Integrative model for evaluation of development potentials of regions and its application on an example of the Czech Republic

In oduc ion The egional de elopmen became a equen opic in he Czech Republic mainly a e he coun y en e ed he EU. Logically, his has led o a g owing demand o new heo e ical and me hodological app oaches o egional esea ch, also as a eac ion o he unila e al app oaches exis ing a he ime de ining egional policy in e ms o a mix o p ac ical asks in Cen al and Eas e n Eu opean coun ies [1]. This de elopmen ep esen s a new challenge o egional sciences, which include especially egional economy, economic geog aphy and spa ial planning [15]. I is necessa y o no e ha as a as di ec links o he heo y o egional de elopmen o gene al economic heo y a e conce ned, his is a a he complica ed ma e . The main eason is he ac ha he mains eam economic heo y igno es he spa ial aspec ( o say no hing o he deg ee o in o ma ion capaci y o economic heo ies which use a gnoseological amewo k o closed physical sys ems al hough hey ela e o open social sys ems). The solu ion o his p oblem can be conside ed as a signi ican me hodological con ibu ion o he heo y o egional de elopmen . The abo e men ioned de elopmen s led o he c ea ion o he p esen ed model aiming o business o ien ed in e p e a ion o he p inciples o de elopmen al and hie a chical di e en ia ion o social sys ems [11]. Thei e ec is in ag eemen wi h he gene al heo y o sys ems connec ed wi h nume ous eedbacks which p o ide sel -con ol o social sys ems in eal condi ions o impe ec compe i ion. The de elopmen al di e en ia ion o social sys ems de e mines he socioeconomic o ganisa ion o he socie y, and i s main demons a ion is na u al selec ion based on compe i ion, which in combina ion wi h pu pose ul coope a ion o economic en i ies ensu es op imum use o limi ed sou ces. This di e en ia ion is closely ela ed o hie a chical di e en ia ion o social sys ems esul ing in socio-geog aphical o ga- nisa ion o he socie y. Howe e , his ela ion- ship is modi ied by s ong ine ia o hie a chical s uc u es he e o e he e ec o bo h p inciples is no always s aigh o wa d. In his con ex he ollowing p inciples ha e been applied when c ea ing he model: e alua e de elopmen po en ials o egions in an in eg a i e way – om ac ual (in eg a ion o economic, social and en i onmen al ac o s) as well as spa ial (in eg a ion o e i o ial s uc u es) pe spec i es; p e e ence o he bo om-up app oach ollowing he line mic o egion – meso egion – mac o egion wi h an emphasis on he speci ica ion o he main in eg a ion p ocesses; e alua e he in o ma ion capaci y o he model by means o es ing ele an hypo heses wi h posi i e impac s on usage in a egional policy and he business sec o . 1. The Theo e ical Backg ound Loca ion heo ies a e he mos inspi ing ou o supply-o ien ed neoclassical heo ies o economic g ow h as ega ds he links o he p esen ed model o heo ies o egional de elopmen . Thei basic p emise is ha a limi ed spa ial mobili y o p oduc ion sou ces de e mines he Ekonomie 42014, XVII, 4 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2014-4-001 INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS OF REGIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON AN EXAMPLE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC Milan Vi u ka EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 4 Economics 54, XVII, 2014 c ea ion o e i o y-speci ic economic s uc u es (including he c ea ion o ex e nal sa ings), and he aim o hese heo ies is o ind he main ac o s de e mining he loca ion o economic ac i i ies. Acco ding o Massey [20] one can dis inguish ou basic di ec ions: loca ion decision p ocess o companies, mu ual in e depen- dencies o loca ion decisions, beha iou al concep o loca ion and a syn hesis o economy spa ial dis ibu ion, which was deal wi h om he pe spec i e o he cen al-place heo y [14]. Fu he inspi a ion was ob ained om endogenous g ow h heo ies esponding o he ac ha o iginal neoclassical