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ACC JOURNAL 2021, Volume 27, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2021-2-010
TOURISM IN THE MORAVIAN KARST
Jiří Vaníček
P ague Uni e si y o Economics and Business, Facul y o In e na ional Rela ions,
Depa men o Tou ism,
W. Chu chill sq 1938/4., 130 67 P ague 3 – Žižko , Czech Republic
e-mail: ji i. anicek@ se.cz
Abs ac
The a icle ocuses on sus ainable ou ism in he p o ec ed landscape a ea o he Mo a ian
Ka s . Pa icipan s in he esea ch included municipali ies, s akeholde s in he ield o ou ism,
esiden s, and isi o s. The Mo a ian Ka s (CHKO) is an example o a p ese ed landscape
a ea ha managed o combine en i onmen al p o ec ion and ou ism. Visi s o ca es p e ail;
howe e , isi o s do no limi hei ac i i ies o his ype o ou is a ac ion. They also isi
o he na u al as well as cul u al sigh s. Mos municipali ies hink ha he exis ence o he
Mo a ian Ka s CHKO posi i ely in luences he de elopmen o ou ism. They app ecia e
new jobs and he in low o inance om he egional budge .
Keywo ds
P o ec ed landscape a ea; Sus ainable ou ism; Mo a ian Ka s ; Visi o ; Residen .
In oduc ion
The in e na ional communi y ecognized he u gency o en i onmen al p o ec ion a he UN
Con e ence on he En i onmen in S ockholm in 1972. Pa icipan s a he con e ence poin ed
ou ha he Ea h is endange ed by people hemsel es. The con e ence signi ican ly
in luenced he o ma ion o he wo ldwide en i onmen al p o ec ion policy. [4]
In 1983 he Wo ld Commi ee o he En i onmen and De elopmen was es ablished. The
commi ee was he i s one o o e a de ini ion o sus ainable de elopmen in a pape called
“Ou Sha ed Fu u e” in 1987. Sus ainable de elopmen is de ined as ollows: “Sus ainable
de elopmen is such ha ul ils he needs o he p esen gene a ion wi hou endange ing he
abili y o u u e gene a ions o ul il hei needs”
One o he key ac o s o he ou ism indus y o succeed in all a eas, including u al and
p o ec ed a eas, is he suppo o a local communi y [2], [3]. Changes in esiden s’ a i udes
a e impo an since hey p o ided a way ha planne s and ou ism p ac i ione s should ollow
in o de o achie e an adequa e le el o communi y ou ism de elopmen and planning. This
adequa e le el was connec ed wi h sa is ied quali y o li e, inc eased oppo uni ies o new
jobs, educed cos s o li ing [5]. A ew s udies unde lined ha esiden s’ sense o well-being
and hei sus enance o ou ism de elopmen we e connec ed wi h how he ou comes o
ou ism we e e alua ed by he membe s o a communi y [1]. This means ha i esiden s
pe cei e a posi i e bene i -cos a io, i is mo e likely ha hey will suppo ou ism and ake
ac i e oles in ou ism ac i i ies [8]. Economic bene i s om ou ism, like employmen and
economic gain, we e used as indica o s o examine communi y a achmen , esiden s’ quali y
o and sa is ac ion wi h li e, and a i udes owa ds ou ism. Al hough economic bene i s we e
a signi ican p edic o , a combina ion o ac o s, such as social, emo ional, and economic,
pe o med be e in analyzing how esiden s’ pe cei ed alues in luence he quali y o li e,
hei sa is ac ion wi h li e, and suppo o u he ou ism de elopmen [7], [12]. Acco ding
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o Sweene and Sou a [9], impo an aspec s o ou ism de elopmen we e also hose
in angible alues ha can be de i ed om place a achmen o pe sonal bene i s. Since
communi ies may ha e di e en adi ions, cul u es and na u al esou ces, esiden s’ le el o
suppo and a i udes owa ds ou ism de elopmen and pe cei ed quali y o li e may depend
on he na u e o a des ina ion. The e m ‘sus ainable de elopmen ’ has been used since he
1960s.
