23
3, XXIII, 2020
Economics
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2020-3-002
heal h- ela ed Quali y oF liFe
and soCio-eConomiC s a us
oF he unemployed
Daniel Pucia o1, Michał Rozpa a2, Ma ek Bugdol3,
Pio Oleśniewicz4, Helena Jáčo á5
1 WSB Uni e si y in W ocław, Facul y o Finance and Managemen , Poland, ORCID: 0000-0002-2390-6038,
[email p o ec ed]ław.pl;
2 The Je zy Kukuczka Academy o Physical Educa ion in Ka owice, Ins i u e o Spo Sciences, Poland, ORCID:
0000-0003-3571-6677, [email p o ec ed];
3 Jagiellonian Uni e si y, Facul y o Managemen and Social Communica ion, Ins i u e o Economics, Finance and
Managemen , Poland, ORCID: 0000-0001-9993-7765, [email p o ec ed];
4 Uni e si y School o Physical Educa ion in W ocław, Facul y o Physical Educa ion, Depa men o Tou ism, Poland,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0426-0630, [email p o ec ed];
5 Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics, Depa men o Finance and Accoun ing, Czech Republic,
ORCID: 0000-0001-8622-1899, [email p o ec ed].
Abs ac : Unemploymen has a numbe o nega i e, economic, social and psychological e ec s
on unemployed people and hei amilies. Lowe ed household income leads o a cons ained
ul ilmen o indi idual and collec i e needs, which has a signi ican impac on he quali y o li e
and pe cei ed heal h condi ion o he unemployed. The aim o his s udy is he iden i ica ion o
ela ionships be ween he quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us o unemployed pe sons. The
s udy was ca ied ou among 403 egis e ed unemployed pe sons (246 women, 157 men) om
W ocław, Poland. The main me hod used in he s udy was he diagnos ic ques ionnai e su ey.
Responden s’ quali y o li e was assessed using he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e
(WHOQOL-BREF) ques ionnai e, and hei socio-economic s a us wi h au ho ’s own S-ESQ
ques ionnai e. A i hme ic means and s anda d de ia ion we e calcula ed. Co ela ions be ween
esponden s’ quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us we e checked wi h he K uskal-Wallis one-
way analysis o a iance and Dunn’s pos -hoc es s. The ex-an e le el o s a is ical signi icance
was se a α < 0.05. The mean heal h- ela ed quali y o li e sco e o he unemployed esponden s
unde s udy was highe han he mean pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco e. As o he ou quali y o
li e domains, he esponden s epo ed he highes sco es in he social domain and psychological
domain, ollowed by he physical and en i onmen al domains. The analysis o mean sco es o
o e all quali y o li e o he unemployed e ealed s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween g oups
o jobless W ocław esiden s wi h ega d o such ac o s as age, numbe o household membe s,
and pe capi a income. Responden s’ age, educa ion, ma i al s a us, pe sons pe household, pe
capi al income, and ha ing sa ings we e also signi ican di e en ia ing ac o s o pe cei ed heal h
condi ion. The esul s o he s udy can be signi ican o public heal h policies in Poland and o he
coun ies a a simila le el o economic de elopmen .
Keywo ds: Quali y o li e, WHO, unemployed.
JEL Classi ica ion: I31, J10, J60.
APA S yle Ci a ion: Pucia o, D., Rozpa a, M., Bugdol, M., Oleśniewicz, P., & Jáčo á, H.
(2020). Heal h- ela ed Quali y o Li e and Socio-economic S a us o he Unemployed. E&M
Economics and Managemen , 23(3), 23–37. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2020-3-002
EM_3_2020.indd 23 27.08.2020 13:31:03
24 2020, XXIII, 3
Economics
in oduc ion
Unemploymen was he g ea es social
p oblem aced by he Poles du ing he
poli ical ans o ma ion and he ansi ion om
a cen ally planned o a ee ma ke economy.