heo ies canno explain a long- e m p oduc ion g ow h. Endogenous heo ies emphasise he in e nalisa ion o he signi ican ac o s o economic g ow h, which we e wi hin he widely known Solow’s neoclassical g ow h model conside ed as he exogenous ac o “ echnology” – i is a non- measu able esidual ac o o which he di e ences be ween he eal GDP g ow h and he co esponding con ibu ion o basic p oduc ion ac o s a e allo ed [28]. Co espondingly, hey a e cha ac e ised by a spill-o e o economic e ec s connec ed wi h he c ea ion o posi i e ex e nali ies (capi al e u ns hen ha e, ce e is pa ibus, g owing cha ac e ). Mos o en, wo examples o endogenous models a e men ioned: models o ien ed owa ds an accumula ion o human capi al [18] and models o ien ed owa ds an accumula ion o knowledge capi al [27]. In his con ex , we also ha e o men ion he new ade heo y [17] and he mic o- economic heo y o compe i i eness wi h he well-known diamond model [26]. The o he main g oup o egional heo ies con ains demand-o ien ed heo ies emphasizing he de e mining e ec o demand on economic g ow h, which is in con as o neoclassical heo ies gene ally conside ed une en. Ou o hese “co e-pe iphe y heo ies” he mos inspi a ional a e especially he g ow h pole heo y [24], he heo y o cumula i e causa ion [22] and he heo y o une en de elopmen [13]. The i s heo y poin s ou he key ole o de elopmen poles o economic g ow h. The o he wo heo ies signi ican ly con ibu ed o he cla i ica ion o he cumula i e mechanism o o igina ion o dispa i ies in he egional de elopmen , including he di usion o posi i e and nega i e e ec s. Acco ding o My dal, his p ocess has h ee basic s ages: selec ion o success ul egions, pola iza ion, and in eg a ion. O he signi ican g oups o inspi a ional heo ies a e ins i u ion-o ien ed heo ies, mainly he heo y o lea ning egions [19] and ime-geog aphy [10]. Gene ally speaking, he main inspi a ion o he abo e-men ioned heo ies o he p esen ed model a e modelling o he signi icance o agglome a ion economies, spa ial di usion o socioeconomic phenomena (including links o he concep o clus e , elabo a ed by Po e ) and knowledge capi al in he egional de elopmen . Also he concep o egional compe i i eness needs o be men ioned as well as he p o essional discou se on he de elopmen al ole o ins i u ional ac o s emphasizing he concep o egions as ne wo ks o con ac s and ela ionships. The e m o egional compe i i- eness, which is cu en ly being in ensi ely discussed, can be unde s ood as “ he abili y o egions o gene a e, while being exposed o ex e nal compe i ion, ela i ely high income and employmen le els” [8]. I s main enance is conside ed a majo condi ion o he mee ing o ising ma e ial and nonma e ial needs o cu en and u u e gene a ions while adhe ing on o he ecological de ini ion o sus ainable de elopmen as he de elopmen which mee s he p esen needs wi hou comp omising he ul ilmen o u u e needs [2]. In his con ex we can s a e ha he used app oach espec s new endencies in he de elopmen o economic hinking emphasizing a holis ic unde s anding o he economic de elopmen as an in eg al pa o he complex p ocess o social e olu ion. Conside ing he la ge amoun o egional heo ies, i is no su p ising ha hei applica ion wi hin egional policy has become eclec ic. As ega ds he s ill opical ques ion whe he he egional de elopmen is domina ed by he p ocesses o con e gence o di e gence, we a e o he opinion ha a pe manen dominance o one o hese p ocesses would con adic he gene al heo y o sys ems as i would lead o ag adual deg ada ion o sys ems. In he eal wo ld, bo h p ocesses o e lap – p ocessing indus ies loca ed in non-me opoli an egions a e conside ed bea e s o he con e gence, highe ma ke se ices concen a ed in me opoli an egions a e conside ed bea e s o he di e gence [7]. EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 5 Ekonomie 62014, XVII, 4 2. Model Desc ip ion and he Resul s o I s Applica ion o he Czech Republic Based on he heo y and accep ed p inciples, he main