In oduc ion
The egional de elopmen became a equen
opic in he Czech Republic mainly a e he
coun y en e ed he EU. Logically, his has led
o a g owing demand o new heo e ical and
me hodological app oaches o egional esea ch,
also as a eac ion o he unila e al app oaches
exis ing a he ime de ining egional policy in
e ms o a mix o p ac ical asks in Cen al and
Eas e n Eu opean coun ies [1]. This de elopmen
ep esen s a new challenge o egional sciences,
which include especially egional economy,
economic geog aphy and spa ial planning [15].
I is necessa y o no e ha as a as di ec links
o he heo y o egional de elopmen o
gene al economic heo y a e conce ned, his is
a a he complica ed ma e . The main eason
is he ac ha he mains eam economic heo y
igno es he spa ial aspec ( o say no hing o he
deg ee o in o ma ion capaci y o economic
heo ies which use a gnoseological amewo k
o closed physical sys ems al hough hey ela e
o open social sys ems). The solu ion o his
p oblem can be conside ed as a signi ican
me hodological con ibu ion o he heo y o
egional de elopmen .
The abo e men ioned de elopmen s led o
he c ea ion o he p esen ed model aiming o
business o ien ed in e p e a ion o he p inciples
o de elopmen al and hie a chical di e en ia ion
o social sys ems [11]. Thei e ec is in
ag eemen wi h he gene al heo y o sys ems
connec ed wi h nume ous eedbacks which
p o ide sel -con ol o social sys ems in eal
condi ions o impe ec compe i ion. The
de elopmen al di e en ia ion o social sys ems
de e mines he socioeconomic o ganisa ion o
he socie y, and i s main demons a ion is
na u al selec ion based on compe i ion, which
in combina ion wi h pu pose ul coope a ion o
economic en i ies ensu es op imum use o
limi ed sou ces. This di e en ia ion is closely
ela ed o hie a chical di e en ia ion o social
sys ems esul ing in socio-geog aphical o ga-
nisa ion o he socie y. Howe e , his ela ion-
ship is modi ied by s ong ine ia o hie a chical
s uc u es he e o e he e ec o bo h p inciples
is no always s aigh o wa d. In his con ex he
ollowing p inciples ha e been applied when
c ea ing he model:
e alua e de elopmen po en ials o egions
in an in eg a i e way – om ac ual
(in eg a ion o economic, social and
en i onmen al ac o s) as well as spa ial
(in eg a ion o e i o ial s uc u es)
pe spec i es;
p e e ence o he bo om-up app oach
ollowing he line mic o egion – meso egion
– mac o egion wi h an emphasis on he
speci ica ion o he main in eg a ion
p ocesses;
e alua e he in o ma ion capaci y o he
model by means o es ing ele an
hypo heses wi h posi i e impac s on usage
in a egional policy and he business sec o .
1. The Theo e ical Backg ound
Loca ion heo ies a e he mos inspi ing ou o
supply-o ien ed neoclassical heo ies o economic
g ow h as ega ds he links o he p esen ed
model o heo ies o egional de elopmen .
Thei basic p emise is ha a limi ed spa ial
mobili y o p oduc ion sou ces de e mines he
Ekonomie
42014, XVII, 4 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2014-4-001
INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS OF REGIONS
AND ITS APPLICATION ON AN EXAMPLE OF
THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Milan Vi u ka
EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 4
Economics
54, XVII, 2014
c ea ion o e i o y-speci ic economic s uc u es
(including he c ea ion o ex e nal sa ings), and
he aim o hese heo ies is o ind he main
ac o s de e mining he loca ion o economic
ac i i ies. Acco ding o Massey [20] one can
dis inguish ou basic di ec ions: loca ion decision
p ocess o companies, mu ual in e depen-
dencies o loca ion decisions, beha iou al
concep o loca ion and a syn hesis o economy
spa ial dis ibu ion, which was deal wi h om
he pe spec i e o he cen al-place heo y [14].