The indus ializa ion e a which s a ed in Czechoslo akia a e WWII in luenced he
en i onmen signi ican ly. A o me ly u al coun y became an indus ial one. This change
esul ed in a signi ican inc ease in pollu ion due o he cons uc ion o powe plan s, chemical
ac o ies and aw ma e ial mines. A e he Vel e Re olu ion in 1989, he Minis y o he
En i onmen and he Czech En i onmen al Inspec ion we e es ablished. Soon a e ha , he
pa liamen passed signi ican laws o p o ec a ious aspec s o he en i onmen . [13]
To main ain sus ainabili y, i is c ucial o ha monize economic in e es s and en i onmen al
needs and o balance echnological p og ess and en i onmen al limi s. I means ha
sus ainable de elopmen es s on h ee basic pilla s: he economic, he social and he
en i onmen al ones. [6]
Tou ism in p o ec ed landscape a eas is a speci ic p oblem. A p o ec ed landscape a ea is a
gene al e m e e ing o a e i o y which is unique o e y signi ican due o i s na u al,
aes he ic and cul u al alue whe e he scope o quali a i e o quan i a i e es ic ions o
an h opogenic ac i i ies di e s.
A p o ec ed landscape a ea (he eina e e e ed o as he CHKO) is he second highes le el
o en i onmen al p o ec ion, p eceded only by he s a us o na ional pa ks. La ge a eas wi h
ha monically shaped landscape, speci ic elie , a signi ican sha e o na u al eco-sys ems o
o es and pe manen g ass ege a ion, wi h plen i ul woody plan s and some imes also wi h
ex an aces o his o ic se lemen s can be decla ed p o ec ed landscape a eas. These a eas a e
economically used in ha mony wi h ules applicable o he speci ic p o ec ion zone wi h he
aim o main ain and imp o e hei na u al s a e and o e ain and c ea e he bes ecological
unc ions o he e i o y. The u iliza ion o such a eas o ec ea ional pu poses is admissible
i i does no damage he na u al alues o he p o ec ed landscape a eas. A CHKO, i s ole
and speci ic p o ec ion e ms and condi ions a e decla ed by means o a go e nmen dec ee.
Nowadays, he e a e 25 CHKOs in he Czech Republic ( he Beskydy Moun ains, he Bílé
Ka pa y Moun ains, Blaník Hill, he Blanský Les Region, he B oumo Region, he České
S ředohoří Highlands, he Bohemian Ka s , he Český Les Moun ains, he Český Ráj Region,
he Jeseníky Moun ains, he Jize ské Moun ains, he Kokořín Region, he Kři oklá Region,
he Elbe Sands one Rocks, he Li o elské Pomo a í Region, he Lužické Moun ains, he
Mo a ian Ka s , he O lické Moun ains, he Pála a Region, he Od a Ri e Region, he
Sla ko ský Les Moun ains, he Šuma a Moun ains, he Třeboň Region, he Žďá ské
Highlands, he Železné Moun ains).
Eco ou ism is conside ed an impo an sus ainable de elopmen ool because i is “ esponsible
a el o na u al a eas ha conse es he en i onmen and imp o es he well-being o local
people” (de ini ion o eco ou ism by The In e na ional Eco ou ism Socie y in 1990 – Uni ed
Na ions En i onmen P og am, 2002). In ac , eco ou ism no only b ings economic bene i s
o local communi ies such as inc easing local employmen and income bu also makes ou is s
“mo e awa e o na u e and mo e suppo i e o i s conse a ion ia changes in hei pe sonal
beha iou , g ea e poli ical suppo and la ge inancial con ibu ions o such conse a ion”.
[10,11] Thus, many coun ies ha e p omo ed eco ou ism o na ional pa ks and p o ec ed
a eas.