componen s o he model a e business en i onmen quali y (BEQ), inno a ion po en ial o companies (IPC) and use o human esou ces (UHR). The essence o he model can be desc ibed as ollows. An imp o emen o BEQ s imula es he de elopmen o business ac i i ies wi h posi i e impac s on IPC and UHR. Thus, he syne gic e ec s ha a e gene a ed enhance e i o ial in eg a ion and inc ease de elopmen po en ial and egional compe i i eness, which c ea es he basic p e equisi es o sus ainable egional de elopmen . The de elopmen al endencies o egions hen depend on whe he he egion gains o loses compe i i e ad an ages compa ed wi h o he egions ( hese endencies can also be in luenced by andom ac o s, i.e. he model is non-de e minis ic). The compe i i e- ness o companies plays a c ucial ole in his; howe e , i s ela ionship o he compe i i eness o egions is no comple ely s aigh o wa d (e.g. educ ion o s a in companies educes he le el o he UHR). We chose he mic o egional le el as he le el o be used o he p ima y e alua ion o de elopmen po en ials. In he Czech Republic his le el is ep esen ed by adminis a i e dis ic s MEC – municipali ies wi h ex ended compe ence o he 3 d deg ee. These a e 205 e i o ial uni s in o al wi h an a e age numbe o 45 housand o inhabi an s ( his le el does no include P ague). The ollowing meso egional (he eina e egional) le el is ep esen ed by 14 egions o NUTS 3 le el including P ague, wi h he cu en a e age numbe o abou 750 housand o inhabi an s. The cen al posi ion o he BEQ is based on he ac ha i ep esen s an agg ega e esul o along- e m accumula ion o a ious in luences gene a ed by ac i i ies o en ep eneu ial and non-en ep eneu ial en i ies. The own me hodology o BEQ assessmen is based on e i o ially bound ac o s e lec ing in es men o de elopmen p e e ences o he companies ope a ing in he p ocessing indus y and highe ma ke se ices (in o ma ion and communi- ca ion; inancial and insu ance ac i i ies; eal es a e ac i i ies, p o essional, scien i ic and echnical ac i i ies; adminis a i e and suppo se ice ac i i ies), which a e conside ed he “engines” o economic de elopmen . Bo h o hese sec o s ha e simila posi ions in he Czech economy ( he no included indus ies p o ide ma e ial condi ions o he socie y o ope a e and hei ep oduc ion, dis ibu ion and exchange o p oduc s and lowe ma ke se ices and public se ices; loca ion o he emaining indus ies is de e mined by speci ic na u e-condi ioned ac o s – he p opo ion o hese indus ies in he o al p oduc ion o de eloped economies is subs an ially lowe han ha o he de elopmen -bea ing indus ies). This app oach has been chosen o i s good usabili y o egional compa isons o he co esponding supply. I is necessa y o no e ha besides he ield classi ica ion an indi idual loca ion is in luenced by many ac o s which a e ha d o quan i y (companies assess he exis ing o e using a mix u e o gene al ac o s and hei own c i e ia). P ima y in o ma ion necessa y o he selec ion o BEQ ac o s and es ablishmen o hei signi icance le els has been gained om an ex ensi e in e na ional su ey [23] oge he wi h he esul s o o he s udies [16], [9]. The men ioned su ey was conduc ed by means o ques ionnai es in which big companies lis ed hei p e e ences pe aining o he choice o ac o s and hei signi icance o loca ion decisions. Due o some d awbacks o hese su eys and s udies, he inal selec ion and e alua ion o ac o s we e pe o med using he esul s o o he analyses as well. These we e mainly he esul s o own applica ion o a ac o analysis ocusing on he spa ial ela ions demons a ed in o eign in es men s including p ope y acquisi ions and analyses o opinions held by signi ican o eign companies ope a ing in he Czech Republic [25]. Based on his p ocedu e, 16 ac o s in o al we e iden i ied wi h empi ically p o able majo signi icance o in es men decisions o companies and hei inal signi icance le els we e calcula ed as an a e age om bo h selec ed sec o s. These ac o s a e di ided in o six h g oups. The g oup o business