Fu he inspi a ion was ob ained om
endogenous g ow h heo ies esponding o he
ac ha o iginal neoclassical heo ies canno
explain a long- e m p oduc ion g ow h. Endogenous
heo ies emphasise he in e nalisa ion o he
signi ican ac o s o economic g ow h, which
we e wi hin he widely known Solow’s
neoclassical g ow h model conside ed as he
exogenous ac o “ echnology” – i is a non-
measu able esidual ac o o which he
di e ences be ween he eal GDP g ow h and
he co esponding con ibu ion o basic p oduc ion
ac o s a e allo ed [28]. Co espondingly, hey
a e cha ac e ised by a spill-o e o economic
e ec s connec ed wi h he c ea ion o posi i e
ex e nali ies (capi al e u ns hen ha e, ce e is
pa ibus, g owing cha ac e ). Mos o en, wo
examples o endogenous models a e men ioned:
models o ien ed owa ds an accumula ion o
human capi al [18] and models o ien ed
owa ds an accumula ion o knowledge capi al
[27]. In his con ex , we also ha e o men ion
he new ade heo y [17] and he mic o-
economic heo y o compe i i eness wi h he
well-known diamond model [26]. The o he
main g oup o egional heo ies con ains
demand-o ien ed heo ies emphasizing he
de e mining e ec o demand on economic
g ow h, which is in con as o neoclassical heo ies
gene ally conside ed une en. Ou o hese
“co e-pe iphe y heo ies” he mos inspi a ional
a e especially he g ow h pole heo y [24], he
heo y o cumula i e causa ion [22] and he
heo y o une en de elopmen [13]. The i s
heo y poin s ou he key ole o de elopmen
poles o economic g ow h. The o he wo heo ies
signi ican ly con ibu ed o he cla i ica ion o
he cumula i e mechanism o o igina ion o
dispa i ies in he egional de elopmen ,
including he di usion o posi i e and nega i e
e ec s. Acco ding o My dal, his p ocess has
h ee basic s ages: selec ion o success ul
egions, pola iza ion, and in eg a ion. O he
signi ican g oups o inspi a ional heo ies a e
ins i u ion-o ien ed heo ies, mainly he heo y o
lea ning egions [19] and ime-geog aphy [10].
Gene ally speaking, he main inspi a ion o
he abo e-men ioned heo ies o he p esen ed
model a e modelling o he signi icance o
agglome a ion economies, spa ial di usion o
socioeconomic phenomena (including links o
he concep o clus e , elabo a ed by Po e ) and
knowledge capi al in he egional de elopmen .
Also he concep o egional compe i i eness
needs o be men ioned as well as he
p o essional discou se on he de elopmen al
ole o ins i u ional ac o s emphasizing he
concep o egions as ne wo ks o con ac s and
ela ionships. The e m o egional compe i i-
eness, which is cu en ly being in ensi ely
discussed, can be unde s ood as “ he abili y o
egions o gene a e, while being exposed o
ex e nal compe i ion, ela i ely high income
and employmen le els” [8]. I s main enance is
conside ed a majo condi ion o he mee ing o
ising ma e ial and nonma e ial needs o
cu en and u u e gene a ions while adhe ing
on o he ecological de ini ion o sus ainable
de elopmen as he de elopmen which mee s
he p esen needs wi hou comp omising he
ul ilmen o u u e needs [2]. In his con ex we
can s a e ha he used app oach espec s new
endencies in he de elopmen o economic
hinking emphasizing a holis ic unde s anding
o he economic de elopmen as an in eg al
pa o he complex p ocess o social e olu ion.
Conside ing he la ge amoun o egional
heo ies, i is no su p ising ha hei applica ion
wi hin egional policy has become eclec ic. As
ega ds he s ill opical ques ion whe he he
egional de elopmen is domina ed by he
p ocesses o con e gence o di e gence, we
a e o he opinion ha a pe manen dominance
o one o hese p ocesses would con adic he
gene al heo y o sys ems as i would lead o
ag adual deg ada ion o sys ems. In he eal
wo ld, bo h p ocesses o e lap – p ocessing
indus ies loca ed in non-me opoli an egions
a e conside ed bea e s o he con e gence,
highe ma ke se ices concen a ed in
me opoli an egions a e conside ed bea e s o
he di e gence [7].
EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 5
Ekonomie
62014, XVII, 4
2. Model Desc ip ion and he
Resul s o I s Applica ion o
he Czech Republic
Based on he heo y and accep ed p inciples,
he main componen s o he model a e business
en i onmen quali y (BEQ), inno a ion po en ial
o companies (IPC) and use o human esou ces
(UHR). The essence o he model can be
desc ibed as ollows. An imp o emen o BEQ
s imula es he de elopmen o business ac i i ies
wi h posi i e impac s on IPC and UHR. Thus,
he syne gic e ec s ha a e gene a ed enhance
e i o ial in eg a ion and inc ease de elopmen
po en ial and egional compe i i eness, which
c ea es he basic p e equisi es o sus ainable
egional de elopmen . The de elopmen al
endencies o egions hen depend on whe he
he egion gains o loses compe i i e ad an ages
compa ed wi h o he egions ( hese endencies
can also be in luenced by andom ac o s, i.e.
he model is non-de e minis ic). The compe i i e-
ness o companies plays a c ucial ole in his;
howe e , i s ela ionship o he compe i i eness
o egions is no comple ely s aigh o wa d
(e.g. educ ion o s a in companies educes
he le el o he UHR). We chose he
mic o egional le el as he le el o be used o
he p ima y e alua ion o de elopmen
po en ials. In he Czech Republic his le el is
ep esen ed by adminis a i e dis ic s MEC –
municipali ies wi h ex ended compe ence o he
3 d deg ee. These a e 205 e i o ial uni s in
o al wi h an a e age numbe o 45 housand o
inhabi an s ( his le el does no include P ague).
The ollowing meso egional (he eina e
egional) le el is ep esen ed by 14 egions o
NUTS 3 le el including P ague, wi h he cu en
a e age numbe o abou 750 housand o
inhabi an s.
The cen al posi ion o he BEQ is based on
he ac ha i ep esen s an agg ega e esul o
along- e m accumula ion o a ious in luences
gene a ed by ac i i ies o en ep eneu ial and
non-en ep eneu ial en i ies. The own
me hodology o BEQ assessmen is based on
e i o ially bound ac o s e lec ing in es men
o de elopmen p e e ences o he companies
ope a ing in he p ocessing indus y and highe
ma ke se ices (in o ma ion and communi-
ca ion; inancial and insu ance ac i i ies; eal
es a e ac i i ies, p o essional, scien i ic and
echnical ac i i ies; adminis a i e and suppo
se ice ac i i ies), which a e conside ed he
“engines” o economic de elopmen . Bo h o
hese sec o s ha e simila posi ions in he
Czech economy ( he no included indus ies
p o ide ma e ial condi ions o he socie y o
ope a e and hei ep oduc ion, dis ibu ion and
exchange o p oduc s and lowe ma ke
se ices and public se ices; loca ion o he
emaining indus ies is de e mined by speci ic
na u e-condi ioned ac o s – he p opo ion o
hese indus ies in he o al p oduc ion o
de eloped economies is subs an ially lowe
han ha o he de elopmen -bea ing indus ies).
This app oach has been chosen o i s good
usabili y o egional compa isons o he
co esponding supply. I is necessa y o no e
ha besides he ield classi ica ion an indi idual
loca ion is in luenced by many ac o s which
a e ha d o quan i y (companies assess he
exis ing o e using a mix u e o gene al ac o s
and hei own c i e ia).
P ima y in o ma ion necessa y o he
selec ion o BEQ ac o s and es ablishmen o
hei signi icance le els has been gained om
an ex ensi e in e na ional su ey [23] oge he
wi h he esul s o o he s udies [16], [9]. The
men ioned su ey was conduc ed by means o
ques ionnai es in which big companies lis ed
hei p e e ences pe aining o he choice o
ac o s and hei signi icance o loca ion
decisions. Due o some d awbacks o hese
su eys and s udies, he inal selec ion and
e alua ion o ac o s we e pe o med using he
esul s o o he analyses as well. These we e
mainly he esul s o own applica ion o a ac o
analysis ocusing on he spa ial ela ions
demons a ed in o eign in es men s including
p ope y acquisi ions and analyses o opinions
held by signi ican o eign companies ope a ing
in he Czech Republic [25]. Based on his
p ocedu e, 16 ac o s in o al we e iden i ied
wi h empi ically p o able majo signi icance o
in es men decisions o companies and hei
inal signi icance le els we e calcula ed as an
a e age om bo h selec ed sec o s. These
ac o s a e di ided in o six h g oups. The g oup
o business ac o s con ains ac o s o p oximi y
o ma ke s (3 p ima y indica o s), concen a ion
o signi ican i ms (2); suppo ing se ices (3)
and p esence o o eign i ms (2); he g oup o
labou ac o s con ains he ac o s o a ailabili y
(4), quali y (8) and lexibili y o labou o ces (2);
he g oup o in as uc u e ac o s con ains
ac o s o oad and ailway quali y (12),
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74, XVII, 2014
in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (6)
and p oximi y o in e na ional ai po (3); he g oup
o local ac o s con ains ac o s o en ep eneu ial
and knowledge base (24) and assis ance o
public adminis a ion (11); he g oup o p ice
ac o s con ains ac o s o eal es a e p ice (5)
and p ice o labou (3); he g oup o en i onmen al
ac o s con ains ac o s o u ban and na u al
a ac i eness (9) and en i onmen al quali y
(8). The essen ial issue is hen he sea ch o
sui able indica o s enabling us o con on he
companies’ p e e ences wi h egions’ supply –
wi hin ou esea ch 20 housand eco ds we e
collec ed and analysed om he pe spec i e o
hei in o ma ion alue and s a is ical dis ibu ion.