The a e age unemploymen a e in Poland was
highe han in mos o he coun ies o Cen al
and Eas e n Eu ope. In he s udied pe iod, he
unemploymen a e amoun ed o 11.5% in 2014
and 9.7% in 2015, espec i ely (h ps://bdm.
s a .go .pl). Howe e , he e is a la ge egional
a ia ion in he unemploymen a e, which
means ha despi e he dynamic economic
g ow h, he p oblem o unemploymen s ill
a ec s ep esen a i es o many social g oups
in Poland.
Unemploymen , in pa icula long- e m
unemploymen , has a numbe o nega i e,
economic, social, and psychological e ec s
on jobless people and hei amilies. Reduced
household income leads o a ious cons ain s
o ul ilmen o indi idual and collec i e needs.
Joblessness esul s in a decline o p o essional
skills and quali ica ions, which o en hinde s
o e en p e en s a success ul e u n o wo k
(Zhang & de Figuei edo, 2018). A decline in
social ela ionships can be obse ed as well as
con lic s in amilies, sense o social exclusion,
and loss o social s anding (Vosseme e
al., 2018). The cos s a e he highes o he
unemployed indi iduals who expe ience
emo ional diso de s, low li e sa is ac ion, and
highe suscep ibili y o diseases (Tøge, 2016).
Nume ous s udies ha e indica ed he
nega i e impac o unemploymen on men al
heal h. Bu el, Missinne and B acke (2017),
obse ed such symp oms as helplessness,
us a ion, low sel -es eem, inc eased
s ess, and dep ession in jobless people. The
unemployed also expe ience a highe incidence
o psychosoma ic diso de s, e.g. hea diseases
o umo s, han he employed (Mene on e al.,
2017). Clemens, Popham and Boyle (2015),
no ed ha he all-cause mo ali y isk was
nea ly wice as high o he unemployed as
o he employed. A me a-analysis by Milne ,
Page and LaMon agne (2014) e ealed ha
unemploymen is signi ican ly co ela ed wi h
a highe ela i e isk o suicide. This obse a ion
was also sha ed by Mene on e al. (2017). Long-
e m s uc u al unemploymen was conside ed
excep ionally haza dous by Blomg en and
Valkonen (2007), la e-ca ee unemploymen by
Voss e al. (2018), and unemploymen o young
people by Kawada (2018). Madu ei a-Lima e al.
(2018) e ealed an inc eased nega i e impac
o unemploymen on heal h s a us du ing he
G ea Recession, and Heggebo (2016), du ing
an economic down u n.
The po en ial ela ionships be ween heal h
and unemploymen can be associa ed no only
wi h he nega i e, indi ec impac o joblessness
on heal h condi ion, bu also wi h he impac
o poo heal h on unemploymen . These
ela ionships we e examined by Van Zon e al.
(2017). Leona di e al. (2018) in hei s udies
o Polish, Spanish and Finnish popula ions
concluded ha ac o s ela ed o unemploymen
included physical disabili y, men al issues, and
poo eyesigh and hea ing.
In his con ex no only is an objec i e heal h
s a us impo an bu also sel -pe cei ed heal h-
ela ed quali y o li e. Ea lie s udies indica ed
ha a lowe quali y o li e index is o en
associa ed wi h he incidence o mo o unc ion
diso de s and wo se social unc ioning (Lee e
al., 2005).
A key esea ch issue is he impac o he
socio-economic si ua ion o unemployed
people on hei pe cep ion o heal h condi ion
and quali y o li e. While esea che s ha e
p e iously examined his p oblem in ela ion
o o al wo king-age popula ions (Rėklai ienė,
Bace ičienė, & And ijauskas, 2009; Huang
e al., 2015; Zhang e al., 2015) and pa ien s
(Kokalia i, 2016; Opoku-Boa eng e al.,
2017; Raymake s e al., 2018), he e ha e
been ela i ely ew s udies conce ning he
unemployed (Chinweuba e al., 2018; Yang e
al., 2016). So a no socio-economic ac o s,
such as he numbe o pe sons pe household,
wo k-un ela ed income (e.g. alimony bene i s,
child allowance, o inancial assis ance om
amily membe s), sa ings, o indeb edness,
ha e been conside ed in assessmen s o
heal h- ela ed quali y o li e. The p esen s udy
a emp s o add ess his esea ch gap.