ac o s con ains ac o s o p oximi y o ma ke s (3 p ima y indica o s), concen a ion o signi ican i ms (2); suppo ing se ices (3) and p esence o o eign i ms (2); he g oup o labou ac o s con ains he ac o s o a ailabili y (4), quali y (8) and lexibili y o labou o ces (2); he g oup o in as uc u e ac o s con ains ac o s o oad and ailway quali y (12), EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 6 Economics 74, XVII, 2014 in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (6) and p oximi y o in e na ional ai po (3); he g oup o local ac o s con ains ac o s o en ep eneu ial and knowledge base (24) and assis ance o public adminis a ion (11); he g oup o p ice ac o s con ains ac o s o eal es a e p ice (5) and p ice o labou (3); he g oup o en i onmen al ac o s con ains ac o s o u ban and na u al a ac i eness (9) and en i onmen al quali y (8). The essen ial issue is hen he sea ch o sui able indica o s enabling us o con on he companies’ p e e ences wi h egions’ supply – wi hin ou esea ch 20 housand eco ds we e collec ed and analysed om he pe spec i e o hei in o ma ion alue and s a is ical dis ibu ion. The sys em o BEQ e alua ion is based on i e gene alised classi ica ion deg ees ( om he excellen – 1s deg ee o he un a ou able 5 h deg ee). The ini ial mic o egional e alua ion is based on weigh ed sums o indi idual alues o he ac o s espec ing he esul s o analyses o p ima y indica o s and in e p e ed by means o he c ea ed sys em o classi ica ion. Regional alues o he BEQ we e ob ained by agg ega ing mic o egional alues weigh ed by he numbe o inhabi an s. In ag eemen wi h he main s a egic objec i e o economic de elopmen o he Czech Republic, which is gene ally conside ed o be he ans e o knowledge economy, we used weigh s B o he e alua ion o he signi icance o he ac o s as hese co espond o an in ensi e ype o economic de elopmen d i en by inno a ion (see Tab. 1, which also shows weigh s A co esponding o he exis ing ype o de elopmen d i en by in es men s). When es ablishing weigh s B he p e e ences o economic en i ies ac i e in high- ech and medium- ech indus ies and p e e ences o economic en i ies ac i e in o he indus ies conside ed equal ( his a io co esponds o he cu en si ua ion in one o he mos echnolo- gically ad anced coun ies i.e. Ge many). The co esponding changes in he egional alues which appea ed due o he ac we used weigh s Bdid no exceed 2%, which poin s o an ini ial s age o he de elopmen o knowledge economy in he Czech Republic. Gene ally, he app oach used hus inc eases he imeless signi icance o BEQ assessmen . The used p ocedu e can be exp essed by he ollowing o mula: n T= ∑ F ×Fw(1) i=1 Whe e: T= o al alue o BEQ F = alues o pa ial ac o s Fw= weigh s o pa ial ac o s. The esul s show ha all egional cen es ha e abo e a e age le els o BEQ (see Tab. 2). This h eshold can be unde s ood as he basic c i e ion o he iden i ica ion o de elopmen poles wi h he de e mining e ec on he de elopmen po en ial o mic o egions and egions. F om he o he c i e ia we can men ion he pe o mance o highe adminis a i e and se ice unc ions and he abo e-a e age le el o IPC. In his line, we de ined ca ego ies o de elopmen poles o na ional signi icance and de elopmen poles o sup ana ional signi icance comp ising he mos signi ican de elopmen poles wi h BEQ alues 1.5 ( ounded) and lowe – in co espondence, P ague was iden i ied as he main de elopmen pole o sup ana ional signi icance and B no as a seconda y de e- lopmen pole o sup ana ional signi icance (in pa icula in he ield o exhibi ion indus y and R&D). Eigh o he mic o egions, loca ed almos exclusi ely in he S fiedoãesk˘ egion, mani es alues o BEQ sligh ly abo e a e age (see Fig. 1). This can be explained by he s imula ing e ec o P ague esul ing in an o igina ion o a highly in eg a ed P ague me opoli an egion o Eu opean signi icance. The mic o egion o M. Bolesla (cen e o ca indus y, whose coope a ion links a ec no only he S fiedoãesk˘ egion, bu also he neighbou ing egions) has classi