The sys em o BEQ e alua ion is based on
i e gene alised classi ica ion deg ees ( om
he excellen – 1s deg ee o he un a ou able
5 h deg ee). The ini ial mic o egional e alua ion
is based on weigh ed sums o indi idual alues
o he ac o s espec ing he esul s o analyses
o p ima y indica o s and in e p e ed by means
o he c ea ed sys em o classi ica ion.
Regional alues o he BEQ we e ob ained by
agg ega ing mic o egional alues weigh ed by
he numbe o inhabi an s. In ag eemen wi h
he main s a egic objec i e o economic
de elopmen o he Czech Republic, which is
gene ally conside ed o be he ans e o
knowledge economy, we used weigh s B o he
e alua ion o he signi icance o he ac o s as
hese co espond o an in ensi e ype o economic
de elopmen d i en by inno a ion (see Tab. 1,
which also shows weigh s A co esponding o
he exis ing ype o de elopmen d i en by
in es men s). When es ablishing weigh s B he
p e e ences o economic en i ies ac i e in high-
ech and medium- ech indus ies and p e e ences
o economic en i ies ac i e in o he indus ies
conside ed equal ( his a io co esponds o he
cu en si ua ion in one o he mos echnolo-
gically ad anced coun ies i.e. Ge many). The
co esponding changes in he egional alues
which appea ed due o he ac we used weigh s
Bdid no exceed 2%, which poin s o an ini ial
s age o he de elopmen o knowledge economy
in he Czech Republic. Gene ally, he app oach
used hus inc eases he imeless signi icance o
BEQ assessmen . The used p ocedu e can be
exp essed by he ollowing o mula:
n
T= ∑ F
×Fw(1)
i=1
Whe e:
T= o al alue o BEQ
F = alues o pa ial ac o s
Fw= weigh s o pa ial ac o s.
The esul s show ha all egional cen es
ha e abo e a e age le els o BEQ (see Tab. 2).
This h eshold can be unde s ood as he basic
c i e ion o he iden i ica ion o de elopmen
poles wi h he de e mining e ec on he
de elopmen po en ial o mic o egions and
egions. F om he o he c i e ia we can men ion
he pe o mance o highe adminis a i e and
se ice unc ions and he abo e-a e age le el
o IPC. In his line, we de ined ca ego ies o
de elopmen poles o na ional signi icance and
de elopmen poles o sup ana ional signi icance
comp ising he mos signi ican de elopmen
poles wi h BEQ alues 1.5 ( ounded) and lowe
– in co espondence, P ague was iden i ied as
he main de elopmen pole o sup ana ional
signi icance and B no as a seconda y de e-
lopmen pole o sup ana ional signi icance (in
pa icula in he ield o exhibi ion indus y and
R&D). Eigh o he mic o egions, loca ed almos
exclusi ely in he S fiedoãesk˘ egion, mani es
alues o BEQ sligh ly abo e a e age (see Fig. 1).
This can be explained by he s imula ing e ec
o P ague esul ing in an o igina ion o a highly
in eg a ed P ague me opoli an egion o
Eu opean signi icance. The mic o egion o M.
