06% No job acancies 0.484 * 35.94% -21.65% z = -2.09 Uni e si y g adua es 0.393 18.75% Unemployed quali i ca ion 0.350 14.06% +35.94% z = 3.64 Labou axa ion 0.315 10.94% +17.63% z = 2.10 Bad in as uc u e 0.315 10.94% O he issues 0.294 9.38% Layo s (S uc u al) 0.270 7.81% Layo s (Economic cycle) 0.270 7.81% Racial disc imina ion 0.213 4.69% Labou egula ion 0.175 3.13% Female disc imina ion 0.175 3.13% S a -up c edi issues 0.125 1.56% High unemploymen bene i s 0.000 0.00% +21.43% z = 3.81 High layo cos s 0.000 0.00% +7.14% z = 2.15 Da a: Ques ionnai e No e: Bina y (Yes/No) ques ions Tab. 6: Labou ma ke issues – summa y o s a is ics and s a is ical di e ences be ween public (o i ce s) and p i a e sec o (HR depa men s and agencies) EM_3_2016.indd 12EM_3_2016.indd 12 8.9.2016 14:10:558.9.2016 14:10:55 19 3, XIX, 2016 Economics 19 3, XIX, 2016 Abs ac INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY REGIONAL LABOUR MARKET IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Václa No ák, Ma ek Vokoun, F an išek S ellne , Ma ek Vochozka Public ins i u ions a e key playe s in he egional labou ma ke s in he Czech Republic. Thei ac i i ies a e cons ained by economic policies, which a e aimed a inc easing employmen and he e i ciency o he labou ma ke s. Ou analysis uses a ques ionnai e o collec da a om he ins i u ions and e alua e hei pe cep ion o he egional labou ma ke . The esul s sugges ha ac i e employmen policy ins umen s and passi e policy ins umen s a e pe cei ed as ine i cien and inapp op ia e. The unemployed usually ha e no p e ious job expe ience, comple ed only p ima y educa ion and a e no willing o a el o wo k. The p essing p oblem is he quali y o educa ion and he gene ous social bene i s ha makes employmen policy ine i cien o he leas skilled unemployed. Despi e subs an ial egional socio-economic di e ences in bo h analysed egions ( he Ús ecký Region and he Jihočeský Region), he e a e no signi i can di e ences in he poo e alua ion o all he adi ional ac i e employmen policy ins umen s. In he mo e p oblema ic Ús ecký Region he emphasis is pu on basic issues such as he lack o educa ion and expe ience o he unemployed. The local labou ma ke issues a e dic a ed by long- e m ac o s such as he lack o job acancies. In he Jihočeský Region he si ua ion is be e . The issue is mo e one o mobili y. The ma ke issues he e a e mo e ela ed o he app op ia eness o seconda y and e ia y educa ion and labou cos s. To inc ease he e i ciency o employmen policies we ecommend imp o emen s o he ins i u ional in as uc u e in highe educa ion, which should be o ien ed owa ds in es men in he quali y o human capi al. Key Wo ds: Ins i u ions, labou ma ke , economic policy, educa ion. JEL Classi i ca ion: E2, J4, J6. DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-3-001 EM_3_2016.indd 19EM_3_2016.indd 19 8.9.2016 14:10:568.9.2016 14:10:56