1. heo e ical backg ound
Resea che s ha e no ed a wo se heal h
condi ion among he unemployed han among
he employed (T an, Can ield, & Chan, 2016).
In Ø e land e al. (2006), jobless esponden s
a ed hei heal h as wo se han he employed.
In a male Finnish popula ion G iep e al. (2016)
no ed be e pe cei ed heal h condi ion among
insecu e pe manen employees han among
he sho - e m unemployed, and in pa icula ,
EM_3_2020.indd 24 27.08.2020 13:31:03
25
3, XXIII, 2020
Economics
han among he long- e m unemployed. A s udy
o an I alian unemployed popula ion as well
as i s -job seeke s and insecu e empo a y
wo ke s showed ha all o hem epo ed
a wo se pe cei ed heal h s a us han secu e
pe manen employees (Minelli e al., 2014).
Soł ysik e al. (2017), ound a lowe quali y o
li e in he unemployed han in manual and whi e-
colla wo ke s. Czeki da e al. (2017) indica ed,
howe e , mo e complex associa ions be ween
unemploymen and quali y o li e. A compa ison
be ween he quali y o li e o wo king and jobless
nu ses and midwi es showed ha he wo king
nu ses pe cei ed hei quali y o li e be e
han hei unemployed coun e pa s. Howe e ,
jobless midwi es assessed hei quali y o li e
highe han hei wo king coun e pa s. Michalos
and O lando (2006) showed ha unemployed
wo king-age indi iduals a ed hei quali y o li e
lowe han he p e-wo king-age unemployed.
A lowe assessmen o quali y o li e o he
unemployed han o he employed was also
obse ed by Wo ach-Ka das and Kos zewski
(2013) in an u ban popula ion aged mo e han
45 yea s. Ca lie e al. (2013) also showed ha
e-employmen signi ican ly imp o ed he sel -
a ed heal h o unemployed esponden s.
The e ha e been a he ew popula ion-
based s udies ega ding he links be ween he
quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us o
heal hy pe sons. In a s udy o Chinese popula ion
Zhang e al. (2015), showed low income, olde
age, and unemploymen o be signi ican ac o s
o lowe quali y o li e assessmen . Huang e al.
(2017) in hei esea ch on a Chinese popula ion
showed ha lowe quali y o li e (QoL) index
sco es we e associa ed wi h olde age, low
le els o educa ion, empo a y accommoda ion,
po e y, and unemploymen . S udies o
Li huanians indica ed associa ions be ween
highe quali y o li e sco es, highe educa ion
and income le els, and occupa ion. Unemployed
and e i ed Li huanians a ained lowe quali y o
li e index sco es han hei wo king coun e pa s
(Rėklai ienė, Bace ičienė, & And ijauskas,
2009).
Kokalia i (2016) analyzed associa ions
be ween quali y o li e and socio-economic
s a us in G eece ollowing he aus e i y
measu es imposed a e he inancial c isis.