Bolesla (cen e o ca indus y, whose coope a ion
links a ec no only he S fiedoãesk˘ egion, bu
also he neighbou ing egions) has classi ied as
he only cen e wi hou highe adminis a i e
unc ions among de elopmen poles o na ional
signi icance. The o he mic o egion cen es
wi h BEQ alues below a e age ( oge he wi h
he se en mic o egions wi h BEQ abo e
a e age which do no achie e he signi icance
posi ion o de elopmen poles) we e classi ied
as cen es signi ican o de elopmen . These
cen es, which only pe o m lowe adminis a i e
unc ions, a e di ided in o ou le els: cen es
wi h highly a ou able (7 cen es), a ou able
(101), less a ou able (82) and un a ou able
(2) BEQ.
EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 7
Ekonomie
82014, XVII, 4
Tab. 1: BEQ ac o s and hei impo ance
aBasic con en speci ica ion o ac o s ( he auxilia y c i e ia a e no included):
P oximi y o ma ke s – a ailabili y o o eign and Czech egions weigh ed by size o GDP/PPS, exp essed by g a i y
model wi hin limi s o e ec i e dis ance in uck anspo de e mined by labou egula ions and quali y o oads.
Concen a ion o signi ican companies – loca ion o la ge companies.
Suppo ing se ices – p opo ion o economic en i ies classi ied as L, M and N by NACE.
P esence o o eign companies – p opo ion o companies in o eign owne ship.
A ailabili y o labou o ces – agg ega ed da a abou he numbe o economically ac i e inhabi an s.
Quali y o labou o ces – agg ega ed da a abou he deg ee o educa ion o wo ke s in indus y (manual and non-
manual componen s) and highe ma ke se ices (non-manual componen ).
Flexibili y o labou o ces – exp essed based on he highes le el o lexibili y (deg ee o en ep eneu ship).
Road and ailway quali y – weigh ed assessmen o he le el o connec ion o egions o mo o ways and oads o
1s class and signi ican ailways.
In o ma ion and communica ion echnology – pe cep ion o compu e li e acy o inhabi an s based on da a abou
he a e o PC a ailabili y and he dynamics o i s de elopmen .
P oximi y o in e na ional ai po – loca ion o ai po s and hei accessibili y wi hin he limi s o dis ance.
En ep eneu ial and knowledge base – he numbe o indus ial zones, science pa ks, business incuba o s,
uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u ions wi hin a egion (including assessmen o quali y).
Assis ance o public adminis a ion – assessmen o quali y o e i o ial adminis a ion om he pe spec i e o he
suppo o de elopmen o business ac i i ies.
Real es a e p ice – agg ega ed da a abou a e age p ices o lands in indus ial zones and a e age p ices o ne
annual en o o ices.
P ice o labou – agg ega ed da a abou a e age g oss wages in indus y and ma ke se ices.
U ban and na u al a ac i eness – agg ega ed exp ession o a ac i eness wi hin he con ex o
a egion’s signi icance o ou ism.
En i onmen al quali y – agg ega ed exp ession based on da a abou ai quali y mainly.
bRa io B/A – ▲highe weigh o B, ●●balanced weigh s, ▼ lowe weigh o B.
Sou ce: Au ho s’ esea ch.
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94, XVII, 2014
As ega ds he egional le el, excep o he
speci ic P ague egion, he di e ences among
egions a e no e y conside able – he BEQ
alues ange om +11 o -10% om he
weigh ed a e age o hese egions. The e o e,
we ha e eached a s a egically impo an
conclusion ha he issue o dispa i ies p e-
dominan ly conce ns he ela ion be ween
P ague, o P ague oge he wi h he S fiedo-
ãesk˘ egion (in he case o his “na u al” egion,
he combined BEQ alue would be a ound
1.90), and emaining egions. Tha is why he
di e ences be ween de elopmen poles seem
o be mo e impo an (ga eway e ec ). I should
also be added ha he BEQ alue changes
assessed using weigh s A be ween he
examined pe iods 2001/2002 and 2006/2008
anged only wi hin +5% o P ague and -6% o
he Olomouck˘ egion. The spa ial dis ibu ion
o BEQ alues displays he ollowing egu-
la i ies o basic endencies:
mac o egional le el – de e io a ion o
egional BEQ alues in he di ec ion om
he wes o he eas ( his co esponds o
asimila endency o GDP pe capi a, which
is obse ed in all coun ies o he Viseg ád
G oup: Czech Republic, Slo akia, Poland,
Hunga y);
 egional le el – de e io a ion o
mic o egional BEQ alues in he di ec ion
o egional bounda ies in he sense o co e-
pe iphe y heo ies (selec i ely modi ied by
he his o ical de elopmen o u baniza ion);
mac o egional and egional le els –
c ea ion o a sys em o de elopmen axes
o na ional and egional signi icance wi h
compa a i ely highe BEQ in ela ion o he
di usion o posi i e e ec s (including he
s imula ion o business clus e s c ea ion),
induced by de elopmen poles.
