TOURISM IN THE MORAVIAN KARST

113 113 ACC JOURNAL 2021, Volume 27, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2021-2-010 TOURISM IN THE MORAVIAN KARST Jiří Vaníček P ague Uni e si y o Economics and Business, Facul y o In e na ional Rela ions, Depa men o Tou ism, W. Chu chill sq 1938/4., 130 67 P ague 3 – Žižko , Czech Republic e-mail: ji i. anicek@ se.cz Abs ac The a icle ocuses on sus ainable ou ism in he p o ec ed landscape a ea o he Mo a ian Ka s . Pa icipan s in he esea ch included municipali ies, s akeholde s in he ield o ou ism, esiden s, and isi o s. The Mo a ian Ka s (CHKO) is an example o a p ese ed landscape a ea ha managed o combine en i onmen al p o ec ion and ou ism. Visi s o ca es p e ail; howe e , isi o s do no limi hei ac i i ies o his ype o ou is a ac ion. They also isi o he na u al as well as cul u al sigh s. Mos municipali ies hink ha he exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO posi i ely in luences he de elopmen o ou ism. They app ecia e new jobs and he in low o inance om he egional budge . Keywo ds P o ec ed landscape a ea; Sus ainable ou ism; Mo a ian Ka s ; Visi o ; Residen . In oduc ion The in e na ional communi y ecognized he u gency o en i onmen al p o ec ion a he UN Con e ence on he En i onmen in S ockholm in 1972. Pa icipan s a he con e ence poin ed ou ha he Ea h is endange ed by people hemsel es. The con e ence signi ican ly in luenced he o ma ion o he wo ldwide en i onmen al p o ec ion policy. [4] In 1983 he Wo ld Commi ee o he En i onmen and De elopmen was es ablished. The commi ee was he i s one o o e a de ini ion o sus ainable de elopmen in a pape called “Ou Sha ed Fu u e” in 1987. Sus ainable de elopmen is de ined as ollows: “Sus ainable de elopmen is such ha ul ils he needs o he p esen gene a ion wi hou endange ing he abili y o u u e gene a ions o ul il hei needs” One o he key ac o s o he ou ism indus y o succeed in all a eas, including u al and p o ec ed a eas, is he suppo o a local communi y [2], [3]. Changes in esiden s’ a i udes a e impo an since hey p o ided a way ha planne s and ou ism p ac i ione s should ollow in o de o achie e an adequa e le el o communi y ou ism de elopmen and planning. This adequa e le el was connec ed wi h sa is ied quali y o li e, inc eased oppo uni ies o new jobs, educed cos s o li ing [5]. A ew s udies unde lined ha esiden s’ sense o well-being and hei sus enance o ou ism de elopmen we e connec ed wi h how he ou comes o ou ism we e e alua ed by he membe s o a communi y [1]. This means ha i esiden s pe cei e a posi i e bene i -cos a io, i is mo e likely ha hey will suppo ou ism and ake ac i e oles in ou ism ac i i ies [8]. Economic bene i s om ou ism, like employmen and economic gain, we e used as indica o s o examine communi y a achmen , esiden s’ quali y o and sa is ac ion wi h li e, and a i udes owa ds ou ism. Al hough economic bene i s we e a signi ican p edic o , a combina ion o ac o s, such as social, emo ional, and economic, pe o med be e in analyzing how esiden s’ pe cei ed alues in luence he quali y o li e, hei sa is ac ion wi h li e, and suppo o u he ou ism de elopmen [7], [12]. Acco ding 114 114 o Sweene and Sou a [9], impo an aspec s o ou ism de elopmen we e also hose in angible alues ha can be de i ed om place a achmen o pe sonal bene i s. Since communi ies may ha e di e en adi ions, cul u es and na u al esou ces, esiden s’ le el o suppo and a i udes owa ds ou ism de elopmen and pe cei ed quali y o li e may depend on he na u e o a des ina ion. The e m ‘sus ainable de elopmen ’ has been used since he 1960s. The indus ializa ion e a which s a ed in Czechoslo akia a e WWII in luenced he en i onmen signi ican ly. A o me ly u al coun y became an indus ial one. This change esul ed in a signi ican inc ease in pollu ion due o he cons uc ion o powe plan s, chemical ac o ies and aw ma e ial mines. A e he Vel e Re olu ion in 1989, he