She eco ded lowe quali y o li e sco es in
women, single pa en s, low income wo ke s,
and he unemployed. In an in e es ing s udy o
pos pa um women Chinweuba e al. (2018),
showed ha women wi h highe le els o
educa ion and income a ed hei quali y o
li e be e han women wi h lowe educa ion
and income le els. Mo eo e , he quali y o
li e assessmen de e io a ed wi h he s udied
women’s age and was highe in wo king women
han in non-wo king women. Yang e al. (2016)
e alua ed he quali y o li e in i s physical and
men al domains among 1,825 unemployed
esponden s om China, and examined he
ela ionships be ween hei quali y o li e and
socio-economic s a us. Highe mean QoL
physical domain sco es we e shown o be ela ed
wi h he male sex, younge age, and highe
income. Single unemployed pe sons unde 25
yea s o age, whose mon hly income exceeded
2,000 yuans pe cei ed hei quali y o li e as he
highes in he men al domain. The pe cep ion o
quali y o li e in he physical and psychological
domains also depended on employmen leng h,
and i was signi ican ly wo se among people
who emained unemployed o longe han
6 mon hs.
Ea lie esea ch also poin ed o he impac
o socio-economic s a us on pe cei ed heal h
condi ion. Janko ić, Jane ić and Knesebeck
(2012) in hei s udy o a Se bian popula ion
concluded ha he odds o assessing hei
heal h as poo we e ou - imes highe in
indi iduals wi h a low educa ion han wi h
a highe educa ion. The odds o poo sel -
pe cei ed heal h by he unemployed was,
howe e , abou 1.5 imes highe han by he
employed. G iep e al. (2016) ound s a is ically
signi ican co ela ions be ween pe cei ed
heal h condi ion and such a iables as age,
educa ion, ha ing child en, income, and place
o esidence. Nega i e co ela ions o sel - a ed
heal h wi h age, and posi i e co ela ions wi h
educa ion, numbe o child en unde 18 yea s
o age in he amily, and place o esidence
we e also ound. Minelli e al. (2014), con i med
ha young people wi h high incomes did a e
hei pe cei ed heal h condi ion mos highly.
In iew o he abo e conside a ions he aim
o his s udy is he iden i ica ion and assessmen
o po en ial co ela ions be ween heal h- ela ed
quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us in
unemployed indi iduals. Two speci ic esea ch
p oblems ha e been o mula ed:
1. Wha is he assessmen o he quali y o li e
o he unemployed om W ocław?
2. A e gende , age and such ac o s o socio-
economic s a us as: le el o educa ion,
EM_3_2020.indd 25 27.08.2020 13:31:03
26 2020, XXIII, 3
Economics
ma i al s a us, household size, income
pe capi a, sa ings and deb ela ed o
he assessmen o he quali y o li e o he
esponden s?
2. esea ch me hodology
The su ey was o a c oss-sec ional na u e and
was conduc ed om Oc obe 2014 o Ma ch
2015, in W ocław, Poland. The s udy sample
comp ised 4,332 pe sons (2,276 women,
2,056 men) aged 18–64 yea s, i.e. abou 1%
o all wo king-age esiden s o W ocław. The
minimum sample size was calcula ed using he
o mula below (B zeziński, 2011):
(1)
whe e: N – numbe o W ocław esiden s on
Decembe 31, 2013 (N = 632,067); p – ac ion
o wo king-age W ocław esiden s on Decembe
31, 2013 (p = 0.63); q – cons an calcula ed as
1−p (q = 0.37); e – expec ed es ima ion e o o
p (e = 1.5%); Zα = 1.96 o α = 0.05.
The sample selec ion was andom using
a h ee-le el s a i ica ion. Fi s , wi h he use o
a andom numbe able, en esiden ial a eas
we e selec ed om all alphabe ically o de ed
W ocław a eas. Nex , h ee s ee s om each
selec ed esiden ial a ea we e chosen, whose
esiden s we e asked o ill in he ques ionnai e.
The numbe o esponden s om pa icula
esiden ial a eas was p opo iona e o he
numbe o esiden s o hese a eas. The
esponden s we e all in o med abou he
pu pose and he cou se o he s udy, and hey
exp essed hei w i en consen o pa icipa e.
403 esponden s (246 women, 157 men)
we e egis e ed unemployed pe sons, and hey
we e di ided in o he ollowing age anges:
18–24 yea s (21% o women, 28% o men),
25–34 yea s (18% o women, 26% o men),
35–44 yea s (8% o women, 10% o men), 45–
54 yea s (13% o women, 17% o men), and
55–64 yea s (40% o women, 20% o men).