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F om he poin o iew o ou ism, he adhe ence o he ollowing bans and ules is impo an
in p o ec ed landscape a eas: no camping and making a i e ou side loca ions app o ed by an
en i onmen al p o ec ion body, no a i al and s ay o mo o ehicles and ca a ans ou side
oads and local s ee s and si es app o ed by an en i onmen al p o ec ion body, no biking
compe i ions ou side oads, local s ee s and si es app o ed by compe en bodies.
1 Me hods o Resea ch
The su ey ook place in Oc obe and No embe 2019 and in Ma ch 2020. The su ey was
pa ly pe o med by s uden s o ou ism a he Uni e si y o Economics and Business as a pa
o hei bachelo hesis polls. The objec i e o he su ey was o iden i y he ex en o
awa eness o sus ainable ou ism, he posi i es and/o nega i es he CHKO s a us b ings o a
egion, and o disco e he opinion on he quali y o he en i onmen and he scope o
pa icipa ion in i s p o ec ion. Rep esen a i es o municipali ies showed he lowes
willingness o pa icipa e in he su ey; only 6 ou o 26 municipali ies pa icipa ed in he
su ey. As ega ds s akeholde s, hei pa icipa ion was mo e ex ensi e when 46 en i ies ook
pa . The highes numbe o esponden s came om owne s o ca e ing and accommoda ion
acili ies (41 and 37%); in addi ion o he a o emen ioned, he e we e 18% o ope a o s o
ou is sigh s, 10% o p oduce s o egional p oduc s and 9% o esponden s we e employees
o in o ma ion cen es. Residen s o he egion and isi o s o he egion we e app oached
pe sonally and he p inciple o quo a sampling was used o choose he esponden s. Abo e all,
isi o s we e add essed in di e en places and on di e en days o he week. As o people
esiding on he e i o y o he CHKO, we managed o add ess 150 esponden s. This g oup
included all age ca ego ies and an equal sha e o men and women. Tou is s a i ing in he
a ea we e in e iewed in pe son. They we e in en ionally add essed a a ious loca ions o he
CHKO and on a ious days o he week. A o al o 166 esponden s pa icipa ed in he su ey.
2 Resul s and Discussion
The exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO is pe cei ed posi i ely by 5 ou o 6
municipali ies. In hei opinion, ou ism con ibu es o he economic de elopmen o he
egion. I c ea es jobs o local people. Howe e , on he o he hand, ou ism ad e sely
in luences he en i onmen and local people. The e is hea y a ic in he egion which
de e io a es he local oads and equi es mo e money o hei main enance. Residen s migh
conside he high numbe o ou is s dis u bing a he han use ul. Municipali ies app ecia e
he help ul coope a ion unde he Associa ion o he De elopmen o Ru al A eas in he
Mo a ian Ka s and ac i i ies o local ac ion g oups. Municipali ies unde s and sus ainable
ou ism as ou ism wi h a maximum educ ion o ad e se ea u es, espec o he en i onmen
and balanced de elopmen ha akes he en i onmen al p o ec ion, bene i s o he socie y
and s able economic g ow h in o conside a ion wi hou emphasizing p o i maximiza ion.
56% o esponden s ope a ing in business know he e m sus ainable ou ism. Businessmen
usually hink ha sus ainable ou ism will be gen le o he local landscape, ensu e he
dis ibu ion o isi o s o a ious places wi hin he egion and e ain sou ces o u u e
gene a ions. I is ou ism ha is sus ainable on a long- e m basis (which means non-
des uc i e) as ega ds he impac on he landscape, local economy, and communi y. O he
ou is sigh s should be p omo ed o p e en he concen a ion o ou is s in 2 o 3 places
wi hin he Mo a ian Ka s . I should be based on local sou ces in ha mony wi h na u e. The
se ices should be su icien ly a ac i e bu a he same ime, hei u iliza ion should no
in e e e wi h na u e much. No all businesses pa icipa e in he p ocess o en i onmen al
p o ec ion. Howe e , mos o hem p o ec he en i onmen in a ce ain way, mos equen ly
by minimizing was e, ecycling i and epea edly using a ious hings, such as dishes. They
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also educa e hei employees and pa icipa e in olun a y e en s du ing which he Mo a ian
Ka s is cleaned.