ied as he only cen e wi hou highe adminis a i e unc ions among de elopmen poles o na ional signi icance. The o he mic o egion cen es wi h BEQ alues below a e age ( oge he wi h he se en mic o egions wi h BEQ abo e a e age which do no achie e he signi icance posi ion o de elopmen poles) we e classi ied as cen es signi ican o de elopmen . These cen es, which only pe o m lowe adminis a i e unc ions, a e di ided in o ou le els: cen es wi h highly a ou able (7 cen es), a ou able (101), less a ou able (82) and un a ou able (2) BEQ. EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 7 Ekonomie 82014, XVII, 4 Tab. 1: BEQ ac o s and hei impo ance aBasic con en speci ica ion o ac o s ( he auxilia y c i e ia a e no included): P oximi y o ma ke s – a ailabili y o o eign and Czech egions weigh ed by size o GDP/PPS, exp essed by g a i y model wi hin limi s o e ec i e dis ance in uck anspo de e mined by labou egula ions and quali y o oads. Concen a ion o signi ican companies – loca ion o la ge companies. Suppo ing se ices – p opo ion o economic en i ies classi ied as L, M and N by NACE. P esence o o eign companies – p opo ion o companies in o eign owne ship. A ailabili y o labou o ces – agg ega ed da a abou he numbe o economically ac i e inhabi an s. Quali y o labou o ces – agg ega ed da a abou he deg ee o educa ion o wo ke s in indus y (manual and non- manual componen s) and highe ma ke se ices (non-manual componen ). Flexibili y o labou o ces – exp essed based on he highes le el o lexibili y (deg ee o en ep eneu ship). Road and ailway quali y – weigh ed assessmen o he le el o connec ion o egions o mo o ways and oads o 1s class and signi ican ailways. In o ma ion and communica ion echnology – pe cep ion o compu e li e acy o inhabi an s based on da a abou he a e o PC a ailabili y and he dynamics o i s de elopmen . P oximi y o in e na ional ai po – loca ion o ai po s and hei accessibili y wi hin he limi s o dis ance. En ep eneu ial and knowledge base – he numbe o indus ial zones, science pa ks, business incuba o s, uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u ions wi hin a egion (including assessmen o quali y). Assis ance o public adminis a ion – assessmen o quali y o e i o ial adminis a ion om he pe spec i e o he suppo o de elopmen o business ac i i ies. Real es a e p ice – agg ega ed da a abou a e age p ices o lands in indus ial zones and a e age p ices o ne annual en o o ices. P ice o labou – agg ega ed da a abou a e age g oss wages in indus y and ma ke se ices. U ban and na u al a ac i eness – agg ega ed exp ession o a ac i eness wi hin he con ex o a egion’s signi icance o ou ism. En i onmen al quali y – agg ega ed exp ession based on da a abou ai quali y mainly. bRa io B/A – ▲highe weigh o B, ●●balanced weigh s, ▼ lowe weigh o B. Sou ce: Au ho s’ esea ch. EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 8 Economics 94, XVII, 2014 As ega ds he egional le el, excep o he speci ic P ague egion, he di e ences among egions a e no e y conside able – he BEQ alues ange om +11 o -10% om he weigh ed a e age o hese egions. The e o e, we ha e eached a s a egically impo an conclusion ha he issue o dispa i ies p e- dominan ly conce ns he ela ion be ween P ague, o P ague oge he wi h he S fiedo- ãesk˘ egion (in he case o his “na u al” egion, he combined BEQ alue would be a ound 1.90), and emaining egions. Tha is why he di e ences be ween de elopmen poles seem o be mo e impo an (ga eway e ec ). I should also be added ha he BEQ alue changes assessed using weigh s A be ween he examined pe iods 2001/2002 and 2006/2008 anged only wi hin +5% o P ague and -6% o he Olomouck˘ egion. The spa ial dis ibu ion o BEQ alues displays he ollowing egu- la i ies o basic endencies: mac o egional le el – de e io a ion o egional BEQ alues in he di ec ion om he wes o he eas ( his co esponds o asimila endency o GDP pe capi a, which is obse ed in all coun ies o he Viseg ád G oup: Czech Republic, Slo akia, Poland, Hunga y);  