The majo i y o he unemployed esponden s
(68% o women, 70% o men) had a p ima y
o oca ional educa ion; 24% o women and
22% o men – a seconda y educa ion, and 8%
o bo h men and women – a highe educa ion.
Almos 53% o women and 52% o men among
he unemployed unde s udy we e ma ied,
while 47% o women and 48% o men we e
single. 15 % pe cen o women and 13% o men
li ed alone, 31% o women and 29% o men
li ed in wo-pe son households, 20% o women
and 15% o men in h ee-pe son households,
21% o women and 31% o men in ou -pe son
households, and abou 13% o bo h men and
women in i e-and-mo e pe son households.
The mon hly pe capi a income in a household
up o PLN 500 was ea ned by 23% o women
and 44% o men, PLN 501–1,000 by 30% o
women and 22% o men, PLN 1,001–1,500 by
28% o women and 25% o men, PLN 1,501–
2,000 by 9% o women and by 5% o men, and
abo e PLN 2,000 by 10% o women and 4%
o men. Almos 83% o he unemployed women
and 95% o unemployed men unde s udy had
no sa ings, and o e 82% o women and 81%
o men we e in deb (Tab. 1).
The main me hod used in he s udy was he
diagnos ic ques ionnai e su ey. Responden s’
quali y o li e was a ed wi h he Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e (WHOQOL-BREF)
ques ionnai e (WHO, 2013) consis ing o 26
i ems assessing: O e all Quali y o Li e (OQoL),
Pe cei ed Heal h Condi ion (PHC), and Quali y
o Li e in ou domains: Physical Domain
(PHYD), Psychological Domain (PSYD), Social
Domain (SD), and En i onmen al Domain
(ED). Answe s o he i ems we e exp essed on
a scale: 1 o 5 poin s whe e he bes sco e is:
5 and he wo s is 1 o OQoL and pe cei ed
heal h condi ion (PHC); and 4 o 20 poin s o
each o he ou quali y o li e domains whe e
he bes sco e is: 20 and he wo s is 4.
The socio-economic s a us o he
unemployed was assessed using au ho ’s own
socio-economic s a us ques ionnai e (S-ESQ),
which conside ed such a iables as: gende
( emale, male), age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44,
45–54, 55–64 yea s), educa ion (p ima y and
oca ional, seconda y, highe ), ma i al s a us
(single, ma ied), numbe o pe sons pe
household (1, 2, 3, 4, 5–9), pe capi a income
(≤ 500, 501–1,000, 1,001–1,500, 1,501–2,000,
≥ 2,001 Polish zlo ys [PLN]), ha ing sa ings
(NO, YES), and indeb edness (NO, YES). Be o e
he applica ion o he S-ESQ ques ionnai e
i s eliabili y was ensu ed wi h a es - e es
me hod. To ha end a g oup o 115 people (64
women, 51 men) illed he ques ionnai e wice,
14 days apa . The collec ed da a we e used o
es epea abili y analysis in o de o emo e all
e o s and inaccu acies in he es .
EM_3_2020.indd 26 27.08.2020 13:31:04
27
3, XXIII, 2020
Economics
The ga he ed da a we e o de ed and u he
analyzed in e ms o numbe s and pe cen ages
wi h ega d o esponden s’ gende , age, and
socio-economic a iables. A i hme ic means
(M) and s anda d de ia ion (SD) o heal h-
ela ed quali y o li e and o pe cei ed heal h
condi ion in g oups o esponden s acco ding o
gende , age and socio-economic a iables we e
calcula ed. Co ela ions be ween esponden s’
quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us we e
checked wi h he K uskal-Wallis one-way
analysis o a iance (H) and Dunn’s pos -hoc
es s. The le el o s a is ical signi icance was
se a α < 0.05. All calcula ions we e made wi h
he use o S a is ica 13.0 so wa e package
(Dell Inc.).