As o he su ey among Mo a ian Ka s ci izens, he majo i y o esponden s (73%) a e
in e es ed in he issue o en i onmen al p o ec ion o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO. Only 19%
o esiden s a e in e es ed in he de elopmen o ou ism in he CHKO. 71% o esponden s
di ec ly mee ou is s and hei a i ude owa ds hem is mos ly posi i e (89%). 80% o
esiden s hink ha he exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO posi i ely in luences he
de elopmen o ou ism in he des ina ion. Wha hey see as he bene i o ou ism o he
egion is shown in Figu e 1. Signi ican sigh s in he e i o y a e mo e ca e ully p o ec ed due
o ou ism, which esul s in a highe ex en o en i onmen al p o ec ion. Mo eo e , local
people can imp o e hei economic si ua ion since ou ism is a ield which p o ides and
c ea es new jobs whe e local people a e employed. Howe e , ou ism has a nega i e impac as
well. Nega i e ea u es include hea y a ic and ela ed ai pollu ion. Tou ism migh also
dis u b he li es o local people and induce addi ional cos s. Mos ci izens pa icipa e in
en i onmen al p o ec ion, mos ly by minimizing and ecycling was e. Residen s also e ain
ainwa e and use i o ake ca e o hei ga dens.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey
Fig. 1: The con ibu ion o ou ism o he CHKO Mo a ian Ka s
Reasons o isi he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO a e lis ed in Figu e 2 whe e add essed isi o s
we e allowed o gi e 3 easons a he mos . Fi y pe cen o esponden s isi ed one o he
ca es; one- hi d o esponden s (who usually s ay o se e al days) expec hei s ay o gi e
hem an oppo uni y o elax. One- i h o ou is s isi ed cul u al sigh s and one-qua e o
hem hiked o ode bikes.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey
Fig. 2: Reasons o isi he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO
17%
19%
26%
29%
33%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Helps p o ec he en i onmen
I inc eases he li ing s anda ds o he popula ion
I con ibu es o he p o ec ion o cul u al he i age
Reduces unemploymen
C ea es job oppo uni ies
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The sou ces o in o ma ion be o e isi ing he Mo a ian Ka s included mos equen ly: he
ou is s’ own expe ience, a ecommenda ion om amily membe s o iends, and in e ne and
media (Figu e 3). E e y en h ou is isi ed a ou is in o ma ion cen e.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey
Fig. 3: Sou ces o in o ma ion be o e he isi
Why pe sonal expe ience is he mos common sou ce o in o ma ion ollows om Figu e 4,
because 57% o isi o s ha e al eady isi ed he egion. Th ee-qua e s o isi o s came by
ca . In he isi o s’ opinion, he CHKO is no o e illed wi h ou is s. The en i onmen is well
p ese ed (72%). Only one- hi d o isi o s a e amilia wi h he e m sus ainable ou ism and
can de ine i . 80% o esponden s we e sa is ied wi h hei isi o he CHKO. 20% o hem
we e sa is ied pa ly.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey
Fig. 4: How o en do you come he e?
Conclusion
The Mo a ian Ka s is an example o a p ese ed landscape a ea ha managed o combine
en i onmen al p o ec ion and ou ism. Visi s o ca es p e ail; howe e , isi o s do no limi
hei ac i i ies o his ype o ou is a ac ion. They also isi o he na u al as well as cul u al
sigh s.