egional le el – de e io a ion o mic o egional BEQ alues in he di ec ion o egional bounda ies in he sense o co e- pe iphe y heo ies (selec i ely modi ied by he his o ical de elopmen o u baniza ion); mac o egional and egional le els – c ea ion o a sys em o de elopmen axes o na ional and egional signi icance wi h compa a i ely highe BEQ in ela ion o he di usion o posi i e e ec s (including he s imula ion o business clus e s c ea ion), induced by de elopmen poles. The lis ed egula i ies e lec gene al p inciples o spa ial o ganiza ion o social Tab. 2: Agg ega e BEQ alues aValues o 2007. bP ague is sea o he egional o ice. cThe alue is ela ed o M. Bolesla . Sou ce: Au ho s’ esea ch, Czech S a is ical O ice. EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 9 Ekonomie 10 2014, XVII, 4 sys ems, which ha e a logical consequence in he o m o dispa i ies in egional de elopmen . Reduc ion o hese dispa i ies is he main aim o a adi ional egional policy. I is necessa y o ha e a e i ied me hodology o a co ec iden- i ica ion o dispa i ies (in he p ac ice in ui i e o unila e ally o ien ed me hods p e ail). The esul s ob ained allow us o accep he ollowing conclusion: e i o ial dispa i ies in egional de elopmen can be di ided in o he “inhe i ed” ones, ha is dispa i ies de e mined by he hie a - chical posi ion o egions – hei egula ion would be con a y o he s ong ine ia o hie a chical s uc u es and he e o e ine icien – and “c ea ed” ones, ha is dispa i ies de e mined by he cha ac e o economic de elopmen o egions – hei egula ion is conside ed a socially jus i iable applica ion o he solida i y p inciple [29]. Fig. 1: Regional business en i onmen quali y (BEQ) acco ding o he MEC egions The common explana ion amewo k o he ollowing model componen s i.e. IPC and UHR is o med by p ocesses o egions’ adap a ion o global and egional endencies in he de elopmen o economy, whose key ac o s a e he abili y o c ea e inno a ion and main ain employmen . Bo h he componen s a e cha ac e ized by s ong linea and nonlinea links o he de elopmen o he en ep eneu ial sec o in he sys em con ex o i s s uc u al adap a ion. Due o ce ain oubles wi h a ailabili y o egional da a, he me hodological app oach based on selec ed indica o s o ex- plo ed p ocesses was chosen o he in e p e- a ion o hese componen s. The egional e alua ion o IPC componen is based on eigh ep esen a i e indica o s (mainly ela ed o he sha e o inno a ion companies and ypes o inno a ion ac i i ies, u he o expendi u es and employmen a e in he ield o R&D, and also he space dis ibu ion o he mos signi ican inno a ion companies) and UHR componen on i e ep esen a i e indica o s (mainly mic o egional se ies o unemploymen and acancy indica o s and economic sensi i i y indica o s). Howe e , i is necessa y o no e ha a numbe o ex e nal ac o s a ec ing he de elopmen o bo h o hese componen s a e al eady comp ised wi hin BEQ ac o s. Sou ce: Au ho ’s esea ch. EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 10 Economics 114, XVII, 2014 The essen ial signi icance o he IPC componen ollows om he ac ha he c ea ion, adop ion and ans e o inno a ion a e gene ally conside ed, oge he wi h he de elopmen o science and esea ch, he main p ocesses a ec ing he exis en and mainly he u u e compe i i eness o egions and he co esponding indica o s p o ide basic in o - ma ion on he de elopmen o knowledge economy. F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, we ha e o no e ha he c ea ion o inno a ion dis up s he p ocess o au oma ic balancing o he ma ke which is one o basic pos ula es o he neoclassical heo y. To e alua e he componen we used he ollowing in o ma ion sou ces: su ey o he Czech S a is ical O ice on inno a ions in he en ep eneu ial sec o in 2004–2006 – abou 8,500 companies included [5], su ey on science and esea ch in 2004–2006 [4] – all companies pe o ming R&D included, and ou own su ey based on he da abase o he Associa ion o Inno a i e En ep eneu ship and annual epo s o companies, wi h da