3. esea ch esul s
The mean heal h- ela ed quali y o li e sco e
o he unemployed esponden s was 3.1 ± 0.9
p s. and was highe han he mean pe cei ed
heal h condi ion sco e, i.e. 2.7 ± 1.2 p s. As o
he ou quali y o li e domains, he esponden s
ga e hei highes sco es in he social domain
(14.2 ± 2.8 p s.) and psychological domain
Va iable Ca ego y
To al
(N = 403)
Women
(n = 246)
Men
(n = 157)
n%n%n%
Age [yea s] 18–24 95 23.57 51 20.73 44 28.03
25–34 85 21.09 44 17.89 41 26.11
35–44 35 8.68 20 8.13 15 9.55
45–54 58 14.39 32 13.01 26 16.56
55–64 130 32.26 99 40.24 31 19.75
Educa ion P ima y 277 68.73 167 67.89 110 70.06
Seconda y 94 23.33 59 23.98 35 22.29
Uni e si y 32 7.94 20 8.13 12 7.64
Ma i al s a us Single 190 47.15 115 46.75 75 47.77
Ma ied 213 52.85 131 53.25 82 52.23
Pe sons pe household 1 56 13.9 36 14.63 20 12.74
2121 30.02 76 30.89 45 28.66
3 74 18.36 50 20.33 24 15.29
4 99 24.57 51 20.73 48 30.57
5–9 53 13.15 33 13.41 20 12.74
Pe capi a income [PLN] ≤ 500 125 31.02 56 22.76 69 43.95
501–1,000 109 27.05 75 30.49 34 21.66
1,001–1,500 108 26.8 68 27.64 40 25.48
1,501–2,000 31 7.69 23 9.35 8 5.10
≥ 2,001 30 7.44 24 9.76 6 3.82
Sa ings No 352 87.34 203 82.52 149 94.90
Yes 51 12.66 43 17.48 8 5.10
Indeb edness No 75 18.61 45 18.29 30 19.11
Yes 328 81.39 201 81.71 127 80.89
Sou ce: own
No es: n – numbe o esponden s; % – pe cen o esponden s.
Tab. 1: Numbe and pe cen age o unemployed esiden s o W ocław wi h ega d o
hei socio-economic s a us
EM_3_2020.indd 27 27.08.2020 13:31:04

28 2020, XXIII, 3
Economics
(13.0 ± 2.3 p s.), ollowed by he physical
and en i onmen al domains (12.0 p s. each)
(Fig. 1).
The analysis o he mean o e all heal h-
ela ed quali y o li e sco es indica es s a is ically
signi ican di e ences (p < 0.001) in g oups o
esponden s acco ding o age, pe sons pe
household, and pe capi a income (Fig. 2). The
highes quali y o li e sco es (3.6 ± 0.9 p s.)
we e a ained by he younges esponden s,
and he lowes (2.7 ± 0.7 p s.) by he oldes .
The p- alues o pos -hoc mul iple compa isons
be ween mean ank alues (R) in pa icula
g oups poin o signi ican di e ences in quali y
o li e be ween esponden s aged 18–24 and
55–64 yea s, 25–34 and 55–64 yea s, and 45–
54 and 55–64 yea s. The highes quali y o li e
sco es we e epo ed by he unemployed li ing
in i e-o -mo e-pe son households (3.5 ± 0.7
p s.) and ou -pe son households (3.3 ± 0.9 p s.),
and he lowes by he unemployed om wo-
pe son households (2.7 ± 0.8 p s.). S a is ically
signi ican di e ences in quali y o li e sco es
we e also ound be ween he unemployed
om one-, wo-, h ee-pe son households and
om i e- and mo e-pe son households, and
be ween he unemployed om wo-pe son
households and ou -pe son households. The
mean quali y o li e assessmen inc eased
wi h he g owing mean income pe capi a. The
highes quali y o li e sco es we e epo ed by
esponden s wi h an income le el abo e 2,001
Polish zlo ys (4.4 ± 0.8 p s.) and be ween 1,501
and 2,000 zlo ys (3.6 ± 1.1 p s.), and he lowes
by he unemployed whose income le el was
unde o equal o 500 zlo ys (2.5 ± 0.8 p s.).