One o he objec i es o he ques ionnai e su ey was o ind ou om all g oups o
esponden s wha sus ainable ou ism is in hei unde s anding. Sus ainable ou ism is highly
impo an in p o ec ed landscape a eas. Mos ep esen a i es o municipal go e nmen s knew
his e m. 56% o businessmen and only 37 % o local ci izens and 34% o isi o s we e
amilia wi h sus ainable ou ism. I is appa en ha he e is a lo o space o educa ion and
in o ma ion sha ing in his ield.
Mos municipali ies hink ha he exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s posi i ely in luences he
de elopmen o ou ism. They app ecia e new jobs and he in low o inance om he egional
budge . They esen he hea y a ic which esul s om ou ism.
S akeholde s, especially owne s o accommoda ion acili ies, conside ou ism e y good.
Mos acili ies a e eady o accommoda e handicapped isi o s as well. The esponden s hink
11%
28%
28%
33%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
In ocen es
In e ne and media
Recommenda ion o amily and iends
Own expe ience
4%
12%
41%
43%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Once a yea
Se e al imes a yea
Once e e y ew yea s
I 's my i s ime he e

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ha hey con ibu e o sus ainable ou ism by hei e o o minimize was e and o s ic ly so
ou e use ha can be ecycled subsequen ly. S akeholde s would app ecia e g ea e suppo o
ou ism by egional au ho i ies and municipali ies and be e p omo ion o o he ou is sigh s
so ha ou ism is no concen a ed on se e al mos amous sigh s only.
Two- hi ds o local ci izens add essed du ing he su ey showed in e es in en i onmen al
p o ec ion. The esponden s hink ha he CHKO as a whole is no p omo ed su icien ly, and
a en ion should be ocused on o he places as well, no jus ca es. Thei opinion is iden ical
wi h businessmen’s opinion in his aspec . They show a posi i e a i ude o ou is s and
conside he c ea ion o new job acancies and educ ion o unemploymen he g ea es
bene i o ou ism in hei egion. Hea y a ic is a ea u e ha hey esen .
The ques ionnai e su ey showed ha he e i o y a ac s new isi o s, bu people also like o
e u n o he egion. The numbe o isi o s is no pe cei ed o be high and he en i onmen in
he egion is conside ed o good quali y. The su ey pe o med among isi o s showed ha
86% o hem spen one day in he egion. Almos all o hem we e sa is ied wi h he quali y o
se ices. Some o hem would app ecia e he imp o emen in he ield o ca e ing and
pa king.
Li e a u e
[1] ANDERECK, K. L.; VALENTINE, K. M.; KNOPF, R. C.; VOGT, Ch. A.: Residen s’
Pe cep ions o Communi y Tou ism Impac s. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch. 2005,
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[2] DAVIS, J. S.; MORAIS, D. B.: F ac ion and Encla es: Small Towns and Socially
Unsus ainable Tou ism De elopmen . Jou nal o T a el Resea ch. 2004, Vol. 43,
Issue 1, pp. 3–10. DOI: 10.1177/0047287504265501
[3] GURSOY, D.; RUTHERFORD, D. G.: Hos A i udes owa d Tou ism: An Imp o ed
S uc u al Model. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch. 2004, Vol. 31, Issue 3, pp. 495–516.
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[4] MOLDAN, B.: Podmaněná plane a. Ka olinum, P ague, 2009. ISBN 978-80-246-1580-
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[5] NUNKOO, R.; RAMKISSOON, H.: Small Island U ban Tou ism: A Residen s’
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[6] POLÁŠKOVÁ, A.: Ú od do ekologie a och any ži o ního p os ředí. Ka olinum,
P ague, 2011. ISBN 978-80-246-1927-9.