The lis ed egula i ies e lec gene al
p inciples o spa ial o ganiza ion o social
Tab. 2: Agg ega e BEQ alues
aValues o 2007.
bP ague is sea o he egional o ice.
cThe alue is ela ed o M. Bolesla .
Sou ce: Au ho s’ esea ch, Czech S a is ical O ice.
EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 9
Ekonomie
10 2014, XVII, 4
sys ems, which ha e a logical consequence in
he o m o dispa i ies in egional de elopmen .
Reduc ion o hese dispa i ies is he main aim
o a adi ional egional policy. I is necessa y o
ha e a e i ied me hodology o a co ec iden-
i ica ion o dispa i ies (in he p ac ice in ui i e
o unila e ally o ien ed me hods p e ail). The
esul s ob ained allow us o accep he ollowing
conclusion: e i o ial dispa i ies in egional
de elopmen can be di ided in o he “inhe i ed”
ones, ha is dispa i ies de e mined by he hie a -
chical posi ion o egions – hei egula ion
would be con a y o he s ong ine ia o
hie a chical s uc u es and he e o e ine icien
– and “c ea ed” ones, ha is dispa i ies
de e mined by he cha ac e o economic
de elopmen o egions – hei egula ion is
conside ed a socially jus i iable applica ion o
he solida i y p inciple [29].
Fig. 1: Regional business en i onmen quali y (BEQ) acco ding o he MEC egions
The common explana ion amewo k o he
ollowing model componen s i.e. IPC and UHR
is o med by p ocesses o egions’ adap a ion
o global and egional endencies in he
de elopmen o economy, whose key ac o s
a e he abili y o c ea e inno a ion and main ain
employmen . Bo h he componen s a e
cha ac e ized by s ong linea and nonlinea
links o he de elopmen o he en ep eneu ial
sec o in he sys em con ex o i s s uc u al
adap a ion. Due o ce ain oubles wi h
a ailabili y o egional da a, he me hodological
app oach based on selec ed indica o s o ex-
plo ed p ocesses was chosen o he in e p e-
a ion o hese componen s. The egional
e alua ion o IPC componen is based on eigh
ep esen a i e indica o s (mainly ela ed o he
sha e o inno a ion companies and ypes o
inno a ion ac i i ies, u he o expendi u es
and employmen a e in he ield o R&D, and
also he space dis ibu ion o he mos
signi ican inno a ion companies) and UHR
componen on i e ep esen a i e indica o s
(mainly mic o egional se ies o unemploymen
and acancy indica o s and economic
sensi i i y indica o s). Howe e , i is necessa y
o no e ha a numbe o ex e nal ac o s
a ec ing he de elopmen o bo h o hese
componen s a e al eady comp ised wi hin BEQ
ac o s.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s esea ch.