a ha monized as o he end o 2007 – abou 1,500 companies included. The ad an age o su eys on inno a ions is hei s anda diza ion wi hin he en i e EU by means o he ha monized CIS ques ionnai e. The disad an ages include adeg ee o subjec i i y, and in he case o he Czech Republic also he ac ha he su ey om 2004–2006 is he las one by now which p o ides in o ma ion up o he le el o NUTS 3 egions. A s a egically impo an inding is he ac ha in con as o non-inno a i e companies, echnically inno a i e ones pene a e in e na- ional ma ke s much mo e easily ( he co espon- ding a io a in e na ional, na ional and egional ma ke s was 0.5 : 1 : 0.6 o he o me in con as o 0.3 : 0.8 : 1 o he la e ), and inno a ion capabili ies inc ease wi h he size o companies and hei in e na ionaliza ion. I ollows he domina ing o ien a ion o Czech companies owa ds inno a ions o lowe le els, as p o ed by he ac ha only a hi d o expendi u es on echnical inno a ions go o R&D ( he p opo ion o echnologically demanding Tab. 3: Selec ed indica o s o IPC aTNE – o al numbe o employees. Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice. 20.3 23.4 17.9 20.7 18.3 20.8 18.9 22.2 14.0 17.1 16.6 20.5 17.1 24.3 17.2 21.3 20.0 19.2 13.7 19.3 21.9 23.3 17.4 23.7 21.1 25.3 15.2 20.0 18.5 21.9 EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 11 Ekonomie 12 2014, XVII, 4 indus y and se ices in he Czech Republic is abou 20%). This is also connec ed o a ela i ely low le el o he exe ion o in ellec ual p ope y igh s – howe e , using he indica o o he numbe o pa en s pe capi a o a egional compa ison o Viseg ád coun ies is dispu able as mos ansna ional co po a ions (TNC) ile pa en s in he place o hei headqua e s, no in he place whe e he in en ion was made. Acco ding o he e alua ion esul s (see Tab. 3), he highes deg ee o he componen is eached by P ague, ollowed by he S fiedo- ãesk˘ egion and he Jihomo a sk˘ egion – his is also e lec ed by hei high mig a ion a ac i eness o college g adua es. A he o he end o he scale, he e a e he Ka lo- a sk˘, Ús eck˘ and Vysoãina egions. Fu he analyses p o e ha he mos signi ican inno a ion cen es wi h mo e han i e housand employees in localised inno a i e companies a e agglome a ions o egional capi als (excep o â. Budûjo ice, Ús í n. L., H. K álo é and K. Va y, which belongs o he second g oup). The analyses ha e also iden i ied inno a ion zones o ganized in bands; wo ou o he ou mos signi ican zones a e loca ed in egions wi h awo se BEQ. I is also a ac e i ied in p ac ice ha in small mic o egions indus ial inno a i e companies a e he mo e impo an bea e s o knowledge capi al. Al hough an abo e-a e age le el o BEQ is associa ed wi h a highe compe i ion o cing companies o implemen echnical and non echnical inno a ions wi h posi i e e ec s on compe i i eness, i s ela ions o he IPC componen s a he egional le el a e no comple ely s aigh o wa d – a s ong co ela ion o IPC wi h BEQ (and also GDP) was ound especially o he indica o o p opo ion o employees in R&D in he o al numbe o employees. Howe e , a mic o egional le el we con i med an ob ious dependence be ween he BEQ and he p esence o la ge inno a i e companies. The signi icance o he UHR componen mainly ollows om he socially sensi i e issue o unemploymen , whose solu ion is conside ed an impo an pa o he solida i y p inciple applica ion. The e o e, he selec ed UHR indica o s can be unde s ood as indica o s o social impac s o egional economic adap a ion p ocesses. The mos accu a e exp ession o his adap a ion is he de elopmen o unemploymen a e, which in ela ion o c ea ion o new jobs in e p e s he inal esul o egional in e ac ions be ween demand and supply a labou ma ke s. To e alua e his componen , he ollowing main in o ma ion sou ces we e used: he egis e ed unemploymen a e and he numbe o acancies ound by he labou o ices (pe iod 2005–2010), u he he p opo ion o so-called economically sensi i e ields in he employmen as o 2005. This is a modi ied se o ields su e ing om s ong compe i ion