Minis y o he En i onmen and he Czech En i onmen al Inspec ion we e es ablished. Soon a e ha , he pa liamen passed signi ican laws o p o ec a ious aspec s o he en i onmen . [13] To main ain sus ainabili y, i is c ucial o ha monize economic in e es s and en i onmen al needs and o balance echnological p og ess and en i onmen al limi s. I means ha sus ainable de elopmen es s on h ee basic pilla s: he economic, he social and he en i onmen al ones. [6] Tou ism in p o ec ed landscape a eas is a speci ic p oblem. A p o ec ed landscape a ea is a gene al e m e e ing o a e i o y which is unique o e y signi ican due o i s na u al, aes he ic and cul u al alue whe e he scope o quali a i e o quan i a i e es ic ions o an h opogenic ac i i ies di e s. A p o ec ed landscape a ea (he eina e e e ed o as he CHKO) is he second highes le el o en i onmen al p o ec ion, p eceded only by he s a us o na ional pa ks. La ge a eas wi h ha monically shaped landscape, speci ic elie , a signi ican sha e o na u al eco-sys ems o o es and pe manen g ass ege a ion, wi h plen i ul woody plan s and some imes also wi h ex an aces o his o ic se lemen s can be decla ed p o ec ed landscape a eas. These a eas a e economically used in ha mony wi h ules applicable o he speci ic p o ec ion zone wi h he aim o main ain and imp o e hei na u al s a e and o e ain and c ea e he bes ecological unc ions o he e i o y. The u iliza ion o such a eas o ec ea ional pu poses is admissible i i does no damage he na u al alues o he p o ec ed landscape a eas. A CHKO, i s ole and speci ic p o ec ion e ms and condi ions a e decla ed by means o a go e nmen dec ee. Nowadays, he e a e 25 CHKOs in he Czech Republic ( he Beskydy Moun ains, he Bílé Ka pa y Moun ains, Blaník Hill, he Blanský Les Region, he B oumo Region, he České S ředohoří Highlands, he Bohemian Ka s , he Český Les Moun ains, he Český Ráj Region, he Jeseníky Moun ains, he Jize ské Moun ains, he Kokořín Region, he Kři oklá Region, he Elbe Sands one Rocks, he Li o elské Pomo a í Region, he Lužické Moun ains, he Mo a ian Ka s , he O lické Moun ains, he Pála a Region, he Od a Ri e Region, he Sla ko ský Les Moun ains, he Šuma a Moun ains, he Třeboň Region, he Žďá ské Highlands, he Železné Moun ains). Eco ou ism is conside ed an impo an sus ainable de elopmen ool because i is “ esponsible a el o na u al a eas ha conse es he en i onmen and imp o es he well-being o local people” (de ini ion o eco ou ism by The In e na ional Eco ou ism Socie y in 1990 – Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og am, 2002). In ac , eco ou ism no only b ings economic bene i s o local communi ies such as inc easing local employmen and income bu also makes ou is s “mo e awa e o na u e and mo e suppo i e o i s conse a ion ia changes in hei pe sonal beha iou , g ea e poli ical suppo and la ge inancial con ibu ions o such conse a ion”. [10,11] Thus, many coun ies ha e p omo ed eco ou ism o na ional pa ks and p o ec ed a eas. 115 115 F om he poin o iew o ou ism, he adhe ence o he ollowing bans and ules is impo an in p o ec ed landscape a eas: no camping and making a i e ou side loca ions app o ed by an en i onmen al p o ec ion body, no a i al and s ay o mo o ehicles and ca a ans ou side oads and local s ee s and si es app o ed by an en i onmen al p o ec ion body, no biking compe i ions ou side oads, local s ee s and si es app o ed by compe en bodies. 