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The essen ial signi icance o he IPC
componen ollows om he ac ha he
c ea ion, adop ion and ans e o inno a ion
a e gene ally conside ed, oge he wi h he
de elopmen o science and esea ch, he main
p ocesses a ec ing he exis en and mainly he
u u e compe i i eness o egions and he
co esponding indica o s p o ide basic in o -
ma ion on he de elopmen o knowledge
economy. F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, we
ha e o no e ha he c ea ion o inno a ion
dis up s he p ocess o au oma ic balancing o
he ma ke which is one o basic pos ula es o
he neoclassical heo y. To e alua e he
componen we used he ollowing in o ma ion
sou ces: su ey o he Czech S a is ical O ice
on inno a ions in he en ep eneu ial sec o in
2004–2006 – abou 8,500 companies included
[5], su ey on science and esea ch in 2004–2006
[4] – all companies pe o ming R&D included,
and ou own su ey based on he da abase o
he Associa ion o Inno a i e En ep eneu ship
and annual epo s o companies, wi h da a
ha monized as o he end o 2007 – abou
1,500 companies included. The ad an age o
su eys on inno a ions is hei s anda diza ion
wi hin he en i e EU by means o he ha monized
CIS ques ionnai e. The disad an ages include
adeg ee o subjec i i y, and in he case o he
Czech Republic also he ac ha he su ey
om 2004–2006 is he las one by now which
p o ides in o ma ion up o he le el o NUTS 3
egions. A s a egically impo an inding is he
ac ha in con as o non-inno a i e companies,
echnically inno a i e ones pene a e in e na-
ional ma ke s much mo e easily ( he co espon-
ding a io a in e na ional, na ional and egional
ma ke s was 0.5 : 1 : 0.6 o he o me in
con as o 0.3 : 0.8 : 1 o he la e ), and
inno a ion capabili ies inc ease wi h he size o
companies and hei in e na ionaliza ion. I
ollows he domina ing o ien a ion o Czech
companies owa ds inno a ions o lowe le els,
as p o ed by he ac ha only a hi d o
expendi u es on echnical inno a ions go o R&D
( he p opo ion o echnologically demanding
Tab. 3: Selec ed indica o s o IPC
aTNE – o al numbe o employees. Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice.
20.3 23.4
17.9 20.7
18.3 20.8
18.9 22.2
14.0 17.1
16.6 20.5
17.1 24.3
17.2 21.3
20.0 19.2
13.7 19.3
21.9 23.3
17.4 23.7
21.1 25.3
15.2 20.0
18.5 21.9
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Ekonomie
12 2014, XVII, 4
indus y and se ices in he Czech Republic is
abou 20%). This is also connec ed o a ela i ely
low le el o he exe ion o in ellec ual p ope y
igh s – howe e , using he indica o o he
numbe o pa en s pe capi a o a egional
compa ison o Viseg ád coun ies is dispu able
as mos ansna ional co po a ions (TNC) ile
pa en s in he place o hei headqua e s, no in
he place whe e he in en ion was made.
Acco ding o he e alua ion esul s (see
Tab. 3), he highes deg ee o he componen is
eached by P ague, ollowed by he S fiedo-
ãesk˘ egion and he Jihomo a sk˘ egion –
his is also e lec ed by hei high mig a ion
a ac i eness o college g adua es. A he
o he end o he scale, he e a e he Ka lo-
a sk˘, Ús eck˘ and Vysoãina egions. Fu he
analyses p o e ha he mos signi ican
inno a ion cen es wi h mo e han i e housand
employees in localised inno a i e companies
a e agglome a ions o egional capi als (excep
o â. Budûjo ice, Ús í n. L., H. K álo é and K.
Va y, which belongs o he second g oup). The
analyses ha e also iden i ied inno a ion zones
o ganized in bands; wo ou o he ou mos
signi ican zones a e loca ed in egions wi h
awo se BEQ. I is also a ac e i ied in p ac ice
ha in small mic o egions indus ial inno a i e
companies a e he mo e impo an bea e s o
knowledge capi al. Al hough an abo e-a e age
le el o BEQ is associa ed wi h a highe
compe i ion o cing companies o implemen
echnical and non echnical inno a ions wi h
posi i e e ec s on compe i i eness, i s ela ions
o he IPC componen s a he egional le el a e
no comple ely s aigh o wa d – a s ong
co ela ion o IPC wi h BEQ (and also GDP)
was ound especially o he indica o o
p opo ion o employees in R&D in he o al
numbe o employees. Howe e , a mic o egional
le el we con i med an ob ious dependence
be ween he BEQ and he p esence o la ge
inno a i e companies.
The signi icance o he UHR componen
mainly ollows om he socially sensi i e issue
o unemploymen , whose solu ion is conside ed
an impo an pa o he solida i y p inciple
applica ion. The e o e, he selec ed UHR
indica o s can be unde s ood as indica o s o
social impac s o egional economic adap a ion
p ocesses. The mos accu a e exp ession o his
adap a ion is he de elopmen o unemploymen
a e, which in ela ion o c ea ion o new jobs
in e p e s he inal esul o egional in e ac ions
be ween demand and supply a labou ma ke s.