o long- e m s agna ion in he en i e EU [6], mainly ex ile, me allu gical and ood indus y, selec ed b anches o chemical and enginee ing indus ies and mining ( he egula ed sec o o se ices ocus on local demand mainly – in he Czech Republic he p opo ion o local consump ion is o e 90%, whe eas in he case o manu ac u ing indus y i is sligh ly o e 35%). Analyses showed a high dependence be ween he unemploymen a e and he le el o economic sensi i i y as a de e mining ac o o s uc u al unemploymen . The highes a e o unemploymen pe sis s in egions wi h he highes p opo ion o sensi i e indus ies – he Ús eck˘, Mo a skoslezsk˘, Olomouck˘ and Ka lo a sk˘ egions. A he o he end o he scale he e is P ague oge he wi h he S fiedoãesk˘, PlzeÀsk˘, Jihoãesk˘ and K álo éh adeck˘ egions. Howe e , he ac ha a e he beginning o he ecession a he end o he moni o ed pe iod he s uc u ally mos a ec ed egions mani es ed he lowes ise in unemploymen a e indica es ha he ime o excessi e employmen a e in companies ope a ing in sensi i e ields is o e . A he mic o egional le el, a signi ican ela ionship was e ealed be ween unemploymen a es and de ia ions o he BEQ om heo e ically applicable alues de i ed om a powe eg ession cu e (see Fig. 2). This ela ionship documen s he essen ial ole o mic o egions in he o ma ion o labou ma ke s. A high unemploymen a e signals a dec ease in UHR, which is usually connec ed wi h selec i e emig a ion o popula ion. This p ocess, which should heo e ically p o ide balance a labou ma ke s oge he wi h capi al mig a ion, is in he p ac ice limi ed by a numbe o ac o s, mos impo an ly he di e ences in p ices o la s (e.g. a e age p ices in he mos a ac i e egion o wo k – P ague – a e cu en ly 5 imes highe han in he leas a ac i e Ús eck˘ egion). As ega ds suppo o he de elopmen o EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 12 Economics 194, XVII, 2014 Abs ac INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS OF REGIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON AN EXAMPLE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC Milan Vi u ka The aim o his pape is o in oduce a new model o he e alua ion o de elopmen po en ials o egions, including me hodology, applica ion and concep ualiza ion o he ob ained in o ma ion. The main componen s o his model a e he business en i onmen quali y, inno a ion po en ial o companies and use o human esou ces, in e p e ed using ele an ac o s o indica o s. The model has been applied o he e alua ion o Czech egions – 205 adminis a i e dis ic s (mic o egional le el) and 14 NUTS 3 egions (meso egional le el). In o ma ion capaci y o he model has been p o ed by he con i ma ion o he hypo heses assuming s ong ela ionships among business en i onmen quali y and egional GDP and popula ion size o egions. A syn hesis allowed us o de ine he main egula i ies, e alua e he compe i i e posi ions o egions and c ea e he spa ial model o he economic de elopmen o he Czech Republic. Special a en ion has been gi en o he unique me hod o he iden i ica ion o e i o ial sys ems o poles and axes o de elopmen and u he o he hie a chy o in eg a ion p ocesses (using he p o ile in e ac ion me hod). Subsequen ly, we concep ualized he esul s om he pe spec i e o egional policy c ea ion using he me hod o de elopmen scena ios. This allows o a lexible op imiza ion o he main p io i ies and ools o a egional policy ( egions a e de ined and e i o ially speci ied by means o lexible se s o ele an measu es). F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, we ex end he knowledge abou he p ocesses o pola iza ion and in eg a ion as key mani es a ions o he p inciples o de elopmen al and hie a chical di e en ia ion o socie y in he condi ions o inc easing globalisa ion. Key Wo ds: Regional de elopmen , business en i onmen , inno a ion po en ial, human esou ces, compe i i eness. JEL Classi ica ion: R12, R15, R58. DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2014-4-001 EM_04_14_zlom 1.12.2014 11:12 S ánka 19