1 Me hods o Resea ch The su ey ook place in Oc obe and No embe 2019 and in Ma ch 2020. The su ey was pa ly pe o med by s uden s o ou ism a he Uni e si y o Economics and Business as a pa o hei bachelo hesis polls. The objec i e o he su ey was o iden i y he ex en o awa eness o sus ainable ou ism, he posi i es and/o nega i es he CHKO s a us b ings o a egion, and o disco e he opinion on he quali y o he en i onmen and he scope o pa icipa ion in i s p o ec ion. Rep esen a i es o municipali ies showed he lowes willingness o pa icipa e in he su ey; only 6 ou o 26 municipali ies pa icipa ed in he su ey. As ega ds s akeholde s, hei pa icipa ion was mo e ex ensi e when 46 en i ies ook pa . The highes numbe o esponden s came om owne s o ca e ing and accommoda ion acili ies (41 and 37%); in addi ion o he a o emen ioned, he e we e 18% o ope a o s o ou is sigh s, 10% o p oduce s o egional p oduc s and 9% o esponden s we e employees o in o ma ion cen es. Residen s o he egion and isi o s o he egion we e app oached pe sonally and he p inciple o quo a sampling was used o choose he esponden s. Abo e all, isi o s we e add essed in di e en places and on di e en days o he week. As o people esiding on he e i o y o he CHKO, we managed o add ess 150 esponden s. This g oup included all age ca ego ies and an equal sha e o men and women. Tou is s a i ing in he a ea we e in e iewed in pe son. They we e in en ionally add essed a a ious loca ions o he CHKO and on a ious days o he week. A o al o 166 esponden s pa icipa ed in he su ey. 2 Resul s and Discussion The exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO is pe cei ed posi i ely by 5 ou o 6 municipali ies. In hei opinion, ou ism con ibu es o he economic de elopmen o he egion. I c ea es jobs o local people. Howe e , on he o he hand, ou ism ad e sely in luences he en i onmen and local people. The e is hea y a ic in he egion which de e io a es he local oads and equi es mo e money o hei main enance. Residen s migh conside he high numbe o ou is s dis u bing a he han use ul. Municipali ies app ecia e he help ul coope a ion unde he Associa ion o he De elopmen o Ru al A eas in he Mo a ian Ka s and ac i i ies o local ac ion g oups. Municipali ies unde s and sus ainable ou ism as ou ism wi h a maximum educ ion o ad e se ea u es, espec o he en i onmen and balanced de elopmen ha akes he en i onmen al p o ec ion, bene i s o he socie y and s able economic g ow h in o conside a ion wi hou emphasizing p o i maximiza ion. 56% o esponden s ope a ing in business know he e m sus ainable ou ism. Businessmen usually hink ha sus ainable ou ism will be gen le o he local landscape, ensu e he dis ibu ion o isi o s o a ious places wi hin he egion and e ain sou ces o u u e gene a ions. I is ou ism ha is sus ainable on a long- e m basis (which means non- des uc i e) as ega ds he impac on he landscape, local economy, and communi y. O he ou is sigh s should be p omo ed o p e en he concen a ion o ou is s in 2 o 3 places wi hin he Mo a ian Ka s . I should be based on local sou ces in ha mony wi h na u e. The se ices should be su icien ly a ac i e bu a he same ime, hei u iliza ion should no in e e e wi h na u e much. No all businesses pa icipa e in he p ocess o en i onmen al p o ec ion. Howe e , mos o hem p o ec he en i onmen in a ce ain way, mos equen ly by minimizing was e, ecycling i and epea edly using a ious hings, such as dishes. They 116 116 also educa e hei employees and pa icipa e in olun a y e en s du ing which he Mo a ian Ka s is cleaned. As o he su ey among Mo a ian Ka s ci izens, he majo i y o esponden s (73%) a e in e es ed in he issue o en i onmen al p o ec ion o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO. Only 19% o esiden s a e in e es ed in he de elopmen o ou ism in he CHKO. 71% o esponden s di ec ly mee ou is s and hei a i ude owa ds hem is mos ly posi i e (89%). 80% o esiden s hink ha he exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO posi i ely in luences he de elopmen o ou ism in he des ina ion. Wha hey see as he bene i o ou ism o he egion is shown in Figu e 1. Signi ican sigh s in he e i o y a e mo e ca e ully p o ec ed due o ou ism, which esul s in a highe ex en o en i onmen al p o ec ion. Mo eo e , local people can imp o e hei economic si ua ion since ou ism is a ield which p o ides and c ea es new jobs whe e local people a e employed. Howe e , ou ism has a nega i e impac as well. Nega i e ea u es include hea y a ic and ela ed ai pollu ion. Tou ism migh also dis u b he li es o local people and induce addi ional cos s. Mos ci izens pa icipa e in en i onmen al p o ec ion, mos ly by minimizing and ecycling was e. Residen s also e ain ainwa e and use i o ake ca e o hei ga dens. Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey Fig. 1: The con ibu ion o ou ism o he CHKO Mo a ian Ka s Reasons o isi he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO a e lis ed in Figu e 2 whe e add essed isi o s we e allowed o gi e 3 easons a he mos . Fi y pe cen o esponden s isi ed one o he ca es; one- hi d o esponden s (who usually s ay o se e al days) expec hei s ay o gi e hem an oppo uni y o elax. One- i h o ou is s isi ed cul u al sigh s and one-qua e o hem hiked o ode bikes. Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey Fig. 2: Reasons o isi he Mo a ian Ka s CHKO 17% 19% 26% 29% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Helps p o ec he en i onmen I inc eases he li ing s anda ds o he popula ion I con ibu es o he p o ec ion o cul u al he i age Reduces unemploymen C ea es job oppo uni ies 117 117 The sou ces o in o ma ion be o e isi ing he Mo a ian Ka s included mos equen ly: he ou is s’ own expe ience, a ecommenda ion om amily membe s o iends, and in e ne and media (Figu e 3). E e y en h ou is isi ed a ou is in o ma ion cen e. Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey Fig. 3: Sou ces o in o ma ion be o e he isi Why pe sonal expe ience is he mos common sou ce o in o ma ion ollows om Figu e 4, because 57% o isi o s ha e al eady isi ed he egion. Th ee-qua e s o isi o s came by ca . In he isi o s’ opinion, he CHKO is no o e illed wi h ou is s. The en i onmen is well p ese ed (72%). Only one- hi d o isi o s a e amilia wi h he e m sus ainable ou ism and can de ine i . 80% o esponden s we e sa is ied wi h hei isi o he CHKO. 20% o hem we e sa is ied pa ly. Sou ce: Au ho ’s own su ey Fig. 4: How o en do you come he e? Conclusion The Mo a ian Ka s is an example o a p ese ed landscape a ea ha managed o combine en i onmen al p o ec ion and ou ism. Visi s o ca es p e ail; howe e , isi o s do no limi hei ac i i ies o his ype o ou is a ac ion. They also isi o he na u al as well as cul u al sigh s. One o he objec i es o he ques ionnai e su ey was o ind ou om all g oups o esponden s wha sus ainable ou ism is in hei unde s anding. Sus ainable ou ism is highly impo an in p o ec ed landscape a eas. Mos ep esen a i es o municipal go e nmen s knew his e m. 56% o businessmen and only 37 % o local ci izens and 34% o isi o s we e amilia wi h sus ainable ou ism. I is appa en ha he e is a lo o space o educa ion and in o ma ion sha ing in his ield. Mos municipali ies hink ha he exis ence o he Mo a ian Ka s posi i ely in luences he de elopmen o ou ism. They app ecia e new jobs and he in low o inance om he egional budge . They esen he hea y a ic which esul s om ou ism. S akeholde s, especially owne s o accommoda ion acili ies, conside ou ism e y good. Mos acili ies a e eady o accommoda e handicapped isi o s as well. The esponden s hink 11% 28% 28% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% In ocen es In e ne and media Recommenda ion o amily and iends Own expe ience 4% 12% 41% 43% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Once a yea Se e al imes a yea Once e e y ew yea s I 's my i s ime he e 118 118 ha hey con ibu e o sus ainable ou ism by hei e o o minimize was e and o s ic ly so ou e use ha can be ecycled subsequen ly. S akeholde s would app ecia e g ea e suppo o ou ism by egional au ho i ies and municipali ies and be e p omo ion o o he ou is sigh s so ha ou ism is no concen a ed on se e al mos amous sigh s only. Two- hi ds o local ci izens add essed du ing he su ey showed in e es in en i onmen al p o ec ion. The esponden s hink ha he CHKO as a whole is no p omo ed su icien ly, and a en ion should be