The di e ences in quali y o li e be ween he
g oup o esponden s wi h he income unde
500 zlo ys and all o he income g oups we e
signi ican . S a is ically signi ican di e ences
we e also ound be ween mean o e all quali y
o li e sco es o esponden s wi h income le els
be ween 501 and 1,000 and 1,501–2,000, and
be ween 501 and 1,000 and 2,000 and mo e
zlo ys.
Responden s’ age and such socio-economic
a iables as educa ion, ma i al s a us, pe sons
pe household, pe capi al income, and ha ing
sa ings we e also signi ican di e en ia ing
ac o s o pe cei ed heal h condi ion (Fig. 3).
The highes mean pe cei ed heal h condi ion
sco es we e epo ed by he unemployed
aged 18–24 yea s (3.7 ± 1.0 p s.) and 25–34
yea s (3.5 ± 0.9 p s.), and he lowes by he
unemployed aged 55–64 yea s (2.0 ± 1.1 p s.),
45–54 yea s (2.1 ± 0.6 p s.) and 35–44 yea s
(2.5 ± 0.5 p s.). Pos hoc compa isons be ween
di e en age g oups e ealed s a is ically
signi ican di e ences in pe cei ed heal h
condi ion assessmen s be ween he younges
Fig. 1: Quali y o li e and pe cei ed heal h condi ion o unemployed esiden s o
W ocław (N = 403). Da e a e mean and s anda d de ia ion M (SD)
Sou ce: own
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29
3, XXIII, 2020
Economics
Fig. 2:
O e all quali y o li e in g oups o unemployed esiden s o W ocław
wi h ega d o gende , age, and socio-economic s a us (N = 403);
da e a e mean and s anda d de ia ion M (SD)
Sou ce: own
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30 2020, XXIII, 3
Economics
Fig. 3:
Pe cei ed heal h condi ion in g oups o unemployed esiden s o W ocław
wi h ega d o gende , age, and socio-economic s a us (N = 403); da e a e mean
and s anda d de ia ion M (SD)
Sou ce: own
EM_3_2020.indd 30 27.08.2020 13:31:05
31
3, XXIII, 2020
Economics
g oup and he h ee oldes age g oups o
unemployed esponden s. The K uskal-Wallis
es esul s (H = 21.87, p < 0.001) and p pos
hoc mul iple compa isons showed ha he
mean anks o pe cei ed heal h condi ion
be ween g oups o he unemployed acco ding
o educa ion di e ed signi ican ly. A signi ican
de e minan o pe cei ed heal h condi ion
assessmen was also he esponden s’ ma i al
s a us (H = 54.17, p < 0.001). Responden s
who we e single assessed hei pe cei ed
heal h condi ion highe (3.2 ± 1.3 p s.) han
esponden s who we e ma ied (2.3 ± 1.0 p s.).