To e alua e his componen , he ollowing main
in o ma ion sou ces we e used: he egis e ed
unemploymen a e and he numbe o
acancies ound by he labou o ices (pe iod
2005–2010), u he he p opo ion o so-called
economically sensi i e ields in he employmen
as o 2005. This is a modi ied se o ields
su e ing om s ong compe i ion o long- e m
s agna ion in he en i e EU [6], mainly ex ile,
me allu gical and ood indus y, selec ed
b anches o chemical and enginee ing indus ies
and mining ( he egula ed sec o o se ices
ocus on local demand mainly – in he Czech
Republic he p opo ion o local consump ion is
o e 90%, whe eas in he case o manu ac u ing
indus y i is sligh ly o e 35%). Analyses
showed a high dependence be ween he
unemploymen a e and he le el o economic
sensi i i y as a de e mining ac o o s uc u al
unemploymen . The highes a e o unemploymen
pe sis s in egions wi h he highes p opo ion
o sensi i e indus ies – he Ús eck˘,
Mo a skoslezsk˘, Olomouck˘ and Ka lo a sk˘
egions. A he o he end o he scale he e is
P ague oge he wi h he S fiedoãesk˘,
PlzeÀsk˘, Jihoãesk˘ and K álo éh adeck˘
egions. Howe e , he ac ha a e he
beginning o he ecession a he end o he
moni o ed pe iod he s uc u ally mos a ec ed
egions mani es ed he lowes ise in
unemploymen a e indica es ha he ime o
excessi e employmen a e in companies
ope a ing in sensi i e ields is o e . A he
mic o egional le el, a signi ican ela ionship
was e ealed be ween unemploymen a es
and de ia ions o he BEQ om heo e ically
applicable alues de i ed om a powe
eg ession cu e (see Fig. 2). This ela ionship
documen s he essen ial ole o mic o egions in
he o ma ion o labou ma ke s. A high
unemploymen a e signals a dec ease in UHR,
which is usually connec ed wi h selec i e
emig a ion o popula ion. This p ocess, which
should heo e ically p o ide balance a labou
ma ke s oge he wi h capi al mig a ion, is in he
p ac ice limi ed by a numbe o ac o s, mos
impo an ly he di e ences in p ices o la s
(e.g. a e age p ices in he mos a ac i e
egion o wo k – P ague – a e cu en ly 5 imes
highe han in he leas a ac i e Ús eck˘ egion).
As ega ds suppo o he de elopmen o
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Abs ac
INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS
OF REGIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON AN EXAMPLE OF THE CZECH
REPUBLIC
Milan Vi u ka
The aim o his pape is o in oduce a new model o he e alua ion o de elopmen po en ials o
egions, including me hodology, applica ion and concep ualiza ion o he ob ained in o ma ion. The
main componen s o his model a e he business en i onmen quali y, inno a ion po en ial o
companies and use o human esou ces, in e p e ed using ele an ac o s o indica o s. The
model has been applied o he e alua ion o Czech egions – 205 adminis a i e dis ic s
(mic o egional le el) and 14 NUTS 3 egions (meso egional le el). In o ma ion capaci y o he
model has been p o ed by he con i ma ion o he hypo heses assuming s ong ela ionships
among business en i onmen quali y and egional GDP and popula ion size o egions. A syn hesis
allowed us o de ine he main egula i ies, e alua e he compe i i e posi ions o egions and c ea e
he spa ial model o he economic de elopmen o he Czech Republic. Special a en ion has been
gi en o he unique me hod o he iden i ica ion o e i o ial sys ems o poles and axes o
de elopmen and u he o he hie a chy o in eg a ion p ocesses (using he p o ile in e ac ion
me hod). Subsequen ly, we concep ualized he esul s om he pe spec i e o egional policy
c ea ion using he me hod o de elopmen scena ios. This allows o a lexible op imiza ion o he
main p io i ies and ools o a egional policy ( egions a e de ined and e i o ially speci ied by
means o lexible se s o ele an measu es). F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, we ex end he
knowledge abou he p ocesses o pola iza ion and in eg a ion as key mani es a ions o he
p inciples o de elopmen al and hie a chical di e en ia ion o socie y in he condi ions o inc easing
globalisa ion.
Key Wo ds: Regional de elopmen , business en i onmen , inno a ion po en ial, human
esou ces, compe i i eness.
JEL Classi ica ion: R12, R15, R58.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2014-4-001
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