ocused on o he places as well, no jus ca es. Thei opinion is iden ical wi h businessmen’s opinion in his aspec . They show a posi i e a i ude o ou is s and conside he c ea ion o new job acancies and educ ion o unemploymen he g ea es bene i o ou ism in hei egion. Hea y a ic is a ea u e ha hey esen . The ques ionnai e su ey showed ha he e i o y a ac s new isi o s, bu people also like o e u n o he egion. The numbe o isi o s is no pe cei ed o be high and he en i onmen in he egion is conside ed o good quali y. The su ey pe o med among isi o s showed ha 86% o hem spen one day in he egion. Almos all o hem we e sa is ied wi h he quali y o se ices. Some o hem would app ecia e he imp o emen in he ield o ca e ing and pa king. Li e a u e [1] ANDERECK, K. L.; VALENTINE, K. M.; KNOPF, R. C.; VOGT, Ch. A.: Residen s’ Pe cep ions o Communi y Tou ism Impac s. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch. 2005, Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp. 1056–1076. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001 [2] DAVIS, J. S.; MORAIS, D. B.: F ac ion and Encla es: Small Towns and Socially Unsus ainable Tou ism De elopmen . 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A ailable om WWW: h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/45937393_Economic_Educa ional_and_Cons e a ion_Bene i s_o _Sea_Tu le_Based_Eco ou ism_A_S udy_ ocused_on_Mon_Rep os [12] WOO, E.; KIM, H.; UYSAL, M. (2015). Li e Sa is ac ion and Suppo o Tou ism De elopmen . Annals o Tou ism Resea ch. 2015, Vol. 50, pp. 84–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.11.001 [13] ZÁVODNÁ, L. S.: Ud ži elný ces o ní uch: p incipy, ce i ikace a měření. Uni e zi a Palackého Olomouci, Olomouc, 2015. ISBN 978-80-244-4576-2. doc. RND . Jiří Vaníček, CSc. 120 120 CESTOVNÍ RUCH V MORAVSKÉM KRASU Článek se zaměřuje na ud ži elný ces o ní uch ch áněné k ajinné oblas i Mo a ský k as. Mezi účas níky ýzkumu pa řily obce, zúčas něné s any oblas i ces o ního uchu, oby a elé a ná š ě níci. Mo a ský k as (CHKO) je příkladem zacho alé k ajinné oblas i, k e á dokázala skloubi och anu ži o ního p os ředí a ces o ní uch. Pře ažují ná š ě y jeskyní; ná š ě níci šak s é ak i i y neomezují pouze na en o yp u is ické a akce. Na š ě ují aké další pří odní i kul u ní pamá ky. Vě šina obcí si myslí, že exis ence CHKO Mo a ský k as pozi i ně o li ňuje oz oj ces o ního uchu. Oceňují no á p aco ní mís a a příli inancí z egionálního ozpoč u. TOURISMUS IM MÄHRISCHEN KARST De A ikel konzen ie sich au den nachhal igen Tou ismus im Landscha sschu zgebie Mäh ische Ka s . Zu den Teilnehme n de Un e suchung gehö en Gemeinden und In e esseng uppen im Be eich Tou ismus, Einwohne und Besuche . De Mäh ische Ka s (CHKO) is ein Beispiel ü ein Landscha sschu zgebie , dem es gelungen is , Umwel schu z und Tou ismus mi einande zu e binden. Höhlenbesuche übe wiegen; Besuche besch änken ih e Ak i i ä en jedoch nich au diese A on Tou is ena ak ion. Sie besuchen auch ande e na ü liche sowie kul u elle Sehenswü digkei en. Die meis en Gemeinden sind de Meinung, dass die Exis enz des Mäh ischen Ka s es CHKO die En wicklung des Tou ismus posi i beein luss . Sie schä zen neue A bei splä ze und den Zu luss on Finanzmi eln aus dem Regionalhaushal . TURYSTYKA W MORAWSKIM KRASIE A ykuł skupia się na z ównoważonej u ys yce w Pa ku K ajob azowym Mo awski K as. W badaniu wzięły udział gminy, ges o zy u ys yki, mieszkańcy i u yści. Mo awski K as (Pa k K ajob azowy) jes p zykładem zachowanego obsza u k ajob azowego, k ó emu udało się połączyć och onę ś odowiska i u ys ykę. P zeważają wizy y w jaskiniach, jednak u yści nie og aniczają się do ego ypu a akcji u ys ycznych. Odwiedzają akże inne pomniki p zy ody i zaby ki kul u y. Większość gmin uważa, że is nienie Pa ku K ajob azowego Mo awski K as pozy ywnie wpływa na ozwój u ys yki. Doceniają nowe miejsca p acy i napływ ś odków z budże u egionalnego.