The highes pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco es
we e epo ed by he unemployed esponden s
om h ee-pe son households (3.2 ± 1.2 p s.),
one-pe son households (3.0 ± 0.9 p s.), and
ou -pe son households (2.9 ± 1.4 p s.); and he
lowes by he esponden s om i e-and-mo e-
pe son households (2.2 ± 1.3 p s.) and wo-
pe son households (2.4 ± 1.1 p s.). S a is ically
signi ican di e ences in sel - a ed heal h
we e also ound be ween esponden s om
one-pe son households and h ee-, ou - and
i e-and-mo e-pe son households, be ween
esponden s om wo-pe son households
and h ee- and ou -pe son households, and
be ween esponden s om h ee- and ou -
pe son households and i e- and mo e-pe son
households. The mean pe cei ed heal h
condi ion sco es we e also signi ican ly di e en
be ween he pe capi a income ange g oups
o esponden s. The highes sco es (4.4 ± 0.8
p s.) we e ound among he esponden s wi h
he highes income, and he lowes sco es
among he esponden s wi h he lowes income
(2.1 ± 1.2 p s). In e -g oup pos hoc compa isons
e ealed signi ican di e ences be ween he
g oup o esponden s wi h he lowes income
and he emaining income g oups, be ween
hose wi h hei income in he 501–1,000 zlo y
ange and 1,001–1,500 ange, and be ween
hose in he 1,001–1,500 zlo y ange and hose
ea ning mo e han 2,000 zlo ys. Also pe cei ed
heal h condi ion was assessed signi ican ly
highe (H = 4.70, p = 0.03) by esponden s wi h
sa ings (2.8 ± 1.2 p s.) han by esponden s
wi hou sa ings (2.4 ± 1.4 p s.).
4. discussion
Socio-economic s a us, also e e ed o in
social sciences as li ing s anda ds o objec i e
quali y o li e, cons i u es a spec um o
possibili ies o needs ul illmen . I also in ol es
a numbe o social beha io s conside ed o
ha e a signi ican impac on he subjec i e
(pe cei ed) quali y o li e (Słaby, 2017). One
o subjec i e quali y o li e ca ego ies is heal h-
ela ed quali y o li e. Consump ion sho ages
a ec , in pa icula , unemployed pe sons who
o en expe ience limi ed possibili ies o ul ilmen
o hei needs, including heal h- ela ed needs
(Sa i & Rod iguez, 2018).
Nega i e co ela ions be ween heal h-
ela ed quali y o li e and esponden s’ age
ha e been well documen ed (Chinweuba e
al., 2018; Huang e al., 2017; Yang e al., 2016;
Zhang e al., 2015). Also he p esen s udy
o he unemployed om W ocław con i ms
hese co ela ions. The younges esponden s
epo ed he highes quali y o li e sco es,
while he oldes go he lowes sco es. Simila
obse a ions can be made ega ding sel -
pe cei ed heal h assessmen . This con i ma ion
is empi ical as objec i e heal h s a us has been
p o en o de e io a e wi h age (Sławińska,
Posłuszny, & Rożek, 2014; W óblewska e al.,
2015).
An impo an co ela e o heal h- ela ed
quali y o li e is also he ma i al s a us. Single
unemployed esiden s o W ocław a ed
hei quali y o li e highe han hei ma ied
coun e pa s. Resul s o ea lie s udies
in o hese co ela ions had been a he
inconclusi e. Raymake s e al. (2018) ound
no signi ican co ela ions be ween quali y o
li e and ma i al s a us. In Du maz e al. (2000)
ma ied indi iduals e alua ed hei quali y o li e
highe han single indi iduals. Howe e , Opoku-
Boa eng e al. (2017) ound highe odds o be e
quali y o li e sco es in single indi iduals han in
ma ied indi iduals. Few s udies (e.g. Ku ino á,
2015) ound no signi ican co ela ions be ween
sel - a ed heal h and ma i al s a us. This issue
s ill equi es u he empi ical esea ch.
The esul s o he p esen s udy conside ing
he impac o he numbe o pe sons pe
household showed ha he unemployed
om households wi h he la ges numbe o
membe s epo ed he highes heal h- ela ed
quali y o li e sco es and he lowes pe cei ed
heal h condi ion sco es. The a iable o pe sons
pe household had no been conside ed
be o e in ea lie s udies. G iep e al. (2016)
ound, howe e , posi i e co ela ions be ween
pe cei ed heal h condi ion assessmen and he
numbe o child en unde 18 yea s o age in he
amily. I migh be assumed ha households wi h
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