[7] RAMSEOOK-MUNHURRUN, P.; NAIDOO, P.: Residen s’ A i udes owa d
Pe cei ed Tou ism Bene i s. In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen and Ma ke ing
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[8] SCAGLIONE, A.; MENDOLA, D.: Measu ing he Pe cei ed Value o Ru al Tou ism:
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[10] TISDELL, C. A.: Economic Aspec s o Eco ou ism: Wildli e-based Tou ism and I s
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[11] TISDELL, C. A.; WILSON, C.: Economic, Educa ional and Conse a ion Bene i s o
Sea Tu le Based Eco ou ism: A S udy ocused on Mon Repos. CRC o Sus ainable
Tou ism. Gold Coas Campus: G i i h Uni e si y. 2002. ISBN 1-876685-15-8.
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h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/45937393_Economic_Educa ional_and_Cons
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[12] WOO, E.; KIM, H.; UYSAL, M. (2015). Li e Sa is ac ion and Suppo o Tou ism
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[13] ZÁVODNÁ, L. S.: Ud ži elný ces o ní uch: p incipy, ce i ikace a měření. Uni e zi a
Palackého Olomouci, Olomouc, 2015. ISBN 978-80-244-4576-2.
doc. RND . Jiří Vaníček, CSc.
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CESTOVNÍ RUCH V MORAVSKÉM KRASU
Článek se zaměřuje na ud ži elný ces o ní uch ch áněné k ajinné oblas i Mo a ský k as.
Mezi účas níky ýzkumu pa řily obce, zúčas něné s any oblas i ces o ního uchu,
oby a elé a ná š ě níci. Mo a ský k as (CHKO) je příkladem zacho alé k ajinné oblas i,
k e á dokázala skloubi och anu ži o ního p os ředí a ces o ní uch. Pře ažují ná š ě y
jeskyní; ná š ě níci šak s é ak i i y neomezují pouze na en o yp u is ické a akce.
Na š ě ují aké další pří odní i kul u ní pamá ky. Vě šina obcí si myslí, že exis ence CHKO
Mo a ský k as pozi i ně o li ňuje oz oj ces o ního uchu. Oceňují no á p aco ní mís a
a příli inancí z egionálního ozpoč u.
TOURISMUS IM MÄHRISCHEN KARST
De A ikel konzen ie sich au den nachhal igen Tou ismus im Landscha sschu zgebie
Mäh ische Ka s . Zu den Teilnehme n de Un e suchung gehö en Gemeinden und
In e esseng uppen im Be eich Tou ismus, Einwohne und Besuche . De Mäh ische Ka s
(CHKO) is ein Beispiel ü ein Landscha sschu zgebie , dem es gelungen is , Umwel schu z
und Tou ismus mi einande zu e binden. Höhlenbesuche übe wiegen; Besuche besch änken
ih e Ak i i ä en jedoch nich au diese A on Tou is ena ak ion. Sie besuchen auch ande e
na ü liche sowie kul u elle Sehenswü digkei en. Die meis en Gemeinden sind de Meinung,
dass die Exis enz des Mäh ischen Ka s es CHKO die En wicklung des Tou ismus posi i
beein luss . Sie schä zen neue A bei splä ze und den Zu luss on Finanzmi eln aus dem
Regionalhaushal .
TURYSTYKA W MORAWSKIM KRASIE
A ykuł skupia się na z ównoważonej u ys yce w Pa ku K ajob azowym Mo awski K as.
W badaniu wzięły udział gminy, ges o zy u ys yki, mieszkańcy i u yści. Mo awski K as
(Pa k K ajob azowy) jes p zykładem zachowanego obsza u k ajob azowego, k ó emu udało
się połączyć och onę ś odowiska i u ys ykę. P zeważają wizy y w jaskiniach, jednak u yści
nie og aniczają się do ego ypu a akcji u ys ycznych. Odwiedzają akże inne pomniki
p zy ody i zaby ki kul u y. Większość gmin uważa, że is nienie Pa ku K ajob azowego
Mo awski K as pozy ywnie wpływa na ozwój u ys yki. Doceniają nowe miejsca p acy
i napływ ś odków z budże u egionalnego.